175:
36:
550:
562:
816:
20:
657:
are commonly coupled modifications. Myristoylation alone can promote transient membrane interactions that enable proteins to anchor to membranes but dissociate easily. Further palmitoylation allows for tighter anchoring and slower dissociation from membranes when required by the cell. This specific
324:
713:. Apoptosis can proceed by either mitochondrial or receptor mediated activation. In receptor mediated apoptosis, apoptotic pathways are triggered when the cell binds a death receptor. In one such case, death receptor binding initiates the formation of the
1531:
Doll, Sebastian; Freitas, Florencio Porto; Shah, Ron; Aldrovandi, Maceler; da Silva, Milene Costa; Ingold, Irina; Goya Grocin, Andrea; Xavier da Silva, Thamara
Nishida; Panzilius, Elena; Scheel, Christina H.; Mourão, André (November 2019).
625:
in the cell. Once GTP is bound to the myristoylated protein, it becomes activated, exposing the myristoyl group. These conformational switches can be utilized as a signal for cellular localization, membrane-protein, and
586:
regions of the protein rather than solvent exposed. By regulating the orientation of the myristoyl group, these processes can be highly coordinated and closely controlled. Myristoylation is thus a form of
842:, is myristoylated. This myristoylation modification targets gag to the membrane of the host cell. Utilizing the myristoyl-electrostatic switch, including a basic patch on the matrix protein,
594:
Both hydrophobic myristoyl groups and "basic patches" (highly positive regions on the protein) characterize myristoyl-electrostatic switches. The basic patch allows for favorable
1993:
693:
of the Îł subunit, and myristoylation is involved in tethering the G protein to the inner surface of the plasma membrane so that the G protein can interact with its receptor.
340:
Co-translational and post-translational covalent modifications enable proteins to develop higher levels of complexity in cellular function, further adding diversity to the
1132:"Inhibitory monoclonal antibody against a (myristylated) small-molecular-weight antigen from Plasmodium falciparum associated with the parasitophorous vacuole membrane"
1517:
1039:
574:
Myristoylation not only diversifies the function of a protein, but also adds layers of regulation to it. One of the most common functions of the myristoyl group is in
613:
in the protein, resulting in exposure of the myristoyl group. Similarly, some myristoylated proteins are activated not by a designated ligand, but by the exchange of
669:
of nearby residues. Additional phosphorylation of the same protein can decrease the electrostatic affinity of the myristoylated protein for the membrane, causing
830:
that relies on myristoylation of one of its structural proteins in order to successfully package its genome, assemble and mature into a new infectious particle.
555:
Positive (basic) residues on the protein interact with negatively charged phospholipids on the membrane stabilizing myristoyl-dependent membrane association.
1697:
Levental, Ilya; Grzybek, Michal; Simons, Kai (3 August 2010). "Greasing Their Way: Lipid
Modifications Determine Protein Association with Membrane Rafts".
762:
344:. The addition of myristoyl-CoA to a protein can occur during protein translation or after. During co-translational addition of the myristoyl group, the
858:
assembly, budding and further maturation. In order to prevent viral infectivity, myristoylation of the matrix protein could become a good drug target.
1384:
Martin, Dale D.O.; Beauchamp, Erwan; Berthiaume, Luc G. (January 2011). "Post-translational myristoylation: Fat matters in cellular life and death".
2819:
474:
191:
819:
HIV-1 utilizes myristoylation on the Matrix protein to target the viral proteins and viral genome to the membrane for budding and viral maturation.
1986:
1793:
Wall, Mark A.; Coleman, David E.; Lee, Ethan; Iñiguez-Lluhi, Jorge A.; Posner, Bruce A.; Gilman, Alfred G.; Sprang, Stephen R. (December 1995).
771:. It is phosphorylated and dephosphorylated to turn signaling on and off. Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src must be localized to the
1610:
McLaughlin, Stuart; Aderem, Alan (July 1995). "The myristoyl-electrostatic switch: a modulator of reversible protein–membrane interactions".
1065:
602:
of the membrane and the positive surface of the associating protein. This allows tighter association and directed localization of proteins.
