3345:
3335:
524:
599:
unused and could contain a sequence identifier. Spaces are not significant anywhere other than within character constants. For GOM input is free form with no sequence field and lines may be up to 255 characters long; lines that start with an asterisk (*) are comments; and lines that start with a plus-sign (+) are continuation lines.
473:
at MIT in the summer of 1966, where I worked on a program that created a job tape for the brand new GE 645 in the earliest days of
Multics. I was writing in MAD, which was much easier and more pleasant than the FORTRAN and COBOL that I had written earlier, and I was using CTSS, the first time-sharing
1752:
One of the most interesting features in MAD is the ability to extend the language by redefining existing operators, defining new operators, or defining new data types (modes). The definitions are made using MAD declaration statements and assembly language mnemonics included following the declaration
607:
Variable names, function names, and statement labels have the same form, a letter followed by zero to five letters or digits. Function names end with a period. All names can be subscripted (the name followed by parentheses, with multiple subscripts separated by commas). For GOM names may be up to 24
611:
Few keywords in the language are reserved words since most are longer than six letters or are surrounded by periods. There is a standard set of abbreviations which can be used to replace the longer words. These consist of the first and last letters of the keywords with an apostrophe between them,
598:
MAD programs are a series of statements written on punched cards, generally one statement per card, although a statement can be continued to multiple cards. Columns 1-10 contains an optional statement label, comments or remarks are flagged using the letter "R" in column 11, and columns 73-80 are
552:
By the time we designed the language that we thought would be worth doing and for which we could do a compiler, we couldn't call it Algol anymore; it really was different. That's when we adopted the name MAD, for the
Michigan Algorithm Decoder. We had some funny interaction with the Mad magazine
1649:
Function names end with a period. Internal and external functions are supported. Internal functions are compiled as part of the program in which they are used and share declarations and variables with the main program. External functions are compiled separately and do not share declarations and
2121:). Unlike the later version, the 58 version said nothing about what words (or language) should be used to identify conditional and transfer statements, which led for parsing reasons to words like WHENEVER. Also there were some additional features in MAD that went beyond the 58 specs."
545:. The caption read, "See this man about your program--He might want to publish it. He never worries--but from the looks of your program, you should." This feature was not included in the final official version. However, it was included in the production version for the IBM 7040.
739:
Input-output lists, VECTOR VALUES statements, and some subroutines allow the use of block notation, which has the form A,...,B or A...B, which is a reference to the entire region from A to B. inclusive. In terms of a vector, A(1)...A(N) would be A(1), A(2), A(3), ...,
743:
There are facilities that allow changing dimensions at run-time; permitting the programmer to vary the location of the initial element in an array within the overall block which has been set aside for the array; and allowing an arbitrary storage mapping to be
1971:
1959:
1947:
1935:
553:
people, when we asked for permission to use the name MAD. In a very funny letter, they told us that they would take us to court and everything else, but ended the threat with a P.S. at the bottom - "Sure, go ahead." Unfortunately, that letter is lost.
482:
language and yet wanted to obtain the speed of the MAD compiler, a system called MADTRAN (written in MAD) was developed. MADTRAN was simply a translator from FORTRAN to MAD, which then produced machine code. MADTRAN was distributed through
2116:
In August 2010 when asked about Jean's Sammet's statement that "MAD does not resemble ALGOL 58 in any significant way", Bruce Arden wrote: "Regarding Jean Sammet, she may have conflated the two versions of IAL (58 and
679:
The mode of a constant can be redefined by adding the character M followed by a single digit at the end of the constant, where 0 indicates floating point, 1 integer, 2 boolean, 3 function name, and 4 statement label.
914:
Variables may be implicitly or explicitly declared. By default all implicitly declared variables are assumed to be floating point. The NORMAL MODE IS statement may be used to change this default.
505:
and provided many new ideas which made their way into other languages, but MAD/I compilations were slow and MAD/I never extended itself into widespread use when compared to the original 7090 MAD.
1650:
variables. A one statement definition of internal functions is permitted. Recursive functions are permitted, although the function must do some of the required saving and restoring work itself.
332:
of the
University of Michigan contain reference materials on the development of MAD and MAD/I, including three linear feet of printouts with hand-written notations and original printed manuals.
2736:
511:
is essentially the 7090 MAD language modified and extended for the 360/370 architecture with some judicious tailoring to better fit current programming practices and problems. The
409:
sponsored CONCOMP project at the
University of Michigan. As work progressed it gradually became clear that MAD/I was a new language independent of the original 7090 version of MAD.
