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had sex with her twice in their entire marriage. Elbe spoke with remarkable openness for the period of her sexual desires and her frustration with a husband who was only interested in having sex with
Eulenburg. Elbe's testimony was marked by moments of low comedy when it emerged that she had taken to attacking Moltke with a frying pan in vain attempts to make him have sex with her. The fact that General von Moltke was unable to defend himself from his wife's attacks was taken as proof that he was deficient in his masculinity, which many saw as confirming his homosexuality. At the time, the subject of female sexuality was taboo, and Elbe's testimony was controversial, with many saying that Elbe must be mentally ill because of her willingness to acknowledge her sexuality. Letters to the newspapers at the time, from both men and women, overwhelmingly condemned Elbe for her "disgusting" testimony concerning her sexuality. As an expert witness, Hirschfeld also testified that female sexuality was natural, and Elbe was just a normal woman who was in no way mentally ill. After the jury ruled in favor of Harden, Judge Hugo Isenbiel was enraged by the jury's decision, which he saw as expressing approval for Hirschfeld. He overturned the verdict under the grounds that homosexuals "have the morals of dogs", and insisted that this verdict could not be allowed to stand.
2481:
2199:
2260:
1571:". In the interview with Viereck, Hirschfeld was presented as the wise "European expert on romantic love" who had come to teach heterosexual American men how to enjoy sex, claiming there was a close connection between sexual and emotional intimacy. Clearly intending to flatter the egos of a heterosexual American male audience, Hirschfeld praised the drive and ambition of American men, who were so successful at business, but stated that American men needed to divert some of their energy to their sex lives. Hirschfeld added, he had seen signs that American men were now starting to develop their "romantic sides" as European men had long since done, and he had come to the United States to teach American men how to love their women properly. When Viereck objected that the U.S. was in the middle of the
1518:, the state became increasingly hostile toward gay rights campaigners such as Hirschfeld, who began to spend more time abroad. Quite apart from the increased homophobia, Hirschfeld also became involved in a bitter debate within the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee, as the repeal bill championed by MĂĽller also made homosexual prostitution illegal, which badly divided the committee. Hirschfeld had always argued that "what is natural cannot be immoral" and, since homosexuality was in his view natural, it should be legal. Connecting the question of the legality of homosexuality to the legality of prostitution was a blurring of the issue, since these were different matters.
784:
2030:
405:
947:
Hirschfeld concluded that, far from helping the gay rights movement as he had hoped, the ensuing backlash set the movement back. The conclusion drawn by the German government was the opposite of the one that
Hirschfeld wanted; the fact that prominent men like General von Moltke and Eulenburg were gay did not lead the government to repeal Paragraph 175 as Hirschfeld had hoped and, instead, the government decided that Paragraph 175 was being enforced with insufficient vigor, leading to a crackdown on homosexuals that was unprecedented and would not be exceeded until the Nazi era.
656:, who had changed his surname to avoid being associated with his father. Hirschfeld noted "the name Wilde" has, since his trial, sounded like "an indecent word, which causes homosexuals to blush with shame, women to avert their eyes, and normal men to be outraged". During his visit to Britain, Hirschfeld was invited to a secret ceremony in the English countryside where a "group of beautiful, young, male students" from Cambridge gathered together wearing Wilde's prison number, C33, as a way of symbolically linking his fate to theirs, to read out aloud Wilde's poem "
2067:
2170:, in anticipation of the approaching 50th anniversary of the destruction of Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science. Ten years later, the society established a Berlin-based center for research on the history of sexology. Since the late 20th century, researchers associated with the Magnus Hirschfeld Society have succeeded in tracking down previously dispersed and lost records and artifacts of Hirschfeld's life and work. They have brought together many of these materials at the society's archives in Berlin. At an exhibition at the
1579:
2005:, and the differences between Nazi ideology and the racism that was practiced in other nations were differences in degree rather than differences in kind. Hirschfeld argued against this way of seeing the world, writing "if it were practical, we should certainly do well to eradicate the use of the word 'race' as far as subdivisions of the human species are concerned; or if we do use it in this way, to put it into quote marks to show it is questionable". The last of Hirschfeld's books to be published during his lifetime,
5412:
2545:
2355:
2508:, Doran & Company, 1940. The novel opens with the protagonist visiting the tomb of a famed Austrian sex expert, Dr. R. Ellendorf, in a cemetery in Nice. At the tomb, he meets the late doctor's protégé, a Chinese student named Kho Ling. The character of Ling refers to the memory of his mentor at numerous points in the novel. From the description of the settings and the characters, Ellendorf clearly was inspired by Hirschfeld, and Ling by Hirschfeld's last partner and heir,
1832:
1926:(London: William Heinemann Medical Books, 1935). Hirschfeld stayed near Germany, hoping that he would be able to return to Berlin if the country's political situation improved. With the Nazi regime's unequivocal rise to power coinciding with the completion of his work on his tour book, he decided to go into exile in France. On his 65th birthday, 14 May 1933, Hirschfeld arrived in Paris, where he lived in a luxury apartment building on 24 Avenue Charles Floquet, facing the
637:
prepared questionnaires that gay men could answer anonymously about homosexuality and suicide. Collating his results, Hirschfeld estimated that 3 out of every 100 gays committed suicide every year, that a quarter of gays had attempted suicide at some point in their lives and that the other three-quarters had had suicidal thoughts at some point. He used his evidence to argue that, under current social conditions in
Germany, life was literally unbearable for homosexuals.
763:, saying the government did not have the right to exterminate the Herero just because they were Black. Hirschfeld did not mention his diagnosis of the prisoner, nor he did mention in detail the source of the prisoner's guilt about his actions in Southwest Africa; the German scholar Heike Bauer criticized him for his seeming unwillingness to see the connection between the Herero genocide and the prisoner's guilt, which had caused him to engage in a petty crime wave.
666:" (shaken to the core of one's being, i.e. something that is emotionally devastating), going on to write that the poem reading was "the most earth-shattering outcry that has ever been voiced by a downtrodden soul about its own torture and that of humanity". By the end of the reading of "The Ballad of Reading Gaol", Hirshfeld felt "quiet joy" as he was convinced that, despite the way that Wilde's life had been ruined, something good would eventually come of it.
2272:
1624:, whose belief in his innocence he proclaimed to the press afterward, and asked for his release. Unfortunately for Hirschfeld, the Hearst newspapers, which specialized in taking a sensationalist, right-wing, populist line on the news, dug up his statements in Germany calling for gay rights, causing a sudden shift in tone from more or less friendly to hostile, effectively ending any chance of Hirschfeld being allowed to stay in the United States.
1202:
memory of your dead friend, you must not take your own life, but instead preserve it to change the prejudices whose victim – one of the countless many – this dead man was. That is the task of the living I assign you. Just as Zola struggled on behalf of a man who innocently languished in prison, what matters now is to restore honor and justice to the many thousands before us, with us, and after us. Through knowledge to justice!" The reference to
1021:), Hirschfeld was far more critical of the war than he had been in 1915, emphasizing the suffering and trauma caused by it. He also expressed the opinion that nobody wanted to take responsibility for the war because its horrors were "superhuman in size". He declared that "it is not enough that the war ends with peace; it must end with reconciliation". In late 1918, Hirschfeld together with his sister, Franziska Mann, co-wrote a pamphlet
1236:
2182:
33:
865:, who was the Kaiser's best friend, Hirschfeld testified for Harden. In his role as an expert witness, Hirschfeld testified that Moltke was gay and, thus, what Harden had written was true. Hirschfeld – who wanted to make homosexuality legal in Germany – believed that proving Army officers like Moltke were gay would help his case for legalization. He also testified that he believed there was nothing wrong with Moltke.
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1453:, Germany, 1999; English subtitled version available). Although inspired by Hirschfeld's life, the film is fictional. It contains invented characters and incidents and attributes motives and sentiments to Hirschfeld and others on the basis of little or no historical evidence. Hirschfeld biographer Ralf Dose notes, for instance, that "the figure of 'Dorchen' in Rosa von Praunheim's film
5431:
479:), an attempt to comprehensively survey homosexuality around the world, as part of an effort to prove that homosexuality occurred in every culture. In the book, Hirschfeld found that many homosexuals considered England to be the country with the highest rate of homosexuality. In addition to his book on homosexuality, Hirschfeld wrote a book on transvestism in 1910 known as
809:, the "Hottentot Venus", did have relatively large buttocks and labia, compared to Northern European women, and had been exhibited at a freak show in Europe in the early 19th century, which was the origin of this belief about the Khoekhoe women. Hirschfeld wrote: "The differences appear minimal compared to what is shared" between Khoekoe and German women.
1727:, where she painted an unflattering picture of sexuality in India as brutal and perverted, as "England-friendly propaganda". As Mayo's book had caused much controversy in India, Hirschfeld's speeches defending Indians against her accusations were well received. Hirschfeld, who was fluent in English, made a point of quoting from the articles written by
2558:
805:, which made them inclined toward lesbianism. Hirschfeld argued there was no evidence that the Khoekoe women had abnormally large labia, whose supposed existence had fascinated so many Western anthropologists at the time, and that, other than being Black, the bodies of Khoekoe women were no different from German women. One Khoekoe woman,
907:. The trial was a libel suit against Harden by Moltke, but much of the testimony had concerned Eulenburg, whose status as the best friend of Wilhelm II meant that the scandal threatened to involve the Kaiser. Moreover, far from precipitating increased tolerance as Hirschfeld had expected, the scandal led to a major homophobic and
2454:. A feature-length documentary on the persecution of homosexuals during the Nazi regime. The first part of the film provides a brief overview of the history of the homosexual emancipation movement in Germany from the late 19th century through the early 1930s, with Hirschfeld and his work prominently featured.
