694:, which includes a new motherboard, floppy disk drive and rear case. The owner retained the front case, monitor and analog board. Because of this, there is no "Macintosh Plus" on the front of upgraded units, and the Apple logo is recessed and in the bottom left hand corner of the front case. However, the label on the back of the case reads "Macintosh Plus 1MB". The new extended Plus keyboard could also be purchased. Unfortunately, this upgrade cost almost as much as a new machine.
149:
669:
707:
45:
621:
574:, identical to that of previous Macintosh models. Unlike earlier Macs, the Mac Plus's keyboard includes a numeric keypad and directional arrow keys and, as with previous Macs, it has a one-button mouse and no fan, making it extremely quiet in operation. The lack of a cooling fan in the Mac Plus led to frequent problems with overheating and hardware malfunctions.
617:) were actually developed and released first for the Macintosh, and similarly Microsoft Word 1 for Macintosh was the first time a GUI version of that software was introduced on any personal computer platform. For a time, the exclusive availability of Excel and PageMaker on the Macintosh were noticeable drivers of sales for the platform.
779:
The Plus went through two ROM revisions during its general market relevance. The initial ROM was replaced after the first two months as it had a serious bug which prevented the Mac from booting if an external SCSI device was powered off. The second revision fixed a problem with some SCSI devices that
651:
on the back, to denote the 1 MB RAM configuration with which it shipped. In
January 1987 it transitioned to Apple's long-lived platinum-gray color with the rest of the Apple product line, and the keyboard's keycaps changed from brown to gray. In January 1988, with reduced RAM prices, Apple began
755:
joints inside it would fracture, causing many problems, such as loss of deflection in the monitor or a complete loss of power. As in most early compact Macs, the problem was common in the yoke connector, flyback transformer, and horizontal drive coupling capacitor. A fan was also often added to
742:
before it and offered to the educational market badged as the "Macintosh Plus ED". Due to its popularity, long life and its introduction of many features that would become mainstays of the
Macintosh platform for years, the Plus was a common "base model" for many software and hardware products.
491:
DRAM chips. Four SIMM slots were provided and the computer shipped with four 256 KB SIMMs, for 1 MB total RAM. By replacing them with 1 MB SIMMs, it was possible to have 4 MB of RAM. (Although 30-pin SIMMs could support up to 16 MB total RAM, the Mac Plus motherboard had only 22 address lines
664:
before it, but it essentially retained the original design. On the inside of the case, embossed into it, are the signatures of all the people who worked on designing the Mac Plus, including Steve Jobs, Bill
Atkinson, Andy Hertzfeld, Bruce Horn, Jef Raskin and the rest of the historic team.
453:, and even monitors. The SCSI implementation of the Plus was engineered shortly before the initial SCSI spec was finalized and, as such, is not 100% SCSI-compliant. SCSI ports remained standard equipment for all Macs until the introduction of the
697:
The Mac Plus itself can be upgraded further with the use of third-party accelerators. When these are clipped or soldered onto the 68000 processor, a 32 MHz 68030 processor can be used, and up to 16 MB RAM.
554:
volume details how to use HFS and the rest of the Mac Plus's new system software. The Plus still did not include provision for an internal hard drive and it would be over nine months before Apple would offer a SCSI
532:
drives. The 800 KB drive has two read/write heads, enabling it to simultaneously use both sides of the floppy disk and thereby double storage capacity. Like the 400 KB drive before it, a companion
880:
540:
The Mac Plus has 128 KB of ROM on the motherboard, which is double the amount of ROM in previous Macs; the ROMs included software to support SCSI, the then-new 800 KB floppy drive, and the
537:
was an available option. However, with the increased disk storage capacity combined with 2-4x the available RAM, the external drive was less of a necessity than it had been with the 128K and 512K.
726:
on
October 15, 1990. This made the Macintosh Plus the longest-produced Macintosh model, having been on sale unchanged for 1,734 days, a record not surpassed until the second-generation
1133:
1344:
2360:
2355:
873:
2028:
2350:
400:, with a price tag of US$ 2,599. As an evolutionary improvement over the 512K, it shipped with 1 MB of RAM standard, expandable to 4 MB, and an external
441:
of RAM ... the new 128K-byte ROM ... and a double-sided (800K bytes) disk drive, all in the standard Mac box." Introduced as the
Macintosh Plus, it was the first
917:
866:
437:
reported a rumor in
December 1985: "Supposedly, Apple will be releasing a Big Mac by the time this column sees print: said Mac will reportedly come with 1
948:
901:
1337:
2053:
408:
453; however, in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived, warm gray "Platinum" color. It is the earliest
Macintosh model able to run
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1039:
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1125:
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1330:
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2321:
1016:
898:
559:
for the slow Hard Disk 20. It would be well over a year before Apple would offer the first internal hard disk drive in any
Macintosh.
