237:
subhorizontal away from the plume. However, if subhorizontal flow is a result of dike ascent to a level of impartial lightness in the Earth's crust, it would not be related to the size of the
Mackenzie plume. Instead, the analysis of dike swarm geometry could possibly maintain evidence for the smallest diameter of the Mackenzie plume. The outer limit separating the zone of fanning dike geometry and subparallel dikes might be suggestive of the smallest diameter for the Mackenzie plume because it is not probable that the stress related to a magmatic zone has consequence over a region that is lesser than the Mackenzie plume, which created the feature. From this analysis, the smallest diameter of the Mackenzie plume would have been about 2,000 km (1,200 mi).
43:
267:
288:. This tectonic setting suggestion can be comparable with the early volcano-tectonic evolution of the Yellowstone hotspot, which developed two arms instead of three, followed by failure of both arms. At the Mackenzie hotspot, rifting is considered to have been passive and to have taken place in the crust above the hotspot that should have been weakened by the Mackenzie plume. Crustal uplift may have also provided stresses contributing to rifting.
1441:
253:. Both hotspots produced massive qualities of basaltic lava flows that were identical with the formation of dike swarms during a short period of time at the beginning of mantle plume volcanism. It is estimated that the majority of volcanism that formed the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province took place for no more than two million years, and subsequent volcanism is unknown. However, the younger and smaller
335:, which are widespread throughout the large igneous province. With an area of 2,700,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi), the Mackenzie event is the largest magmatic event ever to occur on the Canadian landscape. At least two magmatic formations can be considered large igneous provinces in their own advantage, both of which cover an area of more than 150,000 km (58,000 sq mi).
395:. The Mackenzie dike swarm was emplaced into older metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Canadian Shield about 1,200 million years ago. Individual dikes of the Mackenzie swarm are respectively 1,500 km (930 mi) to 2,000 km (1,200 mi) long and 30 m (98 ft) thick. This indicates that the Mackenzie dikes are larger than those associated with the
412:
500:. This makes the Coppermine River flood basalts one of the largest flood basalt events ever to appear on the North American continent, as well as on Earth. The maximum thickness of the Coppermine River flood basalts is 4.7 km (2.9 mi) and consist of 150 lava flows, each 4 m (13 ft) to 100 m (330 ft) thick.
374:
flood basalts in the north above the roof of the magma chamber, down through the igneous layering of the Muskox intrusion and into the keel region of the intrusion and its intersection with the olivine gabbro feeder dike that forms the southernmost sector. The margin zone characterizes the western and eastern outer limits of the intrusion.
503:
The
Coppermine River flood basalts were extruded shortly after a period of crustal uplift that later resulted in a short period of collapse in the associated landscape. This sudden uplift was likely caused by rising magma of the Mackenzie plume, which later resulted in the appearance of the Mackenzie
487:
with an area of 170,000 km (66,000 sq mi), representing a volume of lavas of at least 500,000 km (120,000 cu mi). This extensive area of flood basalt lava flows has been termed the
Coppermine River flood basalts hence given the location of the flood basalt sequence. With
382:
Widespread throughout the
Mackenzie Large Igneous Province is the 2,700,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi) Mackenzie dike swarm. This extensive group of radially oriented dikes is more than 500 km (310 mi) wide and 3,000 km (1,900 mi) long, extending from Northwestern Ontario
571:
exist on Earth. Because the Muskox intrusion has strong similarities to the Noril'sk-Talnakh area in
Siberia, a number of mineral explorations have taken place. The first mineral exploration of the Muskox intrusion occurred during the 1950s when surface prospecting began by the International Nickel
440:
in the
Northwest Territories and Nunavut. This was the last major event to affect the core of the Slave craton, although later on some younger mafic magmatism registered along its boundaries. This includes the magmatic events that formed the 723 million year old Franklin Large Igneous Province
482:
Between 1,200 and 740 million years ago, a series of flood basalt eruptions took place. At the northern portion of the
Mackenzie Large Igneous Province, vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large area of the northwestern Canadian Shield. This extensive volcanism constructed a large
373:
the overlying margin zone and layered series covers the feeder dike section. The layering series dips gently north as do the overlying
Coppermine flood basalts. Weathering of the Muskox dipping sequence has exposed a cross-section through the entire dipping sequence, starting with the Coppermine
