1436:
1799:
1679:
2101:
1304:
157:
2267:
1575:
2308:
2072:
1932:
1691:
2335:
2164:
2113:
2055:
2015:
1974:
1920:
1737:
1316:
1528:
1774:
1655:
1540:
1516:
1873:
312:
2255:
1563:
1404:
20:
1839:
1616:
2296:
2279:
2003:
1667:
1599:
1387:
298:
2232:
1962:
1861:
1811:
1633:
1492:
1475:
177:. The Z machine is capable of 27 megaamperes and may be capable of producing slightly more than breakeven energy while helping to validate the computer simulations. The Z-machine conducted MagLIF experiments in November 2013 with a view towards breakeven experiments using D–T fuel in 2018.
120:
to the fuel, heating it to tens of millions of degrees
Celsius. Normally the electrons in the plasma would be free to escape, and the ions to a lesser extent, carrying away energy and cooling the plasma. The compression also amplifies the axial magnetic field to thousands of teslas, providing
191:
That magnetic fields generated by a pair of coils above and below the hohlraum can serve to trap the preheated fusion fuel and importantly inhibit thermal conduction without causing the target to buckle prematurely—to be confirmed by experiments starting in
December
147:
In results published in 2012, a computer simulation using the LASNEX code showed that a 70 megaampere facility would provide an energy yield of 1000 times the expended energy, and a 60 megaampere facility would produce a yield of 100 times the expended energy.
286:(2 kilojoule deuterium–tritium equivalent) through a simultaneous increase in the applied magnetic field (from 10.4 to 15.9 teslas), laser preheat energy (from 0.46 to 1.2 kilojoules), and current coupling (from 16 to 20 megaamperes)."
184:
That the liner will not break apart too quickly under the intense energy. This has been apparently confirmed by recent experiments. This hurdle was the biggest concern regarding MagLIF following its initial
386:
Yager-Elorriaga, D. A.; Gomez, M. R.; Ruiz, D. E.; Slutz, S. A.; Harvey-Thompson, A. J.; Jennings, C. A. (2022). "An overview of magneto-inertial fusion on the Z machine at Sandia
National Laboratories".
266:
In 2019, after encountering significant problems related to mixing of imploding foil with fuel and helical instability of plasma, the tests yielded up to 3.2Ă—10 neutrons under the following conditions:
77:
The term MagLIF may also be used more broadly to refer to machines that use the same operating principle as the one at the Z machine. This includes the
Primary Test Stand (PTS) in Mianyang, China.
1751:
2361:
1396:
278:
In 2020, "the burn-averaged ion temperature doubled to 3.1 keV and the primary deuterium–deuterium neutron yield increased by more than an order of magnitude to
1445:
85:
MagLIF is a method of generating energy by magnetically compressing a cylinder of fusion fuel (such as deuterium). First, an axial magnetic field of 10–20
1501:
1308:
1766:
1705:
2064:
2024:
1379:
798:
1440:
2391:
1683:
1352:
125:
to the imploded plasma and trapping the fuel and its heat. Ideally, the plasma reaches a high enough temperature and density to undergo
1169:
846:
1700:
2366:
2208:
1342:
1756:
110:
140:(due to the use of a powerful magnetic field to inhibit thermal conduction and contain the plasma), making it an example of
1695:
1603:
196:
Following these experiments, an integrated test started in
November 2013. The test yielded about 10 high-energy neutrons.
2183:
1030:
188:
That laser preheating is able to correctly heat the fuel—to be confirmed by experiments starting in
December 2012.
