160:
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907:. YdĂgoras had not consulted the Guatemalan military about this arrangement, and he did not share with the military the payoff he received in exchange from the U.S. government. The military just watched while unmarked U.S. warplanes piloted by U.S.-based Cuban exiles flew in large numbers over their country. The November 13 revolt was not ideological in its origins. The rebel officers were concerned about loss of national
787:
927:(CIA) flew B-26 bombers disguised as Guatemalan military jets to bomb the rebel bases because the coup threatened the Guatemalan regime that the U.S. supported, as well as the CIA's plans for the invasion of Cuba. The November 13 revolt was essentially defeated after only three days. The rebels fled to neighboring
997:
sporadic terrorist acts, including harassment of communications lines, buses, and railroad tracks, pillaging of military supply points and plantations for money and arms, assassination of army collaborators, and attacks on commercial and official installations." An estimated 200,000 civilians were killed or "
891:
military base and most of the
Eastern Military Zone of the country and demanded the resignation of President YdĂgoras. The rebels' discontent was fueled by the staggering corruption of the YdĂgoras regime, the government's showing of favoritism in military promotions and in providing other rewards to
996:
The U.S. government supported the
Guatemalan junta in the Guatemalan Civil War against MR-13 and other rebel factions as well as the civilians who supported them. A 1968 CIA report stated: "With some assistance from Cuba, the small band, under the leadership of Marco Antonio Yon Sosa, engaged in
993:; and the PGT operated as an urban guerrilla front. The three "frentes" (each comprising no more than 500 combatants) were led by former members of the 1960 army revolt, who had previously been trained in counterinsurgency warfare by the United States.
1008:, activists, suspected government opponents, returning refugees, critical academics, students, left-leaning politicians, trade unionists, religious workers, journalists, and street children on a scale that has been termed the
327:
973:
and students) and a student organization called the
Movimiento 12 de Abril (April 12 Movement) and together with these groups merged into a coalition guerilla organization called the
1435:
981:. The MR-13, PGT and the FGEI each operated in different parts of the country as three separate "frentes" (fronts). The MR-13 established itself in the mostly ladino departments of
1415:
1410:
824:
1012:. The "ComisiĂłn para el Esclarecimiento HistĂłrico" has estimated that 93% of violence in the conflict was committed by government forces and 3% by the guerrillas.
1420:
1001:" during the civil war, most at the hands of the military, police and intelligence services of the Guatemalan regime. Victims of the repression included the
285:
1405:
700:
872:
and Luis Trejo
Esquivel. Alejandro de LeĂłn, co-founder of the group, was captured and shot by the judicial police in 1961. In 1963, MR-13 joined the
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MR-13 nominally continued to exist until 1973, after it was severely hampered in the 1966-67 counterinsurgency by the
Guatemalan government.
856:. MR-13 was founded in 1960 by a group of dissident officers. It grew partly out of the popular protests against the government of President
366:
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1386:
1361:
1319:
1246:
773:
421:
280:
1329:
Russell, Charles A.; Miller, James A.; Hildner, Robert E. (1974). "The Urban
Guerrilla in Latin America: A Select Bibliography".
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On 13 November 1960, a group of 120 young military officers joined by approximately 3000 enlisted soldiers seized the
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throughout the country, to which the YdĂgoras regime responded with a violent crackdown. This crackdown sparked the
963:
857:
689:
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134:
1277:
May, Rachel (March 1999). ""Surviving All
Changes is Your Destiny": Violence and Popular Movements in Guatemala".
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206:
62:
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In early 1962, the rebels returned to
Guatemala. On 6 February in Bananera, they attacked the offices of the
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66:
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977:(FAR) in December 1962. Also affiliated with the FAR was the FGEI (Edgar Ibarra Guerrilla Front) led by
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officers who supported YdĂgoras, and what they perceived as incompetence in running the country.
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The proximate trigger for the
November 13 revolt, however, was YdĂgoras' decision to allow the
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947:), an American corporation that controlled vast territories in Guatemala as well as in other
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188:
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1259:
Gross Human Rights
Violations: A Search for Causes. A Study of Guatemala and Costa Rica
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272:
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Streeter, Stephen M. (2000). "Keeping the Top on the Volcano: The MR-13 Rebellion".
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Managing the Counterrevolution: The United States and Guatemala, 1954–1961
1174:. 0624/68, September 20, 1968. In Guatemala and the U.S.; DNSA collection.
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Title Power in the Isthmus: A Political History of Modern Central America
951:
countries. The attack sparked sympathetic strikes and university student
928:
952:
849:
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17:
1262:. International Studies in Human Rights. Kluwer Law International.
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as the U.S. established a secret air strip and training camp at
904:
1353:
The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy
1074:
Michael McClintock, "The American Connection," Volume Two: "
187:
962:
The MR-13 later initiated contact with the outlawed PGT (
1356:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
1170:
Central Intelligence Agency. Intelligence Memorandum.
931:
and formed the kernel of what became known as MR-13.
1045:
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102:
92:
82:
74:
58:
44:
32:
1308:"State Terror and Popular Resistance in Guatemala"
899:to bring soldiers into Guatemala to train for the
1112:. London, UK: Amnesty International Publications.