722:
411:
280:
171. This polarizes the carbonyl so that there is a net positive charge on the carbon, making it susceptible to nucleophilic attack by the
1979:
1023:
622:
230:
of NMT reveals two identical subunits, each with its own myristoyl CoA binding site. Each subunit consists of a large saddle-shaped
123:. Myristoylation allows for weak protein–protein and protein–lipid interactions and plays an essential role in membrane targeting,
155:-terminal blocking group was further characterized as myristic acid. Both labs made this discovery utilizing similar techniques:
714:
582:
of the modified protein. Though the myristoyl group is added onto the end of the protein, in some cases it is sequestered within
1738:-myristoylated proteins, key components in intracellular signal transduction systems enabling rapid and flexible cell responses"
627:
174:
124:
494:
203:
368:
cleavage event, resulting in the exposure of an internal glycine residue, which is then available for myristic acid addition.
2006:
85:
567:
Upon ligand binding to a myristoylated protein, the myristoyl group is exposed and available to associate with the membrane.
2824:
2656:
103:
of cells. This lipidation event is the most common type of fatty acylation and is present in many organisms, including
705:, or programmed cell death. Apoptosis is necessary for cell homeostasis and occurs when cells are under stress such as
1961:
1252:-terminal blocking group of the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine cardiac muscle"
284:
residue of the protein to be modified. When myristoyl CoA binds, NMT reorients to allow binding of the peptide. The
659:
2696:
2107:
2002:
988:
956:
924:
595:
1971:
35:
937:) is necessary for survival of the parasites. Inhibitors of these organisms are under current investigation. A
788:
579:
305:
207:
89:
2750:
513:
489:
2634:
1462:
1422:
Bhatnagar, RS; FĂĽtterer, K; Waksman, G; Gordon, JI (Nov 23, 1999). "The structure of myristoyl-CoA:protein
843:
839:
618:
1081:
Mohammadzadeh, Fatemeh; Hosseini, Vahid; Mehdizadeh, Amir; Dani, Christian; Darabi, Masoud (2018-11-30).
1511:
955:
site, thus inhibiting enzymatic activity and eliminating the parasite from the bloodstream of mice with
670:
614:
610:
317:
202:-terminal or internal glycine residues of proteins. This modification can occur co-translationally or
2025:
1749:
1545:
1263:
831:
2040:
767:
is a gene that codes for proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, a protein important for normal
2112:
909:
796:
682:
128:
2461:
2451:
2355:
2205:
1587:
1347:
1033:
919:
784:
533:
Facilitates the association of FSP1 with the lipid-bilayer which enables ferroptosis resistance.
160:
80:
residue. Myristic acid is a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid (14:0) with the systematic name of
1312:
Aitken, A; Cohen, P; Santikarn, S; Williams, DH; Calder, AG; Smith, A; Klee, CB (Dec 27, 1982).
870:. Myristoylation has been shown to be necessary for the survival of a number of disease-causing
685:
in plant responses to environmental stress. In addition, in signal transduction via G protein,
646:
can facilitate more tightly regulated protein localization, specifically targeting proteins to
549:
2309:
2195:
2154:
1936:
1901:
1860:
1816:
1775:
1714:
1679:
1627:
1579:
1571:
1499:
1443:
1401:
1339:
1291:
1221:
1161:
1112:
1104:
1061:
1019:
983:
804:
776:
706:
261:
227:
215:
156:
1839:"[Function of protein myristoylation in cellular regulation and viral proliferation]"
2612:
2590:
2489:
2408:
2299:
2276:
2200:
2172:
1928:
1891:
1850:
1806:
1765:
1757:
1706:
1669:
1661:
1619:
1561:
1553:
1489:
1435:
1393:
1329:
1281:
1271:
1211:
1151:
1143:
1094:
944:
903:
876:
642:-myristoylated proteins can add another level of regulation for myristoylated protein. Dual
588:
575:
144:
775:
in order to phosphorylate other downstream targets; myristoylation is responsible for this
2723:
2423:
2314:
2190:
2149:
1083:"A method for the gross analysis of global protein acylation by gas-liquid chromatography"
851:
772:
666:
323:
55:
24:
1919:
Hearps, AC; Jans, DA (Mar 2007). "Regulating the functions of the HIV-1 matrix protein".
721:. Caspase 3 cleaves a number of proteins that are subsequently myristoylated by NMT. The
1753:
1549:
1267:
2585:
2479:
2456:
2398:
2248:
2230:
2117:
1770:
1733:
1674:
1649:
1648:
Wright, Megan H.; Heal, William P.; Mann, David J.; Tate, Edward W. (7 November 2009).
