203:
interpretation and how all studies performed, whether for or against an issue, can be legitimately debated in terms of the quality of their research process and the significance of their findings. They suggest that debates over the quality of science for policy in the case of MON 810 are not purely technical but rather are inherently shaped by unstated normative commitments and value judgments. Finally, they argue that for agricultural biotechnology, there are a range of conditions that make current practices of assessing the quality of biosafety science unethical. These include: a lack of open access to testing materials; limited resources for independent research; lack of transparency concerning the transgenic constructs in use; lack of consistency in the application of evidentiary and interpretive standards; and no clear processes ensuring accountability and consistency in assessment processes.
196:
scrutinized – studies showing no effect were simply quantitatively described without their quality being subjected to the same level of critique. The effect of such a double standard in the evaluation of the quality of biosafety science means that those only reading or referring to
Ricroch et al. will be seriously misinformed about both the available biosafety science and the German ban on MON810 maize. However, Bøhn et al. do not claim that the ban was finally and irreversibly justified by the science referred to, as this was ultimately seen to be a political decision.
133:(EFSA) reviewed this re-analysis and concluded that the differences observed were within a normal range for control rats and deemed the statistical methods used inappropriate. Similar criticisms have been levelled at later work by Séralini involving rats he asserted to have developed cancer from consumption of genetically modified produce; see
170:
and recent studies, concluded that the German decision to ban the cultivation of MON 810 was "scientifically unjustified." This is despite the fact that several of the meta-analyses reviewed actually indicate specific negative effects from Cry1Ab toxin on non-target organisms, although when compared
190:
In 2012, an article by Bøhn et al., in
Environmental Sciences Europe, disagreed with the viewpoint of Ricroch et al. that the German ban was “scientifically unjustified”. In drawing their conclusion they point to the following weaknesses in the Ricroch et al. paper: i) important claims about the
174:
Ricroch et al. claim that substantial evidence cited in their review is biased towards total eco-system effects and the German decision should have been based on a "case-by-case approach" and uses an incomplete list of references. The authors of this review also criticized the French ban and its
140:
Several publications show effects from Cry1Ab on insects and other arthropods not belonging to the group of
Lepidoptera. This indicates an effect on non-target species. Effects on non-target organisms (i.e. those outside the group of Lepidoptera) indicates that the Cry1Ab toxin has less specific
195:
study are incorrect (that the amount of toxin in the experiment was not presented), and ii) core results are omitted from the discussion (overall mortality differences and total fecundity). Furthermore, only selected data from the literature (those showing negative effects) were qualitatively
202:
Analysing the controversy over MON 810 in Europe and particularly the question of the quality of the biosafety science cited to support the German ban, Wickson and Wynne have highlighted how science for policy can be differentially framed in terms of its research questions, methods and data
348:
On 24 February 2016 an open letter of concern was written to the DG Health and Food Safety (SANTE,)European
Commission regarding new invasive species (acclaimed ancestor of cultivated maize, teosinte) in Spain that can outcross with genetically modified maize (MON 810).
144:
On the 5 April 2012, Poland announced that it would ban the cultivation of MON 810 on its territory because the "pollen of this strain could have a harmful effect on bees." No evidence exists to suggest that bees are harmed by the Bt
Protein, however prior to research
128:
and colleagues (2007 & 2009) re-analyzed
Monsanto data for MON 810 (which was made available following a demand for public availability of the data, and a court case) and claimed that it had caused liver, kidney, and heart damage in rats. However, the
780:
Grabowski, Marcin; Zbigniew T Dabrowski (2012). "Evaluation of the Impact of the Toxic
Protein Cry1Ab Expressed by the Genetically Modified Cultivar MON810 on Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera L.) Behavior".
266:
its cultivation has been banned since July 12, 2013, when the
Italian Health minister required the suspension of the authorization of GM maize's cultivation, in reaction to a scientific report by the
523:
Bøhn, T., Primicerio, R., Hessen, D. O. and
Traavik, T. 2008. Reduced fitness of Daphnia magna fed a Bt-transgenic maize variety. - Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 55: 584-592.
124:
MON 810’s transgene structure differs from the original plasmid constructed for the safety assessment for
Monsanto and has changed compared to the naturally occurring (non-active) Cry1Ab protein.