368:
The Muskox intrusion can be separated into three sections, including an olivine gabbro feeder dike to the intrusion, another contact margin zone, and an upper layered series. Because of different levels of erosion and outcroppings of the Muskox intrusion at higher structural levels, north of the
270:
Tectonic and magmatic features associated with the
Mackenzie Large Igneous Province. Red star shows the initial Mackenzie plume zone relative to the lithosphere; partial black circle is the estimate of the zone of plume influence on stress-field orientation; dark lines are dikes of the Mackenzie
183:
Even though the
Mackenzie Large Igneous Province is classified as a large igneous province like other extremely large accumulations of igneous rocks on Earth, it is much larger than large igneous province standards. The standard size classification for large igneous provinces is a minimum areal
399:
in the United States, which are respectively 400 km (250 mi) to 500 km (310 mi) long and 10 km (6.2 mi) to 30 km (19 mi) thick. The size differentiation of the Columbia River and Mackenzie dikes suggests that the crude estimates for both dike length and
236:
The size of the Mackenzie hotspot is considered to have been about 1,000 km (620 miles) in diameter. This calculation is based on the analysis of magmatic fabric in the Mackenzie dike swarm, which shows that magma flow was only vertical close to the middle of the Mackenzie plume and only
452:
are interpreted to represent the western extension of the Mackenzie dike swarm. They display geologic similarities with the Mackenzie dike swarm and the Coppermine River flood basalts, and are therefore regarded as products of the Mackenzie plume. The dikes intrude through Early Proterozoic
504:
hotspot. The early Muskox intrusion is considered to have originally been a sill-shaped magma reservoir for the overlying Coppermine River flood basalts during their formation. With the Coppermine River basalts comprising more than 100 individual lava flows, the potential volumes of
579:
Exposed portions of the feeder dike south of the Coppermine River comprise bodies of large semi-massive and disseminated copper-nickel sulfides rich in platinum group metals. At the margins of the Muskox intrusion, sulfide bearing zones more than 10 km (6.2 mi) long contain
344:
257:
just to the northeast is considered to have been formed by a similar mantle plume between 727 and 721 million years ago. The short time span of two million years for magma emplacement in the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province is also present for the Yellowstone hotspot.
245:
million years. This indicates that the Mackenzie hotspot essentially emplaced the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province as a whole throughout the associated landscape. The associated Mackenzie plume is consistent with mantle plumes that have deep origins within the Earth's mantle.
359:
on Earth, as well as one of the most valuable from an economic perspective. The intrusion represents the oldest igneous formation of the Mackenzie magmatic event, having formed between 1,905 and 1,155 million years ago. It maintains a triangular trough-shaped
42:
457:
of the Wernecke Supergroup, some of which exist as separate intrusions while others occur in swarms of up to eight dikes. Individual dikes range from 5 m (16 ft) to 15 m (49 ft) thick and up to 5 km (3.1 mi) long. Medium to fine grained
364:
that extends 1.8 km (1.1 mi) below the surface. With a width of 20 km (12 mi) and a length of over 470 km (290 mi), the Muskox intrusion is overlain by a sequence of Coppermine flood basalts that remains 3 km (1.9 mi) thick.
275:
At the beginning of the Mackenzie magmatic event, the Mackenzie hotspot collided with lithosphere that was already in an extensional regime that allowed rifting to occur. Passive rifting has been interpreted as the mechanism that produced the opening of the former
561:
elements and copper mineralization exists in the basal margin of the Muskox intrusion. Research operated by Muskox Minerals Corp. proclaims that this extensive layered intrusion has the possibility to evolve into a massive expected source of copper,
299:
portion of the Midcontinent Rift System is bounded on the south by pre-existing continental faults that had substantial right-lateral movement before the formation of the Midcontinent Rift System. This period of rifting was a large event for
184:
extent of 100,000 km (39,000 sq mi). However, the Mackenzie dike swarm itself occupies an area of at least 2,700,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi), making the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province larger than the
1023:
Schwab, Danette L.; Thorkelson, Derek J.; Mortensen, James K.; Creaser, Robert A.; Abbott, J. Grant (2004-08-20). "The Bear River dykes (1265-1269 Ma): westward continuation of the Mackenzie dyke swarm into Yukon, Canada".
576:. In the 1980s, many small companies with little financing and fragmented claim blocks attended sampling and a number of drilling operations on outcroppings of the Muskox intrusion that contained platinum group elements.