1012:
978:
686:
654:
606:
301:
1956:
1623:
1439:
1286:
1243:
1156:
1131:
561:
2813:
2604:
2549:
2531:
2507:
2446:
2441:
2393:
2388:
2337:
2294:
2215:
2159:
2063:
1811:
1794:
1591:
1334:
1313:
929:
914:
882:
481:
420:
309:
289:
273:
96:
59:
28:
1533:
1351:
2403:
2220:
2035:
2020:
952:
800:
730:
726:
599:
400:
1147:
1855:
1838:
1397:
1130:
Kara, UA; Stenzel, DJ; Ingram, LT; Bushell, GR; Lopez, JA; Kidson, C (Apr 1988).
182:-myristoyltransferase with bound myristoyl-CoA. Myristoyl-CoA (red). PDB ID: 3IU1
84:-tetradecanoic acid. This modification can be added either co-translationally or
2525:
2484:
2413:
2378:
2373:
2332:
2304:
2271:
2253:
2225:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2030:
973:
941:
895:
866:
Certain NMTs are therapeutic targets for development of drugs against bacterial
717:, a complex composed of numerous proteins including several caspases, including
690:
650:
at membranes or allowing dissociation of myristoylated proteins from membranes.
647:
583:
508:
480:
Post-translational myristoylation up-regulates apoptotic properties and induces
361:
297:
1896:
1879:
1256:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
815:
2765:
2671:
2648:
2644:
2600:
2564:
2541:
2324:
2128:
2094:
2050:
1665:
1557:
887:
847:
827:
768:
710:
357:
265:
246:
239:
235:
231:
71:
67:
1575:
1108:
2794:
2707:
2517:
2436:
2383:
2347:
2286:
2263:
2210:
2141:
2073:
1276:
968:
891:
867:
746:
718:
702:
643:
609:
to a myristoylated protein with its myristoyl group sequestered can cause a
440:
419:
Post-translational myristoylation after caspase cleavage targets protein to
116:
100:
1940:
1905:
1779:
1718:
1683:
1583:
1566:
1503:
1494:
1477:
1447:
1405:
1225:
1216:
1195:
1116:
749:, which leads to either the up-regulation or down-regulation of apoptosis.
673:
of that protein to the cytoplasm following dissociation from the membrane.
19:
1932:
1864:
1820:
1631:
1428:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1343:
1295:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1165:
464:
Post-translational myristoylation up-regulates anti-apoptotic properties
2782:
2778:
2774:
2711:
2684:
2626:
2577:
2573:
2471:
2418:
2240:
2182:
2164:
938:
899:
738:
456:
341:
313:
269:
238:. The symmetry of the fold is pseudo twofold. Myristoyl CoA binds at the
151:-tetradecanoyl. Almost simultaneously in Claude B. Klee's lab, this same
63:
1761:
2742:
2734:
2715:
2688:
2499:
1966:
934:
365:
349:
281:
277:
77:
1710:
745:
are three other proteins that are myristoylated following cleavage by
2786:
2738:
2680:
2622:
2365:
2137:
1099:
1082:
871:
446:
427:
320:
in the enzyme that allows the release of the myristoylated peptide.
198:
is responsible for the irreversible addition of a myristoyl group to
104:
1242:
Carr, SA; Biemann, K; Shoji, S; Parmelee, DC; Titani, K (Oct 1982).
451:
Co-translational myristoylation aids in plasma membrane association
435:
Co-translational myristoylation aids in plasma membrane association
2431:
2102:
855:
823:
814:
734:
395:
322:
206:. In vertebrates, this modification is carried about by two NMTs,
173:
120:
112:
108:
34:
18:
725:
is one such protein that once myristoylated, translocates to the
364:. Post-translational myristoylation typically occurs following a
742:
662:
pathways and is referred to as the dual fatty acylation switch.
469:
211:
1975:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1060:. Vol. 21 (3rd ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
308:
is stabilized by the interaction between a positively charged
1417:
1415:
605:
Myristoyl-conformational switches can come in several forms.