27:Guatemalan revolutionary organisation (1960–1963)
1229:Revolutionary Movement 13 November (Guatemala)
1172:The Communist Insurgency Movement in Guatemala
1436:Paramilitary organizations based in Guatemala
1110:Amnesty International Annual Report 1975–1976
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8:
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29:
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1416:Political parties disestablished in 1973
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1078:and Popular Resistance in Guatemala," (
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1411:Defunct political parties in Guatemala
1191:. Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)
846:Movimiento Revolucionario 13 Noviembre
39:Movimiento Revolucionario 13 Noviembre
1185:"Government of Guatemala – Civilians"
915:to prepare for the invasion of Cuba.
367:Supreme Court of Justice of Guatemala
7:
1421:Guerrilla movements in Latin America
838:Revolutionary Movement 13th November
429:President HĂ©ctor Hugo PĂ©rez Aguilera
337:1st Vice President Darwin Lucas Paiz
33:Revolutionary Movement 13th November
1227:Digital National Security Archive.
1146:
1033:
1046:Russell, Miller & Hildner 1974
342:2nd Vice President César Amézquita
25:
989:; the FGEI established itself in
422:Constitutional Court of Guatemala
1406:1960 establishments in Guatemala
1314:. Vol. 2. London, UK: Zed.
785:
311:
158:
1426:Socialist parties in Guatemala
1331:Latin American Research Review
1108:Amnesty International (1976).
1:
1211:"Truth Commission: Guatemala"
347:3rd Vice President Nery Rodas
1306:McClintock, Michael (1985).
1350:Schirmer, Jennifer (1988).
1279:Latin American Perspectives
925:Central Intelligence Agency
659:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
265:Vice President of Guatemala
1452:
1291:10.1177/0094582x9902600204
1189:UCDP Conflict Encyclopedia
374:President Oscar Cruz Oliva
1343:10.1017/S0023879100020707
1235:Dunkerley, James (1988).
979:Luis Augusto Turcios Lima
866:Luis Augusto Turcios Lima
639:List of political parties
516:Administrative divisions
207:Constitution of Guatemala
63:Luis Augusto Turcios Lima
48:Luis Augusto Turcios Lima
38:
37:
171:This article is part of
1312:The American Connection
964:Guatemalan Labour Party
858:Miguel YdĂgoras Fuentes
120:Political position
1241:. Verso. p. 691.
1231:. Accessed 09/30/2007.
966:; composed and led by
870:Marco Antonio Yon Sosa
678:Diplomatic missions of
670:Carlos Ramiro MartĂnez
249:President of Guatemala
192:
67:Marco Antonio Yon Sosa
50:Marco Antonio Yon Sosa
1379:Ohio University Press
191:
181:Politics of Guatemala
113:Left-wing nationalism
1431:Guatemalan Civil War
957:Guatemalan Civil War
941:United Fruit Company
935:Return and civil war
901:Bay of Pigs Invasion
792:Guatemala portal
149:Guatemalan Civil War
1256:Hey, Hilde (1995).
1213:. February 1, 1997.
1125:, pp. 448–453.
1010:Guatemalan genocide
991:Sierra de las Minas
305:Guatemalan Congress
70:Luis Trejo Esquivel
52:Luis Trejo Esquivel
1086:, 1985), pp. 49-50
975:Rebel Armed Forces
874:Rebel Armed Forces
230:Capital punishment
193:
84:Dates of operation
1036:, pp. 70–71.
1006:indigenous people
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701:Visa requirements
652:Foreign relations
541:Political parties
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54:Alejandro de LeĂłn
16:(Redirected from
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864:. It was led by
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1193:. Retrieved
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999:disappeared
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706:Visa policy
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298:Legislature
220:LGBT rights
93:Merged into
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1021:References
1016:References
913:Retalhuleu
331:Nery Ramos
321:Leadership
281:Ministries
75:Foundation
1299:143564997
923:The U.S.
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774:Venezuela
474:Elections
462:MarroquĂn
456:Villatoro
450:Contreras
394:Castañeda
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359:Judiciary
328:President
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125:Left-wing
109:Socialism
88:1960-1973
1147:Hey 1995
1034:May 1999
953:walkouts
929:Honduras
848:) was a
695:Passport
666:Minister
608:VICTORIA
573:ELEFANTE
434:Pimentel
414:Palacios
402:CalderĂłn
382:Palacios
173:a series
104:Ideology
45:Founders
1222:Sources
883:Origins
876:(FAR).
850:leftist
842:Spanish
769:Uruguay
583:SEMILLA
445:Escribá
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411:Carillo
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385:Padilla
59:Leaders
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744:Russia
734:Mexico
729:Kosovo
714:Belize
563:CAMBIO
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391:Duarte
131:Allies
1295:S2CID
749:Spain
724:India
623:WINAQ
603:VAMOS
598:VALOR
588:TODOS
558:CABAL
459:Texaj
453:PĂ©rez
388:Coyoy
18:MR-13
1383:ISBN
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1197:2024
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905:Cuba
840:(in
739:Peru
719:Cuba
613:VIVA
568:CREO
553:BIEN
548:AZUL
508:2007
503:2011
498:2015
493:2019
488:2023
399:Roca
155:Flag
78:1960
1339:doi
1287:doi
903:of
618:VOS
593:UNE
578:PPN
139:FAR
135:PGT
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