548:
in which all files were stored in a single directory, with one level of pseudo-folders overlaid on them). For programmers, the fourth
128:
449:
port, which launched the popularity of external SCSI devices for Macs, including hard disks, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers,
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peripheral bus, among smaller improvements. Originally, the computer's case was the same beige color as the original
Macintosh,
1984:
2048:
894:
738:, released in 1996. Additionally, during its period of general market relevance, it was heavily discounted like the 512K/512K
109:
66:
59:
904:
911:
81:
2079:
2038:
763:
through the
Macintosh Plus, various third-party cooling add-ons were available to help increase airflow through the unit.
534:
510:
751:
The lack of fan could cause the life of a Macintosh Plus to end early for some users. As the power supply would heat up,
2043:
1256:
914:
908:
906:
912:
1211:
915:
793:
88:
897:
2340:
909:
910:
907:
903:
2214:
2140:
1159:
656:." Among other design changes, it included the same trademarked inlaid Apple logo and recessed port icons as the
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95:
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1989:
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55:
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1967:
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1972:
900:
598:
545:
525:
710:
The "ED" at the end of the model name indicates that this Macintosh was sold to the educational market.
1979:
1907:
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in March 1987, it remained in production as a cheaper alternative until the introduction of the
676:
and its associated circuitry on its right side take up a considerable amount of interior space.
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2018:
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from previous Macs, along with backward compatibility. The drive is controlled by the same
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544:(HFS), which uses a true directory structure on disks (as opposed to the earlier MFS,
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571:
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767:
reorganized the compact Macintosh case to accommodate a fan with the release of the
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1941:
1774:
1583:
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768:
719:
715:
357:
349:
339:
714:
Although the Macintosh Plus would become overshadowed by two new Macintoshes, the
756:
reduce heat when the machine was upgraded to its full RAM capacity of 4 MB.
2239:
2224:
2219:
844:
834:
590:
514:
473:
44:
1126:"Signed by Steve Jobs & Co – Signatures Inside the Original Macintosh Case"
30:
This article is about the Macintosh computer. For the electronic musician, see
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1930:
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371:
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1322:
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31:
593:
were also bundled. Third-party software applications available included
17:
2186:
2104:
2099:
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1743:
1379:
727:
594:
405:
1155:
652:
shipping 2- and 4- MB configurations and rebranded it simply as "
2283:
1311:
752:
633:
483:
The Mac Plus was the first Apple computer to utilize user-upgradable
153:
Macintosh Plus at the Museo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología in Spain
1098:
810:
806:
771:, which optionally included a heat-generating internal hard disk.
705:
667:
567:
484:
469:
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1326:
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38:
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in 2018. It continued to be supported by versions of the
639:
The case design is essentially identical to the original
460:
The Macintosh Plus was the last classic Mac to have an
392:, introduced on January 16, 1986, two years after the
476:; models released after the Macintosh Plus would use
1249:"Still Useful after All These Years -- The Mac Plus"
2271:
2248:
2195:
2164:
2118:
2062:
2009:
2002:
1923:
1785:
1660:
1592:
1539:
1486:
1428:
1370:
1361:
585:were bundled with the Mac Plus. After August 1987,
528:. The drive was still completely incompatible with
363:
345:
331:
323:
311:
303:
295:
279:
266:
249:
217:
206:
188:
178:
168:
158:
613:. Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint (originally by
570:monochrome display with a resolution of 72
805:a Mac Plus on a variety of platforms including
566:, the Plus has a 9-inch (23 cm) 512 × 342
27:Third model of Apple's Macintosh computer line
1338:
1048:. Vol. 10, no. 13. pp. 405–418
979:"History of computer design: Apple Macintosh"
874:
8:
1009:"History of computer design: Macintosh Plus"
780:could send the Mac into an endless reset at
420:, up to System 7.5.5, but not System 7.5.2.
299:9 in (23 cm) monochrome, 512 × 342
141:
1040:"Microcomputer Color Graphics-Observations"
680:An upgrade kit was offered for the earlier
2361:Products and services discontinued in 1996
2356:Products and services discontinued in 1990
2006:
1367:
1345:
1331:
1323:
1099:"Macintosh Plus: Technical Specifications"
881:
867:
147:
140:
521:chip as in previous models, implementing
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
1318:BYTE takes an early look at the Mac Plus
854:
619:
396:and a little more than a year after the
1312:Macintosh Plus technical specifications
940:
287:RAM, expandable to 4 MB (150 ns 30-pin
2351:Computer-related introductions in 1986
1192:from the original on September 6, 2022
1186:Never trust a computer you can't lift!