1636:, a German-educated Japanese doctor who spoke fluent German and who worked at Hirschfeld's institute for a time in the 1920s. In Japan, Hirchfeld again tailored his speeches to local tastes, saying nothing about gay rights, and merely argued that a greater frankness about sexual matters would prevent
1201:
speech in the film praising France for legalizing homosexuality in 1792 as evidence that gay rights were "un-German". At the end of the film, when the protagonist Paul Körner commits suicide, his lover Kurt is planning on killing himself, when
Hirschfeld appears to tell him: "If you want to honor the
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activists, which read "Dr. Hirschfeld A Public Danger: The Jews are Our
Undoing!". In Nazi Germany, the official interpretation of the Eulenburg affair was that Eulenburg was a straight Aryan whose career was destroyed by false claims of being gay by Jews like Hirschfeld. After the scandal had ended,
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After the verdict was overturned, a second trial found Harden guilty of libel. At the second trial, Hirschfeld again testified as an expert witness, but this time, he was much less certain than he had been at the first trial about Moltke's homosexuality. Hirschfeld testified that Moltke and
Eulenburg
2019:
In search of sanctuary, I have found my way to that country, the nobility of whose traditions, and whose ever-present charm, have already been as balm to my soul. I shall be glad and grateful if I can spend some few years of peace and repose in France and Paris, and still more grateful to be enabled
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in 1923 and popularized going unveiled which, for
Hirschfeld, illustrated how gender roles could change. In a rebuke to Western notions of superiority, Hirschfeld wrote "the average ethical and intellectual levels of the Egyptians was equal to that of the European nations". Hirschfeld's visit to the
1600:
for both men and women. Since
Hirschfeld's books never sold well, the money he was paid for endorsing the Titus Pearls pills were a major source of income for him, which he was to lose in 1933 when the manufacturer of the pills ceased using his endorsement in order to stay in the German market. In a
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As a Jewish homosexual, Hirschfeld was acutely aware that many
Germans did not consider him to be a "proper" German, or even a German at all; so, he reasoned that taking an ultra-patriotic stance might break down prejudices by showing that German Jews and/or homosexuals could also be good, patriotic
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newspaper declared in an editorial: "Dr. Hirschfeld makes public propaganda under the cover of science, which does nothing but poison our people. Real science should fight against this!" A notable witness at the trial was Lilly von Elbe, former wife of Moltke, who testified that her husband had only
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Turning the argument of the anthropologists on their head, Hirschfeld argued that, if same-sex relationships were common among
Khoekoe women, and if the bodies of Khoekoe women were essentially the same as Western women, then Western women must have the same tendencies. Hirschfeld's theories about a
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heart". The officer could not even bring himself to use the word "homosexuality", which he instead conspicuously referred to as "that" in his note. However, the officer mentioned at the end of his suicide note: "The thought that you could contribute a future when the German fatherland will think of
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was introduced, the laws against homosexuals were repealed, for they were considered a violation of the rights of the individual... In Germany, however, despite more than fifty years of scientific research, legal discrimination against homosexuals continues unabated... May justice soon prevail over
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dubbed him "the Einstein of Sex". He identified as a campaigner and a scientist, investigating and cataloging many varieties of sexuality, not just homosexuality. He developed a system which categorised 64 possible types of sexual intermediary, ranging from masculine, heterosexual male to feminine,
318:
in that city. Struck by the essential similarities between the homosexual subcultures of Chicago and Berlin, Hirschfeld first developed his theory about the universality of homosexuality around the world, as he researched in books and newspaper articles about the existence of gay subcultures in Rio
1903:
By the time of the book burning, Hirschfeld had long since left Germany for a speaking tour that took him around the world; he never returned to Germany. In March 1932, he stopped briefly in Athens, spent several weeks in Vienna and then settled in Zurich, Switzerland, in August 1932. While he was
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in London as proving that sexuality in Britain could also be brutal and perverted: a matter which, he noted, did not interest Mayo in the slightest. Hirschfeld was very interested in the subject of Indian sexuality or, as he called it, "the Indian art of love". Hirschfeld's main guide to India was
1541:
newspaper described Hirschfeld as wanting to "discuss love's natural turns" – the phrase "love's natural turns" was Hirschfeld's way of presenting his theory that there was a wide spectrum of human sexuality, all of which were "natural". Hirschfeld realized that most Americans did not want to hear
1307:
ordered the Prussian police not to enforce Paragraph 175, making Prussia into a haven for homosexuals all over Germany. The Institute housed Hirschfeld's immense archives and library on sexuality and provided educational services and medical consultations; the clinical staff included psychiatrists
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theater. Hirschfeld become interested in the Kabuki theater, where the female characters are played by men. One of the Kabuki actors, speaking to Hirschfeld via Iwaya, who served as the translator, was most insistent about asking him if he really looked like a woman on stage and was he effeminate
636:
ended all hope for any such reform. As part of his efforts to counter popular prejudice, Hirschfeld spoke out about the taboo subject of suicide and was the first to present statistical evidence that homosexuals were more likely to commit suicide or attempt suicide than heterosexuals. Hirschfeld
1526:
In 1930, Hirschfeld predicted that there would be no future for people like himself in Germany, and he would have to move abroad. In November 1930, Hirschfeld arrived in New York City, ostensibly on a speaking tour about sex, but in fact to see if it was possible for him to settle in the United
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saying that despite his best efforts, he could not end his desires for other men, and so had ended his life out of his guilt and shame. In his suicide note, the officer wrote that he lacked the "strength" to tell his parents the "truth", and spoke of his shame of "that which nearly strangled my
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or 'Union for Male Culture', which did not exist long. It argued that male–male love is an aspect of virile manliness, rather than a special condition. Under Hirschfeld's leadership, the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee gathered 6000 signatures from prominent Germans on a petition to overturn
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States. Significantly, in his speeches on this American tour, Hirschfeld, when speaking in German, called for the legalization of homosexuality, but when speaking in English did not mention the subject of homosexuality, instead urging Americans to be more open-minded about heterosexual sex.
1601:
second interview with Viereck in February 1931, Hirschfeld was presented by him as the "Einstein of Sex", which was again part of the marketing effort of Hirschfeld's "straight turn" in America. At times, Hirschfeld returned to his European message, when he planned to deliver a talk at the
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for China, Hirschfeld expressed the hope that his host and translator, Wilhelm Grundert, the director of the German–Japanese Cultural Institute, be made a professor at a German university. Grundert joined the Nazi Party in 1933 and, in 1936, was made a professor of Japanese studies at the
2404:(United Kingdom, 1989); directed by Stuart Marshall. A feature-length documentary tracing the emergence of the homosexual subculture and the homosexual emancipation movement in pre-World War II Germany – and their destruction by the Nazi regime. According to film historian
1690:" to show him how German men drank. Tao's parents, who knew about their son's sexual orientation and accepted his relationship with Hirschfeld, threw a farewell party when the two left China, with Tao's father expressing the hope that his son would become the "Hirschfeld of China".
766:
Hirschfeld's position, that homosexuality was normal and natural, made him a highly controversial figure at the time, involving him in vigorous debates with other academics, who regarded homosexuality as unnatural and wrong. One of Hirschfeld's leading critics was Austrian Baron
775:", and saw Hirschfeld's theories as a challenge to his view of sexuality. Ehrenfels argued that there were a few "biologically degenerate" homosexuals who lured otherwise "healthy boys" into their lifestyle, making homosexuality into both a choice and a wrong one at that time.
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In addition, a number of noted individuals lived for longer or shorter periods of time in the various rooms available for rent or as free accommodations in the Institute complex. Among the residents were Isherwood and Turville-Petre; literary critic and philosopher
1320:, and dermatologist Friedrich Wertheim. The institute also housed the Museum of Sex, an educational resource for the public, which is reported to have been visited by school classes. Hirschfeld himself lived at the Institution on the second floor with his partner,
1429:. Richter had been previously arrested for cross-dressing and discharged from the military. At the suggestion of a close friend, she later came to the institute for help. Hirschfeld had coined the term transvestite in 1910 to describe what today would be called
1067:
973:('Why do other nations hate us?'), Hirschfeld answered his own question by arguing that it was the greatness of Germany that excited envy from other nations, especially Great Britain, and so had supposedly caused them to come together to destroy the
365:
in more just terms sweetens the hour of my death." Hirschfeld had been treating the officer for depression in 1895–1896, and the use of the term "us" led to speculation that a relationship existed between the two. However, the officer's use of
2230:
got renamed Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer. On this promenade, there is a Memorial plaque with a description in English. In August 2011, after 30 years of advocacy by the Magnus Hirschfeld Society and other associations and individuals, the Federal
2684:, 2 vols., Verlag fĂĽr Sexualwissenschaft, Schneider & Co., Leipzig & Vienna, 1930. The plates from the German edition are not included in the Panurge Press translation, but a small sampling appear in a separately issued portfolio,
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people, and the institution became a haven for transgender people, where Hirschfeld offered them shelter from abuse, performed surgeries, and gave otherwise unemployable transgender people jobs, albeit of a menial type, mostly as "maids".
1865:
commissioner for the state. A conservative Catholic who had long been a vocal critic of homosexuality, Papen ordered the Prussian police to start enforcing Paragraph 175 and to crack down in general on "sexual immorality" in Prussia. The
1987:
way of dividing humanity was the basis of Western thinking about modernity, with whites being praised as the "civilized" race in contrast to the other races, which were dismissed for their "barbarism"; such thinking was used to justify
481:
1596:, and had been using Hirschfeld's endorsement to help with advertising campaign there. Most Americans knew of Hirschfeld only as a "world-known authority on sex" who had endorsed the Titus Pearls pills, which were alleged to improve
2480:
1941:. Throughout his stay in France, he continued researching, writing, campaigning and working to establish a French successor to his lost institute in Berlin. Hirschfeld's sister, Recha Tobias, did not leave Germany and died in the
1665:, whom he praised for their efforts to give Japanese women the right to vote. This greatly annoyed the Japanese government, which did not appreciate a foreigner criticizing the denial of female suffrage. Shortly before leaving
462:
and subsequently other exhibitions to inquire of the people in the "human zoos" via interpreters about the status of sexuality in their cultures. It was in 1896, after talking to the people displayed in the "human zoos" at the
1930:. Hirschfeld lived with Li and Giese. In 1934, Giese was involved in a dispute at a public bathhouse that Hirschfeld called "trifling", but it led French authorities to expel him. Giese's fate left Hirschfeld very depressed.
3388:(Scientific-Humanitarian Committee). Its first action was to draft a petition against Paragraph 175 with 6,000 signatures of prominent people in the arts, politics and the medical profession; it failed to have any effect.
1713:, stating "it is one of the biggest injustices in the world that one of the oldest civilized nations... cannot rule independently". However, Hirschfeld's Indian speeches were mainly concerned with attacking the 1927 book
1513:
party replaced MĂĽller in March 1930, and was openly hostile toward gay rights and the fall of MĂĽller ended the possibility of repealing Paragraph 175. Under the rule of BrĂĽning as Chancellor and that of his successor,
692:, and against policies that banned female teachers and civil servants from marrying or having children. Both Hirschfeld and Stöcker believed that there was a close connection between the causes of gay rights and
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enough as an actor. Hirschfeld noted that no one in Japan looked down on Kabuki actors who played female characters; on the contrary, they were popular figures with the public. Hirschfeld also met a number of
1216:
reflected Hirschfeld's interest in the subject of the high suicide rate among homosexuals, and was intended to give hope to gay audiences. The film ends with Hirschfeld opening a copy of the penal code of the
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some of the prominent and secretly homosexual lawmakers who had remained silent on the bill. He arranged for the bill to be reintroduced and, in the 1920s, it made some progress until the takeover of the
2015:, 1935), was published in French in late April 1935; it was his only book that was never published in a German-language edition. In the book's preface, he described his hopes for his new life in France:
1686:(also known by his nickname Tao Li), who remained his partner for the rest of his life. Hirschfeld promised Tao that he would introduce him to German culture, saying he wanted to take him to a "Bavarian
1640:. Hirschfeld sought out an old friend, S. Iwaya, a Japanese doctor who lived in Berlin in 1900–02 and who joined the Scientific-Humanitarian committee during his time there. Iwaya took Hirschfeld to the
1896:
came to the institute, carrying out a more systematic attack, removing all volumes from the library and storing them for a book-burning event which was to be held four days later. In the evening, the
1055:
activists who attacked him on the street; he was initially declared dead when the police arrived. In 1921, Hirschfeld organised the First Congress for Sexual Reform, which led to the formation of the
696:, and Stöcker was much involved in the campaign to repeal Paragraph 175 while Hirschfeld campaigned for the repeal of Paragraph 218, which had banned abortion. From 1909 to 1912, Stöcker, Hirschfeld,
1210:
was intended to draw a parallel between homophobia and anti-Semitism, while Hirschfeld's repeated use of the word "us" was an implied admission of his own homosexuality. The anti-suicide message of
2398:. An experimental film portraying 100 years of homosexual history in four episodes, one of which focuses on Hirschfeld and his work. French gay writer Pierre Hahn played the role of Hirschfeld.
1971:
in the 18th century, and it was a part of modernity rather than an aberration from it. He added that, in the 19th century, an ideology that divided all of humanity into biologically different
1815:
saying, if only the Jews of Palestine spoke German rather than Hebrew, he would have stayed. In March 1932, Hirschfeld arrived in Athens, where he told journalists that, regardless of whether
2129:
following World War I, became impressed by Hirschfeld and absorbed many of the doctor's ideas. Upon his return to the United States, Gerber was inspired to form the short-lived Chicago-based
4604:
2103:), organized a formal delegation to the cemetery. Speakers recalled Hirschfeld's life and work and laid a large bouquet of pink flowers on his tomb; the ribbon on the bouquet was inscribed "
1945:
on 28 September 1942 (the cause of death entered in her death certificate was "heart weakness"). While in France, Hirschfeld finished a book that he had been writing during his world tour,
1559:
in late November 1930 that epitomised his "straight turn" in America, Hirschfeld was presented as a sex expert whose knowledge could improve the sex lives of married American couples. The
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governments to enforce Paragraph 175. Until the November Revolution of 1918, Prussia had a three-class voting system that effectively disenfranchised most ordinary people, and allowed the
903:
government with having his medical license revoked if he testified as an expert witness again along the same lines that he had at the first trial, and possibly prosecuted for violating
2207:
1795:) marked one of the few times when he publicly referred to his Jewishness saying, as a Jew, it was greatly moving to visit Jerusalem. Hirschfeld was not a religious Jew, stating that
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Most notably, Hirschfeld testified that "homosexuality was part of the plan of nature and creation just like normal love." Hirschfeld's testimony caused outrage all over Germany. The
813:
spectrum of sexuality existing in all of the world's cultures implicitly undercut the binary theories about the differences between various races that was the basis of the claim of
5555:
2936:
1754:, Hirschfeld drew up a will naming Tao as his main beneficiary and asking Tao, if he should die, to take his ashes to be buried at the Institute for Sexual Research in Berlin.
