1010:
863:
109:
Magnetic susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted into or repelled out of a magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials align with the applied field and are attracted to regions of greater magnetic field. Diamagnetic materials are anti-aligned and are pushed away, toward regions of lower
477:
895:
746:
1238:. In this case, the magnetic field in the material is weakened by the induced magnetization. Generally, nonmagnetic materials are said to be para- or diamagnetic because they do not possess permanent magnetization without external magnetic field.
1206:
convention, both quantities being dimensionless. Whereas for most electromagnetic quantities, which system of quantities it belongs to can be disambiguated by incompatibility of their units, this is not true for the susceptibility quantities.
351:
141:. Electrons are present in all materials, but without any external magnetic field, the magnetic moments of the electrons are usually either paired up or random so that the overall magnetism is zero (the exception to this usual case is
1537:
Several experimental techniques allow for the measurement of the electronic properties of a material. An important effect in metals under strong magnetic fields, is the oscillation of the differential susceptibility as function of
1277:
Another method using NMR techniques measures the magnetic field distortion around a sample immersed in water inside an MR scanner. This method is highly accurate for diamagnetic materials with susceptibilities similar to water.
1182:
1127:
1072:
1484:
594:
1605:) susceptibility. In particular, when an AC field is applied perpendicular to the detection direction (called the "transverse susceptibility" regardless of the frequency), the effect has a peak at the
274:
1262:
where a sample is hung between the poles of an electromagnet. The change in weight when the electromagnet is turned on is proportional to the susceptibility. Today, high-end measurement systems use a
114:
to concentrate in paramagnetism, or be excluded in diamagnetism. Quantitative measures of the magnetic susceptibility also provide insights into the structure of materials, providing insight into
751:
661:
176:
Magnetic susceptibility is a dimensionless proportionality constant that indicates the degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field. A related term is
3213:
has one of the few published magnetic susceptibility tables. The data are listed as CGS quantities. The molar susceptibility of several elements and compounds are listed in the CRC.
1357:
1076:
137:
The magnetizability of materials comes from the atomic-level magnetic properties of the particles of which they are made. Usually, this is dominated by the magnetic moments of
1522:
of the material parallel to an applied field is the smaller of the two, the differential susceptibility is a function of the applied field and self interactions, such as the
1005:{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} ^{\text{CGS}}=\mathbf {H} ^{\text{CGS}}+4\pi \mathbf {M} ^{\text{CGS}}=\left(1+4\pi \chi _{\text{v}}^{\text{CGS}}\right)\mathbf {H} ^{\text{CGS}}.}
858:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\chi _{\rho }&={\frac {\chi _{\text{v}}}{\rho }};\\\chi _{\text{m}}&=M\chi _{\rho }={\frac {M}{\rho }}\chi _{\text{v}}.\end{aligned}}}
3794:
Wapler, M. C.; Leupold, J.; Dragonu, I.; von
Elverfeldt, D.; Zaitsev, M.; Wallrabe, U. (2014). "Magnetic properties of materials for MR engineering, micro-MR and beyond".
3381:
1258:
Volume magnetic susceptibility is measured by the force change felt upon a substance when a magnetic field gradient is applied. Early measurements are made using the
1378:) of the applied field and magnetization, respectively. The tensor is thus degree 2 (second order), dimension (3,3) describing the component of magnetization in the
1131:
1021:
885:
881:
4357:
4327:
in Eva
Pavarini, Erik Koch, Dieter Vollhardt, and Alexander Lichtenstein (eds.): DMFT at 25: Infinite Dimensions, Verlag des Forschungszentrum JΓΌlich, 2014
1417:
1266:
magnet. An alternative is to measure the force change on a strong compact magnet upon insertion of the sample. This system, widely used today, is called the
84:. This allows a simple classification, into two categories, of most materials' responses to an applied magnetic field: an alignment with the magnetic field,
472:{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} \ =\ \mu _{0}\left(\mathbf {H} +\mathbf {M} \right)\ =\ \mu _{0}\left(1+\chi _{\text{v}}\right)\mathbf {H} \ =\ \mu \mathbf {H} }
3623:
Robert Engel; Donald
Halpern & Susan Bienenfeld (1973). "Determination of magnetic moments in solution by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry".
3953:
John F. Schenck (1996). "The role of magnetic susceptibility in magnetic resonance imaging: MRI magnetic compatibility of the first and second kinds".
892:; both are the same in this context). The quantities characterizing the permeability of free space for each system have different defining equations:
3432:
1210:
In physics it is common to see CGS mass susceptibility with unit cm/g or emu/gβ
Oe, and the CGS molar susceptibility with unit cm/mol or emu/molβ
Oe.