1182:"Picture of "Macintosh Plus ED" front"
643:. It debuted in beige and was labeled
464:port on the front of the unit for the
65:Please improve this article by adding
1247:Knight, Daniel (September 16, 1998).
1105:from the original on October 26, 2014
7:
1136:from the original on October 6, 2022
213: (equivalent to $ 7,220 in 2023)
1162:from the original on March 24, 2018
388:computer is the third model in the
1259:from the original on June 27, 2006
1079:from the original on July 11, 2015
989:from the original on July 31, 2017
513:, offering double the capacity of
25:
1067:Knight, Daniel (March 24, 2013).
1019:from the original on May 14, 2017
955:. August 11, 2006. Archived from
949:"The 25 Greatest PCs of All Time"
487:memory modules instead of single
315:Height: 13.6 in (35 cm)
2146:Mouse and other pointing devices
1963:Macintosh Processor Upgrade Card
1279:"Technical Note DV14: SCSI Bugs"
1069:"ScuzzyGraph and ScuzzyGraph II"
1038:Webster, Bruce (December 1985).
624:The Apple Macintosh Plus at the
492:connected, for a 4 MB maximum.)
319:Depth: 10.9 in (28 cm)
43:
1985:Twentieth Anniversary Macintosh
317:Width: 9.6 in (24 cm)
2034:AppleColor High-Resolution RGB
1285:. July 1, 1987. Archived from
1:
672:Inside a Macintosh Plus; the
535:Macintosh 800K External Drive
67:secondary or tertiary sources
837:and even Texas Instruments'
495:It has what was then a new
2377:
2279:Interactive Television Box
1212:"Classic Mac Repair Notes"
919:
327:16.5 lb (7.5 kg)
245:(operating system updates)
29:
2322:Apple hardware since 1998
2318:
841:graphing calculator line.
146:
2182:Apple Communication Slot
2029:AppleColor Composite IIe
649:Macintosh Plus 1 Mb
542:Hierarchical File System
2346:68k Macintosh computers
234:September 27, 1996
1968:Apple Workgroup Server
759:From the debut of the
711:
677:
636:
236:; 27 years ago
223:; 33 years ago
194:; 38 years ago
54:relies excessively on
2172:Apple II serial cards
1674:68k-based PowerBooks
709:
671:
623:
546:Macintosh File System
221:October 15, 1990
192:January 16, 1986
1980:Apple Network Server
1936:Big Mac and Baby Mac
1356:hardware before 1998
702:Long production life
173:Apple Computer, Inc.
2320:See also template:
2215:Daisy Wheel Printer
2141:Adjustable Keyboard
1803:5200 LC and 5300 LC
1289:on October 29, 2004
1283:developer.apple.com
511:800 KB floppy drive
509:-inch double-sided
445:model to include a
143:
2210:Dot Matrix Printer
1947:Macintosh Performa
1915:Power Macintosh G3
1746:-based PowerBooks
1670:Macintosh Portable
922:List of Mac models
712:
678:
647:on the front, but
637:
472:connector for the
394:original Macintosh
207:Introductory price
2341:Compact Macintosh
2328:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2235:Color LaserWriter
2230:410 Color Plotter
2136:Extended Keyboard
1998:
1997:
1990:Macintosh history
1952:Macintosh Centris
1430:Compact Macintosh
932:
931:
926:Compact Macintosh
860:Compact Macintosh
724:Macintosh Classic
577:The applications
557:drive replacement
468:, as well as the
410:System Software 5
382:
381:
354:Macintosh Classic
183:Compact Macintosh
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
2368:
2049:Multiple Scan 14
2007:
1594:Macintosh Quadra
1368:
1347:
1340:
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1324:
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1294:
1275:
1269:
1268:
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1238:
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1227:
1221:. Archived from
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1015:. May 17, 1998.
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999:
998:
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985:. May 17, 1998.