157:. It is one of the several large igneous provinces scattered throughout the Canadian landscape, which can be thousands of kilometres in volume and area. The Mackenzie Large Igneous Province is one of the world's largest
415:
Map of the 1,267 million year old northwest trending Mackenzie dike swarm (black lines). Dots indicate areas where flow direction was determined. Red arcuate line indicates boundary between vertical flow and horizontal
488:
an area of 170,000 km (66,000 sq mi) and a volume of 650,000 km (160,000 cu mi), the Coppermine River flood basalt sequence is larger than the Columbia River Basalt Group in the
566:
and platinum group metals. The expected mineralization potential for the Muskox intrusion is supported as a result of its strong similarities to the Noril'sk-Talnakh intrusions in Siberia where the richest
436:-fill sequence was deposited before the Mackenzie dikes were intruded into the associated basins. When the giant Mackenzie dike swarm intruded into the Canadian Shield, it partly uplifted and intruded the
319:
The massive extent of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province contains a number of magmatic features that were formed during the extensive Mackenzie magmatic event. This includes
280:, the geometry of which would have been partly controlled by dike swarm geometry. Fahrig (1987) proposed that the Mackenzie plume impact resulted in the emplacement of a
1192:
441:
and the 780 million year old Hottah gabbro sheets. Since the Mackenzie dike swarm intruded the Slave craton, the craton has been repeatedly submerged under seas.
233:. Evidence for the Mackenzie hotspot include the existence of the giant mafic Mackenzie dike swarm because of its fanning pattern adjacent to the Muskox intrusion.
47:
Map of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province and its sub-features. Blue star marks the approximate focal point for the 1,270 million year old magmatic activity.
432:
in Saskatchewan, the Thelon Basin in Nunavut and the Baker Lake Basin in the Northwest Territories. The mafic dikes display evidence that the unmetamorphosed
420:
The Mackenzie dike swarm is the largest dike swarm known on Earth and is one of the several dike swarms found throughout the Canadian Shield. Mafic dikes cut
523:
were erupted on a smaller scale about 900 million years ago. These flood basalts reach a thickness of 360 m (1,180 ft). Just southeast of the
809:
225:, it spread out and melted catastrophically to form large volumes of basaltic magma. This resulted in the creation of a stationary volcanic zone west of
1465:
1416:
1273:
284:
that had a large mafic dike swarm on every rift arm. Two of the first arms formed the Poseidon Ocean basin and the third arm failed thus forming an
1078:
801:
833:
1144:
1278:
1185:
1123:
1094:
817:
780:
110:
that were formed during a massive igneous event starting about 1,270 million years ago. The large igneous province extends from the
979:
1475:
1295:
1243:
1086:
1248:
1300:
1238:
1178:
942:
588:, copper and nickel. This is the location where casual mineral exploration companies searched the Muskox intrusion in the past.
1373:
1329:
1283:
946:
531:
flood basalts remain 300 m (980 ft) to 500 m (1,600 ft) thick. They appear green in colour and contain the
254:
145:
As a large igneous province, it is an extremely large area of related igneous rocks that were emplaced over an extremely short
1378:
671:
612:
597:
149:
span. The igneous rocks comprising the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province originated from processes not associated with normal
772:
617:
607:
1401:
1490:
1258:
987:
841:
396:
1480:
1495:
1470:
1334:
304:
292:
226:
1485:
1349:
1217:
1201:
1115:
1041:
708:
135:
95:
33:
508:
magma that moved through the Muskox conduit were in the order of 10,000 km (2,400 cu mi).
1426:
1421:
1368:
1363:
602:
392:
146:
127:
902:
Pilkington, Mark; Roest, Walter R. (1998). "Removing varying directional trends in aeromagnetic data".
845:
1356:
1253:
1033:
911:
878:
139:
123:
1046:
1383:
1288:
1233:
1151:
467:
291:
A slightly younger but possibly related geologic feature is the 2,000 km (1,200 mi) long
250:
238:
185:
61:
241:
of certain Mackenzie dikes from an array of distances from an assigned focal point give an age of
528:
154:
867:
1391:
1317:
1119:
1090:
813:
776:
538:
462:
and gabbro comprise the Bear River dikes and are occasionally altered by metamorphism to form
433:
356:
343:
324:
308:
230:
991:
213:
Like most large igneous provinces, the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province has its origins in a
1387:
1339:
1082:
1051:
919:
834:"Large Igneous Provinces in Canada Through Time and Their Metallogenic Potential Appendix 1"
512:
454:
449:
370:
218:
131:
474:
veins, the Bear River dikes are interpreted to have formed during a single magmatic phase.
