318:
stringent "buy-American" clause of the Nunn-Luger legislation stated that funds for MPC&A training and equipment were to be spent in the United States and not in the former Soviet Union. The program would eventually be merged into the
Department of Energy's (DOE) laboratory-to-laboratory program, with DOE being able to secure better cooperation with Min Atom and the program no longer constrained by the spending limits of the Nunn-Luger legislation. The DOE would become the Executive Agent for all U.S. cooperative MPC&A efforts under Presidential Decision Directive 41.
286:. The United States allocated an additional $ 20 million to establish MPC&A processes at Sverdlovsk, however the Russian government, wary of establishing MPC&A efforts and reject the offer to preserve the historically secretive nuclear complex. However, on 20 January 1995, the U.S. and Russian governments agreed to joint MPC&A efforts at five sites – highly enriched uranium fuel fabrication facility at Elektrostal, the
419:
Energy (MIN ATOM) facilities were incorporated into the MPC&A program during the previous three sessions of the Gore
Chernomyrdin Commission. Six additional MIN ATOM facilities also engage in MPC&A related activities through a cooperative program between each side's nuclear laboratories, known as the "lab-to-lab" program. A total of 44 sites in the former Soviet Union participate in the MPC&A program."
25:
970:
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418:
signed a joint statement that "reaffirmed each side's commitment to bilateral nuclear materials protection, control and accounting (MPC&A) program" and included the "Instrument
Research Institute (Lytkarino) in the program" from that year. The two noted that "15 Russian Russian Ministry of Atomic
398:
In 1997, the "government-to-government" and "lab-to-lab" programs were merged into a single program with the DOE implementing an improved computer-based financial and status monitoring system for monitoring projects and establishing upgraded guidelines in 1998 to ensure consistency between projects.
437:
The
Department of Energy also implemented two programs to discourage Russian nuclear weapons scientists from selling their knowledge to other others. The Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention (IPP) program funded non-military applications that could have had commercial value in the United States
317:
The government-to-government program struggled to develop for numerous reasons. Both the
Department of Defense and Min Atom were weighed down by bureaucracy, regulations and suspicion due to concerns about divulging nuclear secrets that had been closely guarded for 50 years during the Cold War. The
390:
issued
Presidential Decision Directive 41 (PDD-41) on "U.S. Policy on Improving Nuclear Material Security in Russia and Other New Independent States" that assigned formal responsibility to the Department of Energy for directing the MPC&A Program. The DOE created the Russia/NIS Nuclear Material
354:
In June 1994, a delegation from Los Alamos visited
Arzamas-16 to sign six contracts, five to "produce specific products for computerized controls and accounting" and a sixth to "combine the products of the first five contracts into a demonstration that could be used to raise interest in materials
422:
In 1999, the DOE initiated the
Material Consolidation and Conversion (MCC) program to consolidate nuclear material into fewer buildings and sites, and to convert them into forms unusable in nuclear weapons. The MPC&A program with the Russian Navy also expanded from fresh nuclear to nuclear
453:
so that "scientists and engineers would not be tempted to sell their knowledge to nations seeking nuclear weapons." It helped finance a computing centre in Sarov to produce software for sale around the world. The
Clinton Administration had requested and received $ 30 million for NCI in
326:
Early cooperation between the governments of the United States and Russia had focused on MPC&A demonstration projects at Low
Enriched Uranium (LEU) facilities to initiate confidence building measures between the countries. In 1994, the Department of Energy initiated a complementary
1005:"Materials Protection, Control, and Accounting (MPC&A) | The Stimson Centre | Pragmatic Steps for Global Security." Materials Protection, Control, and Accounting (MPC&A) | The Stimson Centre | Pragmatic Steps for Global Security. Stimson.org, 30 May 2007. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.