681:
Myristoylation plays a vital role in membrane targeting and
1832:
1830:
1318:-terminal blocking group of calcineurin B as myristic acid"
432:
actin cross-linking when phosphorylated by protein kinase C
1534:"FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor"
2724:
4-(p-hydroxybenzylidene)-5-imidazolinone (HBI) formation
723:
pro-apoptotic BH3-interacting domain death agonist (Bid)
268:
is positioned in its binding pocket of NMT so that the
1795:"The structure of the G protein heterotrimer Giα1β1γ2"
503:-terminus myristoylation aids in membrane association
143:-terminal blocking group" on the catalytic subunit of
1643:
1641:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1463:"Overview of Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs)"
526:
Apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria-associated 2 (
1878:
Hanahan, Douglas; Weinberg, Robert A. (March 2011).
1051:
1049:
1005:
1003:
406:Post-translational myristoylation during apoptosis
2773:
2763:
2733:
2706:
2679:
2669:
2643:
2621:
2599:
2572:
2562:
2540:
2516:
2498:
2470:
2364:
2346:
2323:
2285:
2262:
2239:
2181:
2136:
2126:
2093:
2049:
2013:
1478:"Regulation of G proteins by covalent modification"
260:The addition of the myristoyl group proceeds via a
2697:p-Hydroxybenzylidene-imidazolinone (HBI) formation
1056:Tamanoi, Fuyuhiko; Sigman, David S., eds. (2001).
1011:
1962:PlantsP: Plant-Specific Myristoylation Predictor
336:Co-translational vs. post-translational addition
288:-terminus of NMT then acts as a general base to
890:bacteria, the NMTs of numerous disease-causing
1650:"Protein myristoylation in health and disease"
1476:Chen, Katherine A.; Manning, David R. (2001).
39:Co-translational addition of myristic acid by
1987:
1237:
1235:
8:
2657:Tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ) formation
1516:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1038:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
634:Dual modifications of myristoylated proteins
316:anion. Free CoA is then released, causing a
947:has been identified that selectively binds
789:transforming normal cells into cancer cells
497:trafficking and actin remodeling regulation
139:In 1982, Koiti Titani's lab identified an "
2770:
2676:
2569:
2133:
1994:
1980:
1972:
1880:"Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation"
1742:Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B
477:cell growth, mobility, survival stimulator
262:nucleophilic addition-elimination reaction
1895:
1854:
1810:
1769:
1732:HAYASHI, Nobuhiro; TITANI, Koiti (2010).
1673:
1565:
1493:
1333:
1285:
1275:
1215:
1155:
1098:
1010:Cox, David L. Nelson, Michael M. (2005).
1018:(4th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.
598:to occur between the negatively charged
380:
214:, both of which are members of the GCN5
2751:Methylidene-imidazolone (MIO) formation
1196:"The Biology and Enzymology of Protein
999:
898:as well. Proper NMT functioning in the
47:-terminal glycine of a nascent protein.
1509:
1307:
1305:
1031:
701:Myristoylation is an integral part of
360:residue in the newly forming, growing
352:is modified following cleavage of the
2635:Lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ) formation
862:Prokaryotic and eukaryotic infections
327:Myristoylation addition mechanism by
127:and functions widely in a variety of
54:is a lipidation modification where a
7:
1921:AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses
1014:Lehninger principles of biochemistry
665:Myristoylation is often followed by
2108:Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)
779:event. Increased myristoylation of
658:dual modification is important for
623:guanine nucleotide exchange factors
145:cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase
894:organisms have been identified as
178:Crystal structure of human type-I
14:
2419:Oxidative deamination to aldehyde
1837:Shoji, S; Kubota, Y (Feb 1989).
1194:Farazi, T. A. (29 August 2001).
729:where it prompts the release of
715:death-inducing signaling complex
560:
548:
304:of myristoyl-CoA. The resulting
2820:Post-translational modification
2007:posttranslational modifications
1204:Journal of Biological Chemistry
540:Myristoylation molecular switch
518:Contains a Ca/myristoyl switch
461:Actin filament-severing protein
272:faces two amino acid residues,
190:-myristoyltransferase (NMT) or
70:to the alpha-amino group of an
1612:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
799:", among them upregulation of
1:
1624:10.1016/S0968-0004(00)89042-8
1440:10.1016/s1388-1981(99)00155-9
1148:10.1128/IAI.56.4.903-909.1988
838:-terminal–most domain of the
1856:10.1248/yakushi1947.109.2_71
1812:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90220-1
1398:10.1016/j.biochi.2010.10.018
1335:10.1016/0014-5793(82)80759-x
628:protein–protein interactions
125:protein–protein interactions
2226:Topaquinone (TPQ) formation
1654:Journal of Chemical Biology
795:can lead to the so-called "
741:and p21-activated kinase 2
416:Apoptosis promoting protein
312:and the negatively charged
93:-myristoyltransferase (NMT)
31:, pictured above) is added.