2727:
3381:
1851:
Three pre-defined packages of definitions (MATRIX, DOUBLE PRECISION, and COMPLEX) are available for inclusion in MAD source programs using the INCLUDE statement.
2564:
2402:
3339:
3376:
2183:
406:
2244:
364:
151:
298:
language. It was widely used to teach programming at colleges and universities during the 1960s and played a minor role in the development of
2913:
2799:
2651:
2226:
291:
81:
2021:
1713:
ERROR RETURN (force an error return to a statement or to the operating system, if no error statement is given as last argument of the call)
3026:
2758:
2710:
2420:
168:
3021:
3070:
2950:
1905:
3317:
3259:
2779:
2395:
573:
478:
MAD was quite fast compared to some of the other compilers of its day. Because a number of people were interested in using the
47:
448:
368:
299:
159:
2142:"... Doug McIlroy and Bob Morris wrote Multics runoff in BCPL based on Jerry Saltzer's MAD version of RUNOFF for CTSS.",
2600:
2496:
717:
Matrices are storied in consecutive memory locations in the order determined by varying the rightmost subscript first.
322:
2579:
2388:
329:
3371:
2816:
2334:
1983:
537:
magazine, when a program contained too many compile time errors the compiler would print a full-page picture of
527:
Line printer output following a MAD compiler error on an IBM 704 computer at the
University of Michigan, c. 1960
2789:
2694:
2054:, Bolas, Springer, and Srodawa, CONCOMP Technical Report 32, 1970, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 194 pages
512:
502:
420:
402:
307:
155:
139:
134:
2326:
2049:
2000:
2369:
3088:
2784:
2664:
2532:
2191:
694:
Alphabetic or character constants are stored as integers and written using the dollar sign as a delimiter (
2731:
2286:
376:
279:
127:
93:
51:
43:
423:(MTS). GOM was created in the early 1980s by Don Boettner at the University of Michigan Computing Center.
3170:
2942:
2885:
2794:
2753:
2678:
2589:
2033:
236:
203:
38:
2155:
3204:
2860:
2459:
3180:
2960:
2855:
2543:
2429:
2347:, Arden, B. W., Galler, B. A., and Graham, R. M., pp27–28, Datamation, Volume 7 No. 12 (Dec 1961)
2160:, David Walden and Tom Van Vleck (Eds), 2011, IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
360:
275:
88:
2659:
1922:
2317:, Arden, B. W., Galler, B. A. and Graham, R. M., pp. 28–31, CACM Volume 4 No. 1 (Jan 1961)
3349:
3185:
3060:
2955:
2875:
2290:
2261:
2222:
1901:
484:
2293:, Neil Barta, and Thomas N. Hastings, M.I.T. Computation Center Memorandum CC-213, June 1963.
2242:
Galler, Bernard A.; Galler, Enid H. (January 2001). "A Career
Interview with Bernie Galler".
3279:
3274:
3193:
3075:
2306:
2253:
538:
372:
311:
146:
2297:
CLSYS, a program to facilitate the use of the MAD translator for large (class-size) batches
579:
Alternatively, contractions can be used, and the compiler will expand them in the listing:
3236:
3220:
3212:
3116:
3041:
2970:
2640:
461:
68:
2353:, by G. B. Smith, SHARE General Program Library, SHARE Distribution Number 1327 PA, 1961
1988:, Digital Computer Laboratory, Graduate College, University of Illinois, 1962, 221 pages
17:
3292:
3111:
2998:
2975:
2908:
2880:
2763:
2522:
2218:
2157:
Compatible Time-Sharing System (1961-1973): Fiftieth
Anniversary Commemorative Overview
1897:
533:
416:
398:
283:
272:
187:
183:
73:
1376:(stop execution, print an octal number on the operators console, allow manual restart)
3365:
3228:
3141:
3049:
3036:
3016:
2965:
2559:
2526:
576:, in this example the character "0" which causes a double-spaced line to be printed.
566:" example program prints the string "Hello, world" to a terminal or screen display.
3269:
3264:
3241:
3175:
3149:
3093:
3065:
3006:
2865:
2130:
1985:
A User's
Reference Manual For The Michigan Algorithm Decoder (MAD) For the IBM 7090
563:
1428:
READ AND PRINT DATA (similar to READ DATA, but data read is echoed to the printer)
447:, one of the first text processing systems, and several other utilities all under
3157:
3254:
3162:
3011:
2988:
2983:
2903:
2870:
2850:
2299:, Jerome H. Saltzer, M.I.T. Computation Center Memorandum CC-204. February 1963.
