1606:, five others receive 30-year sentences, three others receive a year in prison, and two be sentenced to time served. Macías Nguema's defense counsel countered that the other co-defendants were responsible for specific crimes, and asked for acquittal. Macías Nguema himself delivered a statement to the court outlining what he viewed as the extensive good deeds he had performed for the country. At noon on 29 September 1979, the Tribunal delivered its sentences, which were more severe than what the prosecution had requested. Macías Nguema and six of his co-defendants were sentenced to death, and the confiscation of their property. Nguema was sentenced to death "101 times". Two defendants were sentenced to fourteen years in prison each, and two others to four years each.
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1438:. That summer, Macías Nguema organised the execution of several members of his own family, leading several members of his inner circle to fear that he was no longer acting rationally. On 3 August 1979, he was overthrown by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, whose brother was among those murdered by the President. Obiang achieved his coup mostly with the help of his cousins with whom he had previously attended a Spanish military academy together and who now headed the military. As Macías Nguema was still at his palace, isolated from the rest of the country due to his fear of being overthrown, the coup met no organized opposition.
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1311:" in 1976 after demanding that the rest of the Equatoguinean population replace their Hispanic names with African names. He also banned Western clothes, foods and medicines for the rest of the population, stating that they were un-African, with Macías Nguema obtaining the little food available and reselling it at prices the vast majority of the population could not afford to punish those he thought did not want to work. As he also decided at what time the food would be resold, products would often be expired before they were offered to the public.
1268:, officials, and even members of his own family. Intellectuals and skilled professionals were a particular target, with human rights researcher Robert af Klinteberg describing Macías Nguema's policy as "deliberate cultural regression". The president's paranoid actions included mandating the death of those who wore glasses, banning use of the word "intellectual" and destroying boats to stop his people fleeing from his rule. Fishing was banned. He was known to order entire villages destroyed just to eliminate one suspected dissident.
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wooden clubs. Female prisoners were also subjected to rape, often in front of their husbands. Macías Nguema's regime often imprisoned entire families, including the spouses and children of suspected dissidents. The abuse in the prisons was overseen by
Teodoro, who reportedly enjoyed mocking and torturing the prisoners. Among the few people who could still convince Macías Nguema to spare suspected dissidents were his relatives, such as Raimundo Ela Nve Senior, though his circle of confidants grew ever smaller.
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while the JMM militia ran amok across
Equatorial Guinea, drunkenly murdering civilians. The overcrowding of the prisons was solved through regular mass executions, though many prisoners were simply left to starve to death. Even the presidential guards were forced to survive by scavenging fruits and hunting wild animals, as supply had mostly collapsed. In mid-April 1979, Macías Nguema's wife travelled to North Korea for surgery, taking their three younger children,
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everything that remained in the national treasury to his
Mongomo villa. Statisticians were also heavily repressed, and as a consequence, little economic data was generated on Equatorial Guinea during the 1970s. When the Equatorial Guinean director of the Institute of Statistics, Saturnin Antonio Ndongo, published demographic data considered too low by Macías, he was dismembered to "help him learn to count".
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protected by a military camp. The villa's private prison usually housed about 300 inmates, and the
President occasionally personally executed some of them. As time went on, Macías Nguema's actions became ever more bizarre. He declared private education subversive, and banned it entirely with Decree 6 on 18 March 1975.
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The deposed ruler and a contingent of loyal forces initially tried to resist the coup upon hearing of it, but his forces eventually abandoned him. He fled into the jungle of Rio Muni, possibly intending to get across the border into exile, but was captured on 18 August. The former president was found
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To prevent people from escaping, Macías Nguema had the only road out of the country mined, and camouflaged ditches with spikes constructed along the mainland border. In 1976, Nigeria evacuated 45,000 contract laborers from the country, citing "brutal ill treatment" by Macías Nguema's regime. In 1977,
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magazine account stating that "perhaps 150,000" persons fled, suggests that the proportion of the population that sought safety in exile may have approached 70%, based on the World Bank's estimate of the population in 1979. By the end of his rule, nearly all of the country's educated class was either
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Macías Nguema failed the civil service exam three times in the 1930s. Regardless, he eventually became a clerk in the
Spanish colonial administration, after passing the exam on the fourth try with assistance and some favoritism from colonial authorities, serving as court interpreter. In the 1940s, he
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With no higher court available to hear appeals, the decision of the
Special Military Tribunal was final. However, one problem arose, as Macías Nguema reportedly swore that his ghost would return and take revenge on those who had condemned him. The Equatoguinean soldiers consequently refused to shoot
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He employed a
Spanish lawyer to write his texts, providing him with a coherent agenda, and made various promises to improve his popularity. He would point at European-owned houses and ask the crowds if they wanted to own the place; when they responded positively, he stated that he would give them to
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As court interpreter, Macías Nguema eventually began taking bribes to manipulate his translations to absolve or incriminate defendants. The
Spanish interpreted his important role in many trials as evidence for influence and talent for leadership, and began to rapidly promote him. He became assistant
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victims, and worshipping a collection of heads as per Fang tradition, hoping that this would grant him power. Even more disturbing to the servants was one occasion, however, when he ordered a meal and table to be prepared for eight guests. He then sat there alone, casually talking "with the dead".
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joint resolution condemning him for acts of religious persecution and genocide had been proposed. By 1979, his servants stated that Macías Nguema had become increasingly withdrawn, often spending the time mostly alone at his
Mongomo villa. He would wander around, repeatedly saying the names of his
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Following his repeated purges and unpredictable policies, the country's government began to fall apart. During Macías Nguema's rule, the country had neither a development plan nor an accounting system or budget for government funds. After the killing of the governor of the
Central Bank, he carried
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Growing increasingly paranoid, Macías Nguema no longer slept at the presidential palace from around 1974 and visited the capital on ever more rare occasions. Instead, he began holing up in a fortified villa at his home village of Mongomo; the location had a private bunker as well as prison and was
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On 7 May 1971, Macías Nguema issued Decree 415, which repealed parts of the 1968 Constitution and granted him "all direct powers of Government and Institutions", including powers formerly held by the legislative and judiciary branches, as well as the cabinet of ministers. On 18 October 1971, Law 1
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After assuming power, Macías Nguema initially maintained a moderate policy and good relations with Spain, but within a year began to hold inflammatory, anti-European speeches and claimed that there were plots to overthrow him. His rival Bonifacio Ondó Edú then fled to Gabon. Relations with Spanish
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Macías Nguema's regime was estimated to have killed between 20,000 and 50,000 people, equating to between 9 and 23 percent of the country's contemporary population, with some estimates ranging as high as 80,000 deaths. By the end of his rule, over half of the population had been arrested at least
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It was believed that Macías Nguema had actually burned 100 million dollars (much of Equatorial Guinea's cash reserves) before attempting to escape the country as revenge. When his wife heard of his overthrow, she returned to Equatorial Guinea to protect their eldest son. Monica, Maribel, and Paco
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organized by the JMM militia, as almost all judges in the country fled or were jailed during Macías Nguema's rule. In one of these show trials in 1974, even the defence team of the accused requested a death sentence for their clients. Prisoners sentenced to death were usually beaten to death with
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of both the nation and the party. Fearing that the Spanish wanted to overthrow him, Macías Nguema offered promotions and other rewards to anyone who revealed a Spanish spy. This led to a climate of fear and suspicion, as owning the wrong book or having talked with the wrong person could result in
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He began travelling the country, encouraging his followers to fight against the Spanish, provoking a diplomatic crisis, also ordering the confiscation of all weapons possessed by Spaniards in the country and demanding they abandon all property they owned there. The Spanish government subsequently
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Members of Macías Nguema's inner circle and government officials became more and more worried about his erratic behavior. At this point, the government had mostly ceased to function, as most minister posts were vacant, officials were no longer paid, the National Assembly was effectively defunct,
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introduced in 1975 which had quickly lost nearly all value could not be replaced. Only Macías Nguema, the army, and the police were able to receive a regular salary during this time, with others sometimes going months without getting paid, eventually leading to the economy regressing to a
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interpreter, mayor of Mongomo, minister of public works, and finally deputy president of the Governing Council within a single year in the 1960s after Spanish Guinea was transformed from a colony to a province of Spain. He also served as a member of the territorial parliament.