481:, Cellier D, de Vendomois JS (2007). "New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity". Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52 (4): 596–602
76:
These genetically modified plants with Bt protein are grown on a large scale around the world. Monsanto’s corn line MON 810 is produced by ballistically transforming another corn line with a
981:
259:) have banned its cultivation (imports were still allowed) under an emergency temporary provision known as the 'Safeguard Clause' due to concerns that it causes environmental damage.
532:
Bøhn, T., Traavik, T. and Primicerio, R. 2010. Demographic responses of Daphnia magna fed transgenic Bt-maize. - Ecotoxicology DOI 10.1007/s10646-009-0427-x. (Open Access).: 419-430.
801:
Wickson, F. and Wynne, B. 2012. Ethics of Science for Policy in the Environmental Governance of Biotechnology: MON810 Maize in Europe. - Ethics, Policy and Environment 15: 321-340.
601:
Lövei, G. L., Andow, D. A. and Arpaia, S. 2009. Transgenic Insecticidal Crops and Natural Enemies: A Detailed Review of Laboratory Studies. - Environmental Entomology 38: 293-306.
592:
Lövei, G. L. and Arpaia, S. 2005. The impact of transgenic plants on natural enemies: a critical review of laboratory studies. - Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 114: 1-14.
932:
906:
199:
A 2012 paper in the Polish Journal of Veterinary Medicine found no difference between the number of honeybees that visited a MON 810 maize and a closely related maize.
770:
Bøhn, T., Primicerio, R. and Traavik, T. 2012. The German ban on GM maize MON810: scientifically justified or unjustified? - Environmental Sciences Europe 24:22: 1-7.
457:
Jimenez-Juarez et al. 2007. Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab mutants affecting oligomer formation are non-toxic to Manduca sexta larvae. J Biol Chem 282 29:21222-21229.
2109:
1072:
2047:
919:
834:
390:
United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Pesticide Programs. Biopesticides Registration Action Document. N.p., Sept. 2010. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.
1416:
112:
and become toxic, which is why the toxins are specific for the order Lepidoptera. The receptors are important for binding the toxic protein and starting the
493:, de Vendômois JS, Roullier F, Cellier D. (2009) A comparison of the effects of three GM corn varieties on mammalian health. Int J Biol Sci. 10;5(7):706-26.
2682:
423:
141:
modes of toxicity than previously assumed, or that the transgene insertion may cause unintended effects (e.g. changes in gene expression) in the plant.
448:
Then, C. 2010. Risk assessment of toxins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis--synergism, efficacy, and selectivity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17:791-797.
2765:
1284:
542:
511:
Hilbeck, A et al. 1998. Toxicity of Bacillis thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin to the predator Chrysoperla carnea. Environmental Entomology 275:1255-1263.
2555:
392:
812:
Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Plants Regarding the Genetically Modified, Insect Resistant Maize Lines Notified by the Monsanto Company
502:
Statement of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on the analysis of data from a 90-day rat feeding study with MON 863 maize
2771:
2761:
1272:
2856:
1134:
469:
Hilbeck A, Schmidt JEU. 2006. Another view on Bt proteins-how specific are they and what else might they do? Biopesticides Int 2 1:1-50.
2712:
2722:
2040:
1528:
975:
2730:
2273:
893:
853:
814:
2776:
2445:
1009:
187:, the US ambassador to France recommended that "we calibrate a target retaliation list that causes some pain across the EU".
130:
267:
2751:
2746:
2492:
2408:
2394:
2064:
1680:
44:
2248:
2155:
2033:
1277:
379:
2756:
2382:
2367:
2311:
2302:
2253:
2178:
2119:
1328:
1294:
1109:
831:
171:
to spraying with broad-spectrum pesticides, the negative effects on non-target organisms from Cry-toxins were lower.
2413:
2319:
2214:
2086:
2077:
1067:
490:
478:
146:
125:
32:
2608:
2550:
2454:
2389:
2372:
2283:
2137:
1246:
689:
436:
Tilley ST, Saibil HR. 2006. The mechanism of pore formation by bacterial toxins. Curr Opin Struct Bio 16:230-236.
1411:
150:
81:
821:
Notification C/F/95/12/02, the Scientific Committee on Plants, European Commission, Retrieved 13 November 2012
738:
1423:
1129:
1124:
369:
Van Rie J. et al. 1989. Specificity of Bacillius thuringiensis delta-endotoxins. Eur J Biochem 186: 239-247.