2841:
1967:ExPASy Myristoylation Tool
1897:10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013
660:G protein-coupled receptor
596:electrostatic interactions
2670:Crosslinks between three
2003:Protein primary structure
1666:10.1007/s12154-009-0032-8
1558:10.1038/s41586-019-1707-0
1314:"Identification of the NH
989:Glycophosphatidylinositol
957:African sleeping sickness
925:African sleeping sickness
638:Further modifications on
196:-tetradecanoyltransferase
99:addition reaction in the
43:-myristoyltransferase to
2764:Crosslinks between four
1426:-myristoyltransferase".
1248:-Tetradecanoyl is the NH
733:leading to cell death.
390:Myristoylation Function
306:tetrahedral intermediate
2563:Crosslinks between two
1277:10.1073/pnas.79.20.6128
787:and be responsible for
514:Neuronal calcium sensor
475:Serine/threonine kinase
252:end binds the protein.
16:Lipidation modification
2211:Porphyrin ring linkage
1495:10.1038/sj.onc.1204185
1217:10.1074/jbc.R100042200
1136:Infection and Immunity
820:
753:Impact on human health
421:mitochondrial membrane
377:Myristoylated proteins
332:
331:-myristoyltransferase.
183:
48:
32:
2272:Succinimide formation
1933:10.1089/aid.2006.0108
818:
803:, proliferation, and
783:can lead to enhanced
611:conformational change
580:cellular localization
326:
318:conformational change
177:
170:-myristoyltransferase
38:
23:In myristoylation, a
22:
2026:Protein biosynthesis
1465:. Thermo Scientific.
951:, competing for the
832:Viral matrix protein
576:membrane association
204:post-translationally
86:post-translationally
2825:Signal transduction
1762:10.2183/pjab.86.494
1754:2010PJAB...86..494H
1550:2019Natur.575..693D
1268:1982PNAS...79.6128C
1210:(43): 39501–39504.
910:Leishmania donovani
797:hallmarks of cancer
683:signal transduction
677:Signal transduction
653:Myristoylation and
264:. First, myristoyl
245:portion, while the
129:signal transduction
2356:Transglutamination
1058:Protein lipidation
920:Trypanosoma brucei
821:
785:cell proliferation
777:membrane targeting
689:of the α subunit,
600:phospholipid heads
403:structural protein
387:Physiological Role
333:
184:
161:gas chromatography
49:
33:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2759:
2758:
2665:
2664:
2558:
2557:
2310:Polyglutamylation
2196:Dephosphorylation
2155:Dephosphorylation
1957:The MYR Predictor
1711:10.1021/bi100882y
1705:(30): 6305–6316.
1544:(7784): 693–698.
1488:(13): 1643–1652.
1067:978-0-12-122722-7
984:Palmitoleoylation
886:. In addition to
811:Viral infectivity
537:
536:
300:to attack at the
296:, activating the
228:crystal structure
216:acetyltransferase
157:mass spectrometry
2832:
2771:
2677:
2613:Sulfilimine bond
2591:ADP-ribosylation
2570:
2490:ADP-ribosylation
2409:ADP-ribosylation
2300:ADP-ribosylation
2277:ADP-ribosylation
2201:ADP-ribosylation
2173:ADP-ribosylation
2134:
2127:Single specific
1996:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1945:
1944:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1858:
1834:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1805:(6): 1047–1058.
1790:
1784:
1783:
1773:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1677:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1607:
1596:
1595:
1569:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1515:
1507:
1497:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1381:
1356:
1355:
1337:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1279:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1200:-Myristoylation"
1191:
1170:
1169:
1159:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1102:
1100:10.1002/iub.1975
1078:
1072:
1071:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1017:
1007:
904:Leishmania major
846:can assemble at
791:. Activation of
589:molecular switch
564:
552:
381:
266:coenzyme A (CoA)
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2755:
2729:
2702:
2661:
2639:
2617:
2595:
2554:
2550:C-mannosylation
2536:
2512:
2494:
2466:
2432:Imine formation
2360:
2342:
2319:
2315:Polyglycylation
2281:
2258:
2235:
2191:Phosphorylation
2177:
2150:Phosphorylation
2122:
2089:
2045:
2009:
2000:
1953:
1948:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1843:Yakugaku Zasshi
1836:
1835:
1828:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1508:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1461:Snider, Jared.