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imposed the death penalty as punishment for threatening the President or the government. Insulting or offending the President or his cabinet was punishable by 30 years in prison. On 14 July 1972, a presidential decree merged all existing political parties into the
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for help. Although little was known about what advice the Spanish expert gave Macías Nguema, Kenyon argued that the treatment appeared to have failed, considering the president's subsequent development. Macías Nguema persisted in consuming large amounts of drugs.
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The JMM became increasingly powerful, and its members abused their powers, often drunkenly harassing and imprisoning individuals based on mere suspicions of sympathy for dissident ideas. The President mostly filled his inner circle with family members such as
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had rapidly deteriorated. The coffers of the only two banks in the new country, the Banco Exterior de España and the Banco de Crédito, were emptied, meaning officials could not be paid. The country still lacked a national bank or its own currency, meaning the
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the listeners if they voted for him. However, Macías Nguema was easily distracted from his speeches, and often made "chaotic public appearances". His bouts of erratic behavior were generally believed to be the sign of a "fearless" and "charming" leader.
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and government services shrinking to only cover internal security. Starting in 1976, Macías Nguema mandated that all children between the ages of 7 and 14 receive military training, and that any parent or person refusing would be imprisoned or shot.
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remained behind for their own safety, and consequently lived in North Korea for the remainder of their childhood. Monica stated that Kim Il Sung honored his friendship to Macías Nguema by acting as their guardian and financing their education.
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the following year. Due to his dictatorship's severe human rights abuses and economic mismanagement, tens of thousands of people fled the country to avoid persecution. This led to Equatorial Guinea being internationally nicknamed the
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After 1973, his regime also suppressed private commercial activity, and due to a lack of exports and foreign investment (the latter due to Macías Nguema's refusal in most cases), the nation lacked foreign currency, meaning that the
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According to various sources, anywhere from 20,000 to 80,000 of the roughly 200,000 to 300,000 people living in the country were killed under his regime, with tens of thousands more fleeing the country. He has been compared to
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by an old woman; he was exhausted and probably delirious, sitting beneath a tree and eating sugarcane. Obiang's troops proceeded to arrest him, and found his nearby car stuffed full of suitcases with $ 4 million in cash.
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Tens of thousands of citizens responded by fleeing in fear of persecution and to protect their personal safety. Af Klinteberg reported that as of 1978, at least 101,000 persons, out of a contemporary population that the
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In 1964, Macías Nguema was named deputy prime minister of the autonomous transition government established the prior year. Around this time, Macías Nguema himself came to fear that he was mentally unstable. Before the
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His prisons, most importantly Black Beach, were notorious for human rights abuses; prisoners were humiliated, starved, tortured, and murdered without due process. When there was a trial at all, dissidents faced
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had to be used, and according to the transition agreements with Spain, any biennial budgets approved for the territory prior to independence would need to be used, but Spain refused to honor its obligations.
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responding to falling cocoa production (one of the country's main export items), the President instituted a "system of slavery". During his presidency, his country was nicknamed the "Dachau of Africa", after
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Ondó Edú was officially reported to have committed suicide on 5 March 1969, although it is reported that Edú was actually executed soon after his return on trumped-up charges of having been planning a coup.
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him. A group of hired Moroccan troops was instead employed to carry out the sentence. 55-year old Macías Nguema and the six other defendants sentenced to death were executed by the hired firing squad, at
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In what has been the only free election held in the country to date, he defeated Ondó Edú in the runoff and was sworn in as president on 12 October. During his time as president-elect, he was awarded the
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The Supreme Military Council opened Case 1979 on 18 August 1979, and began interviewing witnesses and collecting evidence against the Macías Nguema government. The Council subsequently convened a
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957:, aged 44, he travelled to Madrid, where he was treated at the Ruben clinic. Despite these concerns, Macías Nguema ran for president of the soon-to-be independent country against Prime Minister
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Macías Nguema's wider clan, led by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, still leads Equatorial Guinea as of today. By 2007, his children had all left North Korea. However, Macías Nguema's daughter
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1318:"There is no other God than Macías". Owning anything related to Christianity became a reason for imprisonment due to alleged support for anti-government plots or coup attempts.
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Several contemporaries, such as the French ambassador to Equatorial Guinea, argued that Macías Nguema was insane. Some observers have posited that Macías Nguema may have been a
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3048:"'Annobón jamás olvidará a Batho Obama Nsue Mangue'. Número especial de 'La Verdad', órgano de prensa de CPDS, sobre los 50 años de Independencia de Guinea Ecuatorial. CPDS"
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Even at this early point of his career, Macías Nguema already exhibited erratic tendencies. In a conference to discuss the future independence of Equatorial Guinea at
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4190:"The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage?"
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2176:"The Pariah President: Teodoro Obiang is a brutal dictator responsible for thousands of deaths. So why is he treated like an elder statesman on the world stage?"
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Medical reports from his early career suggested that Macías Nguema was mentally unstable. Based on a report from 1968, the French foreign intelligence service
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for his service during the colonial administration. By this point he had also distanced himself from Catholicism, becoming outwardly critical of the Church.
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argued that he suffered from mental disorders and venereal diseases whose effects on his psyche were made even worse by his regular abuse of drugs such as
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At this point, Macías Nguema still recognized his own mental instability, and again sought help. After assuming the presidency, he made a secret trip to
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from which the country has never recovered. Two-thirds of the legislature and 10 of his original ministers were also killed or had been disappeared.
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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correspondent John Barnes. Edú was also captured and brought back to Equatorial Guinea, where he and several other senior officials were killed at
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level. He changed his name to Francisco Macías Nguema at this time after being baptized by Spanish Catholic missionaries, and would come to learn
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once, or had a relative who had been killed. Equatorial Guinea's per capita income fell from around $ 1,420 in 1968 to around $ 70 in 1975.
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the first president of the soon-to-be independent country in 1968. Early in his rule, he consolidated power by establishing an extreme
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in Bata, and in the Bata Public Works Service. In 1961, he first travelled to Madrid as spokesperson for a delegation which honoured
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4474:"LA COOPERACIÓN MILITAR ESPAÑOLA EN GUINEA ECUATORIAL: PRIMERA MISIÓN EN EL EXTERIOR EN LA RECIENTE HISTORIA DE LAS FAS ESPAÑOLAS"
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over the next few days. A commonly circulated claim that these mass executions were performed by executioners dressed up as
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in history. As president, he exhibited bizarre and erratic behavior; many of his contemporaries believed he was insane.
