MS-DOS - Knowledge (XXG)

2016: 2051:, troubleshooting, and backwards-compatibility with old DOS software, particularly games, and no longer released as a standalone product. In Windows 95, the DOS, called MS-DOS 7, can be booted separately, without the Windows GUI; this capability was retained through Windows 98 Second Edition. Windows Me removed the capability to boot its underlying MS-DOS 8.0 alone from a hard disk, but retained the ability to make a DOS boot floppy disk (called an "Emergency Boot Disk") and can be hacked to restore full access to the underlying DOS. On December 31, 2001, Microsoft declared all versions of MS-DOS 6.22 and older obsolete and stopped providing support and updates for the system. As MS-DOS 7.0 was a part of Windows 95, support for it also ended when Windows 95 extended support ended on December 31, 2001. As MS-DOS 7.10 and MS-DOS 8.0 were part of Windows 98 and Windows ME, respectively, support ended when Windows 98 and ME extended support ended on July 11, 2006, thus ending support and updates of MS-DOS from Microsoft. 1810: 1205: 1530:

PC hardware without using standard operating system calls ran much faster, but on true PC-compatibles only. Non-PC-compatible 808x machines were too small a market to have fast software written for them alone, and the market remained open only for IBM PCs and machines that closely imitated their architecture, all running either a single version of MS-DOS compatible only with PCs, or the equivalent IBM PC DOS. Most clones cost much less than IBM-branded machines of similar performance, and became widely used by home users, while IBM PCs had a large share of the business computer market.

606:, and only a single version of MS-DOS for a fixed hardware platform was needed for the market. This version is the version of MS-DOS that is discussed here, as the dozens of other OEM versions of "MS-DOS" were only relevant to the systems they were designed for, and in any case were very similar in function and capability to some standard version for the IBM PC—often the same-numbered version, but not always, since some OEMs used their own proprietary version numbering schemes (e.g. labeling later releases of MS-DOS 1.x as 2.0 or vice versa)—with a few notable exceptions. 872: 193: 2104:) no longer had content. This modified disk was the base for creating the MS-DOS image for Windows XP. Some of the deleted files can be recovered with an undelete tool. When booting up an MS-DOS startup disk made with Windows XP's format tool, the version number and the VER internal command reports as "Windows Millennium" and "5.1", respectively, and not as "MS-DOS 8.0" (which was used as the base for Windows Me but never released as a stand-alone product), though the API still says Version 8.0. 1213: 1821: 1121: 1725:, and deliberately obfuscated, using various undocumented DOS structures and functions to determine whether or not Windows really was running on MS-DOS. In the beta versions, it displayed an "error" message if the test for genuine MS-DOS failed, prompting the user to abort or continue, with abort the default. In the final release version, the code still ran, but the message and prompt were disabled by an added flag byte, rendering it (probably) ineffectual. 1350: 7337: 6773: 6440: 2371: 826: 1876:, the role of MS-DOS was reduced to a boot loader according to Microsoft, with MS-DOS programs running in a virtual DOS machine within 32-bit Windows, with ability to boot directly into MS-DOS retained as a backward compatibility option for applications that required real mode access to the hardware, which was generally not possible within Windows. The command line accessed the DOS command line (usually 2196: 1749: 1384: 7348: 6763: 3392:(xvii+1053 pages; 29 cm) (NB. This original edition contains flowcharts of the internal workings of the system. It was withdrawn by Microsoft before mass-distribution in 1986 because it contained many factual errors as well as some classified information which should not have been published. Few printed copies survived. It was replaced by a completely reworked edition in 1988. 975: 1324:, the last version based on MS-DOS, and DOS mode was significantly altered in this release. Booting from the hard disk to a command line only was no longer permitted, AUTOEXEC.BAT and CONFIG.SYS files were no longer loaded or parsed before loading the Windows GUI; booting from floppy disk was still permitted to allow for emergency recovery and this version is included in 2168:. The purpose of this, according to Microsoft, is mainly for education and experimentation with historic operating systems and for new programmers to gain an understanding of how low-level software works, both historic and current. According to program manager Rich Turner, the other versions could not be open-sourced due to third-party licensing restrictions. 50: 887:-formatted hard disk drives depending on the formatting tool shipped by OEMs, user-installable device drivers, tree-structure filing system, Unix-like inheritable redirectable file handles, non-multitasking child processes an improved Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR) API, environment variables, device driver support, FOR and GOTO loops in batch files, 1437: 602:). However, in MS-DOS's early days, the greater speed attainable by programs through direct control of hardware was of particular importance, especially for games, which often pushed the limits of their contemporary hardware. Very soon an IBM-compatible architecture became the goal, and before long all 8086-family computers 1614:"The feature enhancements of MS-DOS version 5.0 were decided and development was begun long before we heard about DR DOS 5.0. There will be some similar features. With 50 million MS-DOS users, it shouldn't be surprising that DRI has heard some of the same requests from customers that we have." – (Schulman et al. 1994). 515: 2153:, volume license, and OEM license partner websites, for customers with valid login credentials. MS-DOS is still used in embedded x86 systems due to its simple architecture and minimal memory and processor requirements, though some current products have switched to the still-maintained open-source alternative 2070:

and newer), developed alongside the 9x series, do not contain MS-DOS compatibility as a core component of the operating system nor do they rely on it for bootstrapping, as NT was not with the level of support for legacy MS-DOS and Win16 apps that Windows 9x was, but does provide limited DOS emulation

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The command session permits running various supported command-line utilities from Win32, MS-DOS, OS/2 1.x and POSIX. The emulators for MS-DOS, OS/2 and POSIX use the host's window in the same way that Win16 applications use the Win32 explorer. Using the host's window allows one to pipe output between

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5.0, which included features only available as third-party add-ons for MS-DOS. Unwilling to lose any portion of the market, Microsoft responded by announcing the "pending" release of MS-DOS 5.0 in May 1990. This effectively killed most DR DOS sales until the actual release of MS-DOS 5.0 in June 1991.

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would use a development kit provided by Microsoft to build a version of MS-DOS with their basic I/O drivers and a standard Microsoft kernel, which they would typically supply on disk to end users along with the hardware. Thus, there were many different versions of "MS-DOS" for different hardware, and

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The OS/2 emulation is handled through OS2SS.EXE and OS2.EXE, and DOSCALLS.DLL. OS2.EXE is a version of the OS/2 shell (CMD.EXE), which passes commands down to the OS2SS.EXE, and input-output to the Windows NT shell. Windows 2000 was the last version of NT to support OS/2. The emulation is OS/2 1.30.

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MS-DOS had grown in spurts, with many significant features being taken or duplicated from Microsoft's other products and operating systems. MS-DOS also grew by incorporating, by direct licensing or feature duplicating, the functionality of tools and utilities developed by independent companies, such

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and others did not use the 808x processor; many 808x machines of different architectures used custom versions of MS-DOS. At first all these machines were in competition. In time the IBM PC hardware configuration became dominant in the 808x market as software written to communicate directly with the

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Localized versions of MS-DOS existed for different markets. While Western issues of MS-DOS evolved around the same set of tools and drivers just with localized message languages and differing sets of supported codepages and keyboard layouts, some language versions were considerably different from

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MS-DOS 6.0 and 6.20 were released in 1993, both including the Microsoft DoubleSpace disk compression utility program. Stac successfully sued Microsoft for patent infringement regarding the compression algorithm used in DoubleSpace. This resulted in the 1994 release of MS-DOS 6.21, which had disk

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Microsoft's control of the Windows platform, and their programming practices which intentionally made Windows appear as if it ran poorly on competing versions of DOS, crippled the ability of other DOS makers to continue to compete with MS-DOS. Digital Research had to release interim releases to

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The DOS version returns 5.00 or 5.50, depending on which API function is used to determine it. Utilities from MS-DOS 5.00 run in this emulation without modification. The very early beta programs of NT show MS-DOS 30.00, but programs running in MS-DOS 30.00 would assume that OS/2 was in control.

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Prior to 1995, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS (and Windows) to computer manufacturers under three types of agreement: per-processor (a fee for each system the company sold), per-system (a fee for each system of a particular model), or per-copy (a fee for each copy of MS-DOS installed). The largest

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to store and access not only the operating system, but application software and user data as well. Progressive version releases delivered support for other mass storage media in ever greater sizes and formats, along with added feature support for newer processors and rapidly evolving computer

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Microsoft also used a variety of tactics in MS-DOS and several of their applications and development tools that, while operating perfectly when running on genuine MS-DOS (and PC DOS), would break when run on another vendor's implementation of DOS. Notable examples of this practice included:

1537:. When OS/2 was released in 1987, Microsoft began an advertising campaign announcing that "DOS is Dead" and stating that version 4 was the last full release. OS/2 was designed for efficient multi-tasking and offered a number of advanced features that had been designed together with similar 1851:

command-line utilities in the same command-line session, allowing piping between commands. The user interface, and the icon up to Windows 2000, followed the native MS-DOS interface. The Command Prompt introduced with Windows NT is not actually MS-DOS, but shares some commands with MS-DOS.