531:
In a pre-release version of the original MAD, as a reference to MAD's namesake,
470:
388:
380:
287:
264:
260:
191:
123:
118:
77:
702:
is 56 cents). Strings longer than six characters are represented using arrays.
501:. MAD/I was designed as an extensible language. It was available for use under
3080:
3031:
2993:
2492:
2487:
2143:
569:
PRINT FORMAT HELLOW VECTOR VALUES HELLOW=$ 13h0Hello, world*$ END OF PROGRAM
2265:
2089:, Don Boettner, University of Michigan Computing Center, Ann Arbor, June 1989
620:
MAD uses the term "mode" for its data types. Five basic modes are supported:
2716:
2502:
2482:
2467:
2342:
2312:
2103:
542:
523:
2374:
3312:
3307:
3130:
2927:
2838:
2623:
2619:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2118:
1873:
1868:
494:
437:
357:
256:
252:
240:
220:
179:
1320:
CONTINUE (do nothing statement, usually used to carry a statement label)
2615:
2517:
2512:
2507:
720:
Matrices may be referenced using a subscript for each dimension, NAME(s
479:
474:
system, which was infinitely easier and more pleasant than punch cards.
452:
353:
349:
348:, the compiler developed in 1959 at the University of Michigan for the
315:
303:
248:
244:
175:
2257:
2084:
2063:
3103:
2628:
2605:
2584:
2169:
1009:(INTEGER, BOOLEAN, FLOATING POINT, STATEMENT LABEL, or FUNCTION NAME)
444:
384:
268:
195:
2380:
590:
MAD and GOM, but not MAD/I, are composed of the following elements:
415:(Good Old MAD), a reimplementation of the original 7090 MAD for the
2722:
Euro-Asian
Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
714:
Negative and zero as well as floating-point subscripts are allowed.
2704:
2634:
2610:
2574:
2537:
2472:
2411:
522:
318:
295:
61:
1950:, University of Michigan Computing Center publications, 1965-1999
1938:, University of Michigan Computing Center publications, 1965-1999
2721:
2568:
2554:
2548:
2477:
2364:
2131:
Documentation and Source for Early
Electronic Mail and Messaging
498:
497:
together with important features from the original MAD and from
469:
I think that the most fun I had programming was a summer job at
2384:
2339:, Bernard A. Galler, University of Michigan, McGraw-Hill, 1962.
1753:
up to the END pseudo-instruction that implement the operation.
405:(MTS). Work on the new compiler started in 1965 as part of the
2377:– Has a CTSS environment that includes the MIT version of MAD.
2184:"An Interview with Brian Kernighan: Breeding Little Languages"
1703:
END OF FUNCTION (last statement in a multiple line definition)
1126:(doubles the amount of storage allocated for the modes listed)
608:
characters long and may include the underscore (_) character.
2321:
An Introduction To Algorithmic Methods Using The MAD Language
698:) with double dollar-signs used to enter a true dollar sign (
685:
CHARACTER, SHORT INTEGER, BYTE INTEGER, LONG INTEGER, POINTER
1974:, University of Michigan Computing Center records, 1952-1996
1962:, University of Michigan Computing Center records, 1952-1996
1847:
are the options that appear on the MODE STRUCTURE statement.
1653:
1396:
1266:
917:
760:
2323:, Alan B. Marcovitz and Earl J. Schweppe, Macmillan, 1966.
2328:
An Introduction to Digital Computers and the MAD Language
451:(CTSS). Work was done on a design for a MAD compiler for
1996:
1994:
440:, it does not resemble ALGOL 58 in any significant way.
2283:
An Abbreviated description of the MAD compiler language
1379:
END OF PROGRAM (the last statement in all MAD programs)
643:
0., 1.5, -0.05, +100.4, -4., .05E-2, -.05E2, 5E02, 5.E2
2068:, University of Michigan Computing Center, 1990, p. 14
2213:
Shneiderman, Ben; Plaisant, Catherine (May 7, 2004).
465:
when he was asked "What hooked you on programming?":
1402:
READ DATA (reads data using a self-defining format,
3330:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above
3301:
3129:
3102:
2926:
2894:
2837:
2830:
2809:
2772:
2746:
2728:
International Federation for Information Processing
2693:
2686:
2677:
2650:
2458:
2428:
2419:
214:
202:
166:
145:
133:
117:
99:
87:
67:
57:
37:
2146:, Multicans Web site. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
1841:is one of SAME AS, LOWER THAN, or HIGHER THAN; and
1487:$ (first character of string is carriage control)
1632:(declaration, may include dimension information)
612:such as W'R for WHENEVER and D'N for DIMENSION.