895:
in nature but not sexual, as he had testified at the first trial. Hirschfeld also testified that, though he still believed female sexuality was normal, Elbe was suffering from
911:
backlash, and Hirschfeld's biographer Elena Mancini speculated that Hirschfeld wanted to bring to an end an affair that was hindering rather helping the cause for gay rights.
817:. However, Bauer wrote that Hirschfeld's theories about the universality of homosexuality paid little attention to cultural contexts, and criticized him for his remarks that
2133:
in 1924, the first known gay rights organization in the nation. In turn, a partner of one of the former members of the Society communicated the existence of the society to
5610:
2319:
Hirschfeld was a frequent target of caricatures in the popular press during his lifetime. Historian James Steakley reproduces several examples in his German-language book
2198:
1197:
In May 1919, when the film premiered in Berlin, the First World War was still a very fresh memory and German conservatives, who already hated Hirschfeld, seized upon his
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In Egypt, where Hirschfeld and Tao traveled to next, arriving in November 1931, Hirschfeld wrote "to the Arabs... homoerotic love practice is something natural and that
5161:
Dickinson, Edward Ross (May 2002). "Sex, Masculinity, and the 'Yellow Peril': Christian von Ehrenfels' Program for a Revision of the European Sexual Order, 1902–1910".
5525:
2760:; introduced and annotated by Ralf Dose. Berlin: Hentrich und Hentrich Verlag, 2013. (Critical edition of the only surviving volume of Hirschfeld's personal journal.)
1955:). It was published posthumously in English in 1938. Hirschfeld wrote that the purpose of the book was to explore "the racial theory which underlines the doctrine of
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caused by a lack of sex, and so the court should discount her stories about a sexual relationship between Moltke and Eulenburg. Hirschfeld had been threatened by the
526:. The motto of the committee, "Justice through science", reflected Hirschfeld's belief that a better scientific understanding of homosexuality would eliminate social
5008:, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 2016-04-07.
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family, the son of highly regarded physician and Senior Medical Officer Hermann Hirschfeld. As a youth he attended Kolberg Cathedral School, which at the time was a
1801:('fear of God', i.e. religious belief) was irrational, but that he did feel a certain sentimental attachment to Palestine. In general, Hirschfeld was supportive of
471:
2736:. Schriftenreihe der Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft Nr. 1. Berlin: Rosa Winkel, 1986. (Reprint of a series of articles by Hirschfeld originally published in
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Germans, rallying to the cry of the Fatherland. By 1916, Hirschfeld was writing pacifist pamphlets, calling for an immediate end to the war. In his 1916 pamphlet
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Hirschfeld has been portrayed in a number of works of popular culture both during his lifetime and subsequently. Following is a sampling of genres and titles:
2149:
established the Hirschfeld Centre, Ireland's second gay and lesbian community centre. Although badly damaged by a 1987 fire, the centre continued to house the
1883:
1365:, a friend of Isherwood's who was an active member of the Scientific Humanitarian Committee. Other celebrated visitors included German novelist and playwright
1959:", saying that he himself was "numbered among the many thousands who have fallen victim to the practical realization of this theory." Unlike many who saw the
315:
4501:
4724:
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rallied the majority of Germans to the defence of the Fatherland. Initially pro-war, Hirschfeld started to turn against the war in 1915, moving toward a
2535:(Orbe, Switzerland: Bernard Campiche). A French-language spy thriller inspired by the sacking of Hirschfeld's Institute for Sexual Science by the Nazis.
5480:
2253:
was expected to contribute an additional 5 million euros, bringing the initial endowment of the foundation to a total of 15 million euros.
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456:
joined the Africans and New Guineans displayed in the "human zoos". Hirschfeld, who was keenly interested in sexuality in other cultures, visited the
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5475:
5470:
4487:
Hans P. Soetaert & Donald W. McLeod, "Un Lion en hiver: Les Derniers jours de Magnus Hirschfeld à Nice (1934–1935)" in Gérard Koskovich (ed.),
2967:
436:
and Africa were put on display for the visitors to gawk at. Such exhibitions of colonised peoples were common at industrial fairs, and later after
345:('self-murder'), which carried more judgmental and condemnatory connotations than its English language equivalent, making the subject of suicide a
5600:
1937:, a seaside resort on the Mediterranean coast. He lived in a luxurious apartment building with a view of the sea across an enormous garden on the
1491:
justice committee voted to repeal Paragraph 175. However, the MĂĽller government fell before it could submit the repeal motion to the floor of the
2563:
2271:
1082:
Hirschfeld was both quoted and caricatured in the press as a vociferous expert on sexual matters; during his 1931 tour of the United States, the
5635:
1967:
ideology of the Nazi regime as an aberration and a retrogression from modernity, Hirschfeld insisted that it had deep roots, going back to the
2408:, Marshall "treats the burning of Hirschfeld's library and the closing of his Institute of Sexual Science as the film's... central moment...."
783:
352:
In particular, Hirschfeld cited the story of one of his patients as a reason for his gay rights activism: a young army officer suffering from
5630:
5590:
3988:
3836:
3206:
2867:
2250:
2053:(1884–1943), who like Hirschfeld was a native of the town of Kolberg. The slab covering the tomb is engraved with Hirschfeld's Latin motto, "
2059:" ("through science to justice"). The Caucade Cemetery is likewise the location of the grave of surgeon and sexual-rejuvenation proponent
1904:
there, he worked on a book that recounted his experiences and observations while he was on his world tour and it was published in 1933 as
1546:
tendency in the United States, where foreigners seen as troublemakers were unwelcome, Hirschfeld tailored his message to American tastes.
934:, used the Eulenburg affair as a chance to "settle the accounts" with the Jews. As a gay Jew, Hirschfeld was relentlessly vilified by the
1171:
rather than continuing to make the blackmail payments. His career is destroyed and he is driven to suicide. Hirschfeld played himself in
5540:
5213:
1805:, but expressed concern about what he regarded as certain chauvinist tendencies in the Zionist movement and he deplored the adoption of
2944:
1038:
5510:
5362:
4988:
4935:
1867:
1842:
1300:
1266:
613:
242:
130:
2178:
in Berlin from 7 December 2011 to 31 March 2012, the society publicly displayed a selection of these collections for the first time.
5565:
5154:
4456:
3240:
3027:
3001:
1839:
and other authors which they considered "un-German", including thousands of books that were looted from the library of Hirschfeld's
1674:
and, in 1938, become the chancellor of Hamburg university, all the while denouncing his former friend Hirschfeld as a "pervert". In
507:
216:. Performance Studies and Rhetoric Professor Dustin Goltz characterized the committee as having carried out "the first advocacy for
201:
136:
5605:
4962:"On Behalf of Hermaphrodites and Mongrels: Refocusing the Reception of Magnus Hirschfeld's Critical Thought on Sexuality and Race."
314:, and living from the proceeds of his writing for German journals. During his time in Chicago, Hirschfeld became involved with the
2214:
in 1990. The Society awards the Medal in two categories, contributions to sexual research and contributions to sexual reform. The
5515:
3465:
422:
Magnus Hirschfeld found a balance between practicing medicine and writing about his findings. Between 1 May–15 October 1896, the
5620:
5595:
5406:
2246:
2071:
2042:
861:, after the latter had run an article accusing Moltke of having a homosexual relationship with the politically powerful Prince
700:, and others successfully campaigned against an extension to Paragraph 175 which would have criminalised female homosexuality.
307:
2680:(1930), New York City, Panurge Press, 1934; significantly abridged translation and adaptation of the original German edition:
2037:
On his 67th birthday, 14 May 1935, Hirschfeld died of a heart attack in his apartment at the Gloria Mansions I building at 63
2020:
to repay the hospitality accorded to me, by making available those abundant stores of knowledge acquired throughout my career.
1177:, where the title cards have him say: "The persecution of homosexuals belongs to the same sad chapter of history in which the
791:
At the same time, Hirschfeld became involved in a debate with a number of anthropologists about the supposed existence of the
5570:
5275:
5259:
2846:
2825:
1056:
730:
522:, the section of the German penal code that, since 1871, had criminalized homosexuality. They argued that the law encouraged
205:
140:
2029:
1870:
remained open, but under Papen's rule, the police began to harass people associated with it. On 30 January 1933, President
1575:, Hirschfeld replied he was certain that United States would soon recover, thanks to the relentless drive of American men.
1299:
s to dominate Prussia. After the November Revolution, universal suffrage came to Prussia, which became a stronghold of the
5550:
5520:
3300:"Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and Homosexual Emancipation in Fin-de-Siecle Central Europe"
2858:
Goltz, Dustin (2008). "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Movements", In Lind, Amy; Brzuzy, Stephanie (eds.).
2557:
4879:
Marshall, Stuart (1991). "The Contemporary Political Use of Gay History: The Third Reich", in Bad Object Choices (eds.),
3912:
3196:
979:. Hirschfeld accused Britain of starting the war in 1914 "out of envy at the development and size of the German Empire".
2720:. This denunciation of racial discrimination was not influential at the time, although it seems prophetic in retrospect.
2451:
2265:
Hirschfeld's tomb in the Caucade Cemetery in Nice, France, photographed the day before the 75th anniversary of his death
2145:
in 1950, the first national homosexual rights organization to operate for many years in the United States. In 1979, the
1882:
took power, Hirschfeld's Institute was sacked. On the morning of 6 May, a group of university students belonging to the
1823:
won the presidential election that month, he probably would not return to Germany, as both men were equally homophobic.
1710:
862:
4684:
838:
5535:
5530:
5291:
Marhoefer, Laurie (October 2011). "Degeneration, Sexual Freedom, and the Politics of the Weimar Republic, 1918–1933".
2227:
2151:
1976:
1972:
1914:, Switzerland: Bözberg-Verlag, 1933). It was published in an English translation in the United States under the title
750:
404:
2033:
Gloria Mansions I, 63 Promenade des Anglais, Nice, the apartment complex where Magnus Hirschfeld died on 14 May 1935
881:
5580:
5575:
5545:
5455:
5035:. New York City: Monthly Review Press, 2014; revised and expanded edition of Dose's 2005 German-language biography.
4766:
2647:
Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1906–1908): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization
2641:
Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1904–1905): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization
2635:
Annual Reports of the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (1900–1903): The World's First Successful LGBT Organization
2215:
1414:
1041:
for granting German women the right to vote and announced the "eyes of the world are now resting on German women".
733:, saying that he had done terrible things in Southwest Africa, and could no longer live with himself. In 1904, the
657:
64:
5393:
Biographical information on the web site of the Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft (Magnus Hirschfeld Society), Berlin
5387:
4575:(London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1936), pp. xix–xx; translated from the original French edition by John Rodker.
5560:
5485:
5096:
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement.
4895:
Wood, Robin (2002). "Gays and the Holocaust: Two Documentaries", in Shelley Hornstein & Florence Jacobowitz,
4697:
4645:
2786:
2370:
1586:
At least part of the reason for his "straight turn" was financial; a Dutch firm had been marketing Titus Pearls (
1327:
Giese and Hirschfeld were a well-known couple in the gay scene in Berlin where Hirschfeld was popularly known as
1156:
1075:
607:
515:
247:
was looted and had its books burned by Nazis. Hirschfeld was forced into exile in France, where he died in 1935.
4782:
3736:
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement
3720:
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement
3665:
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement
3568:
Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom: A History of the First International Sexual Freedom Movement
2066:
2001:
racism of the National Socialist regime was only an extreme variant of prejudices that were held throughout the
223:
Hirschfeld is regarded as one of the most influential sexologists of the 20th century. He was targeted by early
5585:
4732:
4710:
4585:
2405:
2146:
2130:
2126:
1550:
1422:
1357:
722:
597:
3817:
Köllen, Thomas (April 2016). "Intersexuality and Trans-Identities within the Diversity Management Discourse".