537:
236:
4332:
4324:
3450:
3367:
3210:
1250:
materials possess permanent magnetization even without external magnetic field and do not have a well defined zero-field susceptibility.
3473:
3300:
3245:
strain, etc. It is a non-destructive tool which quantifies the average alignment and orientation of magnetic particles within a sample.
623:
873:
3415:
145:). The fundamental reasons why the magnetic moments of the electrons line up or do not are very complex and cannot be explained by
3571:
3305:
3295:
510:
189:
166:
3996:
G. P. Arrighini; M. Maestro & R. Moccia (1968). "Magnetic
Properties of Polyatomic Molecules: Magnetic Susceptibility of H
4362:
3334:
1601:
quantities, and various phenomena, such as resonance, can be seen in AC susceptibility that cannot occur in constant-field (
1559:
1309:
1628:
In terms of ferromagnetic resonance, the effect of an AC-field applied along the direction of the magnetization is called
1203:
877:
228:
110:
magnetic fields. On top of the applied field, the magnetization of the material adds its own magnetic field, causing the
4347:
3857:"Low-field variation of magnetic susceptibility and its effect on the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility of rocks"
4200:
S. Otake, M. Momiuchi & N. Matsuno (1980). "Temperature
Dependence of the Magnetic Susceptibility of Bismuth".
1692:
1271:
1228:. In this case, the magnetic field in the material is strengthened by the induced magnetization. Alternatively, if
2379:
1296:
is dependent upon the orientation of the sample and can occur in directions other than that of the applied field
880:
is based. However, many tables of magnetic susceptibility give the values of the corresponding quantities of the
328:
76:
4165:
R. Dupree & C. J. Ford (1973). "Magnetic susceptibility of the noble metals around their melting points".
3260:
1618:
1606:
1531:
224:
3285:
321:
293:
150:
149:. However, a useful simplification is to measure the magnetic susceptibility of a material and apply the
3270:
1527:
1375:
526:
4295:
4209:
4174:
4112:
4060:
4025:
3962:
3868:
3813:
3751:
3716:
3431:
Freeman, Richard; King, James; Lafyatis, Gregory (2019). "Essentials of
Electricity and Magnetism".
1586:
1523:
1018:
to give the corresponding ISQ quantities (often referred to as SI quantities) with the same units:
491:
3385:
1609:
frequency of the material with a given static applied field. Currently, this effect is called the
4352:
4141:
4051:
J. Heremans, C. H. Olk and D. T. Morelli (1994). "Magnetic
Susceptibility of Carbon Structures".
3837:
3803:
3707:
K. Frei & H. J. Bernstein (1962). "Method for determining magnetic susceptibilities by NMR".
3689:
3671:
2437:
1574:
1503:
665:
This allows an alternative description of all magnetization phenomena in terms of the quantities
154:
131:
4328:
4076:
3978:
3894:
3886:
3829:
3767:
3659:
3658:
Kuchel, P.W.; Chapman, B.E.; Bubb, W.A.; Hansen, P.E.; Durrant, C.J.; Hertzberg, M.P. (2003).
3640:
3538:
3446:
3411:
3330:
2241:
1247:
495:
146:
4286:
Borradaile, Graham John (December 1988). "Magnetic susceptibility, petrofabrics and strain".
3477:
4303:
4217:
4182:
4120:
4068:
4033:
3970:
3928:
3876:
3821:
3759:
3724:
3681:
3632:
3605:
3596:
J. R. Zimmerman, and M. R. Foster (1957). "Standardization of NMR high resolution spectra".
3528:
3518:
3438:
3351:
3275:
2559:
1868:
1788:
1738:
231: β in other systems there may be additional constants β by the following relationship:
31:
1570:
1263:
181:
68:
3442:
153:. This allows classical physics to make useful predictions while avoiding the underlying
4299:
4213:
4178:
4116:
4064:
4029:
3966:
3872:
3817:
3755:
3720:
3229:
of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) within a sample determines parameters as directions of
167:
Permeability (electromagnetism) Β§ Relative permeability and magnetic susceptibility
3575:
3533:
3502:
3290:
3255:
1602:
1598:
1243:
889:
332:
185:
142:
55:
39:
17:
3763:
4341:
4307:
3881:
3856:
3222:
1834:
1813:
1622:
1563:
1395:
1267:
1239:
289:
127:
115:
92:
59:
3841:
3693:
1270:. For liquid samples, the susceptibility can be measured from the dependence of the
3280:
3230:
3225:, magnetism is a useful parameter to describe and analyze rocks. Additionally, the
2495:
1259:
1225:
617:
119:
103:
51:
2321:
2314:
1851:
1763:
1742:
1717:
1713:
1651:
1235:
1177:{\displaystyle \chi _{\text{v}}^{\text{SI}}=4\pi \chi _{\text{v}}^{\text{CGS}}}
1122:{\displaystyle \chi _{\text{Ο}}^{\text{SI}}=4\pi \chi _{\text{Ο}}^{\text{CGS}}}
1067:{\displaystyle \chi _{\text{m}}^{\text{SI}}=4\pi \chi _{\text{m}}^{\text{CGS}}}
4072:
3825:
3226:
1672:
1519:
1186:
For example, the CGS volume magnetic susceptibility of water at 20 Β°C is
740:
111:
3898:
3890:
4186:
3242:
2872:
1590:
4125:
4100:
4080:
3833:
3771:
3542:
54:) is a measure of how much a material will become magnetized in an applied
3982:
3644:
27:
Degree to which a material becomes magnetized in an applied magnetic field
4221:
3523:
3234:
2791:
2710:
2629:
2113:
1658:
138:
3932:
3685:
3636:
3609:
3002:
2554:
1685:
1677:
1479:{\displaystyle \chi _{ij}^{d}={\frac {\partial M_{i}}{\partial H_{j}}}}
1287:
730:
123:
4037:
3728:
3676:
4101:"The Magnetic and Other Properties of the Free Electrons in Graphite"
3974:
3127:
3075:
2944:
2034:
1876:
1303:
308:
is the magnetic field strength, also with the unit amperes per meter.
297:
72:
1597:. AC susceptibility (and the closely related "AC permeability") are
3919:
R. E. Glick (1961). "On the
Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Gases".
3808:
3238:
1955:
192:, which expresses the total magnetization of material and volume.
3742:
R. E. Hoffman (2003). "Variations on the chemical shift of TMS".
1410:
is not linear. To accommodate this, a more general definition of
3514:
3501:
Bennett, L. H.; Page, C. H. & Swartzendruber, L. J. (1978).
3265:
3160:
1864:
1847:
1792:
1585:
When the magnetic susceptibility is measured in response to an
589:{\displaystyle \mu =\mu _{0}\left(1+\chi _{\text{v}}\right).}
3556:
L. N. Mulay (1972). A. Weissberger; B. W. Rossiter (eds.).
1767:
3660:"Magnetic susceptibility: Solutions, emulsions, and cells"
269:{\displaystyle \mathbf {M} =\chi _{\text{v}}\mathbf {H} .}
3560:. Vol. 4. Wiley-Interscience: New York. p. 431.
1302:. In these cases, volume susceptibility is defined as a
4226:
The tensor needs to be averaged over all orientations:
3507:
Journal of
Research of the National Bureau of Standards
1641:
1014:
The respective CGS susceptibilities are multiplied by 4
3378:
IUPAC Compendium of
Chemical TerminologyβThe Gold Book
1617:
in the literature. These results are sensitive to the
1562:
and relates the period of the susceptibility with the
1530:, the effect will be nonlinear and dependent upon the
1573:
between magnetization and magnetic field happens for
1420:
1312:
1274:
frequency of the sample on its shape or orientation.
1134:
1079:
1024:
898:
749:
626:
540:
354:
239:
1382:
th direction from the external field applied in the
697:
There are two other measures of susceptibility, the
3327:
The Quantum in Chemistry: An Experimentalist's View
1589:magnetic field (i.e. a magnetic field that varies
1478:
1351:
1176:
1121:
1066:
1004:
857:
656:{\displaystyle \mathbf {I} =\mu _{0}\mathbf {M} .}
655:
588:
471:
268:
3382:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
3353:Essentials of Paleomagnetism: Fifth Web Edition
723:) with unit m/kg that are defined below, where
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
8:
4094:
4092:
4090:
1290:is not a scalar quantity. Magnetic response
693:Molar susceptibility and mass susceptibility
872:The definitions above are according to the
1643:Magnetic susceptibility of some materials
223: β magnetic, to distinguish from the
4124:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3880:
3807:
3675:
3574:. Sherwood-scientific.com. Archived from
3532:
3522:
3496:
3494:
1467:
1452:
1442:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1340:
1330:
1317:
1311:
1168:
1163:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1113:
1108:
1089:
1084:
1078:
1058:
1053:
1034:
1029:
1023:
993:
988:
976:
971:
941:
936:
920:
915:
905:
900:
897:
842:
828:
819:
799:
777:
771:
758:
750:
748:
645:
639:
627:
625:
572:
551:
539:
464:
447:
436:
415:
392:
384:
373:
355:
353:
258:
252:
240:
238:
4099:N. Ganguli & K.S. Krishnan (1941).