582:P'T HELLOW V'S HELLOW=$ 13h0Hello, world*$ E'M
2002:The Michigan Algorithm Decoder (The MAD Manual)
2567:(ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (
711:There is no limit on the number of dimensions.
572:The first character of the line is treated as
383:. Versions of MAD were also available for the
2396:
2351:Flow Charts of The Michigan Algorithm Decoder
2045:
2043:
8:
2737:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
2344:MAD at Michigan: its function & features
2099:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
1557:(read data without advancing to next record)
1508:(display a message for the machine operator)
750:List of operators, statements, and functions
32:
2565:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
2314:Internal organization of the MAD translator
2105:Computer Languages - Principles and History
2015:
2013:
2011:
458:The following is an interesting quote from
2932:
2843:
2834:
2690:
2683:
2425:
2403:
2389:
2381:
2144:"Multics Software Features: Section 1.7.7"
1972:MAD (Michigan Algorithm Decoder) 1960-1979
419:series of mainframe computers running the
31:
2331:, Brice Carnahan, University of Michigan.
1348:may be any mode including floating-point)
1180:, ... (may include dimension information)
1165:, ... (may include dimension information)
1002:, ... (may include dimension information)
987:, ... (may include dimension information)
970:, ... (may include dimension information)
953:, ... (may include dimension information)
942:, ... (may include dimension information)
931:, ... (may include dimension information)
375:. In the mid-1960s MAD was ported at the
2170:"Glossary of Multics acronyms and terms"
683:For GOM six additional modes are added:
671:written as a name followed by a period (
627:written with or without a scale factor (
2245:IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
1884:
519:MAD, Mad magazine, and Alfred E. Neuman
443:Programs written in MAD included MAIL,
397:, an "extended" version of MAD for the
365:University of Michigan Executive System
2303:A Computer Primer for the Mad Language
2065:MTS Volume 2: Public File Descriptions
2005:, Bruce W. Arden, Revised Edition 1966
732:), or using a single subscript, NAME(s
401:series of computers running under the
3382:Programming languages created in 1959
2800:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1733:) (call a non-single valued function)
1073:) (declares a multidimensional array)
641:written with or without an exponent (
493:has a syntactic structure similar to
7:
2365:Eric Raymond's retrocompiler for MAD
2172:, Tom Van Vleck, Multicans Web site.
1923:"Joseph Weizenbaum's Original ELIZA"
1748:Operator definition and redefinition
2711:Association for Computing Machinery
2633:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (
515:Message System was written in GOM.
2370:A trivial example of a MAD program
25:
3377:Procedural programming languages
3344:
3343:
3334:
3333:
455:, but it was never implemented.
2182:Noren, Allen (April 10, 2009).
27:Historical programming language
3308:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60
1026:) (declares an array from 0...
449:Compatible Time-Sharing System
369:Compatible Time-Sharing System
314:. The original version of the
300:Compatible Time-Sharing System
1:
1671:(single statement definition)
872:.EXOR. (logical exclusive or)
548:And Bernie Galler remembers:
2780:Case Institute of Technology
2375:Dave Pitts' IBM 7094 support
2215:Designing the user interface
1598:, IF LOAD POINT TRANSFER TO
1582:, IF LOAD POINT TRANSFER TO
1249:REFERENCES OFF (the default)
856:.GE. (greater than or equal)
818:Pointer operators (GOM only)
771:.ABS. (unary absolute value)
631:) or as octal constants (to
3313:ALGOL 68 to other languages
1392:Input and output statements
1012:NORMAL MODE IS MODE NUMBER
894:.RESETBIT. (reset bit to 0)
813:.REM. (remainder, GOM only)
804:.EV. (bitwise exclusive or)
340:Three MAD compilers exist:
278:. Developed in 1959 at the
105:; 65 years ago
3398:
330:Bentley Historical Library
294:, MAD is a variant of the
233:Michigan Algorithm Decoder
3325:
2935:
2846:
2817:Royal Radar Establishment
2336:The Language of Computers
2026:Unisys History Newsletter
2020:George Gray (June 2002).