59:
2137:
2059:
2029:
1369:
1362:
1249:
1154:
1141:
1022:
528:"Dry-Run Experiments Verify Key Aspect of Nuclear Fusion Concept: Scientific 'Break-Even' or Better Is Near-Term Goal"
137:
133:
71:
2193:
1741:
1608:
1347:
1238:
1214:
841:
836:
791:
325:
2117:
1966:
1280:
884:
303:
2122:
2034:
1936:
1642:
1131:
1887:
978:
2344:
2090:
2019:
1978:
1746:
1118:
1003:
934:
174:
165:
141:
63:
55:
1905:
1285:
1052:
998:
983:
330:
1941:
1637:
1357:
1219:
1202:
784:
117:
1408:
356:
1951:
1820:
1567:
1062:
993:
946:
894:
744:
695:
648:
607:
491:
435:
396:
170:
122:
93:
laser shines through the fuel, preheating it to a few million degrees
Celsius and turning it into a
1761:
1584:
1224:
1843:
1544:
1325:
1057:
527:
2283:
596:"Magnetically Driven Implosions for Inertial Confinement Fusion at Sandia National Laboratories"
1882:
105:
is driven axially through the metal liner surrounding the fuel. The current induces an intense
1108:
1089:
956:
856:
851:
762:
713:
664:
509:
453:
2271:
2007:
1848:
1479:
1337:
1159:
1035:
904:
889:
752:
703:
684:"Assessing Stagnation Conditions and Identifying Trends in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion"
656:
615:
499:
482:
443:
404:
368:
156:
102:
94:
67:
2188:
1992:
1853:
1579:
1520:
1484:
1330:
1040:
988:
874:
70:. The goal is to produce fusion conditions without the level of compression needed in the
180:
Sandia Labs planned to proceed to ignition experiments after establishing the following:
173:
is currently exploring the potential for this method to generate energy by utilizing the
748:
699:
652:
611:
495:
439:
400:
2105:
1671:
1589:
1413:
923:
879:
831:
823:
572:
244:
212:
126:
776:
2385:
2339:
2173:
2127:
1620:
1391:
1320:
1149:
941:
869:
317:
573:"Experimental Verification of the Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion (MagLIF) Concept"
357:"Preliminary exploration of MagLIF concept and feasibility analysis on PTS facility"
249:
To achieve scientific breakeven, the facility is going through a 5-year upgrade to:
2312:
2300:
2203:
1924:
971:
961:
807:
757:
732:
637:"Helical instability in MagLIF due to axial flux compression by low-density plasma"
448:
423:
86:
51:
199:
As of
November 2013, the facility at Sandia labs had the following capabilities:
74:(ICF) approach, where the required densities reach about 100 times that of lead.
2213:
2178:
2168:
1815:
1719:
1079:
1067:
1045:
372:
36:
The magnetic force implodes the liner, compressing and further heating the fuel.
408:
2198:
550:"Magnetized LIF and Cylindrical Dynamic Materials Properties Experiments on Z"
549:
335:
293:
98:
708:
683:
620:
595:
2236:
1877:
1374:
1094:
1013:
1008:
951:
311:
90:
19:
766:
513:
457:
2288:
1182:
2076:
1647:
1260:
1099:
1084:
1072:
899:
106:
717:
668:
660:
636:
1659:
1625:
1467:
733:"Performance Scaling in Magnetized Liner Inertial Fusion Experiments"
504:
477:
1506:
2259:
1865:
1803:
1778:
1532:
1496:
1462:
1457:
1207:
1177:
1450:
1275:
966:
780:
694:(5). IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science vol. 47/5: 2081–2101.
136:(due to the use of a laser and pulsed compression) and
2362:
International Fusion
Materials Irradiation Facility
2325:
2245:
2222:
2154:
2147:
2136:
2089:
2045:
1991:
1950:
1904:
1829:
1787:
1727:
1718:
1553:
1424:
1294:
1268:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1195:
1168:
1140:
1117:
1021:
933:
922:
913:
822:
815:
647:(6). Physics of Plasmas 25, 062711 (2018): 062711.
422:Slutz, Stephen; Roger A. Vesey (12 January 2012).
66:approach, which attempts to compress a pre-heated
635:Seyler, C.E.; Martin, M.R.; Hamlin, N.D. (2018).
33:The current induces an azimuthal magnetic field.
471:
469:
467:
226:D–D neutrons under the following conditions:
792:
478:"Triple-threat method sparks hope for fusion"
243:Experiments aiming for energy breakeven with
30:An axial current is driven through the liner.
16:Method of producing controlled nuclear fusion
8:
62:in the US. Is it one example of the broader
2151:
2144:
1910:
1724:
1265:
1256:
1245:
930:
919:
819:
799:
785:
777:
355:Hailong, Zhao; et al. (12 May 2020).
756:
743:(15). American Physical Society: 155002.