184:
1289:
1213:
62:
57:
880:
711:
2163:
1094:
841:
Annual MON 810 monitoring report to the European Commission, Monsanto Europe, Retrieved 13 November 2012
546:
739:"Democracy Now: WikiLeaks Cables Reveal U.S. Sought to Retaliate Against Europe over Monsanto GM Crops"
399:
2702:
2477:
2243:
2104:
1351:
690:"Is the Suspension of MON810 Maize Cultivation by Some European Countries Scientifically Justified?"
2692:
2624:
2562:
2426:
2056:
1333:
162:
70:
2570:
2421:
1236:
1221:
1002:
862:
851:
Hera, Cristian; Popescu, Ana (2011). "Biotechnology and its role for a sustainable agriculture".
134:
2861:
2807:
2697:
2687:
1884:
1396:
1183:
658:
417:
157:
88:
maize intron sequences which drive the expression of the Cry1Ab gene. The gene then codes for
1523:
2580:
1763:
1697:
1264:
1198:
648:
640:
180:
2629:
2513:
2472:
2431:
2341:
1935:
1844:
1533:
1193:
838:
818:
613:
Marvier, M., McCreedy, C., Regetz, J. and Kareiva, P. 2007. A Meta-Analysis of Effects of
89:
2655:
2650:
2585:
2487:
2324:
2288:
1955:
1793:
1788:
1727:
1503:
1468:
1448:
653:
628:
302:
224:
212:
113:
2850:
2830:
2707:
2645:
2462:
2351:
2238:
1965:
1960:
1692:
1675:
1513:
1406:
1321:
1203:
1188:
1139:
995:
743:
676:
338:
167:
93:
866:
380:
http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/39/executivesummmary/default.html
47:(GMO) designed to combat crop loss due to insects. There is an inserted gene in the
2619:
2518:
2497:
2346:
2168:
1980:
1778:
1558:
1493:
1473:
1463:
1443:
1226:
1099:
811:
716:
322:
149:(usage of which is in fact reduced by planting of naturally pesticidal Bt crops,)
922:
Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment, GM Crop Database, Accessed 5 April 2012
378:
ISAAA. 2009. Executive Summary Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM crops.
2482:
2145:
2010:
1945:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1849:
1839:
1803:
1737:
1722:
1670:
1660:
1584:
1458:
1453:
1391:
1376:
1315:
1310:
1167:
1162:
1089:
629:"Is the German suspension of MON810 maize cultivation scientifically justified?"
330:
326:
318:
109:
66:
2523:
2186:
1854:
1732:
1687:
1518:
1401:
1339:
1104:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1032:
644:
252:
101:
97:
2835:
2802:
2677:
2336:
2329:
2268:
2263:
2222:
2204:
1990:
1985:
1970:
1914:
1869:
1798:
1768:
1665:
1614:
1483:
1478:
1259:
1231:
1116:
1047:
1042:
1037:
614:
282:
278:
662:
108:
of insects. Proteins need specific receptors on cells in order to form the
2825:
2792:
2595:
2590:
2467:
1975:
1824:
1808:
1783:
1773:
1624:
1568:
1553:
1381:
1366:
298:
228:
220:
40:
92:(Cry proteins) which are very potent toxins that provoke lesions in the
2820:
2797:
2377:
2278:
2127:
2099:
2005:
1909:
1834:
1829:
1655:
1619:
1604:
1599:
1543:
1538:
1488:
1254:
1157:
1082:
963:
342:
256:
240:
236:
232:
77:
52:
2025:
17:
2258:
2196:
2000:
1950:
1904:
1879:
1874:
1864:
1742:
1717:
1712:
1609:
1594:
1589:
1548:
334:
314:
290:
286:
274:
the cultivation of GMO crops has been banned since January 28, 2013.
271:
248:
244:
105:
55:
that harms insects that try to eat it. The inserted gene is from the
100:. These produced Bt proteins bind to certain localized sites on the
2575:
1995:
1940:
1930:
1859:
1747:
1707:
1645:
1640:
1563:
1508:
1018:
310:
306:
294:
263:
216:
151:
colony collapse disorder was occasionally blamed on modified crops
116:, but the exact mechanism of these toxins is not well understood.
85:
987:
1702:
1650:
1498:
1386:
1371:
568:
2029:
991:
617:
and Maize on Nontarget Invertebrates. - Science 316: 1475-1477.