1307:
1212:
524:
429:
281:
150:
99:
92:
66:
466:. Apart from two dikes that display differentiation, such as containing weak penetrative
1037:
915:
882:
249:
The Mackenzie hotspot is interpreted to have been similar to the early volcanism of the
1445:
1411:
1268:
1228:
558:
332:
328:
277:
950:
1459:
516:
489:
361:
355:
lies the massive Muskox intrusion. It remains as one of the largest and most studied
296:
189:
1055:
943:"Comparisons of the 2005 Geologic Map of North America with the 1965 Map, Areas 1-4"
411:
271:
swarm; CRB indicates the Coppermine River basalts; M indicates the Muskox intrusion.
266:
1440:
1406:
1396:
1322:
1312:
1263:
493:
484:
437:
388:
320:
214:
107:
704:
675:
1071:
546:
463:
425:
222:
158:
119:
193:
168:
on Earth. Igneous rocks of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province are generally
164:
provinces, as well as one of the most well-preserved continental flood basalt
1221:
581:
573:
532:
285:
705:"The 1.27 Ga Mackenzie Large Igneous Province and Muskox layered intrusion"
1170:
295:
adjacent to the southern end of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province. The
505:
471:
384:
542:
520:
459:
421:
352:
165:
115:
923:
563:
301:
197:
177:
173:
111:
103:
217:—an upwelling zone of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's
497:
445:
410:
342:
265:
169:
161:
347:
Geologic map of the Muskox intrusion and adjacent geologic groups
130:. Included in the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province are the large
585:
535:
1174:
1112:
Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup
568:
221:. As the head of the Mackenzie plume encountered the Earth's
868:"Re-os isotopic study of the Muskox Intrusion, NWT, Canada"
470:
of unknown age and origin and being cross-cut by undated
428:
rocks of the Canadian Shield, including those in the
229:
that experienced considerable volcanism known as the
1150:. Rockgate Capital Corp. 2008-07-31. Archived from
77:
72:
60:
52:
21:
1070:
1110:Yoshida, M.; B. F. Windley; S. Dasgupta (2003).
769:Mantle plumes: their identification through time
448:, the 1,265 to 1,269 million year old
408:for the early stage of the Yellowstone hotspot.
307:, and the rifting event later deceased when the
138:sequence and the massive northwesterly trending
767:Ernst, Richard E.; Buchan, Kenneth L. (2001).
98:of the southwestern, western and northwestern
1186:
81:2,700,000 km (1,000,000 sq mi)
8:
1193:
1179:
1171:
810:United States National Academy of Sciences
674:. Prize Mining Corporation. Archived from
549:also exist in the Ekalulia flood basalts.
18:
1045:
775:. pp. 143, 145, 146, 147, 148, 259.
572:Company of Canada, which is now known as
378:Construction of the Mackenzie dike swarm
802:United States National Research Council
628:
71:
59:
51:
39:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
400:thickness ratio are within the ranges
1139:
1137:
1135:
804:. Geophysics Study Committee (1980).
762:
760:
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750:
748:
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744:
742:
740:
738:
666:
664:
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351:Adjacent to McGregor Lake in western
76:
7:
973:
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933:
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698:
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650:
648:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
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634:
632:
106:. It consists of a group of related
1145:"Notice of special general meeting"
1087:Energy, Mines and Resources Canada
14:
339:Placement of the Muskox intrusion
1466:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
1439:
126:where it meets with the smaller
89:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
41:
23:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
16:Large igneous province in Canada
1056:10.1016/j.precamres.2004.04.004
947:United States Geological Survey
255:Franklin Large Igneous Province
978:Bleeker, Wouter (2008-06-13).
875:Egs - AGU - Eug Joint Assembly
613:Volcanology of Northern Canada
598:Timeline of volcanism on Earth
515:flood basalts on northwestern
511:Further to the northeast, the
492:and comparable in size to the
404:for the Mackenzie hotspot and
1:
1274:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
773:Geological Society of America
618:Volcanology of Western Canada
608:Volcanology of Eastern Canada
136:Coppermine River flood basalt
56:Northwest Territories, Canada
1069:Lambert, Maurice B. (1978).