1578:BACKSPACE RECORD OF TAPE
1572:BACKSPACE RECORD OF TAPE
1234:FULL SYMBOL TABLE VECTOR
866:.NOT. (unary logical not)
844:.LE. (less than or equal)
219:
209:
174:
2790:University of St Andrews
1240:LISTING ON (the default)
886:Bit operators (GOM only)
574:logical carriage control
421:Michigan Terminal System
403:Michigan Terminal System
308:Michigan Terminal System
271:210-211, and eventually
18:MAD programming language
3089:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
2785:University of Edinburgh
2665:Van Wijngaarden grammar
2307:Elliott Irving Organick
1757:DEFINE BINARY OPERATOR
1610:SET HIGH DENSITY TABLE
1594:BACKSPACE FILE OF TAPE
1588:BACKSPACE FILE OF TAPE
1303:(compound conditional)
891:.SETBIT. (set bit to 1)
2732:IFIP Working Group 2.1
1960:Topical File 1960-1986
1774:DEFINE UNARY OPERATOR
910:Declaration statements
795:.N. (bitwise negation)
558:"Hello, world" example
528:
377:University of Maryland
363:computers running the
280:University of Michigan
94:University of Michigan
3171:Cornelis H. A. Koster
2943:Roland Carl Backhouse
2886:Joseph Henry Wegstein
2795:Manchester University
2754:Burroughs Corporation
1894:Advances in Computers
1604:SET LOW DENSITY TAPE
1500:PRINT ON LINE FORMAT
1262:Executable statements
526:
1477:PRINT OCTAL RESULTS
1296:(simple conditional)
1294:executable-statement
1228:SYMBOL TABLE VECTOR
1122:DOUBLE STORAGE MODE
836:Relational operators
792:.P. (exponentiation)
766:Arithmetic operators
328:The archives at the
237:programming language
3205:Willem van der Poel
2861:Hermann Bottenbruch
2287:Fernando J. Corbató
2032:(2). Archived from
1892:Alt, Franz (1967).
881:.EQV. (equivalence)
875:.AND. (logical and)
829:.IND. (indirection)
706:Arrays and matrices
629:1, +1, -1, 1K10, 1K
336:MAD, MAD/I, and GOM
276:mainframe computers
100:First appeared
34:
3350:Category: ALGOL 60
3181:Charles H. Lindsey
2961:Edsger W. Dijkstra
2856:Friedrich L. Bauer
2544:Dartmouth ALGOL 30
2188:O'Reilly Community
2022:"UNIVAC and ALGOL"
1685:EXTERNAL FUNCTION
1674:INTERNAL FUNCTION
1659:INTERNAL FUNCTION
1525:WRITE BINARY TAPE
1471:PRINT BCD RESULTS
1315:END OF CONDITIONAL
1308:boolean-expression
1301:boolean-expression
1290:boolean-expression
923:FLOATING POINT var
853:.G. (greater than)
810:.RS. (right shift)
786:* (multiplication)
777:- (unary negation)
774:+ (unary identity)
529:
460:An Interview with
3359:
3358:
3288:
3287:
3250:
3249:
3186:Barry J. Mailloux
3125:
3124:
3061:Jacob T. Schwartz
2956:Stephen R. Bourne
2922:
2921:
2876:Heinz Rutishauser
2826:
2825:
2673:
2672:
2291:Jerome H. Saltzer
2258:10.1109/85.910847
2228:978-0-321-19786-3
2036:on June 29, 2017.
1948:Technical Reports
1821:SAME SEQUENCE AS
1742:
1741:
1641:
1640:
1566:END OF FILE TAPE
1455:READ BINARY TAPE
1388:
1387:
1258:
1257:
906:
905:
869:.OR. (logical or)
861:Boolean operators
807:.LS. (left shift)
798:.A. (bitwise and)
586:Language elements
436:was motivated by
373:operating systems
312:operating systems
226:
225:
119:Typing discipline
16:(Redirected from
3389:
3372:ALGOL 58 dialect
3347:
3346:
3337:
3336:
3280:John C. Reynolds
3225:van Wijngaarden^
3194:Lambert Meertens
3076:Bernard Vauquois
2933:
2914:Robert M. Graham
2844:
2835:
2759:Elliott Brothers
2691:
2684:
2426:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2382:
2270:
2269:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2217:(4th ed.).