1746:
and, in general, Hirschfeld's contacts were limited to the English-speaking Indian elite, as he did not speak
1339:('aunt') was a German slang expression for a gay man but did not mean, as some claim, that Hirschfeld himself
385:, which he often referred to in his writings. Hirschfeld was struck by the number of his gay patients who had
5640:
5625:
5495:
5142:. New York: Routledge, 1997. See chapter: "The Emergence of a Gay and Lesbian Political Culture in Germany".
2463:
2211:
1564:
1536:
768:
749:
to wage a "war of annihilation" to exterminate the Herero and Namaqua in what has since become known as the
726:
5319:
Steakley, James (1999). "Cinema and Censorship in the Weimar Republic: The Case of Anders als Die Andern".
5078:
Der Sexualreformer Magnus Hirschfeld. Ein Leben im Spannungsfeld von Wissenschaft, Politik und Gesellschaft
4817:
3820:
Sexual Orientation and Transgender Issues in Organizations: Global Perspectives on LGBT Workforce Diversity
2544:
1632:
After his American tour, Hirschfeld went to Asia in February 1931. Hirschfeld had been invited to Japan by
1533:
described Hirschfeld as having come to America to "study the marriage question", while the German-language
741:
peoples who had been steadily pushed off their land to make way for German settlers, had revolted, causing
335:. Hirschfeld became interested in gay rights because many of his gay patients took their own lives. In the
5615:
5500:
5490:
5045:
2791:
1919:
1508:
1362:
620:, a friend of Hirschfeld from his university days, agreed to sponsor the attempt to repeal Paragraph 175.
391:('scars left by suicide attempts'), and often found himself trying to give his patients a reason to live.
2336:
1582:
Ad for a speech "Postponed" to Sunday, 18 January 1931, at the "Dil-Pickle Club" on State Street, Chicago
5436:
2505:
2493:
2088:
On 14 May 2010, to mark the 75th anniversary of Hirschfeld's death, a French national organization, the
2038:
1942:
1938:
1733:
1671:
1592:) pills, which were presented in Europe as a cure for "scattered nerves" and in the United States as an
1578:
1348:
1136:
1083:
715:, and congenital sexual anomaly". The man, a former soldier and a veteran of what Hirschfeld called the
645:
538:
534:
5384:
on the web site of the Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld (Magnus Hirschfeld National Foundation), Berlin
5087:
Leng, Kirsten. "Magnus Hirschfeld's Meanings: Analysing Biography and the Politics of Representation."
2572:
Hirschfeld's works are listed in the following bibliography, which is extensive but not comprehensive:
2354:
1983:
into a "universal truth", apparently validated by science. In turn, Hirschfeld held the view that this
1892:" ('Burn Hirschfeld!') and began to beat up its staff and smash up the premises. In the afternoon, the
1303:. The SPD believed in repealing Paragraph 175, and the Social Democratic Prussian government headed by
5050:
4586:"'Il regarde la mer et pense à son idéal': Die letzten Tage von Magnus Hirschfeld in Nizza, 1934–1935"
3859:
3363:
1343:. People from around Europe and beyond came to the institute to gain a clearer understanding of their
5465:
5460:
3368:
2501:
2442:
1968:
1962:
1444:
1255:
821:
women in Nigeria were well known for their lesbian tendencies and would have been executed for their
649:
518:(1861–1915). The group aimed to undertake research to defend the rights of homosexuals and to repeal
234:
4866:
Sibalis, Michael (2001). "Hahn, Pierre (1936–81)", in Robert Aldrich & Gary Wotherspoon (eds.),
4754:
2245:), a foundation to support research and education about the life and work of Magnus Hirschfeld, the
640:
A figure frequently mentioned by Hirschfeld to illustrate the "hell experienced by homosexuals" was
4970:
2467:(U.S., 2014–2019) include a portrayal of Hirschfeld and his institute. Hirschfeld was portrayed by
2426:
2192:
1871:
1831:
1816:
1784:
1743:
1715:
1612:
on "homosexuality with beautiful revealing pictures", which was banned by the city as indecent. In
1498:
1474:
1470:
1410:
1240:
5402:
5186:
5064:
3345:
3329:
3017:
2637:. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1901-1903; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2021).
2526:(Frankfurt-am-Main: S. Fischer Verlag). Hirschfeld is quoted often in this novel about sexuality.
2431:
2307:
2301:
2232:
2142:
1836:
1788:
1738:
1617:
1568:
1555:
1529:
1438:
569:
60:
2653:
Sappho and Socrates: How Does One Explain the Love of Men and Women to Persons of Their Own Sex?
2623:
Paragraph 175 of the Imperial Penal Code Book: The Homosexual Question Judged by Contemporaries
2341:
2249:, German LGBT culture and community, and ways to counteract prejudice against LGBT people; the
1697:(modern Indonesia), where Hirschfeld caused an uproar by speech comparing Dutch imperialism to
914:
Because Eulenburg was a prominent anti-Semite and Hirschfeld was a Jew, during the affair, the
874:
newspaper condemned Hirschfeld in an editorial as "a freak who acted for freaks in the name of
5505:
5397:
5358:
5328:
5300:
5271:
5255:
5194:
5178:
5150:
4984:
4931:
4452:
3984:
3832:
3337:
3321:
3254:
3246:
3236:
3202:
3023:
2997:
2918:
2900:
2863:
2842:
2821:
2674:. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash. 2nd ed. (1920; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000).
2360:
2098:
1775:
1771:
1694:
1654:
1382:
1366:
1280:
1182:
1164:
1118:
1001:, who called the pamphlet a "perversion of the values which Hirschfeld had always stood for".
870:
858:
746:
742:
693:
685:
589:
557:
353:
3886:
924:
heterosexual, framed by false allegations of homosexuality by Hirschfeld and Harden. Various
5416:
5355:
Racism and the Making of Gay Rights: A sexologist, his student, and the empire of queer love
5170:
5009:
4976:
3824:
3313:
2908:
2892:
2649:. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1908; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022).
2643:. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1905; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022).
2468:
2458:
2378:; cowritten by Oswald and Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld appears in a cameo playing himself.
2158:
In 1982, a group of German researchers and activists founded the Magnus Hirschfeld Society (
1706:
1637:
1605:
1572:
1478:
1317:
1313:
990:
846:
712:
601:
445:
272:
101:
2668:. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1912; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts 2022).
5114:
4444:
3262:
2391:
2278:
2173:
2159:
1989:
1956:
1852:
1720:
1515:
1394:
1370:
1344:
1309:
1251:
1235:
1188:
1092:
998:
931:
854:
814:
549:
441:
336:
197:
181:
5346:
5041:
Magnus Hirschfeld: Leben und Werk eines jĂĽdischen, schwulen und sozialistischen Sexologen
2121:, Hirschfeld's "radical ideas changed the way Germans thought about sexuality." American
1658:
1194:
injustice in this area, science conquer superstition, love achieve victory over hatred!"
541:
and some others left the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee and formed another group, the
4868:
Who's Who in Contemporary Gay & Lesbian History From World War II to the Present Day
2655:
Translated by Michael Lombardi-Nash. (1896; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2019).
2382:, the young man who subsequently became Hirschfeld's lover, also had a part in the film.
1933:
A year-and-a-half after arriving in France, in November 1934, Hirschfeld moved south to
707:
to see if he was suffering from "severe nervous disturbances caused by a combination of
306:
After his studies, he traveled through the United States for eight months, visiting the
5378:
5065:
Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935). Un pionnier du mouvement homosexuel confronté au nazisme
4558:
Gérard Koskovich, "Des Dates clés de la vie de Magnus Hirschfeld", in Koskovich (ed.),
4489:
Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935): Un Pionnier du mouvement homosexuel confronté au nazisme
3304:
2913:
2880:
2770:
2375:
2181:
2060:
2050:
1893:
1724:
1662:
1374:
1340:
1207:
956:
806:
653:
506:, on homosexual love (under the pseudonym Th. Ramien). In 1897, Hirschfeld founded the
332:
217:
209:
32:
3201:. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series. Prometheus Books.
5449:
4909:
4409:
Sex and the Weimar Republic: German Homosexual Emancipation and the Rise of the Nazis
3818:
2661:. Translated by Michael A. Lombardi-Nash (1910; Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1991).
2631:. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash. (1904; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2021).
2521:
2329:: MännerschwarmSkript, 2004). Additional examples appear in the French-language book
2322:
Die Freunde des Kaisers. Die Eulenburg-Affäre im Spiegel zeitgenössischer Karikaturen
2223:
2219:
2185:
2002:
1984:
1927:
1897:
1811:
1621:
1613:
1482:
1378:
1203:
904:
875:
801:(known to Westerners as Hottentots) women of southern Africa had abnormally enlarged
734:
704:
565:
553:
519:
173:
3349:
2799:, a famous cabaret performer who appeared in Hirschfeld's 1912 book on transvestites
2625:. Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1898; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020).
5243:
Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920–1950
2515:
2509:
2122:
1875:
1820:
1683:
1418:
1398:
1152:
1088:
1070:
1066:
908:
822:
818:
772:
754:
617:
593:
585:
581:
573:
453:
409:
357:
213:
158:
2609:
Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1915; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020).
2603:
Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1919; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2020).
2597:
Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1903; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2022).
2591:
Translated by M. Lombardi-Nash (1899; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2023).
288:
266:
69:
3230:
3043:
2745:
M.H. , "Hirschfeld, Magnus (Autobiographical Sketch)", in Victor Robinson (ed.),
1567:, which initially promoted Hirschfeld in America, reflecting the old adage that "
771:, who advocated radical changes to society and sexuality to combat the supposed "
378:, suggests Hirschfeld's relationship with his patient was strictly professional.
3828:
2447:
2167:
2134:
1728:
1602:
1593:
1430:
1406:
1386:
1352:
1198:
1100:
994:
960:
842:
826:
738:
697:
641:
561:
382:
324:
2218:, established in Germany in 2007, is named for Hirschfeld and lesbian activist
2041:
in Nice. His body was cremated, and the ashes interred in a simple tomb in the
1271:('Institute of Sexual Research'), which opened on 6 July 1919. In Germany, the
1059:. Congresses were held in Copenhagen (1928), London (1929), Vienna (1930), and
2796:
2778:
2717:
2666:
The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress: Illustrated Part: Supplement to Transvestites
2379:
2046:
1633:
1543:
1321:
1304:
1247:
1178:
1168:
1160:
986:
921:
892:
633:
628:
527:
433:
429:
296:
276:
185:
177:
153:
5332:
5304:
5182:
3913:"The Early 20th-Century ID Cards That Kept Trans People Safe From Harassment"
3325:
2904:
2694:(1933); translated by O. P. Green (New York City: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1935).
648:
in 1895 had been extensively covered by the German press. Hirschfeld visited
5280:
Haeberle E.J. "The birth of Sexology". World Association for Sexology, 1983.
5233:
5147:
Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context
4795:
3258:
2713:
2188:
2138:
2012:
1980:
1702:
1687:
1426:
1121:
to trans people in order to prevent them from being harassed by the police.
729:(modern Namibia) appeared to be suffering from what would now be considered
523:
511:
493:
449:
328:
280:
260:
189:
5198:
4605:"Magnus Hirschfeld, vedette posthume du festival 'Espoirs de Mai' Ă Nice,'"
3266:
2922:
2700:
London, John Lane The Bodley Head, 1935; translated from the French volume
2049:
portrait of Hirschfeld in profile by German sculptor and decorative artist
1481:
direction. In 1929, the MĂĽller government had come very close to repealing
5013:
4785:"; website of the Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld; retrieved 2 July 2012.
3341:
2881:"The Sexologist Albert Moll – between Sigmund Freud and Magnus Hirschfeld"
2773:, an associate of Hirschfeld who brought his theories to the United States
1678:, Hirschfeld began a relationship with a 23-year-old Chinese man studying
940:
newspapers. Outside Hirschfeld's house in Berlin, posters were affixed by
482:
Die Transvestiten: Eine Untersuchung ĂĽber den Erotischen Verkleidungstrieb
5425:
5107:: Magnus Hirschfeld and the Sexual Politics of Innate Homosexuality", in
4713:"; website of the Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld; retrieved 2012-07-02.