438:
and former Soviet republics. Lab-to-lab contacts identified technologies within former Soviet weapons facilities that could have commercial applications. The program also matched U.S. government funds with funds from U.S. companies that sought to commercialize these technologies. The
391:
Security Task Force, signed a formal agreement with Gosatomnadzor (GAN), Russia's nuclear regulator, and initiated cooperation with independent nuclear sites to develop a regulatory framework. In 1996, the US and Russian governments agreed to expand MPC&A cooperation to the
423:
weapons storage sites, securing 4,000 nuclear warheads located in 42 storage sites. In 1999, the Material Security Task Force evolved into a permanent organisation, the Office of International Material Protection and Emergency Cooperation (NN-50).
1011:
Doyle, Jim. "Improving Nuclear Materials Security in the Former Soviet Union: Next Steps for the MPC&A Program. (Nuclear Material Protection, Control and Accounting)." Arms Control Today 2 (1998): 12.
858:
Doyle, Jim. "Improving Nuclear Materials Security in the Former Soviet Union: Next Steps for the MPC&A Program. (Nuclear Material Protection, Control and Accounting)." Arms Control Today 2 (1998): 12.
1025:
351:, the director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, who suggested that the existing lab-to-lab scientific collaboration between Los Alamos and Arzamas-16 be extended to include MPC&A.
328:
267:
began the government-to-government program in 1992. However, formal U.S.-Russian Federation MPC&A cooperation began on 2 September 1993 with an implementing agreement under the
1015:
Medeiros, Evan S. "Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission Expands Nuclear Security Cooperation.(Russia-US Cooperation on Nuclear Materials Security)." Arms Control Today 5 (1996): 25. Print.
849:
Medeiros, Evan S. "Gore-Chermomyrdin Commission Expands Nuclear Security Cooperation.(Russia-US Cooperation on Nuclear Materials Security)." Arms Control Today 5 (1996): 25. Print.
1095:
271:(or Nunn-Lugar) Program between the Department of Defense and the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy (Min Atom). An initial $ 10 million was allocated from the Nunn-Lugar funds.
363:
and with the Institute of Physics and Power Engineering at Obninsk. The lab-to-lab cooperation was expanded in the United States to include five U.S. national laboratories -
462:. The NCI program ended in late 2003 because the United States and Russia were unable to complete a new implementing agreement due to differences in liability protections.
1080:
144:
that "allow for the detection of any unauthorized penetration of barriers and portals, thereby triggering an immediate response, including the use of force if necessary."
1110:
344:
303:
156:
that "should ensure that all material is accounted for, enable the measurement of losses, and provide information for follow-up investigations of irregularities."
1070:
1090:
1065:
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252:
196:(NIS) possessed "603 metric tons of weapons-usable nuclear material - enough to produce 41,000 nuclear devices" at 53 sites. The nuclear material, enriched
1105:
258:
99:
295:
1008:
Woolf, Amy F. "Nuclear Weapons in Russia: Safety, Security, and Control Issues." LIBRARY OF CONGRESS WASHINGTON DC CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE, 2003.
539:
Committee on Material Control and Accounting Energy Engineering Board Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems National Research Council (1999).
1060:
355:
control and accounting among the leaders of the Russian nuclear institutes." The Los Alamos delegation also signed contracts with scientists of the
80:
368:
558:
523:
376:
307:
641:
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185:
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91:
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193:
111:
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455:
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408:
61:
43:
35:
403:, providing winter clothes and heaters to Russian site guards. On 7 February 1997, in the prelude to the Clinton-Yeltsin summit in
1100:
204:, at Russian sites was determined to be vulnerable to theft because the "security system that protected this material during the
115:
1050:
364:
332:
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that "prevent unauthorized movement of materials and allow for the prompt detection of the theft or diversion of material."
