413:
Targeting M protein represents a promising approach for the development of novel therapeutics and vaccines against streptococcal infections. By leveraging advances in immunology, vaccinology, and molecular biology, researchers are poised to overcome existing challenges and realize the potential of M
337:
represents a promising avenue for the prevention and treatment of streptococcal infections. Vaccines designed to induce protective immune responses against M protein have the potential to confer long-term immunity and reduce the incidence of GAS-related diseases, including
369:
that recognize and neutralize M protein, thereby preventing bacterial attachment and invasion. Furthermore, efforts have been made to enhance vaccine efficacy by incorporating conserved epitopes of M protein or employing novel adjuvants to boost immune responses.
296:
or
Streptococcus pyogenes, has posed significant challenges to traditional therapeutic approaches. The M protein, as a major virulence factor of GAS, has been a focal point for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at combating streptococcal infections.
696:
Dale, James B.; Fischetti, Vincent A.; Carapetis, Jonathan R.; Steer, Andrew C.; Sow, Samba; Kumar, Rajesh; Mayosi, Bongani M.; Rubin, Fran A.; Mulholland, Kim; Hombach, Joachim Maria; Schödel, Florian; Henao-Restrepo, Ana Maria (2013-04-18).
312:
have been the mainstay of treatment for streptococcal infections. However, the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains underscores the urgent need for alternative therapies. In this context, immunomodulatory agents, including
392:
Despite these advancements, several challenges remain in the development and implementation of M protein-based vaccines. These include the identification of highly conserved epitopes capable of eliciting protective
261:. However plasma B cells can generate antibodies against M protein which will help in opsonization and further the destruction of the microorganism by the macrophages and neutrophils.
125:
586:
Fischetti VA, Pancholi V, Schneewind O (September 1990). "Conservation of a hexapeptide sequence in the anchor region of surface proteins from gram-positive cocci".
424:
Fischetti VA, Pancholi V, Schneewind O (September 1990). "Conservation of a hexapeptide sequence in the anchor region of surface proteins from gram-positive cocci".
321:
the inflammatory response associated with severe GAS infections, although their efficacy in targeting M protein specifically remains to be fully elucidated.
192:
that help them gain entry into a host by counteracting the host's defenses. One such molecule is the M protein produced by certain streptococcal
453:
Pierre R. Smeesters; David J. McMillan; Kadaba S. Sriprakash (June 2010). "The streptococcal M protein: a highly versatile molecule".
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178:
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vaccination routes, hold potential for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy against streptococcal infections.
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133:
539:"Sequence and structural characteristics of the trypsin-resistant T6 surface protein of group A streptococci"
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314:
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associated with molecular mimicry between M protein and host tissues, particularly in the context of
351:
265:
of anti-M protein antibodies with heart muscle has been suggested to be associated in some way with
292:
In recent years, the emergence of antibiotic resistance among streptococcal bacteria, particularly
277:
235:
241:
M protein is strongly anti-phagocytic and is the major virulence factor for group A streptococci (
386:
273:
220:
385:. Additionally, advances in vaccine delivery systems, such as nanoparticle-based platforms and
726:
718:
673:
665:
603:
568:
519:
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120:
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Carapetis, Jonathan R.; Steer, Andrew C.; Mulholland, E. Kim; Weber, Martin (November 2005).
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657:
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One promising approach involves the use of multi-epitope vaccines that target multiple
362:
216:
661:
563:
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498:"Streptococcus equi with truncated M-proteins isolated from outwardly healthy horses"
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205:
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554:
49:
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254:
108:
714:
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protein-based interventions in combating this significant public health threat.
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309:
224:
466:
318:
305:
301:
722:
669:
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645:
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which possess M protein are classified in group A of the
Lancefield system.
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17:
730:
699:"Group A streptococcal vaccines: paving a path for accelerated development"
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523:
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607:
572:
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366:
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Current therapeutic approaches targeting M protein predominantly involve
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69:
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197:
182:
86:
81:
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Several vaccine candidates targeting M protein have been explored in
140:
622:"Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behavior"
496:
Chanter N, Talbot NC, Newton JR, Hewson D, Verheyen K (June 2000).
186:
102:
56:
44:
258:
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across diverse GAS strains, as well as addressing potential
377:
sites on M protein, thereby reducing the likelihood of
646:"The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases"
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evasion by GAS strains expressing variant M protein
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spanning domain, which itself precedes a cluster of
139:
119:
101:
96:
80:
68:
55:
43:
35:
30:
25:
537:Schneewind O, Jones KF, Fischetti VA (June 1990).