3707:
The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire
3694:
The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire
3681:
The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire
3639:
The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire
3623:
The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire
3610:
The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire
3594:
The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire
3581:
The Eulenburg Affair: A Cultural History of Politics in the German Empire
2413:
1763:
1679:
1675:
1643:
1502:
1110:
964:
896:
798:
689:
681:
577:
502:
428:('Great Business Exhibition of Berlin') took place, which featured nine "
368:
193:
4854:
4698:
Serendipity and the Papers of Magnus Hirschfeld: The Case of Ernst Maass
2896:
1859:
that deposed the Braun government in Prussia, and appointed himself the
959:, as the sense of national solidarity was known that at the outbreak of
5190:
5140:
We Are Everywhere: A Historical Source Book of Gay and Lesbian Politics
2619:
by M. Lombardi-Nash (1923; Jacksonville, FL: Urania Manuscripts, 2019).
2613:
Memoir: Celebrating 25 Years of the First LGBT Organization (1897–1923)
2326:
1802:
1698:
1609:
1402:
900:
708:
660:". Hirschfeld found the reading of "The Ballad of Reading Gaol" to be "
437:
374:
320:
311:
284:
256:
224:
56:
4685:
Thirty Years of Collecting Our History, or How to Find Treasure Troves
4649:
3333:
3299:
2733:
Von einst bis jetzt: Geschichte einer homosexuellen Bewegung 1897–1922
2045:
in Nice. The upright headstone in gray granite is inset with a bronze
5111:, ed. Vernon A. Rosario. New York: Routledge, 1997, pp. 133–154.
4843:
Images in the Dark: An Encyclopedia of Gay and Lesbian Film and Video
4019:
3235:. Translated by Lombardi-Nash, Michael A. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.
2435:
1900:
arrived at the institution and announced that it was closed forever.
1879:
1806:
1792:
1649:
1597:
1294:
920:
movement came out in support of Eulenburg, whom they portrayed as an
624:
498:
300:
292:
5174:
5149:. New York, Harrington Park Press, an imprint of The Haworth Press.
4980:
4928:
Magnus Hirschfeld : the origins of the gay liberation movement
3317:
2390:(France, 1979); directed by Lionel Soukaz; cowritten by Soukaz and
955:
In 1914, Hirschfeld was swept up by the national enthusiasm of the
703:
In 1906, Hirschfeld was asked as a doctor to examine a prisoner in
623:
Hirschfeld considered what would, in a later era, be described as "
5421:
5216:: Gay Rights on the German Screen after World War I", Blog of the
4972:
The Hirschfeld Archives: Violence, Death, and Modern Queer Culture
4671:
2556:
2543:
2479:
2353:
2197:
2180:
2094:(MDH), in partnership with the new LGBT Community Center of Nice (
2065:
2028:
1911:
1830:
1779:
1767:
1751:
1747:
1666:
1577:
1234:
1099:), which he coined in 1910, and those he described under the term
1065:
850:
802:
782:
403:
381:
At the same time, Hirschfeld was greatly affected by the trial of
346:
228:
2109:" ('To the pioneer of our causes. The MDH and the LGBT Center').
533:
Within the group, some of the members rejected Hirschfeld's (and
514:(1850–1905), the lawyer Eduard Oberg (1858–1917), and the writer
4910:"Magnus Hirschfeld: Panhumanism and the Sexual Cultures of Asia"
4765:
For background on the campaign to establish the foundation, see
3633:
3631:
3604:
3602:
3250:
2968:"New Research Reveals How the Nazis Targeted Transgender People"
2305:
is about Hirschfeld, as is a Special Episode in Season 5 of the
2236:
2075:
1934:
1856:
1542:
about his theory of homosexuality as natural. Aware of a strong
1473:. "Presidential" governments, responsible only to the President
1413:, a member of the German Parliament and a press officer for the
1060:
997:
that has often embarrassed Hirschfeld's modern admirers such as
753:. The genocide came to widespread attention when the SPD leader
88:
4914:
Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context
4102:
4100:
2063:, whose work Hirschfeld had discussed in his own publications.
1163:
law reform agenda; after Veidt's character is blackmailed by a
1105:, a term he coined in 1923. He also made a distinction between
4014:
4012:
2607:
Why Do Nations Hate Us? A Reflection on the Psychology of War.
2419:
5033:
Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement
3981:
Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement
3019:
Magnus Hirschfeld: The Origins of the Gay Liberation Movement
2686:
Illustrated Supplement to The Sexual History of the World War
1087:
homosexual male, including those he described under the term
5004:
Domeier, Norman: "Magnus Hirschfeld", in: 1914–1918 online.
3195:
Hirschfeld, M.; Lombardi-Nash, M.A.; Bullough, V.L. (2000).
4129:
4127:
3675:
3673:
3506:
3504:
3502:
537:'s) view that male homosexuals are, by nature, effeminate.
4674:, Magnus Hirschfeld Society website; retrieved 2011-29-10.
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3935:
3933:
3730:
3728:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
1549:
In an interview with the Germanophile American journalist
930:
leaders, most notably the radical anti-Semitic journalist
469:, that Hirschfeld began writing what became his 1914 book
372:, the formal German word for you, instead of the informal
4411:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015 pp. 185–187.
5069:. Paris: MĂ©morial de la DĂ©portation Homosexuelle, 2010.
3288:
Franz Vollrath Carl Wilhelm Joseph von Bülow (1861–1915)
2239:
to establish the Magnus Hirschfeld National Foundation (
2202:
Memorial with English text at the Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer
1285:
governments enforced the laws, meaning it was up to the
4897:
Image and Remembrance: Representation and the Holocaust
4491:(Paris: MĂ©morial de la DĂ©portation Homosexuelle, 2010).
4468:
4466:
4464:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4362:
4360:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4294:
4292:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4223:
4221:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4176:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4144:
4142:
4087:
4085:
2751:, New York City: Dingwall-Rock, 1936, pp. 317–321.
2208:
German Society for Social-Scientific Sexuality Research
1975:– white, black, yellow, brown, and red – as devised by
1185:
did a complete change come about. Everywhere where the
1032:
What every woman needs to know about the right to vote!
612:
in 1898, but was supported only by a minority from the
5342:"Anders als die Andern:" Ein Film und seine Geschichte
5254:, with commentary by E.J. Haeberle. De Gruyter, 1984,
5119:
Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology
4753:
Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft E.V. (31 August 2011).
4542:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4521:
4519:
4449:
Magnus Hirschfeld: A Portrait of a Pioneer in Sexology
4421:
4419:
4417:
3999:
3997:
3785:
3783:
3758:
3756:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3410:
3408:
3382:...Dr. Magnus Hirschfeld founded the gay organization
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3111:
3109:
3084:
3082:
3057:
3055:
2839:
Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture
2818:
Routledge International Encyclopedia of Queer Culture
1324:, together with his sister Recha Tobias (1857–1942).
5287:. 2nd rev. ed. Novato, CA: Times Change Press, 1995.
5075:
Kotowski, Elke-Vera & Julius H. Schoeps (eds.).
3641:, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 pp. 103–105.
2937:"The great hunt for the world's first LGBTQ archive"
2860:
Battleground: Women, Gender, and Sexuality: Volume 2
1701:, Hirschfeld arrived in India in September 1931. In
1437:
The Institute and Hirschfeld's work are depicted in
841:
of 1906–09, which became the most widely publicized
644:, who was a well-known author in Germany, and whose
5225:
Voluptuous Panic: The Erotic World of Weimar Berlin
3696:, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 pp. 169–170
3612:, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 pp. 103–104
2106:
Au pionnier de nos causes. Le MDH et le Centre LGBT
1421:, one of the first transgender patients to receive
1049:In 1920, Hirschfeld was badly beaten by a group of
146:
124:
116:
108:
96:
77:
42:
23:
5398:Online Exhibit on the Institute for Sexual Science
4502:"Database of digitised documents | Holocaust"
3462:Magnus Hirschfeld and the Quest for Sexual Freedom
16:Jewish German physician and sexologist (1868–1935)
5236:? Gay and Lesbian Persecution in Germany, 1933–45
5006:International Encyclopedia of the First World War
3812:
3810:
2584:The following have been translated into English:
2578:The Writings of Magnus Hirschfeld: A Bibliography
2411:A segment on Hirschfeld appears in episode 19 of
1159:ever written for cinema. The film had a specific
492:After several years as a general practitioner in
4772:on the website of the Magnus Hirschfeld Society.
2692:Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist
2550:Was muss das Volk vom dritten Geschlecht wissen!
2394:; released in the United States under the title
2387:Race d'Ep: Un Siècle d'Images de l'Homosexualité
1924:Women East and West: Impressions of a Sex Expert
1916:Men and Women: The World Journey of a Sexologist
1835:On 10 May 1933, Nazis in Berlin burned works by
1750:or any other Indian languages. While staying in
1465:In March 1930, the Social Democratic chancellor
1254:, Hirschfeld purchased a villa not far from the
1073:and Hirschfeld as Paul Körner and the Doctor in
797:('Hottentot apron'), namely the belief that the
279:school. In 1887–1888, he studied philosophy and
5313:The Homosexual Emancipation Movement in Germany
5285:The Early Homosexual Rights Movement, 1864–1935
4870:(London & New York: Routledge), pages 175f.
4591:Mitteilungen der Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft
4022:. Archive.pamatnik-terezin.cz. 21 November 2013
3596:, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 103.
3583:, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 128.
2141:in 1929; Hay would go on to help establish the
1878:as chancellor. Less than four months after the
1223:and striking out Paragraph 175 with a giant X.
1133:Hirschfeld co-wrote and acted in the 1919 film
408:Hirschfeld (center) with Bernhard Schapiro and
5022:Magnus Hirschfeld: Deutscher, Jude, WeltbĂĽrger
4899:(Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press).
3709:, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 139
3683:, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 169
3625:, Rochester: Boydell & Brewer, 2015 p. 104
3232:Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress
2783:: world's first gay journal, Berlin, 1896–1932
2659:Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress
1641:
757:criticized the government on the floor of the
680:('League for the Protection of Mothers'), the
487:Transvestites: The Erotic Drive to Cross-Dress
3983:(New York City: Monthly Review Press, 2014);
2457:Several episodes of the second season of the
2332:Derrière "lui" (L'Homosexualité en Allemagne)
688:. He campaigned for the decriminalisation of
356:who killed himself in 1896, leaving behind a
180:, whose citizenship was later revoked by the
8:
5556:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
5340:
5265:
5249:
5076:
5062:
5039:
5020:
4589:
3383:
2776:
2755:
2737:
2731:
2701:
2595:Urnish People: Causes and Nature of Uranism.
2561:
2548:
2530:
2519:
2385:
2330:
2320:
2240:
2171:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2006:
1996:
1960:
1946:
1905:
1887:
1860:
1840:
1796:
1587:
1534:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1442:
1334:
1328:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1227:
1218:
1211:
1186:
1172:
1134:
1125:
1050:
1022:
1006:
980:
974:
968:
941:
935:
925:
915:
879:
792:
758:
716:
675:
661:
605:
542:
472:Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes
464:
457:
423:
386:
340:
264:
240:
232:
128:
5133:Gay Berlin: Birthplace of a Modern Identity
5102:
4767:"AktionsbĂĽndnis Magnus-Hirschfeld-Stiftung"
4711:Schwules Museum presents 'Hirschfeld Finds'
4483:
4481:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
2746:
2079:
2054:
1469:was overthrown by the intrigues of General
1181:and heretics is inscribed... Only with the
825:acts before British rule, as assuming that
448:became part of the German empire, Chinese,
231:for being Jewish and gay. He was beaten by
3860:"Magnus Hirschfeld and Transgender People"
2862:, pp. 291 ff. Greenwood Publishing Group,
1884:National Socialist German Students' League
837:Hirschfeld played a prominent role in the
432:" where people from Germany's colonies in
31:
20:
5611:Physicians from the Province of Pomerania
5251:Die Sexualitaet des Mannes und des Weibes
4975:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
4845:(Philadelphia: TLA Publications), p. 430.
4700:"; LGBT ALMS Blog; retrieved 3 July 2012.