707:
619:
503:
447:
155:
18:
347:
424:"High-Gain Magnetized Inertial Fusion"
89:is applied to the fuel. Then, a multi-
160:The Z machine at Sandia National Labs
7:
54:experiment being carried out on the
688:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
600:IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
361:High Power Laser and Particle Beams
132:MagLIF has characteristics of both
731:Gomez, M. R.; et al. (2020).
682:Gomez, M. R.; et al. (2019).
14:
594:Cuneo, M.E.; et al. (2012).
23:The stages of a MagLIF implosion.
2333:
2306:
2294:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2230:
2162:
2111:
2099:
2070:
2053:
2013:
2001:
1972:
1960:
1930:
1918:
1871:
1859:
1837:
1809:
1797:
1772:
1735:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1631:
1614:
1597:
1573:
1561:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1490:
1473:
1434:
1402:
1385:
1314:
1302:
310:
296:
247:were expected to occur in 2018.
218:In 2014, the test yielded up to
44:Magnetized liner inertial fusion
2367:ITER Neutral Beam Test Facility
758:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.155002
449:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.025003
1:
1031:Field-reversed configuration
60:Sandia National Laboratories
2392:Inertial confinement fusion
373:10.11884/HPLPB202032.190352
138:magnetic confinement fusion
134:inertial confinement fusion
72:inertial confinement fusion
2408:
571:Gomez, M. R.; et al.
326:National Ignition Facility
163:
27:A laser preheats the fuel.
2357:
1913:
885:Fusion energy gain factor
304:Nuclear technology portal
709:10.1109/TPS.2019.2893517
621:10.1109/TPS.2012.2223488
409:10.1088/1741-4326/ac2dbe
810:, processes and devices
428:Physical Review Letters
230:10 tesla magnetic field
203:10 tesla magnetic field
166:Z Pulsed Power Facility
152:Z Pulsed Power Facility
142:magneto-inertial fusion
64:magneto-inertial fusion
56:Z Pulsed Power Facility
331:Pinch (plasma physics)
161:
40:
159:
116:The compression does
22:
947:Triple-alpha process
895:Magnetohydrodynamics
847:List of technologies
171:Sandia National Labs
129:, releasing energy.
123:magnetic confinement
113:the liner and fuel.
109:magnetic field that
2025:Lockheed Martin CFR
979:Proton–proton chain
842:List of experiments
749:2020PhRvL.125o5002G
700:2019ITPS...47.2081G
653:2018PhPl...25f2711S
612:2012ITPS...40.3222C
496:2014Natur.505....9G
440:2012PhRvL.108b5003S
401:2022NucFu..62d2015Y
271:1.2 kilojoule laser
233:2.5 kilojoule laser
1058:Dense plasma focus
641:Physics of Plasmas
367:(6): 62002–62010.
162:
41:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2353:
2352:
2321:
2320:
2272:Asterix IV (PALS)
2085:
2084:
1987:
1986:
1900:
1899:
1714:
1713:
1233:
1232:
1191:
1190:
1150:Bubble (acoustic)
1132:Magnetized target
1109:Toroidal solenoid
865:
864:
661:10.1063/1.5028365
606:(12): 3222–3245.
575:. Krell Institute
552:. Krell Institute
476:Gibbs WW (2014).