832:
Annual monitoring report on the cultivation of MON 810 in 2011
48:
907:
Kontrole wykazały że rolnicy nie wykorzystują kukurydzy GMO
2110:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
933:"Open NGO Letter to Commission on Teosinte in Spain"
305:(where approval is also required by member states),
2785:
2739:
2721:
2668:
2638:
2606:
2543:
2536:
2506:
2453:
2444:
2407:
2360:
2310:
2301:
2231:
2213:
2195:
2177:
2154:
2136:
2118:
2085:
2076:
2063:
1923:
1817:
1756:
1633:
1577:
1434:
1359:
1350:
1303:
1245:
1212:
1176:
1150:
1025:
609:
607:
270:(CRA) about the insecticide producing GM maize. In
215:
in 1998. Since then, six countries have grown it (
797:
795:
920:Database Product Description MON-ØØ81Ø-6 (MON810)
881:Rules on GMOs in the EU - Ban on GMOs cultivation
675:Information Systems for Biotechnology project at
766:
764:
762:
519:
517:
465:
463:
883:European Commission, Retrieved 13 November 2012
982:MON810 event information and detection methods
627:Ricroch A, Bergé JB, Kuntz M (February 2010).
444:
442:
166:, which reviewed several previously published
2041:
1003:
8:
51:of MON 810 which allows the plant to make a
2683:Detection of genetically modified organisms
688:Ricroch A; Bergé JB; Kuntz M (April 2010).
2540:
2450:
2307:
2082:
2073:
2048:
2034:
2026:
1356:
1010:
996:
988:
65:that is poisonous to insects in the order
652:
160:) by Agnes Ricroch et al. in the journal
39:line known as YieldGard from the company
1285:International corn production statistics
854:Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting
712:"WikiLeaks: US targets EU over GM crops"
365:
363:
361:
894:Health minister demands ban of GM maize
357:
69:(butterflies and moths), including the
422:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
415:
268:Italian Agricultural Research Council
7:
569:"Harnessing the Power of Knowledge"
183:, after France banned the variety,
147:implicating neonictinoid pesticides
2713:Genetic use restriction technology
25:
80:, PV-ZMCT10. This plasmid has a
2731:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
277:MON 810 is approved for use in
211:It was approved for use in the
35:used around the world. It is a
710:Vidal, John (3 January 2011).
175:political circumstances in an
131:European Food Safety Authority
1:
2493:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
1681:List of tortilla-based dishes
45:genetically modified organism
942:. Brussels. 24 February 2016
1329:National Cornbread Festival
1295:Three Sisters (agriculture)
2878:
2857:Genetically modified maize
33:genetically modified maize
2816:
2551:Genetically modified food
905:Poland (28 January 2013)
645:10.1007/s11248-009-9297-5
918:Staff (29 January 2009)
810:Staff 10 February 1998)
82:cauliflower mosaic virus
896:, Accessed 12 July 2013
1290:List of popcorn brands
984:- biosafetyscanner.org
782:Medycyna Weterynaryjna
58:Bacillus thuringiensis
2164:Roundup ready soybean
1095:Quality Protein Maize
892:Italy (12 July 2013)
235:) and six countries (
179:. As revealed in the
2703:Reverse transfection
2478:Genetic transduction
1068:Genetically modified
573:Taylor & Francis
543:"Poland bans Mon810"
491:Gilles-Éric Séralini
479:Gilles-Éric Séralini
353:Notes and references
126:Gilles-Eric Seralini
2693:Genetics in fiction
2625:Genetic enhancement
2427:Hepatitis B vaccine
2057:Genetic engineering
1334:Sweet Corn Festival
163:Transgenic Research
71:European corn borer
61:which produces the
2803:Stem cell research
2422:Ice-minus bacteria
1529:Mămăligă în pături
1237:Maize streak virus
909:, Portal Spożywczy
837:2015-09-08 at the
830:Staff (July 2012)
817:2015-07-26 at the
747:. 23 December 2010
43:. This plant is a