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2194:on June 30, 2017
2190:. Archived from
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2101:
2090:
2082:
2069:
2061:
2055:
2051:The MAD/I Manual
2047:
2038:
2037:
2017:
2006:
1998:
1989:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1889:
1706:FUNCTION RETURN
1654:
1628:FORMAT VARIABLE
1483:PRINT COMMENT $
1397:
1331:, FOR VALUES OF
1267:
973:STATEMENT LABEL
918:
897:.BIT. (test bit)
878:.THEN. (implies)
850:.NE. (not equal)
826:.LOC. (location)
801:.V. (bitwise or)
761:
701:
697:
690:
686:
674:
658:
654:
644:
634:
630:
539:Alfred E. Neuman
292:Robert M. Graham
113:
111:
106:
82:Robert M. Graham
69:Designed by
35:
21:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3340:Category: ALGOL
3332:
3321:
3318:ALGOL 68 to C++
3297:
3284:
3246:
3237:Philip Woodward
3221:Michel Sintzoff
3213:Douglas T. Ross
3121:
3117:Kristen Nygaard
3098:
3042:John E. L. Peck
2971:Robert W. Floyd
2918:
2890:
2822:
2805:
2768:
2742:
2696:
2669:
2660:Jensen's device
2646:
2533:Burroughs ALGOL
2454:
2431:
2421:Implementations
2415:
2409:
2361:
2356:
2278:
2273:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2133:, Tom Van Vleck
2129:
2125:
2115:
2111:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2072:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2041:
2019:
2018:
2009:
1999:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1942:
1936:Technical Memos
1934:
1930:
1921:Shrager, Jeff.
1920:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1900:. p. 143.
1891:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1865:
1807:MODE STRUCTURE
1791:MODE STRUCTURE
1785:MODE STRUCTURE
1768:MODE STRUCTURE
1750:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1647:
1642:
1549:LOOK AT FORMAT
1511:WRITE BCD TAPE
1394:
1389:
1337:expression-list
1329:statement-label
1284:statement-label
1264:
1259:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1153:PROGRAM COMMON
1149:
1142:
1135:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1005:NORMAL MODE IS
1001:
997:
986:
979:
969:
962:
952:
948:
941:
937:
930:
926:
912:
907:
888:
863:
841:.L. (less than)
838:
820:
783:- (subtraction)
768:
758:
752:
751:
735:
731:
727:
723:
708:
699:
695:
688:
684:
672:
663:Statement Label
656:
652:
642:
632:
628:
618:
605:
596:
588:
583:
570:
560:
521:
462:Brian Kernighan
430:
367:(UMES) and the
338:
321:was written in
210:MAD, MAD/I, GOM
169:implementations
109:
107:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3395:
3393:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3293:ALGOL Bulletin
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3114:
3112:Ole-Johan Dahl
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Carroll Morgan
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2978:
2976:Jeremy Gibbons
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2909:Bernard Galler
2906:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2881:Klaus Samelson
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2764:Regnecentralen
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2688:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2631:
2626:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2530:
2523:Atlas Autocode
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2372:
2367:
2360:
2359:External links
2357:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2234:
2227:
2219:Addison Wesley
2205:
2174:
2162:
2148:
2135:
2123:
2109:
2091:
2070:
2056:
2039:
2007:
1990:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1913:
1906:
1898:Academic Press
1883:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1832:
1831:
1805:
1789:
1772:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1723:
1722:RESTORE RETURN
1720:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1696:ENTRY TO NAME
1694:
1683:
1672:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1592:
1586:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1547:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1523:
1509:
1498:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1465:PRINT RESULTS
1463:
1453:
1441:READ BCD TAPE
1439:
1429:
1426:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1297:
1286:
1280:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1181:
1166:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1103:VECTOR VALUES
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1080:VECTOR VALUES
1076:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1031:
1016:
1010:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
984:
977:
971:
967:
960:
956:FUNCTION NAME
954:
950:
946:
943:
939:
935:
932:
928:
924:
916:
911:
908:
904:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
887:
884:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
862:
859:
858:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
837:
834:
832:
831:
830:
827:
824:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
767:
764:
759:
757:
754:
753:
749:
748:
747:
746:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
715:
712:
707:
704:
689:DYNAMIC RECORD
677:
676:
666:
660:
646:
639:Floating Point
636:
633:7777777777777K
617:
614:
604:
601:
595:
592:
587:
584:
581:
568:
559:
556:
555:
554:
520:
517:
476:
475:
429:
426:
425:
424:
417:IBM System/370
410:
399:IBM System/360
392:
352:and later the
337:
334:
284:Bernard Galler
273:IBM System/370
247:and later the
224:
223:
217:
216:
212:
211:
207:
206:
200:
199:
172:
171:
164:
163:
149:
143:
142:
137:
131:
130:
121:
115:
114:
101:
97:
96:
91:
85:
84:
74:Bernard Galler
71:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3394:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Peter O'Hearn
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:Niklaus Wirth
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Susan G. Bond