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969:
968:
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964:
945:
883:
876:
869:
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674:cathode-ray tube
551:Inside Macintosh
508:
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377:
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251:Operating system
244:
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224:
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134:
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78:"Macintosh Plus"
71:
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39:
21:
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2310:
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2191:
2160:
2114:
2110:Tape Drive 40SC
2063:External drives
2058:
2039:Macintosh Color
1994:
1959:(Macintosh PDS)
1919:
1787:Power Macintosh
1781:
1656:
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1535:
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1424:
1357:
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1308:
1303:
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1228:on June 6, 2014
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1163:
1158:. Low End Mac.
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959:on July 3, 2008
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790:
777:
749:
704:
611:Aldus PageMaker
505:
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368:Macintosh 512Ke
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60:primary sources
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2044:AudioVision 14
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1306:External links
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823:classic Mac OS
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789:
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773:
761:Macintosh 128K
748:
745:
732:classic Mac OS
703:
700:
686:Macintosh 512K
682:Macintosh 128K
654:Macintosh Plus
645:Macintosh Plus
599:Microsoft Word
523:variable speed
425:
422:
398:Macintosh 512K
390:Macintosh line
386:Macintosh Plus
380:
379:
365:
361:
360:
347:
343:
342:
336:Macintosh 512K
333:
329:
328:
325:
321:
320:
313:
309:
308:
305:
301:
300:
297:
293:
292:
281:
277:
276:
273:Motorola 68000
270:
264:
263:
262:(except 7.5.2)
253:
247:
246:
219:
215:
214:
208:
204:
203:
190:
186:
185:
180:
179:Product family
176:
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166:
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162:
156:
155:
152:
142:Macintosh Plus
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2373:
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2200:
2198:
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2185:
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2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2157:
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2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
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2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:Input devices
2117:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2054:ColorSync 750
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:Miscellaneous
1922:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:7200 and 8200
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:6200 and 6300
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
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1798:
1796:
1795:4400 and 7220
1793:
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1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1569:LC 500 series
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
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1547:
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1544:
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1507:
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1499:
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1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1478:Color Classic
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
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1207:
1204:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:Rosen, Adam.
1120:
1117:
1104:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1013:Landsnail.com
1010:
1004:
1001:
988:
984:
983:Landsnail.com
980:
974:
971:
958:
954:
950:
944:
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865:
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836:
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828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
787:
785:
783:
775:ROM revisions
774:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
754:
746:
744:
741:
737:
736:version 7.5.5
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
708:
701:
699:
695:
693:
692:
687:
683:
675:
670:
666:
663:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
635:
631:
627:
626:Design Museum
622:
618:
616:
612:
609:, as well as
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
553:
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547:
543:
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531:
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520:
516:
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493:
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486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
429:Bruce Webster
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
378:
369:
366:
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252:
248:
220:
216:
209:
205:
191:
187:
184:
181:
177:
174:
171:
167:
163:
160:Also known as
157:
150:
145:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
62:
61:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2090:Hard Disk 20
1942:Macintosh XL
1899:9000 series
1879:8000 series
1849:7000 series
1824:6000 series
1799:5000 series
1584:Macintosh TV
1541:Macintosh LC
1488:Macintosh II
1452:
1314:at apple.com
1291:. Retrieved
1287:the original
1282:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1252:
1242:
1230:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1218:
1206:
1196:September 6,
1194:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1164:. Retrieved
1150:
1138:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:
1107:. Retrieved
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1072:
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1043:
1033:
1021:. Retrieved
1012:
1003:
991:. Retrieved
982:
973:
961:. Retrieved
957:the original
952:
943:
858:Timeline of
778:
769:Macintosh SE
758:
750:
739:
720:Macintosh II
716:Macintosh SE
713:
696:
690:
679:
653:
648:
644:
638:
576:
561:
549:
539:
515:floppy disks
494:
482:
459:
432:
427:
385:
383:
358:Macintosh II
350:Macintosh SE
340:Macintosh XL
232:(production)
218:Discontinued
189:Release date
169:Manufacturer
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
53:
36:
2240:StyleWriter
2225:LaserWriter
2220:ImageWriter
2131:Desktop Bus
2024:Monitor III
2003:Peripherals
1938:(cancelled)
1626:600 series
1253:Low End Mac
1130:Cult of Mac
1073:Low End Mac
1052:October 28,
845:Spectre GCR
835:Nintendo DS
615:Forethought
591:MultiFinder
564:compact Mac
332:Predecessor
2335:Categories
2258:MessagePad
2165:Networking
2019:Monitor II
1931:Apple Lisa
1737:500 series
1678:100 series
1473:Classic II
1219:68kmla.org
1156:"Mac Plus"
1140:October 6,
935:References
920:See also:
630:Gothenburg
607:PowerPoint
451:Zip drives
312:Dimensions
256:System 3.0
241:1996-09-27
228:1990-10-15
199:1986-01-16
89:newspapers
56:references
2263:eMate 300
2205:Silentype
2177:LocalTalk
2156:QuickTake
2080:Macintosh
1662:PowerBook
1363:Computers
1109:March 26,
1101:. Apple.