2844:
2843:
2808:Synthetic biology
2698:Human enhancement
2688:Genetic pollution
2664:
2663:
2532:
2531:
2440:
2439:
2403:
2402:
2297:
2296:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
1184:Corn construction
978:- GMO-Compass.org
158:systematic review
84:35S promoter and
16:(Redirected from
2869:
2581:Dow AgroSciences
2541:
2451:
2308:
2083:
2074:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2027:
1764:Battered sausage
1698:Pastel de choclo
1634:Breads and cakes
1417:Public relations
1357:
1325:(1994 sculpture)
1265:Cornstalk fiddle
1012:
1005:
998:
989:
952:
951:
949:
947:
937:
929:
923:
916:
910:
903:
897:
890:
884:
877:
871:
870:
848:
842:
828:
822:
808:
802:
799:
790:
789:
777:
771:
768:
757:
756:
754:
752:
735:
729:
728:
726:
724:
707:
701:
700:
694:
685:
679:
673:
667:
666:
656:
624:
618:
611:
602:
599:
593:
590:
584:
583:
581:
579:
565:
559:
558:
556:
554:
545:. Archived from
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
512:
509:
503:
500:
494:
488:
482:
476:
470:
467:
458:
455:
449:
446:
437:
434:
428:
427:
421:
413:
411:
410:
404:
398:. Archived from
397:
388:
382:
376:
370:
367:
181:WikiLeaks cables
90:delta endotoxins
21:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2812:
2781:
2735:
2717:
2670:
2660:
2634:
2630:Genetic testing
2612:
2602:
2528:
2514:Recombinant DNA
2502:
2473:Electroporation
2436:
2432:Oncolytic virus
2411:
2399:
2356:
2342:Herman the Bull
2293:
2227:
2209:
2191:
2173:
2150:
2132:
2114:
2068:
2066:
2059:
2054:
2024:
2015:
1936:Bourbon whiskey
1919:
1845:Corn on the cob
1813:
1752:
1629:
1573:
1436:
1430:
1346:
1299:
1241:
1208:
1194:Nixtamalization
1172:
1146:
1021:
1016:
972:
960:
955:
945:
943:
935:
931:
930:
926:
917:
913:
904:
900:
891:
887:
878:
874:
850:
849:
845:
839:Wayback Machine
829:
825:
819:Wayback Machine
809:
805:
800:
793:
779:
778:
774:
769:
760:
750:
748:
737:
736:
732:
722:
720:
709:
708:
704:
697:ISB News Report
692:
687:
686:
682:
674:
670:
626:
625:
621:
612:
605:
600:
596:
591:
587:
577:
575:
567:
566:
562:
552:
550:
549:on 9 April 2012
541:
540:
536:
531:
527:
522:
515:
510:
506:
501:
497:
489:
485:
477:
473:
468:
461:
456:
452:
447:
440:
435:
431:
414:
408:
406:
402:
395:
393:"Archived copy"
391:
389:
385:
377:
373:
368:
359:
355:
209:
185:Craig Stapleton
177:ISB News Report
135:Séralini affair
122:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2786:Similar fields
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2656:Gene targeting
2653:
2651:Gene knockdown
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2586:DuPont Pioneer
2583:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2545:
2544:In agriculture
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Microinjection
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:Knockout mouse
2316:
2314:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2124:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Chicha de jora
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1885:Maíz con hielo
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1794:Corn schnitzel
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Sopa paraguaya
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1504:Ginataang mais
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1469:Corn crab soup
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:Binte biluhuta
1446:
1440:
1438:
1435:Soups, stews,
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1019:Maize and corn
1017:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
986:
985:
979:
971:
970:External links
968:
967:
966:
959:
956:
954:
953:
924:
911:
898:
885:
872:
843:
823:
803:
791:
788:(10): 630–633.