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process, Stac engineers had shown Microsoft part of the Stacker source code. Stac was unwilling to meet Microsoft's terms for licensing Stacker and withdrew from the negotiations. Microsoft chose to license Vertisoft's DoubleDisk, using it as the core for its DoubleSpace disk compression.

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Microsoft has open-sourced another bit of computing history this week: The company teamed up with IBM to release the source code of 1988's MS-DOS 4.00, a version better known for its unpopularity, bugginess, and convoluted development history than its utility as a computer operating

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Western issues and were adapted to run on localized PC hardware with additional BIOS services not available in Western PCs, support multiple hardware codepages for displays and printers, support DBCS, alternative input methods and graphics output. Affected issues include Japanese (

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was released as Microsoft's first attempt at providing a consistent user interface (for applications). The early versions of Windows ran on top of MS-DOS. At first Windows met with little success, but this was also true for most other companies' efforts as well, for example

1317:(LBA), and was the last version that could boot to the command line from a hard disk. The VER internal command reports the Windows version 4.00.1111, 4.10.1998, or 4.10.2222 depending on the version of Windows, while applications through the API would report version 7.10. 573:

Within a year, Microsoft licensed MS-DOS to over 70 other companies. It was designed to be an OS that could run on any 8086-family computer. Each computer would have its own distinct hardware and its own version of MS-DOS, similar to the situation that existed for

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Windows NT-based operating systems boot to a kernel whose purpose is to load Windows and run the system. One cannot run Win32 applications in the loader system in the manner that OS/2, UNIX or consumer versions of Windows can launch character-mode sessions.

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The Command Prompt is often called the MS-DOS Prompt. In part, this was the official name for it in Windows 9x and early versions of Windows NT (NT 3.5 and earlier), and in part because the SoftPC emulation of DOS redirects output into it. Actually only

2015: 3450:; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". 2354:

These products are collectively referred to as "DOS", even though "Disk Operating System" is a generic term used on other systems unrelated to the x86 and IBM PC. "MS-DOS" can also be a generic reference to DOS on IBM PC compatible computers.

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and later versions for creating MS-DOS Startup Disks. The VER internal command reports the Windows version 4.90.3000, or 5.1 when created from newer versions of Windows. Applications requesting the version through the API would report version

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1.0 for use in its PCs. Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM, the two products diverged after twelve years, in 1993, with recognizable differences in compatibility, syntax and capabilities.

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Version 3.3 (OEM) – First version to support 3.5-inch 1.44 MB floppy drives and diskettes, extended and logical partitions, directory tree copying with XCOPY, improved support for internationalization (COUNTRY.SYS), networked file flush

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Version 4.01 (OEM) – Microsoft-rewritten Version 4.00 released under MS-DOS label but not IBM PC DOS. First version to introduce volume serial number when formatting hard disks and floppy disks (Disk duplication also and when using

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and MS-DOS 4.1 – A separate branch of development with additional multitasking features, released between 3.2 and 3.3, and later abandoned. It is unrelated to any later versions, including versions 4.00 and 4.01 listed

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using undocumented DOS functions, and then checked whether or not the associated value changed in a fixed position within the DOS data segment (also undocumented). This check also made it into later MS products, including Microsoft

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running MS-DOS or an older version (in a virtual machine or dual boot) must be used to format a floppy disk, or an image must be obtained from an external source. Other solutions include using DOS compatible alternatives, such as

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began investigating Microsoft's licensing procedures, resulting in a 1994 settlement agreement limiting Microsoft to per-copy licensing. Digital Research did not gain by this settlement, and years later its successor in interest,

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boot disk, stripped down to bootstrap only. This is accessible only by formatting a floppy as an "MS-DOS startup disk". Files like the driver for the CD-ROM support were deleted from the Windows Me bootdisk and the startup files

3360:; Tomlin, Jim; Vian, Kathleen; Wolverton, Van. Beley, Jim; Preppernau, Barry; Beason, Pam; Lewis, Andrea; Rygmyr, David (eds.). Microsoft Reference Library. Vol. 1 (Original withdrawn ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: 1666:

manufacturers used the per-processor arrangement, which had the lowest fee. This arrangement made it expensive for the large manufacturers to migrate to any other operating system, such as DR DOS. In 1991, the U.S. government

1503:. Users who began using MS-DOS with their machines were compelled to continue using the version customized for their hardware, or face trying to get all of their proprietary hardware and software to work with the new system. 1733:

Interrupt routines called by Windows to inform MS-DOS that Windows is starting/exiting, information that MS-DOS retained in an IN_WINDOWS flag, in spite of the fact that MS-DOS and Windows were supposed to be two separate

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did not follow Microsoft's version numbering scheme. For example, MS-DOS 4, released in July 1988, was followed by DR DOS 5.0 in May 1990. MS-DOS 5.0 came in April 1991, and DR DOS 6.0 was released the following June.

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company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources. It was also the underlying basic operating system on which early versions of Windows ran as a GUI.

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as their command prompt shell. This confusion does not exist under OS/2 because there are separate DOS and OS/2 prompts, and running a DOS program under OS/2 will launch a separate DOS window to run the application.

1594:) regarding DR DOS. For example, in October 1990, shortly after the release of DR DOS 5.0, and long before the eventual June 1991 release of MS-DOS 5.0, stories on feature enhancements in MS-DOS started to appear in 1610:(November 5, 1990), denying that Microsoft was engaged in FUD tactics ("to serve our customers better, we decided to be more forthcoming about version 5.0") and denying that Microsoft copied features from DR DOS: 3848:

The limit of 16 MB did not come from the FAT, but from the high-level DOS FORMAT command... Most vendors supplied modified high-level format programs that permitted partitions of up to 32 MB to be formatted

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were sold in both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 versions until MS-DOS became preponderant (later Digital Research operating systems could run both MS-DOS and CP/M-86 software). MS-DOS originally supported the simple

3147: 586:), minimally for primary disk drives and the console, integrated with the kernel and loaded by the boot loader, and installable device drivers for other devices loaded and integrated at boot time. The 598:

This design would have worked well for compatibility, if application programs had only used MS-DOS services to perform device I/O, and indeed the same design philosophy is embodied in Windows NT (see

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used MS-DOS to boot the Windows kernel in protected mode. Basic features related to the file system, such as long file names, were only available to DOS applications when running through Windows.

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compression removed. Shortly afterwards came version 6.22, with a new version of the disk compression system, DriveSpace, which had a different compression algorithm to avoid the infringing code.

349: 3395: 3527: 2260:(GUIs) capable of running on PC hardware. However, this required duplicated effort and did not provide much consistency in interface design (even between products from the same company). 1290:

kernel file and used as such for "special purposes". JO.SYS allows booting from either CD-ROM drive or hard disk. Last version to recognize only the first 8.4 GB of a hard disk. The

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operating system had inspired MS-DOS. In fact, there remains controversy as to whether QDOS was more or less plagiarized from early versions of CP/M code. Digital Research released

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in 1983 described as "the multi-user MS-DOS of the future". Microsoft advertised MS-DOS and Xenix together, listing the shared features of its "single-user OS" and "the multi-user,

595:, were MS-DOS compatible but not IBM-compatible, so they could run software written exclusively for MS-DOS without dependence on the peripheral hardware of the IBM PC architecture. 5305: 3193: 6474: 1579:, which was compatible with MS-DOS 2.11, supported CP/M-86 programs, had additional features including multi-tasking, and could read and write disks in CP/M and MS-DOS format. 4732: 3434:; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; 5210: 1633:

IBM, which had already been developing the next version of OS/2, carried on development of the platform without Microsoft and sold it as the alternative to DOS and Windows.

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25,000 in July of the same year. Microsoft kept the version number, but renamed it MS-DOS. They also licensed MS-DOS 1.10/1.14 to IBM, which, in August 1981, offered it as

3224: 7383: 3063: 2111:, the files on the startup disk are dated April 18, 2005, but are otherwise unchanged, including the string "MS-DOS Version 8 Copyright 1981–1999 Microsoft Corp" inside 1575:, were sold with floppy disks for two operating systems (only one of which could be used at a time), MS-DOS and CP/M-86 or a derivative of it. Digital Research produced 6809: 1341:

5.00.1, the IBM–Microsoft agreement started to end, and IBM entered the retail DOS market with IBM DOS 5.00.1, 5.02, 6.00 and PC DOS 6.1, 6.3, 7, 2000 and 7.1.

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Paul, Matthias R. (July 30, 1997) . "II.16.iv. Landessprachliche Unterstützung – Codeseiten" [II.16.iv. National language support – Codepages].