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3867:(3). Oxford University Press: 715β723.
3855:FrantiΕ‘ek, Hrouda (September 1, 2002).
3318:
598:Sometimes an auxiliary quantity called
151:macroscopic form of Maxwell's equations
4358:Electric and magnetic fields in matter
3476:. Info.ee.surrey.ac.uk. Archived from
1367:refer to the directions (e.g., of the
888:, short for electromagnetic units, or
534:are related by the following formula:
3211:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1352:{\displaystyle M_{i}=H_{j}\chi _{ij}}
188:. A closely related parameter is the
95:, or an alignment against the field,
7:
3345:
3343:
1286:The magnetic susceptibility of most
122:. Furthermore, it is widely used in
3301:Quantitative susceptibility mapping
1652:
1398:crystals, the relationship between
3572:"Magnetic Susceptibility Balances"
3474:"Magnetic properties of materials"
3443:10.1093/oso/9780198726500.003.0001
1621:configuration of the material and
1460:
1445:
874:International System of Quantities
677:, as opposed to the commonly used
25:
3861:Geophysical Journal International
1558:. This behaviour is known as the
4105:Proceedings of the Royal Society
3882:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2002.01731.x
3503:"Comments on units in magnetism"
989:
937:
916:
901:
646:
628:
465:
448:
393:
385:
356:
259:
241:
4142:"Magnetic Properties of Solids"
3329:, John Wiley & Sons, 2005,
3306:Susceptibility weighted imaging
3296:Permeability (electromagnetism)
1615:network ferromagnetic resonance
1534:configuration of the material.
1224:is positive, a material can be
3664:Concepts in Magnetic Resonance
3217:Application in the geosciences
1512:with respect to components of
1214:Paramagnetism and diamagnetism
515:volume magnetic susceptibility
197:volume magnetic susceptibility
1:
3764:10.1016/S1090-7807(03)00142-3
3406:O'Handley, Robert C. (2000).
1234:is negative, the material is
699:molar magnetic susceptibility
229:International System of Units
4308:10.1016/0040-1951(88)90279-X
712:mass magnetic susceptibility
296:per unit volume), with unit
199:, represented by the symbol
3437:. Oxford University Press.
1575:antiferromagnetic materials
1526:. When the material is not
1412:differential susceptibility
1390:Differential susceptibility
710:) with unit m/mol, and the
46: 'receptive'; denoted
4379:
4325:Linear Response Functions
3159:
3126:
3074:
3001:
2943:
2871:
2790:
2709:
2628:
2553:
2494:
2436:
2378:
2313:
2240:
2191:
2112:
2033:
1954:
1875:
884:system (more specifically
600:intensity of magnetization
513:of the material. Thus the
164:
4073:10.1103/PhysRevB.49.15122
3826:10.1016/j.jmr.2014.02.005
3434:Electromagnetic Radiation
3408:Modern Magnetic Materials
3205:Sources of published data
1668:
1665:
1662:
1647:
1560:De HaasβVan Alphen effect
1502:is a tensor derived from
180:, the proportion between
1254:Experimental measurement
77:magnetic field intensity
4187:10.1103/PhysRevB.8.1780
3558:Techniques of Chemistry
3261:Electric susceptibility
1607:ferromagnetic resonance
1581:In the frequency domain
225:electric susceptibility
36:magnetic susceptibility
18:Magnetic Susceptibility
4126:10.1098/rspa.1941.0002
3410:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
3384:. 1997. Archived from
1669:Volume susceptibility
1611:microwave permeability
1480:
1353:
1178:
1123:
1068:
1006:
859:
657:
590:
473:
322:dimensionless quantity
294:magnetic dipole moment
270:
4363:Scientific techniques
3271:Magnetic flux density
1663:Molar susceptibility
1481:
1376:Cartesian coordinates
1354:
1282:Tensor susceptibility
1179:
1124:
1069:
1007:
876:(ISQ) upon which the
860:
658:
609:magnetic polarisation
607:(also referred to as
591:
527:magnetic permeability
511:relative permeability
474:
292:of the material (the
271:
227:), is defined in the
186:magnetic flux density
172:Volume susceptibility
58:. It is the ratio of
4222:10.1143/JPSJ.49.1824
3524:10.6028/jres.083.002
3350:Tauxe, Lisa (2019).