4687:"; LGBT ALMS Blog; retrieved 3 July 2012.
4584:Donald W. McLeod & Hans P. Soetaert,
4106:
4076:
3510:
3279:Heinrich Gerhard Eduard Oberg (1858–1917)
2912:
2703:L'Ame et l'amour, psychologie sexologique
2589:The Objective Diagnosis of Homosexuality.
2008:L'Ă‚me et l'amour, psychologie sexologique
1563:was part of the newspaper chain owned by
303:. In 1892, he earned his medical degree.
287:, and then from 1888 to 1892 medicine in
5245:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
5138:Blasius, Mark & Shane Phelan (eds.)
4891:
4889:
4783:Magnus Hirschfeld Foundation established
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
3958:
3939:
3045:Aus der Geschichte des Colberger Lyceums
2706:(Paris: Gallimard, 1935) by John Rodker.
5526:German expatriates in the United States
5347:review by Dirk Naguschewski in HSozKult
5345:. Hamburg: Männerschwarm Verlag 2007. (
4781:Litwinschuh, Jörg (30 November 2011). "
4709:Litwinschuh, Jörg (30 November 2011). "
4670:Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft (n.d.),
2966:Marhoefer, Laurie (21 September 2023).
2809:
2601:What Unites and Divides the Human Race?
2580:. Toronto: Canadian Gay Archives, 1985.
2438:inspired by Hirschfeld's life and work.
2402:Desire: Sexuality in Germany, 1910–1945
2255:
2091:MĂ©morial de la DĂ©portation Homosexuelle
1922:, 1935) and in England under the title
1024:Was jede Frau vom Wahlrecht wissen muĂź!
5025:. Teetz: Hentrich und Hentrich, 2005.
4965:Journal of homosexuality (2019): 1–25.
4798:. Making Gay History. 24 November 2018
2484:U.S. first edition of Robert Hichens,
891:had an "intimate" friendship that was
5283:Lauritsen, John and Thorstad, David.
4672:"Short information about the society"
4546:
4525:
4472:
4425:
4395:
4383:
4366:
4351:
4339:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4283:
4271:
4252:
4227:
4212:
4200:
4188:
4167:
4148:
4133:
4118:
4091:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4003:
3801:
3789:
3774:
3762:
3747:
3541:
3529:
3493:
3481:
3448:
3431:
3414:
3399:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3115:
3100:
3088:
3073:
3061:
2222:. In May 2008, the promenade between
7:
4818:"Special Episode: Magnus Hirschfeld"
3385:Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee
2688:, New York City, Panurge Press, n.d.
2564:Jahrbuch fĂĽr sexuelle Zwischenstufen
1766:could not change this attitude". In
1316:, dermatologist and endocrinologist
548:Paragraph 175. Signatories included
331:; in 1896, he moved his practice to
5413:Works by or about Magnus Hirschfeld
5098:New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
4881:How Do I Look? Queer Film and Video
3887:"Gender Identity in Weimar Germany"
3885:Gershon, Livia (18 November 2018).
2678:The Sexual History of the World War
2164:Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft e.V.
1907:Die Weltreise eines Sexualforschers
1886:stormed the institution, shouting "
1477:, pushed German politics in a more
1113:. At this time, Hirschfeld and the
829:was always good for the colonized.
239:activists in 1920, and in 1933 his
5388:Magnus Hirschfeld – Leben und Werk
5135:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2014.
4696:McLeod, Donald W. (2 July 2012). "
3911:Frost, Natasha (2 November 2017).
3198:The Homosexuality of Men and Women
2672:The Homosexuality of Men and Women
2299:Season 4 episode 2 of the podcast
614:Social Democratic Party of Germany
604:. The bill was brought before the
477:The Homosexuality of Men and Women
172:(14 May 1868 – 14 May 1935) was a
14:
5227:. Los Angeles: Feral House, 2000.
3667:, London: Macmillan, 2010 p. 101.
3364:"Henry Gerber: Ahead of his time"
2277:Bust of Magnus Hirschfeld in the
1709:and gave speeches supporting the
787:Poster advertising Sarah Baartman
508:Scientific Humanitarian Committee
466:GroĂźe Berliner Gewerbeausstellung
459:GroĂźe Berliner Gewerbeausstellung
425:GroĂźe Berliner Gewerbeausstellung
400:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
218:homosexual and transgender rights
202:Scientific-Humanitarian Committee
137:Scientific Humanitarian Committee
100:Body cremated; ashes interred in
5481:German abortion-rights activists
5429:
5396:Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft:
4617:Blum, Steven (31 January 2014).
4594:, no. 45 (July 2010): pp. 14–33.
3738:, London: Macmillan, 2010 p. 112
3722:, London: Macmillan, 2010 p. 111
3570:, London: Macmillan, 2010 p. 100
2996:. Kensington Books. p. 15.
2682:Sittengeschichte des Weltkrieges
2532:Le Patient du docteur Hirschfeld
2270:
2258:
2242:Bundesstiftung Magnus Hirschfeld
1995:In this way, he argued that the
1851:On 20 July 1932, the Chancellor
1250:atmosphere of the newly founded
967:position. In his 1915 pamphlet,
496:, in 1896 he issued a pamphlet,
5476:20th-century German LGBT people
5471:19th-century German LGBT people
5357:. University of Toronto Press.
5218:Journal of the History of Ideas
4451:(London: Quartet Books, 1986).
2247:Nazi persecution of homosexuals
1868:Institut fĂĽr Sexualwissenschaft
1843:Institut fĂĽr Sexualwissenschaft
1267:Institut fĂĽr Sexualwissenschaft
1229:Institut fĂĽr Sexualwissenschaft
674:In 1905, Hirschfeld joined the
323:, and Tokyo. Then he started a
243:Institut fĂĽr Sexualwissenschaft
131:Institut fĂĽr Sexualwissenschaft
5601:Medical writers on LGBT topics
5267:Anfänge der Sexualwissenschaft
2943:. 28 June 2022. Archived from
2084:('through science to justice')
1277:government made laws, but the
1057:World League for Sexual Reform
882:MĂĽnchener Neuesten Nachrichten
731:post-traumatic stress disorder
206:World League for Sexual Reform
141:World League for Sexual Reform
1:
5636:Transgender studies academics
5207:Encyclopedia of Homosexuality
4560:Magnus Hirschfeld (1868–1935)
2430:(Germany, 1999); directed by
2374:(Germany, 1919); directed by
2287:Portrayals in popular culture
1979:– served as a way of turning
1770:, Hirschfeld and Tao met the
1522:America and a "straight turn"
1115:Institute for Sexual Sciences
652:in 1905 to meet Wilde's son,
413:
184:. Hirschfeld was educated in
112:German (revoked by the Nazis)
5631:Transgender rights activists
5591:German LGBT rights activists
5248:Haeberle E.J. " Re-print of
5238:. New York: Routledge, 1995.
4723:Kotte, Hans-Hermann (2008).
4683:Dose, Ralf (18 June 2012). "
3464:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010,
3229:Hirschfeld, Magnus (1991) .
3022:. NYU Press. 11 April 2014.
2358:Filmposter for Hirschfeld's
1711:Indian independence movement
993:tone, together with a crass
982:Warum Hassen uns die Völker?
970:Warum Hassen uns die Völker?
853:trial in 1907, when General
528:hostility toward homosexuals
308:World's Columbian Exposition
196:. An outspoken advocate for
5428:(public domain audiobooks)
5109:Science and Homosexualities
4908:Bauer, J. Edgar (2006–11).
4731:(in German). Archived from
3829:10.1007/978-3-319-29623-4_1
3298:Sengoopta, Chandak (1998).
2698:Sex in Human Relationships,
2504:). U.S. Edition: New York:
2251:Federal Ministry of Justice
1977:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
1642:
751:Herero and Namaqua genocide
208:. He based his practice in
5657:
5541:German socialist feminists
5422:Works by Magnus Hirschfeld
5403:Works by Magnus Hirschfeld
5353:Marhoefer, Laurie (2022).
5214:Projecting Fears and Hopes
5209:. New York: Garland, 1990.
5145:Bullough, Vern L. (2002).
5104:Per scientiam ad justitiam
4619:"Berlin's Einstein Of Sex"
4573:Sex in Human Relationships
2216:Hirschfeld Eddy Foundation
2191:Magnus-Hirschfeld-Ufer in
2081:Per Scientiam ad Justitiam
2056:Per Scientiam ad Justitiam
1758:Africa and the Middle East
1737:in 1885, exposing rampant
1415:Communist Party of Germany
658:The Ballad of Reading Gaol
339:, the word for suicide is
65:North German Confederation
5511:First homosexual movement
5061:Koskovich, GĂ©rard (ed.).
4930:. NYU Press. p. 10.
4648:. Nlgf.ie. Archived from
2879:Sigusch, Volkmar (2012).
2787:First homosexual movement
2371:Different from the Others
2335:(Paris: E. Bernard, ) by
2127:Allied Army of Occupation
1778:-who stopped wearing the
1505:on the right-wing of the
1146:Different From the Others
1076:Different from the Others
544:Bund für männliche Kultur
349:in 19th century Germany.
265:
200:, Hirschfeld founded the
129:
30:
5566:Jewish German scientists
5121:. London: Quartet, 1986.
4855:"The Homosexual Century"
4841:Murray, Raymond (1994).
2488:(Doubleday, Doran, 1940)
2446:(US, 2000); directed by
2235:granted 10 million
2147:National LGBT Federation
2131:Society for Human Rights
1648:to introduce him to the
1551:George Sylvester Viereck
1423:sex reassignment surgery
1358:Christopher and His Kind
1155:played one of the first
684:organization founded by
598:Richard von Krafft-Ebing
412:(also known as Tao Li),
5516:German anti-capitalists
5315:. New York: Arno, 1975.
5081:. Berlin: Bebra, 2004.
4755:Untitled press release.
4607:TĂŞtu.com (16 May 2010).
2529:Nicolas Verdan (2011).
2212:Magnus Hirschfeld Medal
1565:William Randolph Hearst
1537:New Yorker Volkszeitung
1361:; they were calling on
1179:persecutions of witches
985:was characterized by a
839:Harden–Eulenburg affair
769:Christian von Ehrenfels
727:German Southwest Africa
255:Hirschfeld was born in
5621:Sex-positive feminists
5596:German LGBT scientists
5441:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5341:
5266:
5250:
5205:Dynes, Wayne R. (ed.)
5103:
5077:
5063:
5040:
5021:
4916:, No. 14; see note 71.
4590:
3384:
2992:Russell, Paul (2002).
2792:List of sex therapists
2777:
2756:
2748:Encyclopaedia Sexualis
2747:
2738:
2732:
2712:(1938), translated by
2702:
2629:My Trial for Obscenity
2569:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2531:
2520:
2489:
2396:The Homosexual Century
2386:
2365:
2331:
2321:
2241:
2203:
2195:
2172:
2163:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2070:Hirschfeld's grave at
2055:
2034:
2022:
2007:
1997:
1961:
1947:
1906:
1888:
1861:
1848:
1841:
1797:
1588:
1583:
1535:
1507:
1493:
1487:
1457:is complete fiction."
1443:
1425:at the institute, and
1363:Francis Turville-Petre
1335:
1329:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1273:
1265:
1263:in Berlin for his new
1257:
1243:
1228:
1219:
1212:
1187:
1173:
1135:
1126:
1096:
1084:Hearst newspaper chain
1079:
1051:
1023:
1007:
981:
975:
969:
942:
936:
926:
916:
880:
793:
788:
759:
717:
676:
662:
606:
543:
516:Franz Joseph von BĂĽlow
465:
458:
424:
419:
395:Sexual rights activism
387:
373:
367:
341:
241:
233:
5606:People from Kołobrzeg
5571:Jewish German writers
5293:German Studies Review
5163:German Studies Review
5014:10.15463/ie1418.10887
4969:Bauer, Heike (2017).
4883:(Seattle, Bay Press).
2560:
2547:
2502:Cassell & Company
2483:
2357:
2201:
2184:
2155:magazine until 1997.