262:D–T fuel handling
256:8 kilojoule laser
206:2 kilojoule laser
97:. Finally, a 100
2399:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2298:
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2282:
2281:
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2270:
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2268:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2152:
2145:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2091:Magneto-inertial
2075:
2074:
2073:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1891:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1849:Wendelstein 7-AS
1842:
1841:
1840:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1740:
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1725:
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1510:
1495:
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1478:
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1476:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1343:Electric Tokamak
1319:
1318:
1317:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1266:
1257:
1246:
1127:Magnetized liner
1119:Magneto-inertial
1036:Levitated dipole
931:
920:
890:Lawson criterion
820:
801:
794:
787:
778:
771:
770:
760:
728:
722:
721:
711:
679:
673:
672:
632:
626:
625:
623:
591:
585:
584:
582:
580:
568:
562:
561:
559:
557:
545:
539:
538:
536:
534:
524:
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517:
507:
473:
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461:
451:
419:
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383:
377:
376:
352:
320:
315:
314:
306:
301:
300:
299:
285:
283:
225:
223:
103:electric current
50:) is an ongoing
2407:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2398:
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2396:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2349:
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2317:
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2305:
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2241:
2231:
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2218:
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2161:
2139:
2132:
2112:
2110:
2100:
2098:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2052:
2041:
2014:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1931:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1896:
1885:
1872:
1870:
1860:
1858:
1854:Wendelstein 7-X
1838:
1836:
1825:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1789:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1736:
1734:
1710:
1690:
1688:
1678:
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1666:
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1654:
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1615:
1613:
1598:
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1403:
1401:
1386:
1384:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1290:
1251:
1240:
1229:
1187:
1164:
1136:
1113:
1041:Magnetic mirror
1017:
1004:Silicon-burning
989:Lithium burning
926:
915:
909:
875:Nuclear reactor
861:
811:
805:
775:
774:
737:Phys. Rev. Lett
730:
729:
725:
681:
680:
676:
634:
633:
629:
593:
592:
588:
578:
576:
570:
569:
565:
555:
553:
548:Ryan, McBride.
547:
546:
542:
532:
530:
526:
525:
521:
505:10.1038/505009a
475:
474:
465:
421:
420:
416:
385:
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353:
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344:
316:
309:
302:
297:
295:
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281:
279:
248:
221:
219:
168:
154:
83:
58:(Z machine) at
39:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2405:
2403:
2395:
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2383:
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2196:
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2186:
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2171:
2158:
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2149:
2142:
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2125:
2120:
2108:
2095:
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2086:
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2079:
2067:
2062:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2027:
2022:
2010:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1927:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
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1868:
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1827:
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1806:
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1703:
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1640:
1628:
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1611:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1557:
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1550:
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1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1482:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1453:
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1430:
1428:
1422:
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1418:
1399:
1394:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1311:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1263:
1254:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1220:Muon-catalyzed
1217:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1203:Colliding beam
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:Reversed field
1060:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
999:Oxygen-burning
996:
991:
986:
984:Carbon-burning
981:
976:
975:
974:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
937:
928:
917:
911:
910:
908:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
880:Atomic nucleus
877:
872:
866:
863:
862:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:Burning plasma
828:
826:
824:Nuclear fusion
817:
813:
812:
806:
804:
803:
796:
789:
781:
773:
772:
723:
674:
627:
586:
563:
540:
519:
490:(7481): 9–10.
463:
414:
389:Nuclear Fusion
378:
346:
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328:
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307:
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274:18 megaamperes
272:
264:
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259:27 megaamperes
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236:19 megaamperes
234:
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209:16 megaamperes
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164:Main article:
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2135:
2129:
2128:Fusion Engine
2126:
2124:
2123:FRX-L – FRCHX
2121:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2097:
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1621:ASDEX Upgrade
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1321:Alcator C-Mod
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1215:Metal lattice
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1198:
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1170:Electrostatic
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948:
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942:Alpha process
940:
938:
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935:Gravitational
932:
929:
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921:
918:
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906:
903:
901:
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870:Nuclear power
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434:(2): 025003.
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395:(4): 042015.
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318:Energy portal
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57:
53:
49:
45:
35:
32:
29:
26:
25:
21:
1925:Perhapsatron
1225:Pyroelectric
1155:Laser-driven
1126:
994:Neon-burning
962:Helium flash
808:Fusion power
740:
736:
726:
691:
687:
677:
644:
640:
630:
603:
599:
589:
577:. Retrieved
566:
554:. Retrieved
543:
533:24 September
531:. Retrieved
522:
487:
481:
431:
427:
417:
392:
388:
381:
364:
360:
350:
277:
265:
242:
217:
198:
195:
179:
169:
146:
131:
115:
84:
76:
52:fusion power
47:
43:
42:
2140:confinement
1886: [
1816:Heliotron J
1720:Stellarator
1588: [
1505: [
1412: [
1252:confinement
1241:experiments
1196:Other forms
1080:Stellarator
1046:Bumpy torus
924:Confinement
816:Core topics
556:20 November
127:fusion burn
81:Description
1160:Ion-driven
914:Processes,
857:Aneutronic
852:Commercial
342:References
336:Zap Energy
99:nanosecond
2345:Z machine
2326:Non-laser
2237:GEKKO XII
2189:Long path
1883:Uragan-3M
1878:Uragan-2M
1375:Riggatron
1095:Spheromak
1090:Spherical
1014:S-process
1009:R-process
952:CNO cycle
253:30 teslas
185:proposal.