3237:, flow direction of
1666:Mass susceptibility
1418:
1310:
1132:
1077:
1022:
896:
747:
624:
538:
352:
346:by the relationship
237:
4348:Physical quantities
4300:1988Tectp.156....1B
4214:1980JPSJ...49.1824O
4179:1973PhRvB...8.1780D
4117:1941RSPSA.177..168G
4065:1994PhRvB..4915122H
4059:(21): 15122β15125.
4030:1968JChPh..49..882A
3967:1996MedPh..23..815S
3933:10.1021/j100905a020
3873:2002GeoJI.150..715H
3818:2014JMagR.242..233W
3756:2003JMagR.163..325H
3721:1962JChPh..37.1891F
3686:10.1002/cmr.a.10066
3637:10.1021/ac60324a054
3610:10.1021/j150549a006
3472:Richard A. Clarke.
3286:Maxwell's equations
1644:
1571:non-linear relation
1524:magnetic anisotropy
1504:partial derivatives
1438:
1173:
1149:
1118:
1094:
1063:
1039:
981:
733:with unit kg/m and
492:vacuum permeability
3368:"magnetizability,
1642:
1593:), this is called
1476:
1421:
1349:
1174:
1159:
1135:
1119:
1104:
1080:
1064:
1049:
1025:
1002:
967:
855:
853:
743:with unit kg/mol:
653:
586:
496:physical constants
469:
333:magnetic induction
266:
155:quantum mechanical
132:structural geology
4333:978-3-89336-953-9
4202:J. Phys. Soc. Jpn
4038:10.1063/1.1670155
3729:10.1063/1.1733393
3452:978-0-19-872650-0
3202:
3201:
1636:Table of examples
1595:AC susceptibility
1566:of the material.
1506:of components of
1474:
1248:antiferromagnetic
1171:
1166:
1147:
1142:
1116:
1111:
1092:
1087:
1061:
1056:
1037:
1032:
996:
979:
974:
944:
923:
908:
845:
836:
802:
786:
780:
575:
460:
454:
439:
410:
404:
368:
362:
255:
147:classical physics
75:) to the applied
16:(Redirected from
4370:
4312:
4311:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4225:
4208:(5): 1824β1828.
4197:
4191:
4190:
4173:(4): 1780β1782.
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4111:(969): 168β182.
4096:
4085:
4084:
4048:
4042:
4041:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3975:10.1118/1.597854
3950:
3937:
3936:
3927:(9): 1552β1555.
3916:
3903:
3902:
3884:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3811:
3791:
3776:
3775:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3715:(8): 1891β1892.
3704:
3698:
3697:
3679:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3526:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3380:(2nd ed.).
3373:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3338:
3323:
3276:Magnetochemistry
3192:
3191:
3184:
3183:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3064:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3044:
3037:
3035:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3017:
2992:
2990:
2983:
2981:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2959:
2933:
2931:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2861:
2859:
2852:
2850:
2843:
2841:
2834:
2832:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2814:
2801:
2780:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2762:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2735:
2733:
2720:
2699:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2681:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2663:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2639:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2607:
2600:
2598:
2591:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2571:
2544:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2517:
2515:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2467:
2465:
2458:
2456:
2427:
2425:
2418:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2400:
2398:
2369:
2367:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2320:
2303:
2301:
2294:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2236:
2234:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2008:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1861:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1654:
1645:
1630:parallel pumping
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1517:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1409:
1403:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1233:
1223:
1201:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
997:
994:
992:
986:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
946:
945:
942:
940:
925:
924:
921:
919:
910:
909:
906:
904:
864:
862:
861:
856:
854:
847:
846:
843:
837:
829:
824:
823:
804:
803:
800:
787:
782:
781:
778:
772:
763:
762:
738:
728:
722:
709:
688:
682:
676:
670:
662:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
643:
631:
620:, is defined as
616:) and with unit
615:
606:
595:
593:
592:
587:
582:
578:
577:
576:
573:
556:
555:
533:
524:
508:
489:
478:
476:
475:
470:
468:
458:
452:
451:
446:
442:
441:
440:
437:
420:
419:
408:
402:
401:
397:
396:
388:
378:
377:
366:
360:
359:
345:
339:
319:
307:
287:
275:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
256:
253:
244:
222:
213:
207:
101:
90:
83:
66:
49:
32:electromagnetism
21:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4338:
4337:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4241:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3990:
3955:Medical Physics
3952:
3951:
3940:
3918:
3917:
3906:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3793:
3792:
3779:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3483:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3391:
3389:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3341:
3325:Roger Grinter,
3324:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3251:
3219:
3207:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3090:
3060:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3024:
3022:
3015:
3013:
2988:
2986:
2979:
2977:
2966:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2884:
2882:
2857:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2821:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2776:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2758:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2713:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2668:
2666:
2659:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2638:
2632:
2614:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2596:
2594:
2587:
2585:
2578:
2576:
2569:
2567:
2540:
2538:
2531:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2461:
2454:
2452:
2423:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2405:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2365:
2363:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2318:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2232:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2209:
2183:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2126:
2124:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2025:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2004:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1946:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1889:
1887:
1862:
1857:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1673:Molar mass
1638:
1583:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1513:
1507:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1463:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1336:
1326:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1264:superconductive
1256:
1229:
1219:
1216:
1197:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1130:
1129:
1075:
1074:
1020:
1019:
1015:
987:
954:
950:
935:
914:
899:
894:
893:
870:
852:
851:
838:
815:
805:
795:
792:
791:
773:
764:
754:
745:
744:
734:
724:
721:
715:
708:
702:
695:
684:
678:
672:
666:
635:
622:
621:
611:
602:
568:
561:
557:
547:
536:
535:
529:
523:
517:
506:
499:
488:
482:
432:
425:
421:
411:
383:
379:
369:
350:
349:
341:
335:
320:is therefore a
318:
312:
303:
283:
278:
248:
235:
234:
221:
215:
209:
206:
200:
182:magnetic moment
178:magnetizability
174:
169:
163:
96:
85:
79:
69:magnetic moment
62:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4376:
4374:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4340:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4320:
4319:External links
4317:
4314:
4313:
4288:Tectonophysics
4278:
4272:
4250:
4192:
4157:
4140:Nave, Carl L.
4132:
4086:
4043:
4024:(2): 882β889.
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3988:
3961:(6): 815β850.
3938:
3904:
3847:
3777:
3750:(2): 325β331.
3744:J. Magn. Reson
3734:
3699:
3650:
3631:(2): 367β369.
3615:
3604:(3): 282β289.
3588:
3563:
3548:
3490:
3464:
3451:
3423:
3416:
3398:
3359:
3339:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3291:Paleomagnetism
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3233:, maturity of
3218:
3215:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3185:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3011:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2817:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2772:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2691:
2682:
2673:
2664:
2655:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2361:
2352:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2225:
2216:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2179:
2176:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2079:
2070:
2061:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1855:
1838:
1826:
1817:
1805:
1796:
1780:
1771:
1755:
1746:
1730:
1721:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1637:
1634:
1599:complex number
1582:
1579:
1494:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1391:
1388:
1386:th direction.
1346:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1283:
1280:
1255:
1252:
1215:
1212:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1138:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1083:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1028:
1001:
991:
985:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
949:
939:
934:
931:
928:
918:
913:
903:
869:
866:
850:
841:
835:
832:
827:
822:
818:
814:
811:
808:
806:
798:
794:
793:
790:
785:
776:
770:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
719:
706:
694:
691:
652:
648:
642:
638:
634:
630:
585:
581:
571:
567:
564:
560:
554:
550:
546:
543:
521:
504:
494:(see table of
486:
467:
463:
457:
450:
445:
435:
431:
428:
424:
418:
414:
407:
400:
395:
391:
387:
382:
376:
372:
365:
358:
340:is related to
316:
310:
309:
301:
300:per meter, and
265:
261:
251:
247:
243:
219:
208:(often simply
204:
173:
170:
162:
159:
143:ferromagnetism
56:magnetic field
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4375:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4294:(1β2): 1β20.
4293:
4289:
4282:
4279:
4271:
4249:
4230:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4161:
4158:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:J. Chem. Phys
3992:
3989:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:J. Phys. Chem
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:J. Chem. Phys
3703:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3678:
3677:q-bio/0601030
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3598:J. Phys. Chem
3592:
3589:
3578:on 2011-07-16
3577:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3517:, USA: 9β12.
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3495:
3491:
3480:on 2012-06-03
3479:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3427:
3424:
3419:
3417:9780471155669
3413:
3409:
3402:
3399:
3388:on 2016-03-04
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3363:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:paleocurrents
3228:
3224:
3223:Earth science
3216:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3186:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
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1268:Evans balance
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290:magnetization
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135:
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129:
128:paleomagnetic
125:
121:
120:energy levels
117:
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93:paramagnetism
88:
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60:magnetization
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4146:HyperPhysics
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4053:Phys. Rev. B
4052:
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3478:the original
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3407:
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3386:the original
3377:
3370:
3362:
3352:
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3281:Magnetometer
3220:
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2315:Paraffin oil
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1260:Gouy balance
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1226:paramagnetic
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890:Gaussian-CGS
871:
868:In CGS units
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214:, sometimes
210:
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190:permeability
177:
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130:studies and
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104:diamagnetism
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3802:: 233β242.