3275: 3494:(xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. 3139: 5039: 2587: 7398: 3462:; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: 3250: 776:

before it eventually enforced the MS-DOS name for all versions but the IBM one, which was originally called "IBM Personal Computer DOS", later shortened to

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Version 4.00 (OEM) – First version with built-in IBM/Microsoft support for hard disk partitions larger than 32 MB and up to a maximum size of 2 GB,

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Microsoft had been accused of carefully orchestrating leaks about future versions of MS-DOS in an attempt to create what in the industry is called FUD (

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Most of the machines in the early days of MS-DOS had differing system architectures and there was a certain degree of incompatibility, and subsequently

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Undocumented DOS: A programmer's guide to reserved MS-DOS functions and data structures — expanded to include MS-DOS 6, Novell DOS and Windows 3.1

3103: 7352: 6467: 3598: 3564:. January 29, 1988. C3013-0000-0 M3030, Textdiskette DCP1700 T1/2 C3010-9991-2M3020, Disk-Nr.: 5962 /88 ROBOTRON PROJEKT DRESDEN KA2 DD-DS 80*16*256. 1991:

architectures no longer include the NTVDM and can therefore no longer natively run DOS or 16-bit Windows applications. There are alternatives such as

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In the emerging world of home users, a variety of other computers based on various other processors were in serious competition with the IBM PC: the

667:. Believing that it could not compete with AT&T in the Unix market, Microsoft abandoned Xenix, and in 1987 transferred ownership of Xenix to the 7408: 5530: 3393: 7428: 5184: 2958: 447:, and a few operating systems attempting to be compatible with MS-DOS, are sometimes referred to as "DOS" (which is also the generic acronym for 3514: 482:

were released for the x86 platform, and MS-DOS went through eight versions, until development ceased in 2000. Initially, MS-DOS was targeted at

7423: 7403: 1606:, then Vice President of Systems Software at Microsoft and general manager of its Windows and MS-DOS Business Unit, wrote a forceful letter to 582:

as CP/M to adapt for different hardware platforms. To this end, MS-DOS was designed with a modular structure with internal device drivers (the

4309: 621:, was fully multi-user. The company planned, over time, to improve MS-DOS so it would be almost indistinguishable from single-user Xenix, or 2725: 7433: 6802: 6776: 6460: 6412: 6121: 4947: 4858: 2506: 1728:

Windows 3.0 beta release only gave a warning that Windows would not operate properly on a "foreign" OS and actually ran well on DR DOS 6.0.

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Today, in partnership with IBM and in the spirit of open innovation, we're releasing the source code to MS-DOS 4.00 under the MIT license.

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a few months after MS-DOS, and it was offered as an alternative to MS-DOS and Microsoft's licensing requirements, but at a higher price.

7378: 6849: 6766: 3025: 2935: 2899: 744: 479: 4991: 2860: 1908:), running a modified MS-DOS 5 (NTIO.SYS and NTDOS.SYS). The output is handled by the console DLLs, so that the program at the prompt ( 1587:

Digital Research brought out DR DOS 6.0, which sold well until the "pre-announcement" of MS-DOS 6.0 again stifled the sales of DR DOS.

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operating system; the latter ran on many different hardware architectures. Microsoft itself sold a version of Unix for the PC called

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circumvent Windows limitations inserted artificially, designed specifically to provide Microsoft with a competitive advantage.

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or even copying the required files and boot sector themselves. The last traces of MS-DOS were removed entirely in Windows with

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processors and with two notable differences compared to CP/M: an improved disk sector buffering logic, and the introduction of

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MS-DOS versions 1.x-7.0 unsupported as of December 31, 2001 MS-DOS versions 7.10 and 8.0 unsupported as of July 11, 2006.

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there is a major distinction between an IBM-compatible (or ISA) machine and an MS-DOS machine. Some machines, like the

172: 3772: 3285: 2652: 1721:, a block of code in the Windows launcher (WIN.COM) and a few other system files of Windows 3.1. It was XOR encrypted, 871: 7257: 7207: 6651: 6407: 6141: 6016: 5951: 4802: 4559: 3668: 2376: 2182:

the repository containing the MS-DOS source code and make their own modifications, and do whatever they like with it.

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NWDOSTIPs – Tips & tricks for Novell DOS 7, with special focus on undocumented details, bugs and workarounds

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NWDOS-TIPs – Tips & Tricks rund um Novell DOS 7, mit Blick auf undokumentierte Details, Bugs und Workarounds

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MS-DOS 4.x (IBM-developed) – includes a graphical/mouse interface. It had many bugs and compatibility issues.

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to avoid name conflicts with CP/M-80 and MS-DOS .COM files. MS-DOS version 1.0 added a more advanced relocatable .

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Version 2.0 (OEM), First version to support double-sided 360 KB 5.25-inch floppy disks; Release date: October 1983

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POSIX is emulated through the POSIX shell, but no emulated shell; the commands are handled directly in CMD.EXE.

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became a marketplace success. Many of Microsoft's further contributions to OS/2 also went into creating a third

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During the period when Digital Research was competing in the operating system market some computers, like the

660: 7202: 7177: 5956: 5660: 5634: 5516: 5503: 3055: 2217: 1770: 1401: 996: 806:) 3.20 and 3.30 (DCP 1700, DCP 3.3) and WDOS existed in the late 1980s. They were produced by the 4669: 4643: 3099: 7373: 6987: 5718: 5604: 4884: 4828: 4691: 4617: 4525: 4503: 4477: 4383: 4279: 4221: 4191: 4169: 4143: 3802: 3746: 3724: 2346:

for IBM. It and MS-DOS were identical products that eventually diverged starting with MS-DOS version 6.0.

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processors, including the IBM PC and clones, the initial competition to the PC DOS/MS-DOS line came from

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Zenith Z-DOS/MS-DOS release 1.01, version 1.25, a Zenith OEM version of MS-DOS; Release date: May 1983

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which redirected input to MS-DOS and output from MS-DOS to the MS-DOS Prompt, or, in later versions,

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Programmtechnische Beschreibung - Arbeitsplatzcomputer A 7150 Betriebssystem DCP 1700 - Kompendium

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In the business world, the 808x-based machines that MS-DOS was tied to faced competition from the

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Version 3.2 (OEM) – First version to support 3.5-inch 720 KB floppy drives and diskettes and

7127: 7122: 6967: 6859: 6203: 6116: 6086: 5728: 5624: 5589: 5508: 4963: 4365: 2733: 2020: 1486: 1367: 1138: 962: 801: 4937: 4850: 3590: 2516: 1920:), can see the output. 64-bit Windows has neither the DOS emulation, nor the DOS commands EDIT, 1864:

versions of Windows (up to 3.11) ran as a Graphical User Interface (GUI) on top of MS-DOS. With

986:

Version 3.0 (OEM) – First version to support 5.25-inch 1.2 MB floppy drives and diskettes,

919:

ITT-DOS 2.11 Version 2 (MS-DOS 2.11 for the ITT XTRA Personal Computer); Release date: July 1985

4113: 2019:

As of 2011, MS-DOS was still used in some enterprises to run legacy applications, such as this

455:

during the 1980s, from which point it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a

7267: 6620: 6495: 6306: 6238: 6091: 6046: 5961: 5831: 5758: 5095: 5051: 4996: 3837: 3485: 3477: 3467: 3454:. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; 3447: 3383: 3375: 3365: 3345: 3165: 3121: 3081: 2662: 2075:(NT Virtual DOS Machine) to run DOS applications and provide DOS-like command prompt windows. 1832: 1291: 1279: 1158: 1150: 1103: 1052: 679: 638: 460: 452: 436: 249: 5144: 3015: 2925: 2889: 2703: 2651:

Allan, Roy A. (2001). "Microsoft in the 1980s, part III 1980s – The IBM/Macintosh era".

1582:

While OS/2 was under protracted development, Digital Research released the MS-DOS compatible

1533:

Microsoft and IBM together began what was intended as the follow-on to MS-DOS/PC DOS, called

6595: 6373: 5911: 5619: 5609: 5005: 2347: 2076: 2007:

etc., unofficial compatibility layers such as NTVDMx64, OTVDM (WineVDM), Win3mu and others.

1702: 1650: 1642: 1565: 1546: 1453: 1169: 1154: 722: 691: 535: 428: 373: 297: 208: 203: 2845: 2171:

In 2024, Microsoft released the source code for MS-DOS 4.00 in the same GitHub repository.