772:
758:
730:
702:
680:
668:
633:Transgenic Res
619:
603:
594:
585:
560:
534:
525:
513:
504:
495:
483:
471:
459:
450:
438:
429:
383:
371:
356:
354:
351:
303:European Union
225:Czech Republic
213:European Union
208:
207:Authorized use
205:
156:A 2010 paper (
121:
118:
114:signal cascade
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2874:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Biotechnology
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:South America
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:North America
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Transhumanism
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Gene knockout
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2556:Controversies
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2455:Inserting DNA
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:Other animals
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1966:Colada morada
1964:
1962:
1961:Chicha morada
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Makki di roti
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:Corn tortilla
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1514:Hasty pudding
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:High-fructose
1410:
1408:
1407:Glucose syrup
1405:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1322:Field of Corn
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:United States
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1204:Popcorn maker
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1189:Maize milling
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
990:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
969:
965:
962:
961:
957:
941:
934:
928:
925:
921:
915:
912:
908:
902:
899:
895:
889:
886:
882:
876:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
847:
844:
840:
836:
833:
827:
824:
820:
816:
813:
807:
804:
798:
796:
792:
787:
783:
776:
773:
767:
765:
763:
759:
746:
745:
744:Democracy Now
740:
734:
731:
719:
718:
713:
706:
703:
698:
691:
684:
681:
678:
677:Virginia Tech
672:
669:
664:
660:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
620:
616:
610:
608:
604:
598:
595:
589:
586:
574:
570:
564:
561:
548:
544:
538:
535:
529:
526:
520:
518:
514:
508:
505:
499:
496:
492:
487:
484:
480:
475:
472:
466:
464:
460:
454:
451:
445:
443:
439:
433:
430:
425:
419:
405:on 2013-01-27
401:
394:
387:
384:
381:
375:
372:
366:
364:
362:
358:
352:
350:
346:
344:
340:
339:United States
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
206:
204:
200:
197:
194:
193:Daphnia magna
188:
186:
182:
178:
172:
169:
168:meta-analyses
165:
164:
159:
154:
152:
148:
142:
138:
136:
132:
127:
119:
117:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:cell membrane
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2620:Gene therapy
2519:Transgenesis
2498:Transfection
2463:Agrobacteria
2347:Knockout rat
2169:Vistive Gold
2094:
2065:Genetically
1981:Corn whiskey
1779:Corn fritter
1757:Fried dishes
1559:Suam na mais
1494:Creamed corn
1474:Corn pudding
1464:Corn chowder
1437:and porridge
1424:High-maltose
1397:Steep liquor
1352:Maize dishes
1338:
1320:
1227:Corn allergy
1077:
944:. Retrieved
940:Test Biotech
939:
927:
914:
901:
888:
875:
861:(2): 26–43.
858:
852:
846:
826:
806:
785:
781:
775:
749:. Retrieved
742:
733:
721:. Retrieved
717:The Guardian
715:
705:
696:
683:
671:
636:
632:
622:
597:
588:
576:. Retrieved
572:
563:
551:. Retrieved
547:the original
537:
528:
507:
498:
486:
474:
453:
432:
407:. Retrieved
400:the original
386:
374:
347:
323:South Africa
276:
261:
210:
201:
198:
192:
189:
176:
173:
161:
155:
143:
139:
123:
110:Cry proteins
75:
56:
36:
28:
26:
2639:In research
2613:diagnostics
2483:Lipofection
2244:Arabidopsis
2146:Golden rice
1946:Champurrado
1895:Maque choux
1870:Huitlacoche
1850:Corn relish
1840:Corn flakes
1818:Other foods
1804:Milho frito
1671:Corn cookie
1661:Chipa guasu
1377:Mielie-meal
1360:Ingredients