3356:. UC Press.
3256:Curie's law
3241:injection,
1619:domain wall
1532:domain wall
1518:. When the
1236:diamagnetic
1194:, which is
112:field lines
4342:Categories
4151:2008-11-09
3625:Anal. Chem
3582:2011-11-08
3484:2011-11-08
3458:2022-02-18
3392:2011-10-13
3335:0470017627
3313:References
3227:anisotropy
2192:Air (NTP)
1520:coercivity
1202:using the
741:molar mass
165:See also:
161:Definition
38:(from
4353:Magnetism
3899:198890763
3891:1365-246X
3809:1403.4760
2873:Aluminium
2317:, 220β260
1648:Material
1528:saturated
1461:∂
1446:∂
1423:χ
1414:is used:
1338:χ
1161:χ
1157:π
1137:χ
1106:χ
1102:π
1082:χ
1051:χ
1047:π
1027:χ
969:χ
965:π
933:π
840:χ
834:ρ
821:ρ
817:χ
797:χ
784:ρ
775:χ
760:ρ
756:χ
637:μ
570:χ
549:μ
542:μ
462:μ
434:χ
413:μ
371:μ
250:χ
157:details.
139:electrons
102:, called
91:, called
71:per unit
4081:10010619
3842:11545416
3834:24705364
3772:12914848
3694:13013704
3543:34565970
3337:page 364
3249:See also
3243:tectonic
3235:paleosol
2792:Graphite
2711:Graphite
2630:Graphite
2114:Nitrogen
1659:Pressure
1288:crystals
525:and the
329:SI units
4296:Bibcode
4267:
4255:
4245:
4233:
4210:Bibcode
4175:Bibcode
4113:Bibcode
4061:Bibcode
4026:Bibcode
3983:8798169
3963:Bibcode
3869:Bibcode
3814:Bibcode
3752:Bibcode
3717:Bibcode
3645:4762356
3534:6752159
3091:β1.0785
3003:Bismuth
2555:Diamond
2309:0.9982
1678:Density
1555:
1541:
1110:ρ
1086:ρ
886:CGS-EMU
731:density
729:is the
509:is the
498:), and
490:is the
298:amperes
288:is the
124:geology
116:bonding
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3119:63.546
3076:Copper
3067:208.98
2995:107.87
2945:Silver
2867:2.267
2786:2.267
2705:2.267
2624:3.513
2530:β1.128
2498:glass
2490:1.372
2471:β1.071
2432:1.190
2374:0.878
2319:
2306:18.015
2298:β7.190
2289:β9.035
2280:β7.203
2271:β9.051
2262:β1.298
2253:β1.631
2035:Oxygen
2020:131.29
1941:4.0026
1877:Helium
1486:where
1359:where
1304:tensor
618:teslas
481:where
459:
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367:
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331:, the
327:Using
279:Here,
100:< 0
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73:volume
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4000:O, NH
3838:S2CID
3804:arXiv
3690:S2CID
3672:arXiv
3513:(1).
3239:magma
3152:58.69
3122:8.92
3111:β7.66
3102:β9.63
3070:9.78
3059:β1.32
3050:β1.66
3041:β1.35
3032:β1.70
3023:β2.82
3014:β3.55
2987:β1.84
2978:β2.31
2939:2.70
2936:26.98
2928:+1.75
2864:12.01
2783:12.01
2702:12.01
2621:12.01
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2539:β8.98
2521:β4.07
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2480:β8.52
2462:β6.21
2453:β7.80
2422:β7.21
2413:β9.06
2404:β6.06
2395:β7.61
2337:β1.01
2242:Water
2227:28.97
2178:28.01
2170:β4.03
2161:β5.06
2152:β4.43
2143:β5.56
2134:β1.24
2125:β1.56
2121:0.781
2099:31.99
2091:+2.97
2082:+3.73
2073:+1.07
2064:+1.34
2055:+3.42
2042:0.209
2012:β1.89
2003:β2.37
1994:β3.46
1985:β4.35
1976:β4.54
1967:β5.71
1956:Xenon
1933:β7.84
1924:β9.85
1915:β4.72
1906:β5.93
1897:β1.89
1888:β2.38
1653:Temp.