1460:
1459:
1455:
1434:(2–3): 162–72.
1421:
1420:
1413:
1383:
1382:
1359:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1262:(20): 6128–31.
1251:
1241:
1240:
1233:
1193:
1192:
1173:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1030:
1026:
1009:
1008:
1001:
997:
965:
953:peptide binding
864:
852:plasma membrane
840:gag polyprotein
813:
773:plasma membrane
769:mitotic cycling
760:
755:
699:
679:
667:phosphorylation
636:
572:
571:
570:
569:
568:
565:
557:
556:
553:
542:
482:plasma membrane
379:
374:
338:
295:
258:
224:
172:
137:
66:attached by an
58:, derived from
56:myristoyl group
25:myristoyl group
17:
12:
11:
5:
2838:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2768:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2674:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2586:Disulfide bond
2582:
2580:
2567:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:Citrullination
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2459:
2457:Propionylation
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2427:-glycosylation
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Ubiquitination
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2249:Palmitoylation
2245:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2231:Detyrosination
2228:
2223:
2221:Flavin linkage
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2118:Detyrosination
2115:
2110:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2084:Myristoylation
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2041:N–O acyl shift
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1951:External links
1949:
1947:
1946:
1911:
1890:(5): 646–674.
1870:
1826:
1785:
1748:(5): 494–508.
1724:
1689:
1637:
1618:(7): 272–276.
1597:
1523:
1468:
1453:
1411:
1357:
1315:
1301:
1249:
1231:
1171:
1122:
1093:(3): 340–346.
1073:
1066:
1045:
1025:978-0716743392
1024:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
986:
981:
979:Palmitoylation
976:
971:
964:
961:
863:
860:
812:
809:
759:
756:
754:
751:
698:
695:
687:palmitoylation
678:
675:
655:palmitoylation
635:
632:
607:Ligand binding
566:
559:
558:
554:
547:
546:
545:
544:
543:
541:
538:
535:
534:
531:
524:
520:
519:
516:
511:
505:
504:
498:
492:
486:
485:
478:
472:
466:
465:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
443:
437:
436:
433:
430:
424:
423:
417:
414:
408:
407:
404:
398:
392:
391:
388:
385:
378:
375:
373:
370:
337:
334:
302:carbonyl group
293:
257:
254:
234:surrounded by
223:
220:
192:glycylpeptide
171:
165:
136:
133:
95:catalyzes the
52:Myristoylation
27:(derived from
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2837:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:(chromophore)
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2699:(chromophore)
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2605:Hydroxylysine
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2532:Adenylylation
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2508:Hydroxylation
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2447:Succinylation
2445:
2443:
2442:Carbamylation
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Hydroxylation
2392:
2390:
2389:Adenylylation
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2338:Glycosylation
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:Carboxylation
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2216:Adenylylation
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2160:Glycosylation
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:O-methylation
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Carbamylation
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1985:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1567:10044/1/75345
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1006:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
943:
940:
936:
932:
931:
930:P. falciparum
926:
922:
921:
916:
915:leishmaniasis
912:
911:
906:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
884:
883:C. neoformans
879:
878:
874:, among them
873:
869:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
817:
810:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:
757:
752:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
696:
694:
692:
688:
684:
676:
674:
672:
671:translocation
668:
663:
661:
656:
651:
649:
645:
641:
633:
631:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
603:
601:
597:
592:
590:
585:
581:
577:
563:
551:
539:
532:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:localization
483:
479:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
463:
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
422:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
405:
402:
399:
397:
394:
393:
389:
386:
383:
382:
376:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
335:
330:
325:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:oxyanion hole
307:
303:
299:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:phenylalanine
271:
267:
263:
255:
253:
251:
249:
244:
242:
237:
233:
229:
221:
219:
218:superfamily.
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
195:
189:
181:
176:
169:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
134:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:myristic acid
94:
92:
87:
83:
79:
76:
74:
69:
65:
61:
60:myristic acid
57:
53:
46:
42:
37:
30:
29:myristic acid
26:
21:
2462:Butyrylation
2424:
2165:
2083:
2036:Racemization
2021:Peptide bond
1927:(3): 341–6.