1316:Corn School
1311:Corn Palace
1269:By country
1199:Wet-milling
639:(1): 1–12.
331:South Korea
327:Switzerland
319:Philippines
120:Controversy
67:Lepidoptera
2851:Categories
2723:Regulation
2567:Companies
2524:Cisgenesis
2468:Biolistics
2274:Sugar beet
2187:Flavr Savr
2087:Maize/corn
1855:Corn sauce
1733:Spoonbread
1688:Johnnycake
1247:Production
1222:BBCH-scale
1177:Processing
1121:By origin
1033:Amylomaize
751:16 January
409:2012-12-14
253:Luxembourg
102:epithelium
98:cell death
63:Bt protein
31:corn is a
2836:Bioethics
2740:Geography
2678:Transgene
2446:Processes
2337:Enviropig
2330:Oncomouse
2269:SmartStax
2205:Bt cotton
2069:organisms
1991:Pinolillo
1986:Mazamorra
1971:Corn beer
1924:Beverages
1915:Succotash
1890:Maja maíz
1799:Hushpuppy
1769:Corn chip
1666:Cornbread
1615:Nacatamal
1484:Corn stew
1479:Corn soup
1260:Corn crib
1232:Corn smut
1214:Pathology
1110:Varieties
1026:Varieties
723:3 January
615:Bt cotton
283:Australia
279:Argentina
2862:Monsanto
2826:Genetics
2793:Eugenics
2671:articles
2596:Syngenta
2591:Monsanto
2563:Pharming
2409:Bacteria
2105:StarLink
2067:modified
2011:Tesgüino
1976:Corn tea
1825:Alivenci
1809:Sorullos
1784:Corn nut
1774:Corn dog
1625:Pasteles
1554:Sagamite
1524:Mămăligă
1459:Cocoloși
1367:Cornmeal
1278:Tanzania
958:See also
867:55001415
835:Archived
815:Archived
663:19548100
418:cite web
299:Colombia
229:Slovakia
221:Portugal
96:causing
41:Monsanto
37:Zea mays
2821:Biology
2798:Cloning
2777:Oceania
2669:Related
2414:viruses
2378:GloFish
2368:Insects
2312:Mammals
2303:Animals
2289:Mustard
2279:Tobacco
2249:Brinjal
2156:Soybean
2128:Amflora
2100:MON 863
2095:MON 810
2006:Tejuino
1910:Popcorn
1835:Conkies
1830:Binatog
1789:Cornick
1656:Cachapa
1620:Pamonha
1605:Hallaca
1600:Guanime
1578:Tamales
1544:Polenta
1539:Pashofa
1519:Kačamak
1489:Cou-cou
1304:Culture
1255:Biofuel
1130:Ecuador
1125:Bolivia
1100:Shoepeg
1083:MON 863
1078:MON 810
964:MON 863
946:4 March
699:: 8–11.
654:2801845
578:4 March
553:4 March
343:Uruguay
257:Germany
241:Hungary
237:Austria
233:Romania
104:of the
78:plasmid
53:protein
29:MON 810
2752:Africa
2747:Europe
2609:humans
2383:Salmon
2352:Rabbit
2259:Papaya
2254:Canola
2197:Cotton
2179:Tomato
2120:Potato
2001:Tejate
1951:Chicha
1905:Pinole
1880:Kuymak
1875:Kenkey
1865:Hominy
1743:Totopo
1718:Sloosh
1713:Pupusa
1610:Humita
1595:Binaki
1590:Tamale
1549:Pozole
1392:Starch
1343:(film)
1168:Stover
1163:Kernel
1090:Purple
976:MON810
879:Staff
865:
661:
651:
337:, the
335:Taiwan
317:, the
315:Mexico
301:, the
291:Canada
287:Brazil
272:Poland
255:, and
249:France
245:Greece
106:midgut
18:MON810
2576:Bayer
2507:Types
2395:Frogs
2390:Birds
2320:Mouse
2284:Trees
2239:Apple
2232:Other
2215:Wheat
2078:Crops
1996:Pozol
1941:Cauim
1931:Atole
1860:Gofio
1748:Wotou
1708:Proja
1646:Bollo
1641:Arepa
1585:Acaçá
1569:Xarém
1564:Ugali
1509:Grits
1444:Banku
1402:Syrup
1151:Parts
1135:Italy
1105:Sweet
1063:Flour
1058:Flint
1053:Field
936:(PDF)
863:S2CID
693:(PDF)
403:(PDF)
396:(PDF)
311:Korea
307:Japan
295:China
264:Italy
217:Spain
86:hsp70
2757:Asia
2571:BASF
2537:Uses
2412:and
2373:Fish
2264:Rose
2138:Rice
1900:Mote
1738:Talo
1723:Sope
1703:Piki
1651:Broa
1534:Mush
1499:Fufu
1454:Bulz
1387:Samp
1372:Masa
1140:Peru
1117:Waxy
1073:List
1048:Dent
1043:Blue
1038:Baby
948:2023
753:2012
725:2011
659:PMID
580:2023
555:2023
424:link
341:and
231:and
27:The
2611:and
2607:In
2223:HB4
1382:Oil
1340:Zea
1158:Cob
649:PMC
641:doi
329:,
262:In
49:DNA
2853::
2766:US
938:.
859:14
857:.
794:^
786:68
784:.
761:^
741:.
714:.
695:.
657:.
647:.
637:19
635:.
631:.
606:^
571:.
516:^
462:^
441:^
420:}}
416:{{
360:^
345:.
333:,
325:,
321:,
313:,
309:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
285:,
281:,
251:,
247:,
243:,
239:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
153:.
137:.
73:.
2768:)
2764:(
2049:e
2042:t
2035:v
1011:e
1004:t
997:v
950:.
869:.
755:.
727:.
665:.
643::
582:.
557:.
426:)
412:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.