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from the country's independence in 1968, until his overthrow in 1979. He is widely remembered as one of the most brutal
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estimates totalled 215,284 persons—nearly 47% of the population—had fled the country. Other reporting, such as a 1979
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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in Malabo a photo of the President was adorned with the statement "God created Equatorial Guinea thanks to Macías".
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2119:"Between Three Continents: Rethinking Equatorial Guinea on the Fortieth Anniversary of its Independence from Spain"
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4209:"H.J.Res.1112 - A resolution to provide an end to the persecution of religion and genocide in Equatorial Guinea"
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forces, while the British ambassador described the Equatoguinean capital as being in a state of total chaos.
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Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society
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In 1971, he began forcing the entire population to undergo daily military training with a wooden rifle.
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3899:"Equatorial Guinea – Macias Country – Klinteberg | PDF | Spain | Politics (General)"
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Equatorial Guinea, the forgotten dictatorship: forced labour and political murder in central Africa
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on 24 September to try Macías Nguema and ten members of his government. The charges for the ten
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had not yet exerted control over the jungled area. He belonged to the Esangui clan, part of the
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him. Macías then took photographs of Ndongo dying on the street, later showing the album to
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Conflictos étnicos y gobernabilidad / Ethnic conflicts and governance: Guinea Ecuatorial
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David Casavis, "Teasing Out Psychopathic Behaviors of African Leaders: Francisco Macías"
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He eventually outlawed Christianity, and used the slogan, sometimes claimed to be the
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is almost certainly a fabrication, as this sensational detail does not appear in any
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had wanted to save Africans from colonialism and only got "confused", causing him to
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La Tierra de Bisila (Memorias de Fernando Póo 1958–1969) (Bioko – Guinea Ecuatorial)
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In March 1969, Macías Nguema arrested his own foreign minister and political rival,
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together with the new Equatorial Guinean president Macías Nguema on 12 October 1968
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Francisco Macías Nguema was born on 1 January 1924, as Mez-m Ngueme at Nzangayong,
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2437:"Balance de la descolonización africana. Problemas y desafíos ante el siglo XXI"
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for the remainder of his life. He was educated at a Catholic school through to
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4012:"Denuncia al presidente guineano por "liquidar" sin piedad a sus opositores"
1851:"Ce jour-là : le 12 octobre 1968, le Tigre de Malabo arrive au pouvoir"
1698:"How I unintentionally ended up spending 15 years of my life in North Korea"
1580:
1202:
mission was expelled from the country. Macías Nguema went on to establish a
1073:
1057:
4193:
2507:
golpe del 5 de marzo de 1969. Una versión española. Documental (18 minutos)
2179:
1735:
4862:
2695:"Marzo de 1969. La suerte de las familias españolas abandonadas en Guinea"
1766:"Fond Recollections of Dictators, Colored Later by the Lessons of History"
3234:
An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996
1584:
1261:
1089:
1049:
organized the evacuation of all its citizens (roughly 7,500) and all its
1037:
732:
478:
2781:
3025:
1596:
1430:
By 1979, Macías Nguema's government had garnered condemnation from the
1194:
that gave Macías Nguema absolute power and formally made his party the
828:
792:
490:
268:
Deputy Prime Minister of the Autonomous Government of Equatorial Guinea
135:
98:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
3596:
3564:
2855:
2410:""Escrito para la Historia": La independencia de Guinea (Capítulo 12)"
4843:"Tyranny, Communism, and U.S. Policy in Equatorial Guinea, 1968–1979"
3701:
The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair
1335:
1242:
934:
364:
3448:. International Commission of Jurists. pp. 6–55. Archived from
3580:
3565:"The Roots of African Despotism: The Question of Political Culture"
2847:
1730:[16 years in Pyongyang, Kim Il-sung was my second father].
827:, Equatorial Guinea's majority ethnic group. His family settled in
4591:"Macías mantiene que desconocía las matanzas en Guinea Ecuatorial"
1415:
1238:
1163:
1111:, later the United National Workers' Party, with Macías Nguema as
996:
886:
880:
816:
2831:
1166:, whom he associated with relative wealth and education, and the
897:, a disorder potentially enabled, in part, by reported childhood
3141:"Agustín Nze: "En Guinea Ecuatorial el español es innegociable""
1154:
Starting in the early 1970s, Macías Nguema began repressing the
1136:
1128:
73:
4915:
2832:"The U. N. Human Rights Commission: The Equatorial Guinea Case"
2727:"Guinea Ecuatorial: El País Donde Occidente Perdió la Dignidad"
2918:
Times, William Borders Special to The New York (10 May 1971).
1306:
29:
4368:
Small is Not Always Beautiful: The Story of Equatorial Guinea
3466:
Entre Estética Y Compromiso. la Obra de Donato Ndongo-bidyogo
2178:. The Ottawa Citizen (reprint: dangardner.ca). Archived from
3302:
3300:
3275:"If you think this one's bad you should have seen his uncle"
2967:. Associated Press. 6 August 1979. p. 1. Archived from
2299:"Francisco Macías, un tirano fruto del colonialismo español"
1602:
The state prosecutor requested that Macías Nguema receive a
719:; 1 January 1924 – 29 September 1979), often referred to as
4621:"Con la llegada al poder de Macías la economía se desplomó"
2664:"Situación jurídica de las propiedades españolas en Guinea"
2130:
Rene Pelissier, "Equatorial Guinea: Autopsy of a Miracle",
1119:
Having turned against Spain, Macías Nguema allied with the
2577:"Febrero de 1969: dos provincias españolas bajo el terror"
2549:(37). National University of Distance Education: 149–168.
949:. At one point he declared himself a "Hitlerian-Marxist".
835:
who allegedly killed his younger brother as a sacrifice.
727:, was an Equatoguinean politician who served as the first
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4215:. United States House of Representatives. Archived from
3534:
3532:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3331:
3329:
3327:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2373:
2371:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2022:
Equatorial Guinea Macías Country: The Forgotten Refugees
1986:"El sexo y la violencia: el caso de Masié Nguema Biyogo"
1253:, while pictures of him were placed in churches. At the
1249:, as priests were ordered to thank the President before
2032:. Geneva: International University Exchange Fund, 1978.
1892:"Equatorial Guinea 'stops coup attempt by mercenaries'"
1874:
1872:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
905:
described Macías Nguema as "dangerously mentally ill".