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and nuclear weapons' material through upgrades to material protection, material control and accounting at nuclear sites in
400:
372:
380:
268:
95:
415:
291:
205:
131:
432:
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from theft or diversion, and to detect such events if they occur. The elements of a modern MPC&A system are
953:
Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union (CRS Report RL31957)
894:
Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union (CRS Report RL31957)
769:"Russian-American MPC&A Nuclear Materials Protection, Control, and Accounting in the Russian Federation"
735:"Russian-American MPC&A Nuclear Materials Protection, Control, and Accounting in the Russian Federation"
79:
refers to the safeguarding of nuclear assets, including nuclear fuel and weapons. In the United States, the
1031:
Russian-American MPC&A: Nuclear Materials Protection, Control, and Accounting in the Russian Federation
118:(Rosatom). The program improved the security of thousands of tons of weapons-grade nuclear material in the
802:
660:
439:
331:
and Russian nuclear institutes. According to Ronald H. Augustson and John R. Phillips, scientists at the
1055:
995:
458:. However, the Bush Administration cut funding for the NCI program, requesting only $ 6.6 million for
1000:
311:
84:
356:
348:
825:
683:
645:
627:
119:
564:
554:
519:
411:
340:
609:
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The Nuclear Cities Initiative (NCI) was designed to bring commercial enterprises to Russia's
347:
hearing on reports of thefts of Russian nuclear materials in 1992 and 1993. He then met with
817:
675:
546:
511:
224:
134:
90:
The United States-Russia MPC&A program began in 1944, separate and in parallel with the
919:
870:
208:
has weakened considerably due to a sustained period of political and economic upheavals."
768:
734:
1030:
220:
103:
1044:
974:
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283:
212:
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920:
Nuclear Weapons in Russia: Safety, Security, and Control Issues (CRS Report RL32202)
871:
Nuclear Weapons in Russia: Safety, Security, and Control Issues (CRS Report RL32202)
829:
687:
223:. The U.S. provided two billion dollars through the START program to help transport
899:(Report). U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. p. 46 - 47
392:
387:
163:
542:
Material Control and Accounting in the Department of Energy's Nuclear Fuel Complex
958:(Report). U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. p. 43-44
159:
Personnel reliability through "security screening, indoctrination, and training."
803:"Striking a Balance: The Lessons of U.S.-Russian Materials Security Cooperation"
661:"Striking a Balance: The Lessons of U.S.-Russian Materials Security Cooperation"
450:
339:, particularly with Sergei Zykov and Vladimir Yuferev. Undersecretary of Energy
279:
110:
and other countries of the former Soviet Union, through cooperation between the
335:
had been informally discussing MPC&A controls with Russian scientists from
922:(Report). U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. p. 11
873:(Report). U.S. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service. p. 11
821:
679:
414:
and Russian Minister of Atomic Energy and co-chairman of Atomic Energy Policy
236:
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893:
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authorized approximately $ 20-30 million for this program each year since
708:
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404:
181:
505:
299:
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197:
568:
767:
Augustson, Ronald H.; Phillips, John R.; Daugherty, Debra A. (1996).
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Augustson, Ronald H.; Phillips, John R.; Daugherty, Debra A. (1996).
327:"laboratory-to-laboratory" approach to encourage cooperation between
240:
216:
189:
107:
550:
515:
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Office of International Affairs National Research Council (1999).
336:
287:
274:
The government-to-government program was initiated in 1994 at the
973:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
937:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
595:"Nuclear Weapons in Russia: Safety, Security, and Control Issues"
583:"Material Protection Control and Accounting (MPC&A) Program)"
714:. National Nuclear Security Administration, Department of Energy
485:. National Nuclear Security Administration, Department of Energy
308:
All-Russian Scientific and Research Institute of Atomic Reactors
87:, oversees MPC&A as part of its non-proliferation program.
545:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 38-42.
510:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 12-14.