949:. 2006-02-14. Archived from
844:. 2008-09-24. Archived from
988:Geological Survey of Canada
842:Geological Survey of Canada
397:Columbia River Basalt Group
1512:
984:Mineral Deposits of Canada
838:Mineral Deposits of Canada
172:in composition, including
1476:Mesoproterozoic volcanism
1435:
1208:
40:
31:
293:Midcontinent Rift System
132:Muskox layered intrusion
1202:Large igneous provinces
1218:Northeast Georgia Rise
1116:The Geological Society
980:"Regional Metallogeny"
709:University of Maryland
417:
348:
272:
96:large igneous province
34:Large igneous province
806:Continental Tectonics
603:Volcanology of Canada
414:
393:Northwest Territories
346:
269:
188:(in the southwestern
128:Matachewan dike swarm
1357:Mackenzie dike swarm
1026:Precambrian Research
866:Day, J.M.D. (2003).
311:collision occurred.
140:Mackenzie dike swarm
124:Northwestern Ontario
1402:Paraná and Etendeka
1289:Franklin dike swarm
1279:Equatorial Atlantic
1234:Brazilian Highlands
1038:2004PreR..133..175S
916:1998Geop...63..446P
883:2003EAEJA.....6848D
391:to Nunavut and the
251:Yellowstone hotspot
239:Uranium-lead dating
186:Ontong Java Plateau
1491:Historical geology
1446:Geology portal
529:Ekalulia Formation
418:
357:layered intrusions
349:
325:layered intrusions
273:
262:Extensional forces
155:seafloor spreading
91:(MLIP) is a major
78: • Total
1481:Hotspot volcanism
1453:
1452:
1125:978-1-86239-125-3
1096:978-0-88894-227-2
1032:(3–4): 175, 176.
924:10.1190/1.1444345
819:978-0-309-02928-5
782:978-0-8137-2352-5
672:"Muskox Property"
383:through northern
309:Grenville orogeny
231:Mackenzie hotspot
85:
84:
1503:
1496:Economic geology
1444:
1443:
1359:
1352:
1350:Coppermine River
1325:
1303:
1291:
1244:Central Atlantic
1224:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1083:British Columbia
1076:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1020:
1003:
1002:
1000:
999:
990:. Archived from
975:
962:
961:
959:
958:
939:
928:
927:
899:
893:
892:
890:
889:
872:
863:
857:
856:
854:
853:
830:
824:
823:
798:
787:
786:
764:
713:
712:
703:Day, James M.D.
700:
687:
686:
684:
683:
668:
513:Nauyat Formation
496:in west-central
450:Bear River dikes
407:
403:
371:Coppermine River
315:Magmatic history
244:
45:
19:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1471:Plate tectonics
1456:
1455:
1454:
1449:
1438:
1431:
1355:
1348:
1321:
1299:
1287:
1254:Circum-Superior
1249:Central Iapetus
1216:
1204:
1199:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1126:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1079:North Vancouver
1068:
1067:
1063:
1047:10.1.1.607.3240
1022:
1021:
1006:
997:
995:
977:
976:
965:
956:
954:
941:
940:
931:
901:
900:
896:
887:
885:
870:
865:
864:
860:
851:
849:
832:
831:
827:
820:
812:. p. 180.
800:
799:
790:
783:
766:
765:
716:
702:
701:
690:
681:
679:
670:
669:
630:
626:
594:
555:
525:Queen Maud Gulf
480:
430:Athabasca Basin
405:
401:
380:
341:
317:
282:triple junction
264:
242:
227:Victoria Island
211:
206:
151:plate tectonics
147:geological time
100:Canadian Shield
93:Mesoproterozoic
67:Mesoproterozoic
48:
36:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1509:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1486:Rift volcanism
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1381:
1376:
1374:North Atlantic
1371:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1301:Sverdrup Basin
1293:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:Columbia River
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1190:
1183:
1175:
1168:
1167:
1131:
1124:
1118:. p. 26.
1102:
1095:
1061:
1004:
963:
929:
910:(2): 446–453.