304:and immunomodulatory agents. Antibiotics such as
639:
637:
8:
196:. At its C-terminus within the cell wall, M
691:
689:
687:
164:that can be produced by certain species of
280:for streptococcal bacteria. Bacteria like
93:
562:
513:
488:
204:that is now known to be shared by many
333:targeting M protein or its associated
22:
223:hexapeptide LPXTGE, which precedes a
7:
600:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02072.x
438:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1990.tb02072.x
352:streptococcal toxic shock syndrome
346:, and invasive infections such as
14:
315:intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
278:Lancefield classification system
272:It was originally identified by
650:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
555:10.1128/jb.172.6.3310-3317.1990
365:. These vaccines aim to elicit
1:
715:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.045
662:10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70267-X
97:Available protein structures:
515:10.1099/00221287-146-6-1361
294:Group A Streptococcus (GAS)
772:
276:, who also formulated the
15:
467:10.1016/j.tim.2010.02.007
92:
317:, have shown promise in
16:Not to be confused with
325:Development of vaccines
756:Streptococcal proteins
455:Trends in Microbiology
288:Therapeutic approaches
243:Streptococcus pyogenes
709:(Suppl 2): B216–222.
348:necrotizing fasciitis
245:). It binds to serum
409:Future perspectives
329:The development of
238:at the C-terminus.
274:Rebecca Lancefield
751:Virulence factors
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146:structure summary
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508:(Pt 6): 1361–9.
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395:immune responses
363:clinical studies
263:Cross-reactivity
162:virulence factor
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23:
771:
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656:(11): 685–694.
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531:
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403:rheumatic fever
327:
290:
267:rheumatic fever
253:and preventing
181:are covered in
39:Gram_pos_anchor
26:Gram_pos_anchor
21:
12:
11:
5:
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767:
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588:Mol. Microbiol
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529:
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461:(6): 275–282.
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426:Mol. Microbiol
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4:
3:
2:
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623:
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597:
594:(9): 1603–5.
593:
589:
582:
579:
574:
570:
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560:
556:
552:
549:(6): 3310–7.
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489:
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476:
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432:(9): 1603–5.
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251:C3-convertase
249:, destroying
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206:Gram-positive
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167:Streptococcus
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625:. Retrieved
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591:
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543:J. Bacteriol
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532:
505:
502:Microbiology
501:
491:
458:
454:
429:
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399:autoimmunity
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372:
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328:
299:
291:
282:S. pyogenes,
281:
271:
255:opsonization
242:
240:
172:
165:
157:
156:
359:preclinical
340:pharyngitis
310:amoxicillin
302:antibiotics
227:C-terminal
225:hydrophobic
219:includes a
31:Identifiers
745:Categories
627:2009-06-21
483:References
418:Literature
367:antibodies
319:mitigating
306:penicillin
109:structures
723:1873-2518
670:1473-3099
375:antigenic
221:conserved
209:bacterial
200:embody a
190:molecules
175:parasites
173:Viruses,
158:M protein
87:PDOC00373
75:IPR019948
18:Protein M
731:23598485
678:16253886
524:10846214
475:20347595
383:isoforms
344:impetigo
335:epitopes
331:vaccines
247:factor H
236:residues
229:membrane
213:proteins
211:surface
198:proteins
194:bacteria
179:bacteria
126:RCSB PDB
70:InterPro
703:Vaccine
608:2287281
573:2188957
446:2287281
387:mucosal
183:protein
82:PROSITE
50:PF00746
729:
721:
676:
668:
606:
571:
564:209141
561:
522:
473:
444:
379:immune
215:. The
141:PDBsum
115:
105:
63:CL0501
36:Symbol
233:basic
217:motif
202:motif
187:sugar
160:is a
727:PMID
719:ISSN
674:PMID
666:ISSN
604:PMID
569:PMID
520:PMID
471:PMID
442:PMID
361:and
350:and
308:and
185:and
177:and
134:PDBj
130:PDBe
113:ECOD
103:Pfam
59:clan
57:Pfam
45:Pfam
711:doi
658:doi
596:doi
559:PMC
551:doi
547:172
510:doi
506:146
463:doi
434:doi
259:C3b
257:by
121:PDB
747::
725:.
717:.
707:31
705:.
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648:.
636:^
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436::
430:4
20:.
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