742:, Macías Nguema held numerous official positions under
4690:"Malabo: EI fiscal pide la pena de muerte para Macías"
4336:
The Genocide Convention: An International Law Analysis
4390:"LA ANTIGUA GUINEA ESPAÑOLA: ANÁLISIS Y PERSPECTIVAS"
1366:, with condemnations of his government issued by the
1241:. The capital, Santa Isabel, had its name changed to
5091:
People executed by Equatorial Guinea by firing squad
4075:"El nuevo régimen guineano no controla todo el país"
3113:
Literaturas hispanoafricanas: realidades y contextos
2599:"España – Guinea, 1969: la estrategia de la tensión"
69:
831:, where he grew up. Macías Nguema was the son of a
523:
515:
510:
500:
470:
458:
448:
433:
396:
386:
378:
350:
329:
324:
308:
296:
284:
266:
254:
230:
195:
176:
153:
3983:
2876:1969: Equatorial Guinea’s Christmas Eve executions
2778:""El derrocamiento de Macías. La caída del tigre""
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
838:Macías Nguema managed to survive several bouts of
4302:"Teodoro Obiang Nguema: A brutal, bizarre jailer"
1595:of public funds, violations of human rights, and
937:, he suddenly began an "incoherent eulogy of the
2121:, 2009, at Hofstra University's Cultural Center.
5076:People convicted of murder by Equatorial Guinea
3990:. Lanham, Maryland: Stryker-Post Publications.
2887:Página Web Institucional de Guinea Ecuatorial.
1245:. His cult of personality even infiltrated the
1218:) militia/youth group, and the Esangui clan of
1080:in Malabo, as amplifiers in the stadium played
918:, the Río Benito Public Works Department, as a
890:, a drink with strong hallucinogenic effects.
142: and the second or maternal family name is
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
2540:"Francisco Macías: Nuevo Estado, Nuevo Ritual"
94:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
27:First president of Equatorial Guinea (1968–79)
5061:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
4927:
4470:Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
1942:"Macias Nguema: Ruthless and bloody dictator"
1853:(in French). JeuneAfrique.com. Archived from
1556:
961:on a strongly nationalist platform in 1968.
775:of Africa". His rule also led to significant
685:
8:
5001:20th-century executions by Equatorial Guinea
4827:Makers Of Modern Africa: Profiles in History
4105:"La OUA condena la tiranía de Macías Nguema"
3670:"Hoy puede dictarse sentencia contra Macías"
2720:
2718:
2716:
2362:
1966:
5086:People executed for crimes against humanity
4445:(in Romanian). Anonimus. 10 February 2017.
3237:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 441.
795:because of the violent, unpredictable, and
440:, Maribel, Paco, and at least one older son
5026:Equatoguinean people convicted of genocide
4934:
4920:
4912:
4873:
3268:
3266:
3075:"El Caso del Español en Guinea Ecuatorial"
2445:(in European Spanish): 166. Archived from
1563:
1549:
1453:
1190:, the 1968 Constitution was replaced with
692:
678:
546:
150:
4769:Iyanga Pendi, Augusto (5 February 2021).
4443:"Blestemul numit Francisco Macías Nguema"
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
787:and was subsequently tried and executed.
280:1 January 1964 – 12 October 1968
106:{{Translated|es|Francisco Macías Nguema}}
5036:Equatoguinean people of Gabonese descent
5031:Equatoguinean people convicted of murder
4044:The Trial of Macías in Equatorial Guinea
3815:GUINEA ECUATORIAL EL AUSCHWITZ DE ÁFRICA
3807:
3805:
3777:El Proceso Político de Guinea Ecuatorial
3445:The Trial of Macias in Equatorial Guinea
3166:Muakuku Rondo Igambo, Fernanado (2006).
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2400:
2398:
2331:Guinea Ecuatorial el Auschwitz de Africa
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1657:National University of Equatorial Guinea
1289:Macías Ngema depicted on the 1969 1,000
1284:
1179:Growing paranoia and cult of personality
1031:, on treason charges, and killed him by
191:12 October 1968 – 3 August 1979
3538:
1878:
1689:
1668:
1483:
1467:
1456:
549:
207:
5131:20th-century Equatoguinean politicians
5056:Foreign ministers of Equatorial Guinea
4739:Dictatorland. The men who stole Africa
4718:
4508:
4497:
4424:
4413:
4322:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4242:
3550:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3365:
3335:
3318:
3306:
3206:"Biografía de Francisco Macías Nguema"
3139:Piedrafita, Belén (22 December 2009).
2556:from the original on 17 September 2021
2525:
2389:
2377:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2223:. Debate político. Madrid: IEPALA Ed.
2201:
2152:
2046:"Biografía de Francisco Macías Nguema"
2040:
2038:
1807:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1391:United States House of Representatives
914:also worked for the Forest Service in
766:in 1972, which was then ratified by a
5071:Politicians convicted of embezzlement
4631:from the original on 24 December 2018
4449:from the original on 14 December 2017
4055:from the original on 23 November 2019
3939:from the original on 21 November 2021
3611:from the original on 30 December 2022
3351:. Lonely Planet. 2007. Archived from
3054:from the original on 22 November 2018
2995:"Estado y poder en Guinea Ecuatorial"
2955:
2953:
2938:from the original on 10 November 2023
2754:from the original on 20 February 2017
2725:Falcón, Juan Antonio (27 June 2007).
2674:from the original on 11 February 2017
2487:from the original on 20 December 2016
2416:from the original on 20 December 2016
2212:
2210:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1156:non-Fang ethnic groups in the country
955:1968 Spanish Guinean general election
878:in the form of the edible derivative
7:
5116:Perpetrators of Indigenous genocides
4789:from the original on 31 October 2023
4192:. The Ottawa Citizen. Archived from
3909:from the original on 2 February 2017
3790:from the original on 18 January 2022
3725:from the original on 4 November 2018
3091:from the original on 26 October 2012
2920:"Equatorial Guinea Under Harsh Rule"
2605:from the original on 5 February 2017
2217:Buale Borikó, Emiliano, ed. (1989).
1423:, Macías Nguema's nephew and leader
1260:Macías Nguema suffered from extreme
1247:Catholic Church in Equatorial Guinea
1072:1969, Macías Nguema had 186 alleged
973:. He was also made Commander of the
4670:from the original on 15 August 2023
4545:from the original on 15 August 2023
4169:from the original on 15 August 2023
4049:International Commission of Jurists
3986:The World Today Series: Africa 2012
3774:Mansueto Nsí Owono – Okomo (2014).
3755:from the original on 10 August 2017
3517:from the original on 15 August 2023
3349:"Equatorial Guinea Background Info"
3273:Daniels, Anthony (29 August 2004).
3251:from the original on 15 August 2023
3212:from the original on 4 January 2017
3186:from the original on 15 August 2023
3147:from the original on 17 August 2017
3120:from the original on 15 August 2023
2644:from the original on 15 August 2023
2237:from the original on 15 August 2023
2096:from the original on 15 August 2023
1849:Pauron, Michael (12 October 2018).
1368:International Commission of Jurists
1233:Macías Nguema developed an extreme
1116:punishment, imprisonment or death.
645:"There is no other God than Macías"
640:Africanization of Equatorial Guinea
4601:from the original on 5 August 2016
4486:from the original on 13 March 2017
4165:. Morehouse-Gorham Company. 1979.
4085:from the original on 2 August 2017
3848:"World: Africa: Equatorial Guinea"
3680:from the original on 5 August 2016
2058:from the original on 9 August 2016
1944:. Afroarticles.com. Archived from
1704:. 21 February 2014. Archived from
1643:had relocated from North Korea to
1507:Spanish Guinea (Spanish Cameroons)
1412:1979 Equatorial Guinea coup d'état
1206:with three important pillars: the
971:Collar of the Order of Civil Merit
842:as a child, which left him with a
25:
4756:from the original on 2 March 2023
4700:from the original on 1 March 2017
4300:Bloomfield, Steve (13 May 2007).