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Brian Randell
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3037:Maurice Nivat
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:John McCarthy
3020:
3018:
3017:Conor McBride
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2966:Andrey Ershov
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:Organizations
2685:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Elliott ALGOL
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2527:Edinburgh IMP
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
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2346:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1907:0-12-012104-2
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1778:, PRECEDENCE
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1761:, PRECEDENCE
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1732:
1731:argument-list
1728:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:argument-list
1688:
1687:function-name
1684:
1681:
1680:argument-list
1677:
1676:function-name
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:argument-list
1662:
1661:function-name
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1539:PUNCH FORMAT
1538:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:PRINT FORMAT
1489:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1374:octal-integer
1371:
1369:
1366:RESTORE DATA
1365:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:array-element
1352:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1246:REFERENCES ON
1245:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1129:EQUIVALENCE (
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1028:max-dimension
1025:
1024:max-dimension
1021:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
993:
989:
983:
976:
972:
966:
959:
955:
944:
933:
922:
921:
920:
919:
915:
909:
902:
896:
893:
890:
889:
885:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:
860:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
828:
825:
823:: (selection)
822:
821:
817:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
755:
742:
738:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
703:
692:
681:
670:
669:Function Name
667:
664:
661:
655:for true and
650:
647:
640:
637:
626:
623:
622:
621:
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221:IAL, ALGOL 58
218:
215:Influenced by
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3348:
3338:
3329:
3270:Ron Morrison
3265:Tony Brooker
3242:Nobuo Yoneda
3176:Peter Landin
3158:Gerhard Goos
3150:Robert Dewar
3094:Mike Woodger
3071:David Turner
3066:Micha Sharir
3054:Rutishauser^
3007:Peter Landin
2980:Julien Green
2951:Richard Bird
2895:
2866:Charles Katz
2697:associations
2695:Professional
2595:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2282:
2252:(1): 22–33.
2249:
2243:
2237:
2214:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:the original
2187:
2177:
2165:
2156:
2151:
2138:
2126:
2112:
2104:
2085:
2064:
2059:
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2034:the original
2029:
2025:
2001:
1984:
1979:
1967:
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1943:
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1916:
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1850:
1845:mode-options
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1787:mode-options
1786:
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1779:
1775:
1770:mode-options
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
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1736:
1730:
1726:
1719:RESTORE DATA
1697:
1690:
1686:
1679:
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1668:
1664:
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1648:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1622:UNLOAD TAPE
1617:
1616:REWIND TAPE
1611:
1605:
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1560:REWIND TAPE
1554:
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1431:READ FORMAT
1423:
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1382:
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1354:
1353:SET LIST TO
1345:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1307:
1306:OR WHENEVER
1300:
1293:
1289:
1283:
1282:TRANSFER TO
1279:(assignment)
1276:
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1235:
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1184:
1177:
1173:
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1119:) = constant
1116:
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1038:
1034:
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990:MODE NUMBER
981:
974:
964:
957:
913:
900:
789:/ (division)
780:+ (addition)
693:
682:
678:
668:
662:
648:
638:
624:
619:
610:
606:
597:
594:Input format
589:
578:
571:
564:hello, world
561:
547:
532:
530:
508:
507:
490:
489:
477:
459:
457:
442:
433:
431:
412:
394:
387:210-211 and
345:
339:
327:
232:
228:
227:
29:
3260:John Barnes
3255:Hal Abelson
3163:Michael Guy
3012:Tom Maibaum
2999:Jørn Jensen
2989:Eric Hehner
2984:David Gries
2904:Bruce Arden
2871:Alan Perlis
2851:John Backus
2414:programming
1826:existing-op
1816:existing-op
1800:existing-op
1783:existing-op
1766:existing-op
1716:SAVE RETURN
1339:(iteration)
1243:LISTING OFF
945:BOOLEAN var
934:INTEGER var
847:.E. (equal)
700:$ $ $ .56$
659:for false);
471:Project MAC
389:UNIVAC 1107
381:UNIVAC 1108
288:Bruce Arden
265:UNIVAC 1108
261:UNIVAC 1107
192:UNIVAC 1108
78:Bruce Arden
3366:Categories
3302:Comparison
3081:Eiiti Wada
3032:Peter Naur
2994:Tony Hoare
2810:Government
2652:Formalisms
2493:ALGOL 68RS
2488:ALGOL 68-R
2276:References
2086:GOM Manual
1776:defined-op
1759:defined-op
1669:expression
1372:PAUSE NO.
1360:SAVE DATA
1277:expression
1183:PARAMETER
1048:DIMENSION
1033:DIMENSION
1018:DIMENSION
744:specified.