1924:
1920:
1914:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1849:(2): 71–85.
1846:
1842:
1802:
1798:
1788:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1702:
1699:Biochemistry
1698:
1692:
1660:(1): 19–35.
1657:
1653:
1615:
1611:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1512:cite journal
1485:
1481:
1471:
1456:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1392:(1): 18–31.
1389:
1385:
1328:(2): 314–8.
1325:
1322:FEBS Letters
1321:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1142:(4): 903–9.
1139:
1135:
1125:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1057:
1013:
948:
928:
918:
908:
902:
896:drug targets
881:
875:
865:
835:
822:
801:angiogenesis
792:
780:
763:
761:
731:cytochrome c
727:mitochondria
700:
680:
664:
652:
639:
637:
604:
593:
573:
527:
500:
401:Cytoskeleton
353:
345:
339:
328:
285:
259:
247:
240:
225:
199:
193:
187:
185:
179:
167:
152:
148:
140:
138:
90:
81:
72:
51:
50:
44:
40:
2526:Diphthamide
2485:Methylation
2452:Lactylation
2414:Deamination
2404:Sumoylation
2379:Acetylation
2374:Methylation
2333:Deamidation
2305:Methylation
2254:Prenylation
2079:Methylation
2069:Formylation
2059:Acetylation
2031:Proteolysis
974:Prenylation
942:sulfonamide
888:prokaryotic
877:C. albicans
848:lipid rafts
691:prenylation
648:lipid rafts
584:hydrophobic
509:Hippocalcin
362:polypeptide
298:amino group
290:deprotonate
186:The enzyme
147:in cows as
2814:Categories
2649:Tryptophan
2645:Tryptophan
2601:Methionine
2542:Tryptophan
2325:Asparagine
2095:C terminus
2051:N terminus
1087:IUBMB Life
995:References
892:eukaryotic
868:infections
828:retrovirus
711:DNA damage
445:Signaling
358:methionine
356:-terminal
348:-terminal
131:pathways.
117:protozoans
68:amide bond
64:covalently
2795:Desmosine
2708:Histidine
2528:formation
2518:Histidine
2437:Glycation
2384:Acylation
2348:Glutamine
2287:Glutamate
2264:Aspartate
2206:Sulfation
2142:Threonine
2103:Amidation
2074:Glycation
1592:204833583
1576:1476-4687
1386:Biochimie
1109:1521-6543
1034:cite book
969:Acylation
949:T. brucei
945:inhibitor
747:caspase 3
719:caspase 3
703:apoptosis
697:Apoptosis
644:acylation
495:vesicular
441:G-Protein
372:Functions
256:Mechanism
250:-terminal
243:-terminal
236:α-helices
222:Structure
135:Discovery
101:cytoplasm
75:-terminal
2783:Allysine
2779:Allysine
2775:Allysine
2712:Tyrosine
2685:Tyrosine
2627:Tyrosine
2578:Cysteine
2574:Cysteine
2472:Arginine
2241:Cysteine
2183:Tyrosine
1941:17411366
1906:21376230
1780:20467215
1719:20583817
1684:19898886
1584:31634899
1504:11313912
1482:Oncogene
1448:10570244
1406:21056615
1352:40889752
1226:11527981
1117:30501005
963:See also
939:pyrazole
900:protozoa
805:invasion
739:gelsolin
457:Gelsolin
342:proteome
314:alkoxide
276:170 and
270:carbonyl
2743:Glycine
2735:Alanine
2716:Glycine
2689:Glycine
2500:Proline
2168:-GlcNAc
2014:General
1865:2545855
1821:8521505
1771:3108300
1750:Bibcode
1675:2816741
1632:7667880
1546:Bibcode
1344:7160476
1296:6959104
1264:Bibcode
1166:3278984
935:malaria
927:), and
850:at the
707:hypoxia
384:Protein
366:caspase
350:glycine
282:glycine
278:leucine
232:β-sheet
121:viruses
105:animals
78:glycine
2787:Lysine
2739:Serine
2681:Serine
2623:Lysine
2366:Lysine
2138:Serine
1939:
1904:
1863:
1819:
1778:
1768:
1717:
1682:
1672:
1630:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1538:Nature
1502:
1446:
1404:
1350:
1342:
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