7017: 6738: 6646: 6402: 6223: 6161: 6071: 5996: 5921: 5901: 5629: 4975: 4728: 3833: 3617: 3501: 3463: 3459: 3443: 3399: 3361: 3280: 3161: 3117: 3077: 2885: 2691: 2658: 2122: 2035:, marked the beginning of the end for the command-line driven MS-DOS. With the release of 1992: 1603: 1518: 1489: 1349: 1134: 1091: 916: 838: 769: 675: 643: 551: 223: 5396: 5498: 3552: 3016:"Before you bet your business software on an OS, look who's betting on MS-DOS and XENIX" 2290:, as the operating system is only being offered in 64-bit architectures such as x86-64. 30:

This article is about Microsoft DOS specifically. For compatible operating systems, see

6972: 6605: 6228: 5971: 5786: 5781: 5738: 5584: 5248: 5091: 5084: 3415: 3356:. By Bornstein, Howard; Bredehoeft, Lawrence; Duncan, Ray; Morris, Carol; Rose, David; 3349: 2685: 2624: 1844: 1685:, but was revealed in November 2009 with the release of the Settlement Agreement to be 1572: 1522: 1500: 1172:

series of notebooks with various extensions, including improved load-high and extended

979: 626: 270: 192: 5145:"Exhibits to Microsoft's Cross Motion for Summary Judgment in Novell WordPerfect Case" 4243: 3630: 3611: 63:

The command-line interface, showing that the current directory is the root of drive C:

7367: 7262: 7117: 7012: 6610: 6600: 6188: 6156: 6126: 5826: 5594: 5493: 5362: 5125: 5079: 4906: 4078: 3861: 3455: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3337: 3333: 2767: 2438: 2108: 2087:

by extension) do not provide DOS emulation and cannot run DOS applications natively.

1972: 1962: 1840: 1672: 1654: 1538: 1283: 1130: 944: 852:

TI BOOT V. 1.13, a Texas Instruments OEM version of MS-DOS; Release date: August 1983

726: 711: 687: 664: 118: 1618:

The pact between Microsoft and IBM to promote OS/2 began to fall apart in 1990 when

1333:

Microsoft DOS was released through the OEM channel, until Digital Research released

829:

MS-DOS (Compaq-DOS) version 1.12 (based on MS-DOS 1.25) for Compaq Personal Computer

825: 491:

architectures. Ultimately, it was the key product in Microsoft's development from a

7137: 7092: 6641: 6520: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6051: 5871: 5816: 5811: 4723: 3887: 3439: 3341: 3255: 3047: 2502: 2175: 2097: 2063: 1526: 1181:

Version 5.0a (Retail) – With this release, IBM and Microsoft versions diverge.

1106:

to make a floppy disk or a hard drive partition bootable); Release date: April 1989

922: 811: 792: 761: 733:

which was presented as a new mobile operating system and worked similar to MS-DOS.

531: 5270: 2463:

Confirmed that there was Compaq Personal Computer DOS 3.31 aside from MS-DOS 3.31.

6452: 5856: 5426: 3140:"Microsoft makes source code for MS-DOS and Word for Windows available to public" 3076:(NB. While the publishers claim this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 849:

Compaq-DOS 1.12, a Compaq OEM version of MS-DOS 1.25; Release date: November 1983

7282: 6947: 6708: 6687: 6666: 6515: 6270: 6001: 5821: 5644: 5599: 5457: 5419:"Where is source code of 3.30 and 5.0 versions? · Issue #424 · microsoft/MS-DOS" 5327: 2388: 2370: 2195: 2146: 2113: 2028: 1748: 1619: 1383: 1294:

internal command reports the Windows version 4.00.950, applications through the

1184: 807: 707: 630: 487: 310: 281: 6787: 4334: 2820: 1649:, which bundled SuperStor disk compression, Microsoft opened negotiations with 1468:

programs for CP/M-86 and MS-DOS were not interchangeable with each other; many

655:-derived operating system", and promising easy porting between them. After the 7032: 7022: 6919: 6909: 6889: 6530: 6525: 6336: 6311: 6286: 5841: 5753: 5733: 5708: 3427: 3419: 3357: 3329: 3325: 3160:(NB. While the author claims this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 3116:(NB. While the author claims this would be MS-DOS 1.1 and 2.0, it actually is 2366: 2343: 2317: 2308: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2118: 2101: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2067: 2059: 2055: 2044: 2040: 2036: 1996: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1825: 1814: 1646: 1627: 1477:, which was modeled after a similar but binary-incompatible format known from 1465: 1449: 1445: 1338: 1334: 1325: 1321: 1306: 1302: 1295: 1271: 1264: 974: 928: 837:

Version 1.25 (OEM) – basis for non-IBM OEM versions of MS-DOS, including

777: 610: 592: 563: 483: 444: 338: 334: 154: 69: 5130: 3387: 2790: 2481:

Only if boot record of source floppy disk contains volume serial number also.

2117:. Windows 7, 8, and 8.1 can also create a MS-DOS startup disk. Starting with 756:

Microsoft licensed or released versions of MS-DOS under different names like

7277: 7232: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7087: 6316: 6233: 6111: 5926: 5881: 5846: 5791: 5539: 5335: 5244: 5035: 5001: 4765: 4086: 3554:

Anwenderdokumentation - Anleitung für den Systemprogrammierer - MOS DCP 1700

3489: 3188: 3102:. Software Gems: The Computer History Museum Historical Source Code Series. 3059: 3020: 2930: 2894: 2763: 2672: 2620: 2418: 2174:

Due to the historical nature of the software, Microsoft will not accept any

2121:, the ability to create a DOS startup disk has been removed and so either a 1905: 1718: 1146: 1010: 934: 579: 534:. Development of 86-DOS took only six weeks, as it was basically a clone of 440: 289: 74: 4794: 4551: 4045: 3780: 3660: 58: 17: 4910: 883:

Support for IBM's XT 10 MB hard disk drives, support up to 16 MB or 32 MB

7307: 7272: 7072: 7057: 7052: 6997: 6992: 6882: 6552: 6381: 6296: 6106: 6066: 5991: 5976: 5931: 5713: 5703: 3251:"Microsoft open-sources infamously weird, RAM-hungry MS-DOS 4.00 release" 2428: 1576: 1474: 1260: 1247: 1237: 1229: 1173: 1087: 1083: 888: 583: 4581: 4441: 4409: 4013: 3981: 3949: 3917: 1653:, vendor of the most popular DOS disk compression tool, Stacker. In the 7322: 7292: 7247: 7222: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7047: 7037: 7027: 7007: 6977: 6952: 6929: 6924: 6914: 6839: 6636: 6542: 6213: 6131: 6101: 6031: 6006: 5886: 5806: 5743: 5149: 2432: 2422: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2154: 2127: 1984: 1478: 1461: 1408: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1025: 940: 785: 714:. Microsoft later released the code for MS-DOS 4.00 on April 25, 2024. 259: 49: 5482: 2161: 2137:

MS-DOS 6.22 was the last standalone version produced by Microsoft for

1016:

Version 3.20 – First retail release (non-OEM); Release date: July 1986

514: 181: 7302: 7297: 7197: 7187: 7182: 7162: 7112: 7077: 7002: 6957: 6899: 6723: 6682: 6386: 6011: 5986: 5851: 5801: 3690: 2398: 2313: 2165: 2004: 2000: 1988: 1901: 1861: 1711: 1583: 1287: 1233: 1225:. Disk compression, upper memory optimization and antivirus included. 1222: 1192: 1059: 901:

Version 2.05 (OEM, international support); Release date: October 1983

781: 765: 634: 567: 523: 475: 467: 324: 4769: 2988:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace" 2543: 1541:; it was seen as the legitimate heir to the "kludgy" DOS platform. 1436: 995:

Version 3.1 (OEM) – Support for Microsoft Networks through an

834:

Version 1.24 (OEM) – basis for IBM's Personal Computer DOS 1.1

7317: 7252: 7242: 7227: 7192: 7082: 7042: 6904: 6894: 6574: 6562: 6557: 6326: 6301: 6208: 6136: 6026: 5688: 5485: – MS-DOS 1.25, 2.0, and 4.0 Source Code on GitHub 3629:

Kurth, Rüdiger; Groß, Martin; Hunger, Henry (November 29, 2016) .

3410: 3408: 2283: 2014: 1925: 1897: 1848: 1511: 1435: 1362:), Korean, Arabic (ADOS 3.3/5.0), Hebrew (HDOS 3.3/5.0), Russian ( 1359: 1348: 1310: 1211: 1203: 1188: 1168:

AST Premium Exec DOS 5.0 (OEM) – a version for the

1162: 1119: 1003: 987: 973: 884: 870: 824: 773: 618: 547: 513: 5211:"MS-DOS Became Synonymous with PC Operating Systems in the 1980s" 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 2654:

A history of the personal computer: the people and the technology

2178:

to the code. Users, however, are allowed and fully encouraged to

1681:

lawsuit. It was believed that the settlement ran in the order of

1243:

Version 6.21 (Retail) – Stacker-infringing DBLSPACE removed.