4141:from the original on 6 March 2017
3874:United States Department of State
3715:"Millones y corrupción a "go-go""
3650:from the original on 4 April 2023
3633:The Illusion of Cultural Identity
3368:, pp. 261–262, 273, 276–279.
3116:. Verbum Editorial. p. 371.
3110:Díaz Navarro, Inmaculada (2015).
3001:from the original on 25 July 2019
2830:Fegley, Randall (February 1981).
2693:Eburi Palé, José (16 June 2008).
2279:from the original on 14 July 2019
1984:A ́bodjedi, Enènge (April 2010).
1764:Choe Sang-Hun (11 October 2013).
1647:, considering Korea her home and
4969:
4861:
4402:from the original on 5 July 2016
4188:Gardner, Dan (6 November 2005).
4022:from the original on 1 July 2016
3967:. 20 August 1979. Archived from
2961:"Equatorial Guinea Reports Coup"
2701:from the original on 8 June 2017
2575:Eburi Palé, José (5 July 2007).
2435:Martínez Carreras, José (2000).
2309:from the original on 1 July 2016
2174:Gardner, Dan (6 November 2005).
2136:, Vol. 25, No. 3, May–June 1980.
2117:, conference paper presented at
1898:. 3 January 2018. Archived from
1475:
1354:executed or forced into exile—a
1147:, and according to his daughter
665:
554:
161:
34:
5111:Presidents of Equatorial Guinea
4943:Presidents of Equatorial Guinea
4571:from the original on 9 May 2016
4531:. ABC-CLIO. 2015. p. 405.
3929:"Equatorial Guinea | Data"
3463:Otabela, Joseph-Désiré (2009).
3172:. Editorial Cumio. p. 80.
2079:Dictionary of African Biography
1728:"'평양에서 16년, 내게 김일성은 제2의 아버지였다'"
1308:Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong
1001:Signing of the independence of
862:with respect to the Spaniards.
717:Masie Nguema Biyogo Ñegue Ndong
4894:President of Equatorial Guinea
4565:"Equatorial Guinea -- History"
4162:The Living Church, Volumen 178
3630:Bayart, Jean-François (2005).
3050:. ASODEGUE. 21 November 2018.
2082:. OUP USA. 2012. p. 458.
1734:. 2 March 2019. Archived from
1614:at 6 pm on the same day.
1402:, Maribel, and Paco with her.
1216:Youth on the March with Macías
1208:United National Workers' Party
762:(PUNT), and declaring himself
760:United National Workers' Party
729:president of Equatorial Guinea
625:1973 constitutional referendum
620:1968 constitutional referendum
601:President of Equatorial Guinea
391:United National Workers' Party
179:President of Equatorial Guinea
104:You may also add the template
1:
5041:Executed Equatoguinean people
4960:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
4904:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
4885:Víctor Suances y Díaz del Río
4772:Historia de Guinea Ecuatorial
4468:Latorre Remón, José Antonio;
3703:. PublicAffairs. p. 240.
3563:Sundiata, Ibrahim K. (1988).
1631:declined to around 30 years.
1627:rose to around 60%. National
1532:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
1421:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
1376:Organisation of African Unity
1228:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
1212:Juventud en Marcha con Macías
1123:, enlisting support from the
1078:the national football stadium
1005:by the then Spanish minister
819:, at a time when the Spanish
785:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
261:Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
243:Víctor Suances y Díaz del Río
219:Bonifacio Nguema Esono Nchama
3982:Dickovick, J. Tyler (2008).
3409:, pp. 261–262, 276–279.
2750:(in Spanish). 9 April 1969.
2630:. Intermón Oxfam Editorial.
1469:History of Equatorial Guinea
134:, the first or paternal
5081:People executed for treason
4650:Núñez Torres, Sara (2012).
4338:, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd,
4131:"Guinea ya no es de Macías"
3878:"Equatorial Guinea (11/04)"
3084:(in European Spanish): 74.
2269:Nze Nfumu, Agustín (2006).
1992:(in Spanish) (6): 129–152.
1364:the Nazi concentration camp
630:1973 parliamentary election
5147:
4775:(in Spanish). Nau Libres.
4366:Max Liniger-Goumaz (1988)
3442:Alejandro Artucio (1979).
1702:NK News – North Korea News
1409:
1307:
1196:only one legally permitted
854:in addition to his native
799:nature of his government.
129:
68:Machine translation, like
4967:
4949:
4900:
4891:
4881:
4876:
4841:Jensen, Geoffrey (2019).
4656:. Lulu.com. p. 317.
3699:Meredith, Martin (2011).
3636:. C. Hurst. p. 116.
3022:"La Dictadura. 1970–1976"
2272:Macías, Verdugo o Víctima
1372:World Council of Churches
1328:Equatorial Guinean ekwele
1215:
1174:Totalitarian dictatorship
947:attempt to conquer Europe
803:Background and early life
541:
537:
533:
466:
453:Execution by firing squad
444:
320:
273:
184:
172:
160:
49:the corresponding article
5126:20th-century politicians
5066:Leaders ousted by a coup
4742:. London: Head of Zeus.
4388:Álvaro Rodríguez Núñez.
4370:, C. Hurst and Company,
4308:. London. Archived from
4135:El Periódico de Cataluña
3783:. University of Murcia.
3421:, pp. 274–276, 279.
3082:Centro Virtual Cervantes
2809:. Anti-Slavery Society.
1537:2004 coup d'état attempt
1527:Supreme Military Council
1151:, the two were friends.
563:This article is part of
5121:Politicide perpetrators
5046:Executed mass murderers
5006:Anti-Catholic activists
4954:Francisco Macías Nguema
4868:Francisco Macías Nguema
4830:. Africa Books Limited.
4824:Uwechue, Ralph (1981).
4334:John B. Quigley (2006)
3503:. Bradt Travel Guides.
3497:Scafidi, Óscar (2015).
3073:Gloria Nistal Rosique.
2893:Guinea Ecuatorial Press
2803:Suzanne Cronjé (1976).
2624:Mereth, Martin (2011).
1517:Francisco Macías Nguema
1425:of the coup against him
1255:Iglesia de San Fernando
866:Possible mental illness
705:Francisco Macías Nguema
573:Francisco Macías Nguema
483:Crimes against humanity
155:Francisco Macías Nguema
115:For more guidance, see
5016:Anti-Western sentiment
4888:(as colonial governor)
4802:Roberts, Adam (2006).
4507:Cite journal requires
4423:Cite journal requires
3569:African Studies Review
2889:"CRONOLOGÍA HISTÓRICA"
2836:Human Rights Quarterly
2538:Nerín, Gustau (2016).
2019:Klinteberg, Robert F.
1427:
1294:
1029:Atanasio Ndongo Miyone
1014:Deputy Prime Minister
1010:
844:profound fear of death
405:(1958–1963, 1968–1970)
4736:Kenyon, Paul (2018).
4696:. 28 September 1979.
4597:. 27 September 1979.
3971:on 30 September 2007.