696:$ ABCDEF$
616:Data types
306:, and the
52:structured
48:imperative
44:procedural
3217:Samelson^
3190:McCarthy^
3154:Dijkstra^
3085:Wegstein^
3057:Samelson^
2773:Education
2717:BSI Group
2679:Community
2590:Kidsgrove
2503:ALGOL 68S
2483:ALGOL 68C
2468:ABC ALGOL
2432:standards
2430:Technical
2266:1058-6180
1727:procedure
1645:Functions
1600:statement
1584:statement
1312:OTHERWISE
1299:WHENEVER
1288:WHENEVER
1168:ERASABLE
1124:mode-list
1068:subscript
1061:subscript
1054:subscript
1007:type-name
756:Operators
543:ASCII art
361:mainframe
344:Original
310:computer
89:Developer
3233:Woodger^
3209:Randell^
3131:ALGOL 68
2928:ALGOL 60
2839:ALGOL 58
2747:Business
2624:Napier88
2620:PS-algol
2460:Dialects
2450:ALGOL 68
2445:ALGOL 60
2440:ALGOL 58
2198:July 28,
1874:ALGOL 60
1869:ALGOL 58
1863:See also
1855:INCLUDE
1725:EXECUTE
1346:variable
1333:variable
1327:THROUGH
1273:variable
1236:variable
1230:variable
1211:), ...,
1050:variable
1035:variable
1020:variable
495:ALGOL 60
438:ALGOL 58
358:IBM 7090
323:MAD-SLIP
302:(CTSS),
257:IBM 7040
253:IBM 7090
243:for the
241:compiler
204:Dialects
162:, others
39:Paradigm
3146:Bourne^
3046:Perlis^
2939:Backus^
2730:(IFIP)
2616:S-algol
2518:ALGOL X
2513:ALGOL W
2508:ALGOL N
2309:, 1961.
1857:package
1834:where:
1829:mode-no
1823:mode-no
1819:mode-no
1813:mode-no
1809:mode-no
1803:mode-no
1797:mode-no
1793:mode-no
1418:, ...,
1344:(where
1143:, ...,
1066:, ...,
649:Boolean
625:Integer
480:FORTRAN
453:Multics
428:History
379:to the
371:(CTSS)
354:IBM 709
350:IBM 704
316:chatbot
304:Multics
249:IBM 709
245:IBM 704
235:) is a
198:210-211
176:IBM 704
140:Lexical
108: (
3167:Hoare^
3138:Bauer^
3104:Simula
2947:Bauer^
2831:People
2739:(GAMM)
2724:(EASC)
2629:Simula
2606:NELIAC
2585:JOVIAL
2264:
2225:
1904:
1737:
1636:
1551:format
1541:format
1517:format
1502:format
1492:format
1485:string
1447:format
1433:format
1424:valueN
1416:value2
1408:value1
1383:
1253:
1150:), ...
1111:) ...
901:
687:, and
541:using
445:RUNOFF
432:While
385:Philco
269:Philco
196:Philco
167:Major
128:strong
124:Static
58:Family
3201:Peck^
3198:Naur^
3003:Katz^
2819:(RRE)
2802:(MIT)
2713:(ACM)
2707:Group
2705:ALCOR
2643:ALGOL
2635:SMALL
2611:RTL/2
2592:Algol
2575:FLACC
2551:ALGOL
2538:CORAL
2473:ALCOR
2412:ALGOL
1880:Notes
1113:array
1105:array
1100:, ...
1088:) = c
1082:array
998:, var
994:, var
982:label
975:label
949:, var
938:, var
927:, var
740:A(N).
673:SQRT.
665:, and
603:Names
562:The "
491:MAD/I
485:SHARE
395:MAD/I
319:ELIZA
296:ALGOL
188:S/370
184:S/360
135:Scope
62:ALGOL
2641:SMIL
2601:Mary
2569:NEWP
2555:DG/L
2549:DASK
2497:ELLA
2478:ALGO
2262:ISSN
2223:ISBN
2200:2023
1902:ISBN
1839:rank
1780:rank
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1630:list
1555:list
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1531:list
1521:list
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1496:list
1479:list
1473:list
1467:list
1461:list
1451:list
1437:list
1420:varN
1412:var2
1404:var1
1368:list
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1039:from
965:name
958:name
499:PL/I
407:ARPA
356:and
290:and
239:and
180:7090
160:CTSS
152:UMES
110:1959
103:1959
2896:MAD
2596:MAD
2580:IMP
2254:doi
1197:),
1096:, c
1092:, c
1041:...
534:Mad
513:MTS
509:GOM
503:MTS
434:MAD
413:GOM
346:MAD
282:by
229:MAD
156:MTS
33:MAD
3368::
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2540:66
2305:,
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2260:.
2250:23
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2186:.
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2094:^
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231:(
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