7312: 7237: 7217: 7167: 7132: 6982: 6615: 6569: 6321: 6151: 5876: 5776: 5395:. Microsoft Developer Network. February 20, 2014. Archived from 4665: 4639: 3481: 2992: 2963: 2444: 2384: 2150: 1558: 1554: 1534: 1507: 1457: 1275: 1095: 1094:

for the disk buffers and provided EMS drivers and emulation for

913:

MS-DOS 2.11, an Altos OEM version of MS-DOS 2.11 for the ACT-86C

652: 614: 575: 543: 539: 263: 6791: 6456: 5512: 4880: 4824: 4695: 4613: 4529: 4499: 4473: 4387: 4275: 4217: 4195: 4165: 4139: 3806: 3750: 3720: 3379: 1062:

with partitions larger than 32 MiB; Release date: November 1989

706:

standards. Microsoft would later re-license the code under the

6940: 6218: 6021: 4752: 4750: 2856: 2299: 2189: 1742: 1623: 1493: 1377: 1142: 817:

The following versions of MS-DOS were released to the public:

587: 566:

1.0 as one of three operating systems for the IBM 5150 or the

505: 432: 236: 100: 31: 3526:. December 1987. C3013-0001-1 M3030 Ag 706/169/88-5749. 3438:; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; 2387: – designed to replace the default command interpreter 1847:. This could run many DOS and variously Win32, OS/2 1.x and 558:, hired Tim Paterson in May 1981 and bought 86-DOS 1.10 for 388: 379: 4442:"DOS 3.1+ network — Get Network Printer Setup String" 3354:

MS-DOS (Versions 1.0-3.2) Technical Reference Encyclopedia

2149:

processors, which remain available for download via their

1370:) as well as some other Eastern European versions of DOS. 1149:

driver and load portions of the operating system into the

1137:

command was not needed anymore for old DOS 1.x style

400: 5489:

Current License Agreement Policies for MS-DOS and Windows

3052:"Microsoft DOS V1.1 and V2.0: /msdos/v11source/MSDOS.ASM" 1286:

such as DOSLFN. JO.SYS is an alternative filename of the

5082:; Maxey, David; Michels, Raymond J.; Kyle, Jim (1994) . 3747:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 1.13 - Texas Instruments OEM" 5393:"Supplemental Disk — MS-DOS 6 Technical Reference" 2272:. After version 3.0, Windows gained market acceptance. 898:

Version 2.02 (OEM, Compaq); Release date: November 1983

780:. (Competitors released compatible DOS systems such as 5504:

Network setup in MS-DOS - Microsoft Network Client 3.0

4370:

PC: The Independent Guide to the IBM Personal Computer

855:

Zenith Z-DOS 1.19, a Zenith OEM version of MS-DOS 1.25

5298:"Microsoft support for Windows 98, ME to end in July" 2890:"Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer" 412: 403: 391: 385: 376: 2421: – commercial solution for DOS software on new 1019:

Version 3.21 (OEM / non-OEM); Release date: May 1987

397: 7065: 6938: 6826: 6701: 6675: 6629: 6583: 6488: 6395: 6372: 6349: 6279: 6247: 5767: 5669: 5653: 5577: 5570: 5549: 4410:"DOS 3.1+ - IOCTL — Check If Handle Is Remote" 4118:

PC: The Independent Guide to IBM Personal Computers

3184:"Psych! Microsoft didn't really open-source MS-DOS" 2573: 2571: 2569: 1145:to partitions over 32 MB. First version to get the 952:

Version 2.13 (OEM, Zenith); Release date: July 1984

937:

PC DOS 2.11, a TeleVideo OEM version of MS-DOS 2.11

394: 382: 355: 345: 330: 320: 296: 269: 255: 242: 232: 222: 214: 202: 171: 147: 129: 114: 106: 96: 80: 68: 5083: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5061: 4079:"Standard Floppy Disk Formats Supported by MS-DOS" 3982:"DOS 2+ - EXEC — Load And/Or Execute Program" 3298:The MS-DOS Mobile preview is an essential download 3244: 3242: 2926:"MS-DOS: examining IBM PC's disk-operating system" 1714:v2.5, Programmer's Workbench and Microsoft C v6.0. 1098:-compatible processors; Release date: October 1988 958:Version 2.25 (OEM, with Hangeul and Kanji support) 5204: 5202: 4789: 4787: 4329: 4327: 3452:The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2 2578:Hanselman, Scott; Wilcox, Jeff (April 25, 2024). 1274:'s first retail release. It contains support for 990:partitions up to 32 MB; Release date: April 1985 4474:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 3.10 - Multitech OEM" 3665:EMS Professional Software and Specialty Services 2047:), an integrated version of MS-DOS was used for 1221:Version 6.0 (Retail) – Online help through 2959:"Of IBM, Operating Systems, and Rosetta Stones" 2256:From 1983 onwards, various companies worked on 1947:and other 16-bit commands run in an NTVDM with 1058:Version 3.31 (Compaq OEM only) – supports 459:(GUI), in various generations of the graphical 4366:"DOS 3.0 Is Bigger, but Only Manual is Better" 4192:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.05 - Digital OEM" 674:On March 25, 2014, Microsoft made the code to 486:processors running on computer hardware using 6803: 6468: 5524: 4946:]. Release 157 (in German) (3 ed.). 4666:"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.30T - Tandy OEM" 4384:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 3.00 - Compaq OEM" 4276:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.13 - Zenith OEM" 4166:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.02 - Compaq OEM" 3803:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 1.25 - Zenith OEM" 3721:"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 1.12 - Compaq OEM" 2726:"Father of DOS Still Having Fun at Microsoft" 1900:(NT Virtual DOS Machine). This is a modified 1896:The MS-DOS emulation takes place through the 710:on September 28, 2018, making these versions 8: 5177:"What was the role of MS-DOS in Windows 95?" 4335:"DOS 3.0, 3.1, and 3.2: The Networked PC/AT" 4120:. Vol. 1, no. 12. pp. 108–125 4073: 4071: 3024:(advertisement). June 27, 1983. p. 44. 542:(for 8080/Z80 processors), ported to run on 451:). MS-DOS was the main operating system for 42: 4692:"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.31 Compaq OEM" 3950:"DOS 2+ - DUP — Duplicate File Handle" 3560:. 3.20 (in German). Dresden, East-Germany: 3522:. 3.20 (in German). Dresden, East-Germany: 2224:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1965:applications and internal commands with an 1880:) through a Windows module (WINOLDAP.MOD). 1777:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 1298:would be reported a version number of 7.00. 466:IBM licensed and re-released it in 1981 as 7347: 6832: 6810: 6796: 6788: 6762: 6475: 6461: 6453: 5574: 5531: 5517: 5509: 5106:(xviii+856+vi pages, 3.5"-floppy) Errata: 4218:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.11 - ITT OEM" 4140:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 2.00 - NCR OEM" 2054:In contrast to the Windows 9x series, the 788:that could also run MS-DOS applications.) 443:. Collectively, MS-DOS, its rebranding as 191: 41: 4719:"Dinosaur Sightings: Installing MS-DOS 4" 4640:"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.30A DTK OEM" 3918:"DOS 2+ - OPEN — Open Existing File" 3221:Windows Command Line Tools For Developers 2244:Learn how and when to remove this message 1797:Learn how and when to remove this message 1440:The original MS-DOS advertisement in 1981 1424:Learn how and when to remove this message 1309:Second Edition. It added support for the 1041:Version 3.30; Release date: February 1988 7384:Discontinued Microsoft operating systems 5450:"DOS Timeline ~ Part One ~ 1980 to 1993" 5296:Montalbano, Elizabeth (April 13, 2006). 1819: 1808: 613:support from MS-DOS because Microsoft's 110:Preserved pieces exist in 32-bit Windows 5328:"List of limitations in 64-Bit Windows" 4925:– via Carnegie Mellon University. 4372:. Vol. 3, no. 20. p. 40. 4026:from the original on September 27, 2017 3227:from the original on September 29, 2018 2538: 2536: 2534: 2494: 2456: 2282:runs independently of DOS but includes 1129:Version 5.0 (Retail) – includes a 955:Version 2.2 (OEM, with Hangeul support) 943:MS-DOS 2.11 in ROM drive for the model 27:Discontinued Microsoft operating system 5277:from the original on November 22, 2012 5090:(2 ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: 5042:from the original on February 16, 2014 4971: 4961: 4582:"DOS 3.3+ - FFLUSH — Commit File" 4224:from the original on February 15, 2020 4056:from the original on February 21, 2020 4014:"DOS 2+ - Terminate And Stay Resident" 3994:from the original on November 16, 2017 3217:"Re-Open-Sourcing MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0" 3150:from the original on December 14, 2017 3028:from the original on February 18, 2023 2938:from the original on February 18, 2023 2902:from the original on February 18, 2023 2866:from the original on December 12, 2018 2704:"A Compilation of 8 Historical Essays" 2554:from the original on December 14, 2017 1278:long file names when run in a Windows 5237:"Obsolete Products Life-Cycle Policy" 5187:from the original on January 28, 2011 4861:from the original on October 10, 2012 4851:"DOS 4.0: About volume serial number" 4312:from the original on December 9, 2021 4256:from the original on October 27, 2021 3601:from the original on October 26, 2020 3533:from the original on January 23, 2017 3249:Cunningham, Andrew (April 26, 2024). 2646: 2644: 2642: 2613:"Obsolete Products Life-Cycle Policy" 1195:versions ship with files from DOS 5.0 7: 6413:Microsoft Open Specification Promise 6122:Text Template Transformation Toolkit 5543:free and open-source software (FOSS) 5494:DOSBox, a multiplatform DOS emulator 5209:Goldstein, Phil (October 27, 2017). 5157:from the original on August 21, 2013 4917:from the original on August 22, 2017 4887:from the original on October 7, 2020 4831:from the original on October 2, 2020 4735:from the original on August 29, 2017 4672:from the original on October 7, 2020 4646:from the original on October 2, 2020 4620:from the original on October 1, 2020 4506:from the original on October 2, 2020 4480:from the original on October 1, 2020 4282:from the original on October 8, 2020 4172:from the original on October 2, 2020 4146:from the original on October 8, 2020 3727:from the original on October 2, 2020 3701:from the original on August 29, 2017 3671:from the original on August 29, 2017 3571:from the original on August 29, 2021 3106:from the original on August 10, 2019 3100:"Microsoft MS-DOS early source code" 3066:from the original on August 14, 2019 2846:"Personal Computer Announced by IBM" 2801:from the original on October 2, 2017 2222:adding citations to reliable sources 2107:When creating a DOS startup disk on 1775:adding citations to reliable sources 1675:, sued Microsoft for damages in the 1406:adding citations to reliable sources 688:Microsoft Research License Agreement 7399:Floppy disk-based operating systems 5361:Sedory, Daniel B. (March 9, 2018). 5308:from the original on March 29, 2021 4364:Somerson, Paul (October 16, 1984). 3215:Turner, Rich (September 28, 2018). 3196:from the original on March 28, 2014 2590:from the original on April 25, 2024 2304:MS-DOS compatible systems include: 2162:source code for MS-DOS 1.25 and 2.0 2058:-derived 32-bit operating systems ( 1961:, optionally permitting the use of 745:Comparison of DOS operating systems 5373:from the original on March 9, 2018 5342:from the original on July 23, 2016 5213:. BizTech Magazine. Archived from 4805:from the original on June 12, 2018 4795:"DOS 4.0: the apparent cul-de-sac" 4594:from the original on July 15, 2019 4562:from the original on June 17, 2017 4454:from the original on July 15, 2019 4422:from the original on July 15, 2019 4345:from the original on June 12, 2018 4093:from the original on March 4, 2016 3962:from the original on July 15, 2019 3930:from the original on July 15, 2019 3898:from the original on June 12, 2018 3641:from the original on April 3, 2019 3344:; Peters, Chris; Phillips, Bruce; 3276:"Microsoft launches MS-DOS Mobile" 1995:emulators such as Microsoft's own 1987:(no longer sold by Microsoft) and 1835:have had an MS-DOS or MS-DOS-like 1255:MS-DOS 7/8 (as part of Windows 9x) 999:layer, remote file and printer API 686:available to the public under the 25: 4950:from the original on June 6, 2016 4717:Shultz, Greg (November 6, 2006). 3868:from the original on July 8, 2018 1305:'s OEM Service Release 2 through 1246:Version 6.22 (Retail) – New 751:Timeline of DOS operating systems 510:Timeline of DOS operating systems 7346: 7336: 7335: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6439: 6438: 6332:TPM 2.0 Reference Implementation 6167:Windows Communication Foundation 5942:Microsoft Automatic Graph Layout 5363:"Windows XP MS-DOS Startup Disk" 4881:"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 4.01" 4825:"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 4.00" 4614:"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.30" 4526:"16BitOS - MS DOS® Version 3.21" 4500:"16BitOS - MS-DOS® Version 3.20" 3661:"Microsoft DOS Version Features" 3597:(in German). February 10, 2020. 3182:Phipps, Simon (March 26, 2014). 2431: – an MS-DOS adaptation by 2369: 2194: 2160:In 2018, Microsoft released the 2079:versions of Windows NT prior to 1747: 1382: 795:, MS-DOS derivatives named DCP ( 578:, and with MS-DOS emulating the 372: 350:Internet Archive MS-DOS overview 125:for versions 1.25, 2.11 and 4.00 57: 48: 7409:Free software operating systems 6423:Open Source Security Foundation 6194:Windows Presentation Foundation 5937:Managed Extensibility Framework 5247:. July 30, 2009. Archived from 5129:. February 1994. Archived from 5121:"How Safe is Disk Compression?" 3888:"DOS 2.0 and 2.1: Hello, UNIX!" 3332:; King, Adrian; Larson, Chris; 3098:Shustek, Len (March 24, 2014). 2766:. November 2013. Archived from 2623:. July 30, 2009. Archived from 2023:food service management system. 1928:that come with 32-bit Windows. 1444:On microcomputers based on the 1393:needs additional citations for 749:For a chronological guide, see 604:closely emulated IBM's hardware 421:Microsoft Disk Operating System 7429:Software using the MIT license 6483:Operating systems by Microsoft 6077:Python Tools for Visual Studio 6037:Open Management Infrastructure 5947:Microsoft C++ Standard Library 4992:"MS-DOS 6 Technical Reference" 3442:; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; 3352:(1986). "Technical advisors". 3274:Peters, Luke (April 1, 2015). 2986:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983). 2957:Morgan, Chris (January 1982). 2544:"MS-DOS: A Brief Introduction" 1739:Windows command-line interface 1481:. CP/M-86 instead supported a 875:MS-DOS 2.11 boot disk for the 625:, which would also run on the 1: 7424:Proprietary operating systems 7404:Formerly proprietary software 5271:"Microsoft Support Lifecycle" 4758:"MS-DOS Partitioning Summary" 4302:"Toshiba Pasopia 16/T300/PAP" 3773:"Microsoft MS-DOS Informatie" 3138:Levin, Roy (March 25, 2014). 2548:The Linux Information Project 2031:in 1990, with an easy-to-use 1955:initialization determined by 1904:(a former product similar to 1165:cannot create more than one. 522:MS-DOS was a renamed form of 6364:Microsoft Reciprocal License 6042:Open Neural Network Exchange 5967:Microsoft Enterprise Library 5032:MS-DOS 6 Technical Reference 3562:VEB Robotron-Projekt Dresden 3524:VEB Robotron-Projekt Dresden 2409:History of Microsoft Windows 1983:All versions of Windows for 1592:fear, uncertainty, and doubt 7434:Products introduced in 1981 6878:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1 6652:Windows Embedded Automotive 6548:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1 6142:Virtual File System for Git 6017:Neural Network Intelligence 5952:Microsoft Cognitive Toolkit 4587:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 4447:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 4415:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 4019:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 3987:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 3955:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 3923:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 3830:Upgrading and Repairing PCs 2732:. Micronews. Archived from 2377:Computer programming portal 1856:Earlier versions of Windows 1320:MS-DOS 8.0 was included in 1301:MS-DOS 7.1 was included in 1270:MS-DOS 7.0 was included in 1024:Version 3.22 (OEM) – ( 904:Version 2.1 (OEM, IBM only) 526: – owned by 157:) / September 14, 2000 89:, later versions also used 7450: 7379:Assembly language software 7288:Technical Support SuperDOS 2584:Microsoft Open Source Blog 2580:"Open sourcing MS-DOS 4.0" 2507:"An Inside Look at MS-DOS" 2297: 1337:as a retail upgrade. With 1258: 1055:); Release date: July 1990 1048:); Release date: July 1987 748: 742: 657:breakup of the Bell System 600:Hardware Abstraction Layer 503: 480:several competing products 29: 7331: 6835: 6757: 6662:Windows Embedded Industry 6436: 6292:Extensible Storage Engine 6172:Windows Driver Frameworks 6082:R Tools for Visual Studio 5957:Microsoft Design Language 5557:Microsoft and open source 5499:Archive MS-DOS Collection 4552:"DOS 3.3: The Mature DOS" 3862:"Short History of MS-DOS" 3616:December 3, 2021, at the 3500:October 14, 2018, at the 2661:: Allan Pub. p. 14. 