3745:"Macías, en paradero"
3676:. 26 September 1979.
3231:Jessup, John (1998).
2774:Donato Ndongo-Bidyogo
2442:Universidad de Murcia
2220:El laberinto guineano
1419:
1380:Amnesty International
1288:
1109:United National Party
1000:
975:Civil Order of Africa
744:Spanish colonial rule
167:Macías Nguema in 1968
117:Knowledge:Translation
88:copyright attribution
5101:People from Río Muni
5011:Anti-intellectualism
4870:at Wikimedia Commons
4353:4 April 2023 at the
4312:on 19 December 2008.
4018:. 20 December 1978.
2991:Justo Bolekia Boleká
2784:on 24 September 2016
2027:13 June 2023 at the
1188:held on 29 July 1973
1100:about the incident.
899:psychological trauma
5106:Presidents for life
5096:People from Mongomo
5051:Executed presidents
4325:, pp. 281–282.
4041:Alejandro Artucio.
3721:. 30 October 1976.
3553:, pp. 269–270.
3397:, pp. 276–279.
3309:, pp. 261–262.
3279:The Daily Telegraph
2392:, pp. 266–267.
1450:Trial and execution
1436:European Commission
1384:European Commission
1235:cult of personality
1204:totalitarian regime
1086:Those Were the Days
1016:Luis Carrero Blanco
860:inferiority complex
813:Woleu-Ntem Province
752:cult of personality
660:1979 coup and death
525:Span of crimes
449:Cause of death
4877:Political offices
4848:Diplomatic History
4806:. Public Affairs.
4627:. 10 August 1979.
4207:Dornan, Robert K.
3933:data.worldbank.org
3751:. 13 August 1979.
3469:. Editorial UNED.
3028:on 27 October 2019
2965:The New York Times
2924:The New York Times
2670:. 24 August 1979.
1948:on 4 November 2014
1940:Suleiman, Rashid.
1771:The New York Times
1612:Black Beach Prison
1502:Treaty of El Pardo
1428:
1295:
1113:President for Life
1011:
959:Bonifacio Ondó Edú
764:president for life
361:Black Beach Prison
303:Office established
291:Bonifacio Ondó Edú
237:Office established
96:interlanguage link
4978:
4977:
4910:
4909:
4901:Succeeded by
4866:Media related to
4137:. 5 August 1979.
4081:. 8 August 1979.
3500:Equatorial Guinea
2597:Lacosta, Xavier.
2479:Lacosta, Xavier.
2449:on 20 August 2018
2408:(20 April 2012).
2363:Iyanga Pendi 2021
2305:. 5 August 1979.
2133:The Africa Report
1967:Iyanga Pendi 2021
1577:military tribunal
1573:
1572:
1266:National Assembly
941:", claiming that
797:anti-intellectual
702:
701:
610:
581:
580:
545:
544:
373:Equatorial Guinea
354:29 September 1979
341:Río Muni Province
247:colonial governor
128:
127:
61:
57:
16:(Redirected from
5138:
4973:
4936:
4929:
4922:
4913:
4882:Preceded by
4874:
4865:
4831:
4817:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4765:
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4761:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4686:
4680:
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4677:
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4608:
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4555:
4554:
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4495:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4478:
4465:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4394:
4385:
4379:
4364:
4358:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4297:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4267:
4261:
4246:
4240:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4196:on 12 June 2008.
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3989:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3854:on 14 March 2012
3850:. Archived from
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3828:on 25 March 2016
3827:
3821:. Archived from
3820:
3812:Caden, Cynthia.
3809:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3560:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3439:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3355:on 9 March 2007.
3345:
3339:
3333:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3281:. Archived from
3270:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3143:. La Voz Libre.
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3090:
3079:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3024:. Archived from
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2895:. Archived from
2884:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2780:. Archived from
2776:(30 July 2009).
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2722:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2510:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2476:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2402:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2344:on 25 March 2016
2343:
2337:. Archived from
2336:
2328:Caden, Cynthia.
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2266:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2182:on 12 June 2008.
2171:
2156:
2150:
2137:
2128:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2033:
2017:
2006:
2005:
2004:on 4 April 2023.
2000:. Archived from
1981:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1937:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1902:on 16 March 2023
1888:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1846:
1811:
1805:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1774:. Archived from
1761:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1694:
1677:
1673:
1625:Infant mortality
1565:
1558:
1551:
1522:1979 coup d'état
1479:
1454:
1310:
1309:
1217:
1076:executed inside
983:
924:Francisco Franco
781:in a coup d'état
738:A member of the
694:
687:
680:
669:
655:Dachau of Africa
604:
577:
576:
574:
567:
566:
558:
551:
550:
547:
501:Criminal penalty
475:
428:
416:
357:
325:Personal details
315:Office abolished
311:
299:
287:
278:
257:
250:
233:
198:
189:
165:
151:
107:
101:
74:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5135:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4965:
4945:
4940:
4906:
4897:
4889:
4887:
4858:
4838:
4836:Further reading
4823:
4820:
4814:
4801:
4792:
4790:
4783:
4768:
4759:
4757:
4750:
4735:
4731:
4726:
4725:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4701:
4688:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4632:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4604:
4602:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4558:
4548:
4546:
4539:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4506:
4496:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4422:
4412:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4365:
4361:
4355:Wayback Machine
4333:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4306:The Independent
4299:
4298:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4249:
4241:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4219:on 4 April 2023
4206:
4205:
4201:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4170:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4114:
4112:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3959:"Despot's Fall"
3957:
3956:
3952:
3942:
3940:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3882:
3880:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3728:
3726:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3452:on 17 May 2023.
3441:
3440:
3425:
3417:
3413:
3405:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3285:on 6 March 2023
3272:
3271:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3180:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3121:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3031:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2974:
2972:
2971:on 5 April 2023
2959:
2958:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2900:
2886:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2714:
2704:
2702:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2638:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2513:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2268:
2267:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2187:
2173:
2172:
2159:
2151:
2140:
2129:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2090:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:Wayback Machine
2018:
2009:
1983:
1982:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1939:
1938:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1877:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1857:on 4 April 2023
1848:
1847:
1814:
1806:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1778:on 4 April 2023
1763:
1762:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1738:on 5 April 2023
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1708:on 4 April 2023
1696:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1637:
1629:life expectancy
1620:
1569:
1512:Treaty of Paris
1497:Aro Confederacy
1463:
1452:
1414:
1408:
1283:
1274:kangaroo courts
1214:(JMM; English:
1181:
1176:
1098:primary sources
995:
990:
977:
911:
868:
805:
756:one-party state
698:
664:
611:
609:
598:
572:
570:
569:
568:
564:
562:
561:
526:
519:50,000 – 80,000
493:
489:
485:
481:
471:
459:Criminal status
422:
418:
410:
406:
398:
397:Other political
387:Political party
382:Malabo Cemetery
359:
355:
338:
336:
335:
309:
297:
285:
279:
274:
255:
240:
239:
231:
226:
223:
206:
205:
196:
190:
185:
168:
156:
147:
124:
123:
122:
105:
99:
62:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5144:
5142:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4962:(1979–present)
4957:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4899:
4890:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4857:
4856:External links
4854:
4853:
4852:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4819:
4818:
4813:978-1586483715
4812:
4804:The Wonga Coup
4799:
4782:978-8418047411
4781:
4766:
4749:978-1784972141
4748:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:, p. 295.