2078:with the inscription
2069:
2039:Promenade des Anglais
2032:
2017:
1943:Theresienstadt Ghetto
1939:Promenade des Anglais
1834:
1734:The Pall Mall Gazette
1693:After staying in the
1672:University of Hamburg
1616:, Hirschfeld visited
1581:
1397:; actress and dancer
1355:'s visit in his book
1351:writes about his and
1349:Christopher Isherwood
1238:
1213:Anders als die Andern
1174:Anders als die Andern
1157:homosexual characters
1137:Anders als die Andern
1127:Anders als die Andern
1069:
1016:The Psychology of War
1008:Kriegspsychologisches
863:Philipp von Eulenburg
786:
677:Bund fĂĽr Mutterschutz
539:Benedict Friedlaender
407:
333:Berlin-Charlottenburg
316:homosexual subculture
210:Berlin-Charlottenburg
5551:Jewish anti-fascists
5521:German anti-fascists
5270:, De Gruyter, 1983.
5091:35.1 (2017): 96–116.
5046:Männerschwarm Verlag
4286:, pp. 107, 110.
4121:, pp. 104, 106.
3369:The Washington Blade
2972:Smithsonian Magazine
2754:Hirschfeld, Magnus.
2730:Hirschfeld, Magnus.
2498:That Which Is Hidden
2486:That Which Is Hidden
1969:German Enlightenment
1827:Later life and exile
1445:Der Einstein des Sex
1385:, and American poet
857:sued the journalist
779:African anthropology
745:to dispatch General
650:Cambridge University
170:Magnus T. Hirschfeld
25:Magnus T. Hirschfeld
5311:Steakley, James D.
5230:Grau, GĂĽnter (ed.)
5044:. 2nd ed. Hamburg:
4926:Dose, Ralf (2014).
4571:Magnus Hirschfeld,
4325:, pp. 113–115.
4203:, pp. 107–108.
4136:, pp. 104–105.
4109:, pp. 541–542.
3048:. C. F. Post. 1867.
2897:10.1017/mdh.2011.32
2837:David A. Gerstner,
2816:David A. Gerstner,
2617:Von Einst bis Jetzt
2576:Steakley, James D.
2427:The Einstein of Sex
2422:on 7 February 1998.
2350:Film and television
2337:John Grand-Carteret
2228:Chancellor's Garden
1920:G. P. Putnam's Sons
1872:Paul von Hindenburg
1744:Girindrasekhar Bose
1475:Paul von Hindenburg
1471:Kurt von Schleicher
1455:The Einstein of Sex
1451:The Einstein of Sex
1381:, Russian director
1239:Memorial plaque in
1119:transvestite passes
1117:issued a number of
1039:November Revolution
794:HottentottenschĂĽrze
510:with the publisher
5536:German sexologists
5531:German gay writers
5101:Steakley, James. "
4725:"Ein anderes Ufer"
4652:on 3 November 2013
4603:Frédéric Maurice,
4407:Marhoefer, Laurie
4020:"PamátnĂk TerezĂn"
2757:Testament. Heft II
2570:
2555:
2490:
2461:television series
2432:Rosa von Praunheim
2366:
2302:Making Gay History
2233:Cabinet of Germany
2204:
2196:
2152:Gay Community News
2143:Mattachine Society
2125:, attached to the
2086:
2035:
1889:Brenne Hirschfeld!
1849:
1739:child prostitution
1655:Japanese feminists
1618:San Quentin prison
1584:
1561:Milwaukee Sentinel
1556:Milwaukee Sentinel
1530:The New York Times
1439:Rosa von Praunheim
1308:Felix Abraham and
1244:
1080:
789:
627:": forcing out of
570:Rainer Maria Rilke
420:
271:in Poland), to an
61:Kingdom of Prussia
37:Hirschfeld in 1932
5581:Jewish socialists
5576:Jewish physicians
5546:German socialists
5456:Magnus Hirschfeld
5437:Magnus Hirschfeld
5339:Steakley, James,
5241:Grossman, Atina.
5212:Friedman, Sara, "
5038:Herzer, Manfred.
4959:Bauer, J. Edgar.
4067:, pp. 84–85.
3989:978-1-58367-437-6
3838:978-3-319-29621-0
3823:. pp. 1–20.
3750:, pp. 31–32.
3544:, pp. 30–31.
3496:, pp. 28–29.
3208:978-1-57392-705-5
3173:, pp. 22–23.
2868:978-0-313-34039-0
2615:. Translation of
2361:Gesetze der Liebe
2193:Berlin-Tiergarten
1785:Palestine Mandate
1772:Egyptian feminist
1721:white supremacist
1705:, Hirschfeld met
1695:Dutch East Indies
1638:venereal diseases
1501:, a conservative
1383:Sergei Eisenstein
1373:, French writers
1367:Gerhart Hauptmann
1241:Berlin-Tiergarten
1183:French Revolution
991:ultra-nationalist
871:Vossische Zeitung
859:Maximilian Harden
747:Lothar von Trotha
743:Kaiser Wilhelm II
590:Gerhart Hauptmann
198:sexual minorities
167:
166:
5648:
5561:Jewish feminists
5486:Feminist writers
5433:
5432:
5417:Internet Archive
5392:
5383:
5368:
5344:
5336:
5308:
5269:
5253:
5202:
5131:Beachy, Robert.
5115:Wolff, Charlotte
5106:
5094:Mancini, Elena.
5084:
5080:
5072:
5068:
5058:
5054:
5043:
5028:
5024:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4942:
4941:
4923:
4917:
4906:
4900:
4893:
4884:
4877:
4871:
4864:
4858:
4852:
4846:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4814:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4792:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4771:
4763:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4720:
4714:
4707:
4701:
4694:
4688:
4681:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4642:
4636:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4614:
4608:
4601:
4595:
4593:
4582:
4576:
4569:
4563:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4529:
4523:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4498:
4492:
4485:
4476:
4470:
4459:
4442:
4429:
4423:
4412:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4370:
4364:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4326:
4320:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4296:
4287:
4281:
4275:
4269:
4256:
4250:
4231:
4225:
4216:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4192:
4186:
4171:
4165:
4152:
4146:
4137:
4131:
4122:
4116:
4110:
4104:
4095:
4089:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4016:
4007:
4001:
3992:
3977:
3962:
3956:
3943:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3814:
3805:
3799:
3793:
3787:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3705:Domeier, Norman
3703:
3697:
3692:Domeier, Norman
3690:
3684:
3679:Domeier, Norman
3677:
3668:
3661:
3642:
3637:Domeier, Norman
3635:
3626:
3621:Domeier, Norman
3619:
3613:
3608:Domeier, Norman
3606:
3597:
3592:Domeier, Norman
3590:
3584:
3579:Domeier, Norman
3577:
3571:
3564:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3514:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3468:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3435:
3429:
3418:
3412:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3379:
3377:
3372:. 3 October 2013
3360:
3354:
3353:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3192:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3150:
3144:
3138:
3132:
3119:
3113:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2876:
2870:
2856:
2850:
2835:
2829:
2814:
2782:
2759:
2750:
2741:
2739:Die Freundschaft
2735:
2725:Autobiographical
2705:
2664:With Max Tilke,
2567:
2552:
2534:
2525:
2469:Bradley Whitford
2452:Jeffrey Friedman
2389:
2345:
2334:
2324:
2308:Bad Gays Podcast
2274:
2262:
2244:
2210:established the
2177:
2108:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2072:Caucade Cemetery
2058:
2043:Caucade Cemetery
2010:
2000:
1985:pseudoscientific
1966:
1950:
1918:(New York City:
1909:
1891:
1864:
1846:
1800:
1723:American author
1707:Jawaharlal Nehru
1647:
1606:Dill Pickle Club
1591:
1573:Great Depression
1540:
1512:
1499:Heinrich BrĂĽning
1496:
1490:
1448:
1441:'s feature film
1411:Willi MĂĽnzenberg
1369:, German artist
1338:
1332:
1318:Bernard Schapiro
1314:Ludwig Levy-Lenz
1301:Social Democrats
1298:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1192:
1176:
1167:, he eventually
1150:
1144:
1140:
1129:
1054:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1010:
984:
978:
972:
945:
939:
929:
919:
885:
847:Imperial Germany
833:Eulenburg affair
796:
762:
720:
713:blackwater fever
679:
665:
663:markerschĂĽtternd
611:
602:Eduard Bernstein
546:
468:
461:
446:Caroline Islands
427:
418:
415:
390:
344:
273:Ashkenazi Jewish
270:
269:
246:
238:
134:
133:
102:Caucade Cemetery
84:
52:
50:
35:
21:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5645:
5586:LGBT physicians
5446:
5445:
5430:
5390:
5381:
5375:
5365:
5352:
5318:
5290:
5175:10.2307/1432992
5160:
5128:
5082:
5070:
5056:
5048:
5026:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4981:10.17613/M6M20D
4968:
4956:
4951:
4949:Further reading
4946:
4945:
4938:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4887:
4878:
4874:
4865:
4861:
4853:
4849:
4840:
4836:
4826:
4824:
4816:
4815:
4811:
4801:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4780:
4776:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4752:
4748:
4738:
4736:
4722:
4721:
4717:
4708:
4704:
4695:
4691:
4682:
4678:
4669:
4665:
4655:
4653:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4635:Bullough, p. 25
4634:
4630:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4602:
4598:
4583:
4579:
4570:
4566:
4557:
4553:
4545:
4532:
4524:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4495:
4486:
4479:
4471:
4462:
4445:Charlotte Wolff
4443:
4432:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4373:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4346:
4338:
4329:
4321:
4317:
4309:
4305:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4259:
4251:
4234:
4226:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4199:
4195:
4187:
4174:
4166:
4155:
4147:
4140:
4132:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4105:
4098:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4059:
4051:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4002:
3995:
3978:
3965:
3957:
3946:
3938:
3931:
3921:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3905:
3895:
3893:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3864:Transgender Map
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3800:
3796:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3769:
3761:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3734:Mancini, Elena
3733:
3726:
3718:Mancini, Elena
3717:
3713:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3687:
3678:
3671:
3663:Mancini, Elena
3662:
3645:
3636:
3629:
3620:
3616:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3574:
3566:Mancini, Elena
3565:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3517:
3509:
3500:
3492:
3488:
3480:
3471:
3460:Elena Mancini,
3459:
3455:
3447:
3438:
3430:
3421:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3375:
3373:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3243:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3194:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3133:
3122:
3114:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2948:
2947:on 28 June 2022
2935:
2934:
2930:
2885:Medical History
2878:
2877:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2836:
2832:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2767:
2727:
2542:
2478:
2418:first shown on
2392:Guy Hocquenghem
2352:
2339:
2317:
2297:
2289:
2282:
2279:Schwules Museum
2275:
2266:
2263:
2174:Schwules Museum
2115:
2027:
1990:white supremacy
1853:Franz von Papen
1829:
1760:
1630:
1524:
1516:Franz von Papen
1463:
1395:Walter Benjamin
1371:Christian Schad
1312:, gynecologist
1310:Arthur Kronfeld
1252:Weimar Republic
1246:Under the more
1233:
1206:'s role in the
1165:male prostitute
1148:
1142:
1131:
1047:
1045:Interwar period
1034:
1028:
1018:
1012:
999:Charlotte Wolff
953:
932:Theodor Fritsch
855:Kuno von Moltke
835:
815:white supremacy
781:
672:
550:Albert Einstein
442:Mariana Islands
416:
402:
397:
337:German language
253:
182:Nazi government
163:
92:
86:
82:
73:
67:
54:
48:
46:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5654:
5652:
5644:
5643:
5641:LGBT socialism
5638:
5633:
5628:
5626:Transfeminists
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5496:Gay scientists
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5434:
5419:
5410:
5400:
5394:
5385:
5374:
5373:External links
5371:
5370:
5369:
5364:978-1487505813
5363:
5350:
5337:
5327:(2): 181–203.
5316:
5309:
5299:(3): 529–549.
5288:
5281:
5278:
5264:Haeberle E.J.
5262:
5246:
5239:
5228:
5221:
5220:, 28 May 2019.
5210:
5203:
5169:(2): 255–284.