894:
858:
825:
818:
788:
781:
714:
688:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
593:
590:
559:platinum group
554:
553:Mineralization
551:
479:
476:
379:
376:
340:
337:
316:
313:
305:mineralization
278:Poseidon Ocean
263:
260:
210:
207:
205:
202:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
70:
69:
64:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
46:
38:
37:
32:
29:
28:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1508:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
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1157:on 2018-09-17
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994:on 2010-04-20
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848:on 2011-06-04
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678:on 2009-04-08
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517:Baffin Island
514:
509:
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490:United States
486:
478:Flood basalts
477:
475:
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469:
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435:
431:
427:
423:
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387:and northern
386:
377:
375:
372:
366:
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362:magma chamber
358:
354:
345:
338:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
321:flood basalts
314:
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310:
306:
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298:
297:Lake Superior
294:
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283:
279:
268:
261:
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190:Pacific Ocean
187:
181:
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167:
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160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:igneous rocks
105:
101:
97:
94:
90:
80:
68:
65:
63:
55:
44:
35:
30:
20:
1437:
1344:
1323:Broken Ridge
1313:Karoo-Ferrar
1159:. Retrieved
1152:the original
1111:
1105:
1072:
1064:
1029:
1025:
996:. Retrieved
992:the original
983:
955:. Retrieved
951:the original
907:
903:
897:
886:. Retrieved
874:
861:
850:. Retrieved
846:the original
837:
828:
805:
768:
680:. Retrieved
676:the original
584:, platinum,
578:
556:
547:pillow lavas
510:
502:
494:Deccan Traps
485:lava plateau
481:
453:sedimentary
444:In northern
443:
438:Slave craton
419:
389:Saskatchewan
381:
367:
350:
318:
290:
274:
248:
235:
215:mantle plume
212:
182:
144:
118:to near the
88:
86:
1384:Ontong Java
1296:High Arctic
464:greenschist
426:Proterozoic
223:lithosphere
159:Proterozoic
120:Great Lakes
1460:Categories
1369:Mistassini
1364:Matachewan
1340:Long Range
1335:Keweenawan
1161:2010-02-23
998:2010-02-23
957:2010-02-23
904:Geophysics
888:2010-02-23
852:2010-02-23
682:2010-01-30
624:References
406:1.3-5 x 10
402:5-6.7 x 10
194:U.S. state
192:) and the
1417:Skagerrak
1392:Hikurangi
1345:Mackenzie
1318:Kerguelen
1239:Caribbean
1222:Maud Rise
1073:Volcanoes
1042:CiteSeerX
582:palladium
574:Vale Inco
569:orebodies
533:magnesium
472:hematitic
468:foliation
286:aulacogen
1427:Winagami
1412:Siberian
1388:Manihiki
1330:Marathon
1284:Franklin
1269:Emeishan
877:: 6848.
592:See also
545:. Minor
541:mineral
539:silicate
506:silicate
385:Manitoba
243:1267 ± 2
166:terrains
162:magmatic
53:Location
1407:Shatsky
1379:Ongeluk
1308:Iceland
1213:Agulhas
1034:Bibcode
912:Bibcode
879:Bibcode
543:olivine
521:Nunavut
460:diorite
422:Archean
353:Nunavut
209:Origins
204:Geology
116:Nunavut
1422:Ungava
1397:Panjal
1264:Deccan
1229:Azores
1122:
1093:
1044:
816:
779:
564:nickel
557:Heavy
527:, the
455:strata
302:copper
219:mantle
198:Alaska
178:gabbro
174:basalt
134:, the
112:Arctic
104:Canada
1155:(PDF)
1148:(PDF)
871:(PDF)
498:India
446:Yukon
434:basin
416:flow.
333:dikes
329:sills
170:mafic
1120:ISBN
1091:ISBN
814:ISBN
777:ISBN
586:gold
536:iron
424:and
331:and
176:and
153:and
87:The
73:Area
26:MLIP
1052:doi
1030:133
920:doi
519:of
196:of
122:in
114:in
102:in
62:Age
1462::
1220:,
1134:^
1114:.
1089:.
1085::
1081:,
1077:.
1050:.
1040:.
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1007:^
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982:.
966:^
945:.
932:^
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908:63
906:.
873:.
840:.
836:.
808:.
791:^
771:.
717:^
707:.
691:^
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327:,
323:,
200:.
180:.
142:.
1390:-
1386:-
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960:.
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922::
914::
891:.
881::
855:.
822:.
785:.
711:.
685:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