2515:. Seattle. Archived from 2512:Seattle Computer Products 2258:graphical user interfaces 1561:expanded memory manager, 1157:. Support up to four DOS 1073:MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking) 1013:); Release date: May 1986 961:Version 2.3 (used on the 810:electronics manufacturer 760:"Software Bus 86" a.k.a. 661:AT&T Computer Systems 617:-based operating system, 528:Seattle Computer Products 360: 313:(v1.25, v2.0 & v4.00) 56: 47: 6657:Windows Embedded Compact 6418:Open Letter to Hobbyists 6359:Microsoft Public License 6257:(v1.25, v2.0 & v4.0) 6199:Windows Template Library 5897:Dynamic Language Runtime 5562:Shared Source Initiative 4911:"The x86 Interrupt List" 4249:(in Italian). Olivetti. 3591:"Computer P8000 compact" 2394:Bad command or file name 2043:product line through to 2033:graphical user interface 1693:Use of undocumented APIs 1668:Federal Trade Commission 1496:executable file format. 1315:logical block addressing 1208:German MS-DOS 6.2 Update 1191:) – All Windows NT 704:Free Software Foundation 457:graphical user interface 7419:Microsoft free software 5635:Windows Package Manager 4244:"Personal Computer M19" 3828:Mueller, Scott (1995). 3144:Official Microsoft Blog 3056:Computer History Museum 2821:"Microsoft DOS History" 2091:contains a copy of the 2039:(and continuing in the 1703:Microsoft's QuickPascal 1131:full-screen text editor 1067:MS-DOS 4.0 / MS-DOS 4.x 690:, which makes the code 474:Beginning in 1988 with 7414:Microcomputer software 7389:Disk operating systems 6988:Datapac System Manager 6819:Disk operating systems 6408:F# Software Foundation 3635:www.robotrontechnik.de 3398:July 15, 2019, at the 3050:(December 19, 2013) . 2756:"A history of Windows" 2690:July 15, 2006, at the 2085:Windows Server 2008 R2 2024: 1837:command-line interface 1828: 1817: 1707:Program Segment Prefix 1616: 1441: 1354: 1236:. Fix serious bugs in 1217: 1209: 1125: 982: 931:has MS-DOS 2.11 in ROM 880: 830: 700:Open Source Initiative 519: 159:; 24 years ago 135:; 43 years ago 6428:Outercurve Foundation 5982:Mixed Reality Toolkit 5183:. December 24, 2007. 5153:. November 23, 2009. 4909:(December 29, 2002). 3348:; Stillmaker, Betty; 3170:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 3126:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 3086:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 2789:Antov, Leven (1996). 2404:DOS memory management 2265:Microsoft Windows 1.0 2018: 1823: 1812: 1626:replacement for DOS, 1612: 1439: 1353:Japanese MS-DOS 6.2/V 1352: 1215: 1207: 1123: 977: 925:came with MS-DOS 2.11 874: 828: 684:TeleVideo PC DOS 2.11 556:IBM Personal Computer 518:MS-DOS command prompt 517: 504:Further information: 449:disk operating system 6749:Xbox system software 5917:Fluent Design System 5797:.NET Micro Framework 5460:on February 24, 2006 5429:on December 19, 2020 5399:on September 2, 2017 5338:. October 11, 2007. 3631:"Betriebssystem DCP" 2825:www.computerhope.com 2414:List of DOS commands 2218:improve this section 2186:Legacy compatibility 2027:The introduction of 1771:improve this section 1678:Caldera v. Microsoft 1555:Microsoft Anti-Virus 1402:improve this article 1051:Version 3.30T (OEM, 1044:Version 3.30A (OEM, 978:MS-DOS 3.3C for the 877:Leading Edge Model D 797:Disk Control Program 669:Santa Cruz Operation 493:programming language 439:mostly developed by 133:August 12, 1981 7148:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11 6827:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS, 6591:Nokia Asha platform 5640:WorldWide Telescope 5615:Microsoft PowerToys 5367:The Starman's Realm 5217:on January 26, 2018 5008:on January 27, 2014 3695:Pcmuseum.tripod.com 2924:(August 23, 1982). 2888:(August 23, 1982). 2791:"History of MS-DOS" 2736:on February 9, 2010 1232:as replacement for 1228:Version 6.2 – 1216:MS-DOS version 6.22 1109:Version 4.01a (OEM) 1009:Version 3.10 (OEM, 907:Version 2.11 (OEM) 758:Lifeboat Associates 729:application called 639:upwardly compatible 44: 7128:Concurrent DOS V60 7123:Concurrent DOS 68K 6968:Concurrent CP/M-86 6829:compatible systems 6637:Azure RTOS ThreadX 6204:Windows UI Library 6117:T2 Temporal Prover 6087:RecursiveExtractor 5749:Small Basic Online 5625:Windows Calculator 5078:Schulman, Andrew; 4698:on October 1, 2020 4532:on October 1, 2020 4390:on October 1, 2020 4198:on October 1, 2020 3809:on October 1, 2020 3753:on October 1, 2020 3595:robotrontechnik.de 2472:Up to 512 MB only. 2025: 1829: 1824:Command Prompt in 1818: 1487:filename extension 1442: 1355: 1345:Localized versions 1218: 1210: 1159:primary partitions 1126: 1124:MS-DOS version 5.0 1038:Version 3.3a (OEM) 1031:Version 3.25 (OEM) 983: 963:Toshiba Pasopia 16 881: 831: 641:with Xenix, which 609:Microsoft omitted 520: 463:operating system. 453:IBM PC compatibles 437:personal computers 7361: 7360: 6868: 6867: 6785: 6784: 6621:Windows 10 Mobile 6496:Microsoft Windows 6450: 6449: 6345: 6344: 6248:Operating systems 6239:Z3 Theorem Prover 6047:Open Service Mesh 5962:Microsoft Detours 5832:ASP.NET Web Forms 5770:development tools 5181:The Old New Thing 5133:on June 19, 2008. 4306:old-computers.com 4083:Microsoft Support 3783:on August 9, 2011 3446:; Pollock, John; 3166:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 3164:and a mixture of 3122:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 3120:and a mixture of 3082:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 3080:and a mixture of 2254: 2253: 2246: 1975:applications use 1833:Microsoft Windows 1813:MS-DOS Prompt in 1807: 1806: 1799: 1641:As a response to 1485:format using the 1434: 1433: 1426: 1151:upper memory area 680:Altos MS-DOS 2.11 678:and a mixture of 461:Microsoft Windows 365: 364: 16:(Redirected from 7441: 7350: 7349: 7339: 7338: 6833: 6812: 6805: 6798: 6789: 6775: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6596:Nokia X platform 6489:Desktop / Server 6477: 6470: 6463: 6454: 6442: 6441: 5912:Entity Framework 5610:Open Live Writer 5575: 5533: 5526: 5519: 5510: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5456:. Archived from 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5425:. Archived from 5415: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5206: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5173: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5141: 5135: 5134: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5089: 5075: 5056: 5055: 5049: 5047: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5004:. Archived from 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4969: 4967: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4791: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4772:on June 12, 2018 4768:. Archived from 4754: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4694:. Archived from 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4578: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4528:. Archived from 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4386:. Archived from 4380: 4374: 4373: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4331: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4194:. Archived from 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4162: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4114:"DOS Marches On" 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4046:"History of DOS" 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4010: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3946: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3884: 3878: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3852: 3851: 3832:(5th ed.). 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3805:. Archived from 3799: 3793: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3779:. Archived from 3769: 3763: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3749:. Archived from 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3626: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3570: 3559: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3532: 3521: 3511: 3505: 3493: 3460:Petzold, Charles 3444:Petzold, Charles 3412: 3403: 3391: 3322: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3288:on April 2, 2015 3284:. Archived from 3271: 3265: 3264: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3179: 3173: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3135: 3129: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3095: 3089: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3012: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2918: 2912: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2886:Freiberger, Paul 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2865: 2850: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2795:Digital Research 2786: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2730:patersontech.com 2721: 2715: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2700: 2694: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2671:. Archived from 2648: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2575: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2540: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2499: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2379: 2374: 2373: 2348:Digital Research 2263:Later, in 1985, 2249: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2198: 2190: 2116: 1978: 1968: 1960: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1879: 1831:All versions of 1802: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1751: 1743: 1688: 1684: 1651:Stac Electronics 1643:Digital Research 1566:disk compression 1547:Norton Utilities 1454:Digital Research 1429: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1409: 1386: 1378: 1313:file system and 1170:AST Premium Exec 1155:high memory area 805: 723:Microsoft Mobile 719:April Fool's Day 692:source-available 663:started selling 637:; they would be 536:Digital Research 429:operating system 423:, also known as 416: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 346:Official website 195: 190: 187: 185: 183: 167: 165: 160: 143: 141: 136: 61: 52: 45: 39:Operating system 21: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7327: 7066:Other platforms 7061: 7018:NetWare PalmDOS 6934: 6864: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6786: 6781: 6753: 6697: 6671: 6647:Modular Windows 6625: 6579: 6484: 6481: 6451: 6446: 6432: 6403:.NET Foundation 6391: 6368: 6341: 6275: 6243: 6224:XDP for Windows 6162:Windows App SDK 5922:Fluid Framework 5902:eBPF on Windows 5769: 5763: 5671: 5665: 5649: 5630:Windows Console 5566: 5545: 5537: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5463: 5461: 5447: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5430: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5402: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5360: 5359: 5355: 5345: 5343: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5254: 5252: 5251:on July 6, 2006 5235: 5234: 5230: 5220: 5218: 5208: 5207: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5175: 5174: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5102: 5077: 5076: 5059: 5045: 5043: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5011: 5009: 4990: 4989: 4985: 4970: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4793: 4792: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4756: 4755: 4748: 4738: 4736: 4729:CBS Interactive 4716: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4690: 4689: 4685: 4675: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4659: 4649: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4580: 4579: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4483: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4457: 4455: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4377: 4363: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4273: 4269: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4227: 4225: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4201: 4199: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4149: 4147: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4096: 4094: 4077: 4076: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4029: 4027: 4012: 4011: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3901: 3899: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3871: 3869: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3844: 3836:. p. 784. 