4711:
4681:
4663:978-1446648766
4662:
4642:
4612:
4582:
4556:
4538:978-1598846669
4537:
4518:
4509:|journal=
4460:
4434:
4425:|journal=
4380:
4359:
4327:
4315:
4292:
4290:, p. 280.
4280:
4278:, p. 281.
4268:
4266:, p. 279.
4247:
4245:, p. 260.
4230:
4199:
4180:
4152:
4122:
4111:. 20 July 1979
4096:
4066:
4051:. p. 31.
4033:
4003:
3997:978-1610488815
3996:
3974:
3950:
3920:
3903:www.scribd.com
3890:
3865:
3839:
3801:
3766:
3749:Hoja del Lunes
3736:
3706:
3691:
3661:
3643:978-1850656609
3642:
3622:
3581:10.2307/524581
3555:
3543:
3528:
3510:978-1841629254
3509:
3489:
3476:978-8436258257
3475:
3455:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3385:, p. 273.
3370:
3358:
3340:
3338:, p. 271.
3323:
3321:, p. 269.
3311:
3296:
3262:
3244:978-0313281129
3243:
3223:
3197:
3179:978-8496357389
3178:
3158:
3131:
3102:
3065:
3039:
3012:
2982:
2949:
2910:
2879:
2868:
2848:10.2307/762065
2822:
2816:978-0900918056
2815:
2795:
2765:
2739:
2712:
2685:
2655:
2637:978-8484525950
2636:
2616:
2589:
2567:
2530:
2528:, p. 268.
2511:
2498:
2460:
2427:
2394:
2382:
2380:, p. 267.
2367:
2355:
2320:
2290:
2248:
2230:978-8485436736
2229:
2206:
2204:, p. 266.
2185:
2157:
2155:, p. 263.
2138:
2123:
2107:
2089:978-0195382075
2088:
2069:
2034:
2007:
1971:
1959:
1913:
1883:
1868:
1812:
1810:, p. 262.
1789:
1749:
1719:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1636:
1633:
1619:
1616:
1604:death sentence
1571:
1570:
1568:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1432:United Nations
1410:Main article:
1407:
1404:
1374:, the UN, the
1316:national motto
1282:
1279:
1200:United Nations
1192:a new document
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1158:, such as the
1060:and visited a
1033:defenestrating
1021:Spanish peseta
1003:Spanish Guinea
994:
991:
989:
986:
910:
907:
867:
864:
821:Colonial Guard
809:Spanish Guinea
804:
801:
783:by his nephew
700:
699:
697:
696:
689:
682:
674:
671:
670:
663:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
605:
597:
596:
591:
583:
582:
579:
578:
565:a series about
559:
543:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
524:
521:
520:
517:
513:
512:
508:
507:
502:
498:
497:
476:
468:
467:
464:
463:
460:
456:
455:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
435:
431:
430:
400:
394:
393:
388:
384:
383:
380:
376:
375:
358:(aged 55)
352:
348:
347:
345:Spanish Guinea
337:1 January 1924
333:
331:
327:
326:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
306:
305:
300:
294:
293:
288:
286:Prime Minister
282:
281:
271:
270:
264:
263:
258:
252:
251:
234:
228:
227:
225:
224:
222:
221:
216:
213:
212:Edmundo Bossio
209:
203:
202:
201:
199:
197:Vice President
193:
192:
182:
181:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
158:
157:
154:
126:
125:
121:
120:
113:
102:
80:
77:
66:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5143:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
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4695:
4694:La Vanguardia
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4472:(June 2013).
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3566:
3559:
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3552:
3547:
3544:
3541:, p. 20.
3540:
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3529:
3516:
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3506:
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3501:
3493:
3490:
3478:
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3297:
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3250:
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3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3171:
3170:
3162:
3159:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3119:
3115:
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3103:
3087:
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3069:
3066:
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3049:
3043:
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3027:
3023:
3016:
3013:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2983:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2899:on 6 May 2018
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2857:
2853:
2849:
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2407:
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2399:
2395:
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2386:
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2379:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:, p. 626
2364:
2359:
2356:
2340:
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2324:
2321:
2308:
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2300:
2294:
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2198:
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2177:
2170:
2168:
2166:
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2162:
2158:
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2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2120:
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2108:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:, p. 602
1968:
1963:
1960:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1881:, p. 21.
1880:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1856:
1852:
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1843:
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1733:
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1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:native tongue
1650:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1618:Regime impact
1617:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
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1578:
1566:
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1523:
1520:
1518:
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1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:Chronological
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
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1418:
1413:
1405:
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1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1336:barter system
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1305:his name to "
1304:
1299:
1292:
1287:
1280:
1278:
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1269:
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1263:
1258:
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1189:
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1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:Monica Macias
1146:
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1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:Christmas Eve
1066:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1025:
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1004:
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992:
987:
985:
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950:
948:
944:
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927:
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921:
917:
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896:
891:
889:
888:
883:
882:
877:
873:
865:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
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830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
802:
800:
798:
794:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
769:
765:
761:
758:ruled by his
757:
753:
749:
748:being elected
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:Macías Nguema
718:
714:
710:
706:
695:
690:
688:
683:
681:
676:
675:
673:
672:
668:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
635:Bubi Genocide
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
615:
608:
603:
602:
595:
594:1968 election
592:
590:
587:
586:
585:
584:
575:
560:
557:
553:
552:
548:
540:
536:
532:
528:
522:
518:
514:
509:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
477:
474:
473:Conviction(s)
469:
465:
461:
457:
454:
451:
447:
443:
439:
436:
432:
426:
421:
414:
409:
404:
401:
395:
392:
389:
385:
381:
379:Resting place
377:
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370:
366:
362:
353:
349:
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342:
332:
328:
323:
319:
316:
313:
307:
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289:
283:
277:
272:
269:
265:
262:
259:
253:
248:
244:
238:
235:
229:
220:
217:
215:Miguel Eyegue
214:
211:
210:
208:
200:
194:
188:
183:
180:
175:
171:
164:
159:
152:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
118:
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111:
103:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Macías Nguema
4953:
4892:
4846:
4826:
4803:
4793:23 September
4791:. Retrieved
4771:
4758:. Retrieved
4738:
4714:
4702:. Retrieved
4684:
4672:. Retrieved
4652:
4645:
4633:. Retrieved
4615:
4603:. Retrieved
4585:
4573:. Retrieved
4559:
4547:. Retrieved
4527:
4521:
4500:cite journal
4488:. Retrieved
4463:
4451:. Retrieved
4437:
4416:cite journal
4404:. Retrieved
4383:
4367:
4362:
4335:
4330:
4318:
4310:the original
4305:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4221:. Retrieved
4217:the original
4213:congress.gov
4212:
4202:
4194:the original
4183:
4171:. Retrieved
4161:
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4125:
4113:. Retrieved
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4069:
4057:. Retrieved
4043:
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4006:
3985:
3977:
3969:the original
3962:
3953:
3941:. Retrieved
3932:
3923:
3911:. Retrieved
3902:
3893:
3881:. Retrieved
3868:
3856:. Retrieved
3852:the original
3842:
3830:. Retrieved
3823:the original
3814:
3792:. Retrieved
3776:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3739:
3727:. Retrieved
3709:
3700:
3694:
3682:. Retrieved
3664:
3652:. Retrieved
3632:
3625:
3613:. Retrieved
3572:
3568:
3558:
3546:
3539:Roberts 2006
3519:. Retrieved
3499:
3492:
3480:. Retrieved
3465:
3458:
3450:the original
3444:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3361:
3353:the original
3343:
3314:
3287:. Retrieved
3283:the original
3278:
3253:. Retrieved
3233:
3226:
3214:. Retrieved
3200:
3188:. Retrieved
3168:
3161:
3149:. Retrieved
3134:
3122:. Retrieved
3112:
3105:
3093:. Retrieved
3081:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3042:
3030:. Retrieved
3026:the original
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2985:
2973:. Retrieved
2969:the original
2964:
2942:23 September
2940:. Retrieved
2923:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2897:the original
2892:
2882:
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2839:
2835:
2825:
2805:
2798:
2788:24 September
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2703:. Retrieved
2688:
2676:. Retrieved
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2626:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2570:
2558:. Retrieved
2546:
2533:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2451:. Retrieved
2447:the original
2440:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2385:
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2339:the original
2330:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2271:
2239:. Retrieved
2219:
2180:the original
2131:
2126:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2078:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2020:
2002:the original
1989:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1895:
1886:
1879:Roberts 2006
1859:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1780:. Retrieved
1776:the original
1769:
1740:. Retrieved
1736:the original
1732:BBC News 코리아
1731:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:the original
1701:
1692:
1671:
1638:
1621:
1608:
1601:
1593:embezzlement
1574:
1516:
1492:Fernão do Pó
1444:
1440:
1429:
1396:
1388:
1360:
1348:
1341:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1270:
1259:
1254:
1232:
1224:
1182:
1164:Santa Isabel
1153:
1125:Soviet Union
1121:Eastern Bloc
1118:
1105:
1102:
1067:
1062:psychiatrist
1055:
1047:
1036:
1026:
1012:
1007:Manuel Fraga
967:
963:
951:
943:Adolf Hitler
932:
928:
912:
909:Early career
892:
885:
879:
869:
840:tuberculosis
837:
833:witch doctor
806:
789:
737:
724:
720:
716:
709:Mez-m Ngueme
708:
704:
703:
613:
612:
606:
600:
599:
571:
495:Embezzlement
399:affiliations
356:(1979-09-29)
334:Mez-m Ngueme
314:
310:Succeeded by
302:
275:
256:Succeeded by
236:
186:
148:
143:
139:
132:Spanish name
92:edit summary
83:
54:
46:
5021:Deified men
4996:1979 deaths
4991:1924 births
4956:(1968–1979)
4729:Works cited
4719:Kenyon 2018
4395:: 22 y 23.
4323:Kenyon 2018
4288:Kenyon 2018
4276:Kenyon 2018
4264:Kenyon 2018
4243:Kenyon 2018
3943:21 November
3615:30 December
3551:Kenyon 2018
3419:Kenyon 2018
3407:Kenyon 2018
3395:Kenyon 2018
3383:Kenyon 2018
3366:Kenyon 2018
3336:Kenyon 2018
3319:Kenyon 2018
3307:Kenyon 2018
3058:22 November
2758:20 February
2560:22 February
2526:Kenyon 2018
2390:Kenyon 2018
2378:Kenyon 2018
2202:Kenyon 2018
2153:Kenyon 2018
1808:Kenyon 2018
1742:20 November
1712:20 November
1645:South Korea
1589:mass murder
1389:By 1978, a
1356:brain drain
1333:subsistence
1303:Africanized
1160:Bubi people
1145:Kim Il Sung
1133:North Korea
1094:Santa Claus
1082:Mary Hopkin
1051:Civil Guard
1043:Black Beach
978: [
903:Paul Kenyon
777:brain drain
740:Fang people
713:Africanised
487:Mass murder
429:(1966–1968)
423: [
417:(1963–1966)
411: [
369:Bioko Norte
298:Preceded by
232:Preceded by
56:(July 2018)
4985:Categories
4898:1968–1979
4635:7 February
4453:5 November
4376:1850650233
4344:0754647307
4223:4 December
4109:Diario ABC
4089:9 February
3913:25 January
3832:6 December
3794:1 November
3719:Diario ABC
3654:29 January
3216:25 October
3032:9 February
3020:Asodegue.
3005:16 October
2903:6 December
2732:20 October
2678:8 February
2609:4 February
2491:7 December
2420:5 December
2406:Blas Piñar
2062:22 October
1952:1 December
1906:29 January
1684:References
1581:defendants
1382:, and the
1345:World Bank
1281:Last years
1185:plebiscite
1168:Annobónese
1074:dissidents
993:Early rule
988:Presidency
895:psychopath
768:referendum
723:or simply
614:Government
51:in Spanish
4760:25 August
4059:6 October
3605:154948219
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2975:30 August
2932:0362-4331
2842:(1): 37.
2453:14 August
1998:1699-1788
1782:12 August
1659:in 2015.
1583:included
1406:Overthrow
1293:banknote.
1084:'s song "
1058:Barcelona
920:catechist
733:dictators
607:1968–1979
529:1968–1979
339:Nfengha,
276:In office
187:In office
110:talk page
4787:Archived
4754:Archived
4698:Archived
4674:12 March
4668:Archived
4629:Archived
4599:Archived
4575:19 April
4569:Archived
4549:17 April
4543:Archived
4490:12 March
4481:Archived
4447:Archived
4397:Archived
4351:Archived
4173:13 April
4167:Archived
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3785:Archived
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3729:14 March
3723:Archived
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3648:Archived
3609:Archived
3521:13 April
3515:Archived
3482:23 March
3289:7 August
3249:Archived
3210:Archived
3190:23 March
3184:Archived
3145:Archived
3118:Archived
3086:Archived
3052:Archived
2999:Archived
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2752:Archived
2705:29 April
2699:Archived
2672:Archived
2642:Archived
2603:Archived
2582:29 April
2551:Archived
2485:Archived
2414:Archived
2348:11 April
2307:Archived
2277:Archived
2235:Archived
2100:25 April
2094:Archived
2053:Archived
2025:Archived
1990:Oráfrica
1896:BBC News
1585:genocide
1460:a series
1458:Part of
1262:paranoia
1220:Río Muni
1090:red ants
1038:Newsweek
876:cannabis
711:, later
479:Genocide
462:Executed
434:Children
420:MONALIGE
204:See list
130:In this
86:provide
4704:1 March
4625:El País
4595:El País
4406:27 June
4145:6 March
4115:1 March
4079:El País
4016:El País
3759:9 March
3674:El País
3255:8 April
3095:24 July
2668:El País
2648:4 April
2303:El País
2283:25 July
1597:treason
1291:Pesetas
852:Spanish
848:primary
829:Mongomo
793:Pol Pot
746:before
516:Victims
511:Details
491:Treason
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1663:Notes
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887:iboga
881:bhang
872:SDECE
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1954:2014
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1251:mass
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1129:Cuba
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