839:TI-Nspire
827:Pocket PC
799:Mini vMac
788:Emulators
658:Apple IIc
641:Macintosh
587:HyperCard
457:in 1998.
443:Macintosh
346:Successor
211:US$ 2,599
2306:W.A.L.T.
2197:Printers
2126:Keyboard
2075:FileWare
2011:Displays
1420:III Plus
1405:IIc Plus
1372:Apple II
1257:Archived
1190:Archived
1160:Archived
1134:Archived
1103:Archived
1083:July 10,
1077:Archived
1017:Archived
987:Archived
851:Timeline
747:Problems
718:and the
691:enhanced
583:MacWrite
579:MacPaint
466:keyboard
439:megabyte
424:Overview
418:System 7
414:System 6
372:Apple II
304:Graphics
119:May 2023
32:Vektroid
18:Mac Plus
2289:Paladin
2187:GeoPort
2151:Scanner
2105:PowerCD
2100:AppleCD
2085:ProFile
2070:Disk II
1744:PowerPC
1579:5200 LC
1468:Classic
1390:II Plus
1293:May 20,
1232:May 20,
1166:May 20,
1023:May 20,
993:May 20,
963:May 20,
953:PCWorld
862:models
815:Windows
803:emulate
728:Mac Pro
595:MacDraw
504:⁄
480:ports.
406:Pantone
364:Related
296:Display
275:@ 8 MHz
239: (
226: (
197: (
103:scholar
2299:Bandai
2294:Pippin
2284:Mac NC
2250:Newton
1574:LC 630
1564:LC 475
1559:LC III
1263:May 7,
801:- can
753:solder
734:up to
634:Sweden
605:, and
416:, and
307:72 ppi
280:Memory
164:M0001A
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
2272:Other
1770:2400c
1765:3400c
1750:2300c
1640:660AV
1622:840AV
1554:LC II
1463:SE/30
1448:512Ke
1354:Apple
1226:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
811:macOS
807:Linux
765:Apple
603:Excel
568:pixel
474:mouse
260:7.5.5
110:JSTOR
96:books
1973:9150
1908:9600
1903:9500
1893:8600
1888:8500
1883:8100
1873:7600
1868:7500
1863:7300
1853:7100
1843:6500
1838:6400
1828:6100
1818:5500
1813:5400
1808:5260
1760:1400
1755:5300
1531:IIvx
1526:IIvi
1521:IIsi
1516:IIfx
1511:IIci
1506:IIcx
1453:Plus
1443:512K
1438:128K
1410:IIGS
1295:2016
1265:2006
1234:2016
1198:2022
1168:2016
1142:2022
1111:2021
1085:2015
1054:2013
1045:BYTE
1025:2016
995:2016
965:2016
924:and
794:MESS
782:POST
684:and
662:IIGS
660:and
589:and
581:and
485:SIMM
470:DE-9
462:RJ11
455:iMac
447:SCSI
434:BYTE
402:SCSI
384:The
324:Mass
289:SIMM
82:news
1730:230
1725:210
1720:Duo
1713:190
1708:150
1703:180
1698:160
1693:170
1688:140
1683:100
1650:630
1645:605
1635:650
1630:610
1617:800
1612:950
1607:900
1602:700
1501:IIx
1415:III
1400:IIc
1395:IIe
831:iOS
819:DOS
628:in
572:PPI
526:GCR
519:IWM
489:DIP
478:ADB
431:of
268:CPU
58:to
2337::
1775:G3
1549:LC
1496:II
1458:SE
1385:II
1281:.
1255:.
1251:.
1217:.
1188:.
1184:.
1132:.
1128:.
1075:.
1071:.
1042:.
1011:.
981:.
951:.
833:,
829:,
825:,
821:,
817:,
813:,
809:,
784:.
632:,
601:,
597:,
562:A
530:PC
412:,
375:GS
285:MB
283:1
258:–
69:.
1380:I
1346:e
1339:t
1332:v
1297:.
1267:.
1236:.
1200:.
1170:.
1144:.
1113:.
1087:.
1056:.
1027:.
997:.
967:.
882:e
875:t
868:v
740:e
688:/
506:2
502:1
499:+
497:3
291:)
243:)
230:)
201:)
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
63:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