3834:Que Corporation 3827: 3826: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3786: 3784: 3777:ultrawindows.nl 3771: 3770: 3766: 3756: 3754: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3618:Wayback Machine 3604: 3602: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3557: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3519: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3502:Wayback Machine 3474: 3464:Microsoft Press 3448:Reynolds, Aaron 3416:Zbikowski, Mark 3414: 3413: 3406: 3400:Wayback Machine 3372: 3362:Microsoft Press 3350:Zbikowski, Mark 3346:Reynolds, Aaron 3324: 3323: 3304: 3291: 3289: 3281:Microsoft Lumia 3273: 3272: 3268: 3248: 3247: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3199: 3197: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3162:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 3153: 3151: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3118:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 3109: 3107: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3078:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 3069: 3067: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3014: 3013: 3009: 2999: 2997: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2941: 2939: 2922:Swaine, Michael 2920: 2919: 2915: 2905: 2903: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2829: 2827: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2770:on May 10, 2015 2754: 2753: 2749: 2739: 2737: 2723: 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2692:Wayback Machine 2678: 2676: 2675:on July 2, 2006 2669: 2659:London, Ontario 2650: 2649: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2627:on July 6, 2006 2611: 2610: 2606: 2593: 2591: 2577: 2576: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2501: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2375: 2368: 2365: 2342:Microsoft made 2302: 2296: 2294:Related systems 2250: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2215: 2199: 2188: 2123:virtual machine 2112: 2013: 1993:virtual machine 1976: 1966: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1886: 1877: 1858: 1803: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1768: 1752: 1741: 1695: 1686: 1682: 1639: 1604:Brad Silverberg 1523:Apple Macintosh 1430: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1399: 1387: 1376: 1347: 1282:box or with an 1267: 1259:Main articles: 1257: 1202: 1118: 1069: 972: 917:ITT Corporation 869: 839:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 823: 799: 778:IBM PC DOS 754: 747: 741: 676:SCP MS-DOS 1.25 552:CP/M filesystem 550:instead of the 512: 502: 445:IBM PC DOS 414: 375: 371: 316: 272: 224:Package manager 218:Re-installation 198: 180: 163: 161: 158: 139: 137: 134: 130:Initial release 64: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7447: 7445: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7366: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7355: 7344: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6973:Concurrent DOS 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6792: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6769: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6670: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6633: 6631: 6630:Embedded / IoT 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6606:Windows Mobile 6603: 6598: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6535: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6492: 6490: 6486: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6399: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6378: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6283: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6185: 6184: 6179: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5972:Microsoft SEAL 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5787:.NET Gadgeteer 5784: 5782:.NET Framework 5779: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5739:Project Verona 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5675: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5585:3D Movie Maker 5581: 5579: 5572: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5538: 5536: 5535: 5528: 5521: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5478: 5477:External links 5475: 5472: 5471: 5448:Comerford, M. 5440: 5410: 5384: 5353: 5319: 5288: 5262: 5228: 5198: 5168: 5136: 5112: 5100: 5092:Addison Wesley 5080:Brown, Ralf D. 5057: 5019: 4983: 4928: 4907:Brown, Ralf D. 4898: 4872: 4842: 4816: 4783: 4746: 4709: 4683: 4657: 4631: 4605: 4573: 4543: 4517: 4491: 4465: 4433: 4401: 4375: 4356: 4323: 4293: 4267: 4235: 4209: 4183: 4157: 4131: 4104: 4067: 4037: 4005: 3973: 3941: 3909: 3879: 3853: 3842: 3820: 3794: 3764: 3738: 3712: 3682: 3652: 3621: 3582: 3544: 3506: 3472: 3456:Letwin, Gordon 3432:McDonald, Marc 3424:Ballmer, Steve 3404: 3370: 3334:Letwin, Gordon 3302: 3266: 3238: 3207: 3174: 3130: 3090: 3039: 3007: 2978: 2949: 2934:. p. 24. 2913: 2898:. p. 22. 2877: 2837: 2812: 2781: 2747: 2724:Conner, Doug. 2716: 2695: 2667: 2638: 2604: 2565: 2530: 2519:on May 6, 2017 2493: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2474: 2465: 2455: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2436: 2426: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2381: 2380: 2364: 2361: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2311: 2298:Main article: 2295: 2292: 2252: 2251: 2202: 2200: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2012: 2009: 1885: 1882: 1857: 1854: 1845:Command Prompt 1805: 1804: 1755: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1723:self-modifying 1715: 1694: 1691: 1638: 1635: 1573:Amstrad PC1512 1568:, and others. 1501:vendor lock-in 1432: 1431: 1390: 1388: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1346: 1343: 1331: 1330: 1318: 1299: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1244: 1241: 1226: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1182: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1099: 1077: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1007: 1000: 992: 991: 980:PC-9800 series 971: 968: 967: 966: 959: 956: 953: 950: 949: 948: 938: 932: 926: 920: 914: 905: 902: 899: 896: 868: 865: 864: 863: 862: 861: 860: 859: 856: 853: 850: 842: 841: 835: 822: 819: 791:In the former 743:Main article: 740: 737: 721:joke in 2015, 698:as defined by 627:Motorola 68000 501: 498: 419:; acronym for 363: 362: 358: 357: 356:Support status 353: 352: 347: 343: 342: 332: 328: 327: 322: 318: 317: 315: 314: 308: 302: 300: 294: 293: 275: 273:user interface 267: 266: 257: 253: 252: 247: 240: 239: 234: 230: 229: 226: 220: 219: 216: 212: 211: 206: 200: 199: 197: 196: 177: 175: 169: 168: 151: 145: 144: 131: 127: 126: 116: 112: 111: 108: 104: 103: 98: 94: 93: 84: 78: 77: 72: 66: 65: 62: 54: 53: 38: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7446: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374:1981 software 7372: 7371: 7369: 7354: 7345: 7343: 7334: 7333: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7263:Sinclair QDOS 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Commodore DOS 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7013:Multiuser DOS 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6825: 6820: 6813: 6808: 6806: 6801: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6790: 6778: 6770: 6768: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6611:Windows Phone 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6582: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6487: 6478: 6473: 6471: 6466: 6464: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6445: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6190: 6189:Windows Forms 6187: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6157:Vowpal Wabbit 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5827:ASP.NET Razor 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5766: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5595:Conference XP 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5483:MS-DOS Source 5481: 5480: 5476: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5441: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5411: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5354: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5307: 5303: 5302:Computerworld 5299: 5292: 5289: 5276: 5273:. Microsoft. 5272: 5266: 5263: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5169: 5156: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5127: 5126:BYTE Magazine 5122: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5103: 5101:0-201-63287-X 5097: 5093: 5088: 5087: 5081: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4965: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4932: 4929: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4865:September 27, 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4751: 4747: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4710: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4671: 4667: 4661: 4658: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4632: 4619: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4593: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4574: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4453: 4449: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4405: 4402: 4389: 4385: 4379: 4376: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4357: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4197: 4193: 4187: 4184: 4171: 4167: 4161: 4158: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4119: 4115: 4112:Rose, David. 4108: 4105: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4072: 4068: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4041: 4038: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4015: 4009: 4006: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3910: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3880: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3843:0-7897-0321-1 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3787:September 27, 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3691:"DOS history" 3686: 3683: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3640: 3637:(in German). 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3615: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3567: 3563: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3545: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3473:1-55615-049-0 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3440:Paterson, Tim 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3371:0-914845-69-1 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3342:Paterson, Tim 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3287: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3231:September 29, 3226: 3222: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3185: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:Paterson, Tim 3043: 3040: 3027: 3023: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3008: 2996:. p. 132 2995: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2979: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2870:September 27, 2862: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2813: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2785: 2782: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:microsoft.com 2757: 2751: 2748: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2717: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2674: 2670: 2668:0-9689108-0-7 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2601: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2505:(June 1983). 2504: 2503:Paterson, Tim 2498: 2495: 2488: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439:Win32 console 2437: 2434: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2305: 2301: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2248: 2245: 2237: 2234:February 2022 2227: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2203:This section 2201: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2176:pull requests 2172: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2109:Windows Vista 2105: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2049:bootstrapping 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1999:, as well as 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1974: 1973:Win32 console 1970: 1964: 1963:Win32 console 1959: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:MS-DOS Prompt 1838: 1834: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1811: 1801: 1798: 1790: 1787:February 2022 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1761: 1756:This section 1754: 1750: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1692: 1690: 1687:$ 280 million 1683:$ 150 million 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655:due diligence 1652: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1615: 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