608:. Nuclear Treat Initiative (NTI). 26 June 2002. Archived from
18:
644:. Nuclear Treat Initiative (NTI). 4 July 2002. Archived from
626:. Nuclear Treat Initiative (NTI). 4 July 2002. Archived from
343:
was urged to accelerate the stalled Nunn-Luger efforts in a
1026:
Material Protection, Control and Accounting Program: NNSA
76:
Material Protection, Control and Accounting (MPC&A)
399:
The DOE initiated "emergency measures" in response to
219:
also made agreements to dispose and protect Russian
642:"Russia: Russia: Government-to-Government Program"
624:"Russia: Russia: Government-to-Government Program"
278:(MSZ) low-enriched uranium production facility in
304:Luch Scientific Production Association (Podolsk)
507:Protecting Nuclear Weapons Material in Russia
8:
1096:Nuclear weapons program of the United States
709:"MPC&A Program Strategic Plan July 2001"
480:"MPC&A Program Strategic Plan July 2001"
259:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
100:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991
296:Institute of Physics and Power Engineering
211:In addition to the MPC&A program, the
62:Learn how and when to remove this message
1111:Los Alamos National Laboratory personnel
81:National Nuclear Security Administration
471:
253:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
102:. It sought to improve the security of
98:Program, following the passage of the
7:
1081:Soviet Union–United States relations
1071:Nuclear history of the United States
1091:Nuclear weapons programme of Russia
1066:Military disbanding and disarmament
427:Other Department of Energy programs
265:United States Department of Defense
92:United States Department of Defence
1106:Nuclear power in the United States
991:International Atomic Energy Agency
130:MPC&A systems are intended to
112:United States Department of Energy
34:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
968:
932:
918:Amy F. Woolf (21 January 2004).
869:Amy F. Woolf (21 January 2004).
801:Talmadge, Caitlin (March 2005).
659:Talmadge, Caitlin (March 2005).
247:Government-to-government program
44:guide to writing better articles
23:
16:Nuclear asset protection process
1061:Defense Threat Reduction Agency
606:"Russia: DOE MPC&A Program"
345:Senate Armed Services Committee
294:, formerly Chelyabinsk-65; the
154:Material accountability systems
116:Federal Agency on Atomic Energy
1086:Russia–United States relations
333:Los Alamos National Laboratory
276:ELEMASH Machine-Building Plant
1:
1036:Russia: DOE MPC&A Program
951:Amy F. Woolf (6 March 2012).
892:Amy F. Woolf (6 March 2012).
401:1998 Russian financial crisis
386:In September 1995, President
162:Procedural controls such as "
288:Mayak Production Association
269:Cooperative Threat Reduction
96:Cooperative Threat Reduction
171:US-Russia MPC&A program
142:Physical protection systems
83:(NNSA), a component of the
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1076:Nuclear history of Russia
822:10.1080/10736700500208504
680:10.1080/10736700500208504
433:Nuclear Cities Initiative
329:US national laboratories
148:Material control systems
1101:Nuclear power in Russia
810:Nonproliferation Review
668:Nonproliferation Review
120:Former Soviet countries
440:United States Congress
194:New Independent States
1051:Nuclear proliferation
996:Nuclear proliferation
239:to safe locations in
1001:Radiation protection
306:(NPO Luch); and the
186:Department of Energy
85:Department of Energy
648:on 8 November 2010.
630:on 8 November 2010.
612:on 26 January 2011.
409:Secretary of Energy
357:Kurchatov Institute
349:Siegfried S. Hecker
776:Los Alamos Science
742:Los Alamos Science
369:Lawrence Livermore
322:Lab-to-lab program
126:MPC&A Overview
560:978-0-309-31824-2
525:978-0-309-06547-4
412:Charles B. Curtis
377:Pacific Northwest
341:Charles B. Curtis
225:nuclear materials
135:nuclear materials
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816:(1): 5–8.
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693:1 December
466:References
431:See also:
337:Arzamas-16
257:See also:
237:Kazakhstan
180:After the
176:Background
52:March 2022
407:, Acting
373:Oak Ridge
830:10503971
688:10503971
405:Helsinki
192:and the
182:Cold War
122:(FSU).
985:Sources
782:: 74–75
748:: 74–75
569:6347772
460:FY 2002
456:FY 2001
444:FY 1994
300:Obninsk
233:Ukraine
229:Belarus
198:uranium
132:protect
1012:Print.
859:Print.
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381:Sandia
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