175:Z machine
101:pulse of
91:kilojoule
2386:Category
2289:LULI2000
2155:Americas
2138:Inertial
1728:Americas
1295:Americas
1250:Magnetic
1239:Devices,
1183:Polywell
1142:Inertial
1023:Magnetic
972:remnants
837:Timeline
767:33095639
514:24380935
458:22324693
290:See also
245:D-T fuel
239:D–D fuel
213:D–D fuel
2174:Cyclops
2106:SPECTOR
2077:Trisops
1937:Sceptre
1790:Oceania
1762:Model C
1648:IGNITOR
1580:COMPASS
1427:Oceania
1409:Novillo
1370:Pegasus
1261:Tokamak
1100:Dynomak
1085:Tokamak
916:methods
900:Neutron
745:Bibcode
718:1529761
696:Bibcode
669:1456307
649:Bibcode
608:Bibcode
492:Bibcode
436:Bibcode
397:Bibcode
111:crushes
107:Z-pinch
2313:Vulcan
2246:Europe
2020:Astron
1993:Mirror
1830:Europe
1696:MAST-U
1660:ISTTOK
1626:TEXTOR
1554:Europe
1480:ADITYA
1468:SUNIST
1338:DIII-D
1309:STOR-M
905:Plasma
765:
716:
667:
579:23 May
512:
483:Nature
456:
95:plasma
68:plasma
48:MagLIF
2340:PACER
2301:ISKRA
2260:HiPER
2214:Shiva
2209:OMEGA
2179:Janus
2169:Argus
2148:Laser
2118:Linus
2046:Other
1906:Pinch
1890:]
1866:TJ-II
1804:H-1NF
1788:Asia,
1779:SCR-1
1752:HIDRA
1701:START
1592:]
1585:GOLEM
1533:KSTAR
1521:GLAST
1509:]
1502:QUEST
1497:JT-60
1485:SST-1
1463:HL-2M
1458:HL-2A
1441:CFETR
1425:Asia,
1416:]
1397:TCABR
1331:SPARC
1286:PROTO
1208:Migma
1178:Fusor
1068:Theta
1053:Pinch
957:Fusor
192:2012.
87:tesla
2223:Asia
2204:Nova
2199:Nike
2184:LIFE
2065:PFRC
2030:MFTF
1942:ZETA
1844:WEGA
1767:NCSX
1706:STEP
1672:T-15
1609:WEST
1545:TT-1
1451:HT-7
1446:EAST
1380:SSPX
1363:TFTR
1353:NSTX
1281:DEMO
1276:ITER
1073:Zeta
967:Nova
927:type
763:PMID
714:OSTI
665:OSTI
581:2015
558:2013
535:2012
510:PMID
454:PMID
118:work
2284:LMJ
2194:NIF
2060:LDX
2035:TMX
2008:GDT
1979:MST
1967:RFX
1952:RFP
1821:LHD
1757:HSX
1747:CTH
1742:CNT
1684:TCV
1643:FTU
1638:DTT
1604:TFR
1568:JET
1392:ETE
1358:PLT
1348:LTX
1326:ARC
753:doi
741:125
704:doi
657:doi
616:doi
500:doi
488:505
444:doi
432:108
405:doi
369:doi
280:1.1
2388::
1888:uk
1590:cs
1507:ja
1414:es
761:.
751:.
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735:.
712:.
702:.
692:47
690:.
686:.
663:.
655:.
645:25
643:.
639:.
614:.
604:40
602:.
598:.
508:.
498:.
486:.
480:.
466:^
452:.
442:.
430:.
426:.
403:.
393:62
391:.
365:32
363:.
359:.
284:10
224:10
144:.
800:e
793:t
786:v
769:.
755::
747::
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706::
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671:.
659::
651::
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618::
610::
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560:.
537:.
516:.
502::
494::
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446::
438::
411:.
407::
399::
375:.
371::
282:Ă—
222:Ă—
220:2
46:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