5158:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5112:
5099:
5092:
5089:German History
5085:
5073:
5059:
5036:
5029:
5017:
5002:
4990:978-1439914335
4989:
4966:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4937:978-1583674390
4936:
4918:
4901:
4885:
4872:
4859:
4847:
4834:
4809:
4787:
4774:
4758:
4746:
4735:on 24 May 2008
4715:
4702:
4689:
4676:
4663:
4637:
4628:
4609:
4596:
4577:
4564:
4551:
4530:
4515:
4504:. Holocaust.cz
4493:
4477:
4475:, p. 124.
4460:
4430:
4413:
4400:
4398:, p. 121.
4388:
4386:, p. 120.
4371:
4369:, p. 119.
4356:
4354:, p. 114.
4344:
4342:, p. 115.
4327:
4315:
4313:, p. 110.
4303:
4301:, p. 118.
4288:
4276:
4274:, p. 113.
4257:
4255:, p. 112.
4232:
4230:, p. 111.
4217:
4215:, p. 108.
4205:
4193:
4191:, p. 107.
4172:
4170:, p. 106.
4153:
4151:, p. 105.
4138:
4123:
4111:
4107:Marhoefer 2011
4096:
4094:, p. 104.
4081:
4079:, p. 538.
4077:Marhoefer 2011
4069:
4057:
4045:
4033:
4008:
3993:
3963:
3961:, p. 187.
3944:
3942:, p. 183.
3929:
3903:
3877:
3851:
3837:
3806:
3794:
3779:
3767:
3752:
3740:
3724:
3711:
3698:
3685:
3669:
3643:
3627:
3614:
3598:
3585:
3572:
3546:
3534:
3515:
3513:, p. 272.
3511:Dickinson 2002
3498:
3486:
3469:
3453:
3436:
3419:
3404:
3392:
3355:
3318:10.1086/384073
3312:(3): 445–473.
3290:
3281:
3272:
3241:
3221:
3207:
3187:
3175:
3163:
3151:
3139:
3120:
3105:
3093:
3078:
3066:
3051:
3035:
3028:
3009:
3002:
2984:
2958:
2928:
2891:(2): 184–200.
2871:
2851:
2830:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2774:
2771:Harry Benjamin
2766:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2743:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2707:
2695:
2689:
2675:
2669:
2662:
2656:
2650:
2644:
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2620:
2610:
2604:
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2581:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2527:
2513:
2494:Robert Hichens
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2455:
2439:
2434:. A fictional
2423:
2409:
2399:
2383:
2376:Richard Oswald
2351:
2348:
2316:
2313:
2296:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
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2269:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2114:
2111:
2061:Serge Voronoff
2051:Arnold Zadikow
2026:
2023:
1855:carried out a
1828:
1825:
1776:Huda Sha'arawi
1759:
1756:
1725:Katherine Mayo
1663:Fusae Ichikawa
1629:
1626:
1523:
1520:
1467:Hermann MĂĽller
1462:
1459:
1330:Tante Magnesia
1232:
1225:
1208:Dreyfus affair
1130:
1123:
1111:intersexuality
1107:transsexualism
1046:
1043:
1037:) hailing the
957:Spirit of 1914
952:
949:
834:
831:
807:Sarah Baartman
780:
777:
718:Hereroaufstand
694:women's rights
686:Helene Stöcker
671:
668:
654:Vyvyan Holland
558:Käthe Kollwitz
401:
398:
396:
393:
388:Suizidalnarben
252:
249:
227:and later the
176:physician and
165:
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143:
126:
125:Known for
122:
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105:
98:
94:
93:
87:
85:(aged 67)
79:
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55:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5653:
5642:
5639:
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5622:
5619:
5617:
5616:Sex educators
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5612:
5609:
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5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5501:Gay academics
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5491:Gay feminists
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
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5477:
5474:
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5360:
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5268:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5229:
5226:
5223:Gordon, Mel.
5222:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5156:
5155:1-56023-193-9
5152:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5120:
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5110:
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5023:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4992:
4986:
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4963:
4958:
4957:
4953:
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4902:
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4860:
4856:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4823:
4819:
4813:
4810:
4797:
4796:"Season Four"
4791:
4788:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4673:
4667:
4664:
4651:
4647:
4646:"Our History"
4641:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4549:, p. 15.
4548:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4528:, p. 14.
4527:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:0-7043-2569-1
4454:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4428:, p. 92.
4427:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4378:
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4319:
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4307:
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4285:
4280:
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4264:
4262:
4258:
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4233:
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4222:
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4214:
4209:
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4190:
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4181:
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4177:
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4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4055:, p. 86.
4054:
4049:
4046:
4043:, p. 90.
4042:
4037:
4034:
4021:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4006:, p. 81.
4005:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3959:Steakley 1999
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3940:Steakley 1999
3936:
3934:
3930:
3918:
3917:Atlas Obscura
3914:
3907:
3904:
3892:
3888:
3881:
3878:
3866:. 13 May 2019
3865:
3861:
3855:
3852:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3804:, p. 97.
3803:
3798:
3795:
3792:, p. 34.
3791:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3777:, p. 33.
3776:
3771:
3768:
3765:, p. 32.
3764:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
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3699:
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3603:
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3589:
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3569:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3532:, p. 30.
3531:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3487:
3484:, p. 28.
3483:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3451:, p. 80.
3450:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3434:, p. 54.
3433:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3417:, p. 49.
3416:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:, p. 25.
3401:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3351:
3347:
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3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3242:9780879756659
3238:
3234:
3233:
3225:
3222:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3191:
3188:
3185:, p. 23.
3184:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3161:, p. 22.
3160:
3155:
3152:
3149:, p. 48.
3148:
3143:
3140:
3137:, p. 55.
3136:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:, p. 41.
3117:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3103:, p. 39.
3102:
3097:
3094:
3091:, p. 40.
3090:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:, p. 37.
3075:
3070:
3067:
3064:, p. 21.
3063:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3029:9781583674383
3025:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3003:0-7582-0100-1
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2522:Zettels Traum
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2443:Paragraph 175
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876:pseudoscience
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849:. During the
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5321:Film History
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5088:
5032:
5031:Dose, Ralf.
5019:Dose, Ralf.
5005:
4994:. Retrieved
4971:
4961:
4927:
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765:
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586:Stefan Zweig
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532:
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486:
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470:
454:Micronesians
421:
410:Li Shiu Tong
380:
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351:
327:practice in
325:naturopathic
319:de Janeiro,
305:
263:(since 1945
254:
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169:
168:
159:Li Shiu Tong
83:(1935-05-14)
18:
5466:1935 deaths
5461:1868 births
5391:(in German)
5382:(in German)
5083:(in German)
5071:(in French)
5057:(in German)
5049: [
5027:(in German)
4954:Biographies
4770:(in German)
4739:16 February
4625:. Montreal.
3979:Ralf Dose,
3891:JSTOR Daily
2994:The Gay 100
2849:), page 374
2828:), page 374
2742:, 1920–21.)
2464:Transparent
2448:Rob Epstein
2340: [
2168:West Berlin
2135:Los Angeles
2099:CĂ´te d'Azur
1780:Muslim veil
1729:W. T. Stead
1594:aphrodisiac
1485:, when the
1431:transgender
1407:Ernst Bloch
1387:Elsa Gidlow
1375:René Crevel
1353:W. H. Auden
1199:Francophile
1097:Transvestit
995:Anglophobia
961:World War I
951:World War I
843:sex scandal
827:imperialism
698:Hedwig Dohm
642:Oscar Wilde
562:Thomas Mann
417: 1930
383:Oscar Wilde
212:during the
109:Citizenship
81:14 May 1935
53:14 May 1868
5450:Categories
5407:Faded Page
5276:3110099322
5260:3110101300
4656:2 November
4547:Bauer 2017
4526:Bauer 2017
4473:Bauer 2017
4426:Bauer 2017
4396:Bauer 2017
4384:Bauer 2017
4367:Bauer 2017
4352:Bauer 2017
4340:Bauer 2017
4323:Bauer 2017
4311:Bauer 2017
4299:Bauer 2017
4284:Bauer 2017
4272:Bauer 2017
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4228:Bauer 2017
4213:Bauer 2017
4201:Bauer 2017
4189:Bauer 2017
4168:Bauer 2017
4149:Bauer 2017
4134:Bauer 2017
4119:Bauer 2017
4092:Bauer 2017
4065:Bauer 2017
4053:Bauer 2017
4041:Bauer 2017
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3802:Bauer 2017
3790:Bauer 2017
3775:Bauer 2017
3763:Bauer 2017
3748:Bauer 2017
3542:Bauer 2017
3530:Bauer 2017
3494:Bauer 2017
3482:Bauer 2017
3449:Bauer 2017
3432:Bauer 2017
3415:Bauer 2017
3400:Bauer 2017
3214:2 February
3183:Bauer 2017
3171:Bauer 2017
3159:Bauer 2017
3147:Bauer 2017
3135:Bauer 2017
3116:Bauer 2017
3101:Bauer 2017
3089:Bauer 2017
3074:Bauer 2017
3062:Bauer 2017
2951:9 February
2847:1136761810
2826:1136761810
2804:References
2797:Willi Pape
2779:Der Eigene
2718:Cedar Paul
2406:Robin Wood
2380:Karl Giese
2315:Caricature
2047:bas-relief
1981:prejudices
1957:racial war
1874:appointed
1817:Hindenburg
1657:, such as
1634:KeizĹŤ Dohi
1544:xenophobic
1461:World tour
1379:André Gide
1322:Karl Giese
1305:Otto Braun
1204:Émile Zola
1161:gay rights
987:chauvinist
893:homoerotic
705:NeumĂĽnster
634:Nazi Party
629:the closet
444:, and the
434:New Guinea
430:human zoos
354:depression
342:Selbstmord
297:Heidelberg
277:Protestant
251:Early life
186:philosophy
178:sexologist
154:Karl Giese
117:Occupation
49:1868-05-14
5379:Biography
5333:0149-7952
5305:0149-7952
5234:Holocaust
5183:0149-7952
4729:www.fr.de
3326:0021-1753
2905:2048-8343
2512:(Tao Li).
2506:Doubleday
2500:(London:
2189:promenade
2139:Harry Hay
2137:resident
2013:Gallimard
1948:Rassismus
1789:Palestine
1703:Allahabad
1688:beer hall
1569:sex sells
1494:Reichstag
1488:Reichstag
1427:Lili Elbe
1345:sexuality
1258:Reichstag
1169:comes out
760:Reichstag
608:Reichstag
524:blackmail
512:Max Spohr
494:Magdeburg
450:Chamorros
329:Magdeburg
289:StraĂźburg
281:philology
267:Kołobrzeg
261:Pomerania
190:philology
120:Physician
72:, Poland)
70:Kołobrzeg
5506:Gay Jews
5426:LibriVox
5409:(Canada)
5199:20373550
5055:, 2001.
4822:Bad Gays
4802:27 April
4508:27 April
4026:27 April
3350:19788523
3267:1866706M
3259:22812111
3251:90024827
2977:14 March
2923:23002292
2765:See also
2518:(1970).
2496:(1939).
2414:Real Sex
2295:Podcasts
2281:, Berlin
2226:and the
2011:(Paris:
1998:völkisch
1963:völkisch
1837:leftists
1764:Mohammad
1680:sexology
1676:Shanghai
1644:Meiji-za
1620:to meet
1603:bohemian
1553:for the
1503:Catholic
1261:building
1063:(1932).
1052:völkisch
965:pacifist
943:völkisch
937:völkisch
927:völkisch
917:völkisch
901:Prussian
897:hysteria
690:abortion
682:feminist
670:Feminism
578:Max Brod
503:Socrates
235:völkisch
225:fascists
194:medicine
147:Partners
91:, France
5415:at the
5349:, 2008)
5232:Hidden
5191:1432992
4857:; IMDb.
4827:21 June
3922:19 July
3896:19 July
3342:9798339
2941:History
2914:3381530
2841:(2006,
2820:(2006,
2476:Fiction
2327:Hamburg
1809:as the
1803:Zionism
1774:leader
1719:by the
1699:slavery
1610:Chicago
1598:orgasms
1509:Zentrum
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1248:liberal
878:". The
823:sapphic
799:Khoekoe
739:Namaqua
709:malaria
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725:') in
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