1246:, or
500:(1 +
42:
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4329:ISBN
4077:PMID
4004:, CH
3979:PMID
3895:OCLC
3887:ISSN
3830:PMID
3768:PMID
3641:PMID
3539:PMID
3515:NIST
3447:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3331:ISBN
3266:Iron
3209:The
3161:Iron
3155:8.9
2965:+1.8
2956:+2.3
2919:+2.2
2910:+6.3
2901:+7.9
2892:+1.7
2883:+2.2
2856:β6.6
2847:β8.3
2838:β2.9
2829:β3.6
2820:β3.5
2811:β4.4
2804:β173
2775:β4.9
2766:β6.1
2757:β2.2
2748:β2.7
2739:β2.6
2730:β3.2
2723:r.t.
2694:β1.1
2685:β1.4
2676:β5.0
2667:β6.3
2658:β6.0
2649:β7.5
2642:r.t.
2613:β1.7
2604:β2.2
2595:β4.9
2586:β6.2
2577:β5.9
2568:β7.4
2560:r.t.
2380:PMMA
2364:β7.0
2355:β8.8
2346:β8.0
2231:1.29
2219:+2.9
2210:+3.6
2182:9.10
2103:2.78
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1945:1.66
1404:and
1371:and
1363:and
1196:9.04
1188:7.19
683:and
671:and
195:The
184:and
126:for
118:and
4304:doi
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1852:mol
1743:mol
1718:mol
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1272:NMR
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1170:CGS
1115:CGS
1060:CGS
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978:CGS
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1980:10
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2807:1
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2796:Ο
2777:Γ
2768:Γ
2759:Γ
2750:Γ
2741:Γ
2732:Γ
2726:1
2718:β₯
2715:Ο
2696:Γ
2687:Γ
2678:Γ
2669:Γ
2660:Γ
2651:Γ
2645:1
2637:β₯
2634:Ο
2615:Γ
2606:Γ
2597:Γ
2588:Γ
2579:Γ
2570:Γ
2564:1
2541:Γ
2532:Γ
2523:Γ
2514:Γ
2482:Γ
2473:Γ
2464:Γ
2455:Γ
2424:Γ
2415:Γ
2406:Γ
2397:Γ
2366:Γ
2357:Γ
2348:Γ
2339:Γ
2300:Γ
2291:Γ
2282:Γ
2273:Γ
2264:Γ
2255:Γ
2249:1
2233:Γ
2221:Γ
2212:Γ
2198:1
2184:Γ
2172:Γ
2163:Γ
2154:Γ
2145:Γ
2136:Γ
2127:Γ
2105:Γ
2093:Γ
2084:Γ
2075:Γ
2066:Γ
2057:Γ
2048:Γ
2026:Γ
2014:Γ
2005:Γ
1996:Γ
1987:Γ
1978:Γ
1969:Γ
1963:1
1947:Γ
1935:Γ
1926:Γ
1917:Γ
1908:Γ
1899:Γ
1890:Γ
1884:1
1867:/
1865:g
1863:(
1859:Ο
1850:/
1848:g
1846:(
1842:M
1835:1
1833:(
1827:v
1821:Ο
1814:1
1812:(
1806:v
1800:Ο
1793:g
1791:/
1787:(
1781:Ο
1775:Ο
1766:/
1764:m
1762:(
1756:Ο
1750:Ο
1741:/
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1731:m
1725:Ο
1716:/
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1712:(
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1691:(
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1551:H
1547:/
1544:1
1515:H
1509:M
1489:Ο
1469:j
1465:H
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1450:M
1440:=
1435:d
1430:j
1427:i
1407:H
1401:M
1384:j
1380:i
1373:y
1369:x
1365:j
1361:i
1345:j
1342:i
1332:j
1328:H
1324:=
1319:i
1315:M
1299:H
1293:M
1231:Ο
1221:Ο
1198:Γ
1190:Γ
1165:v
1154:4
1151:=
1141:v
1099:4
1096:=
1055:m
1044:4
1041:=
1031:m
1016:Ο
1000:.
990:H
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973:v
962:4
959:+
956:1
952:(
948:=
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927:+
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912:=
902:B
849:.
844:v
831:M
826:=
813:M
810:=
801:m
789:;
779:v
769:=
736:M
726:Ο
720:Ο
717:Ο
714:(
707:m
704:Ο
701:(
686:H
680:M
674:B
668:I
651:.
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633:=
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613:J
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584:.
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574:v
566:+
563:1
559:(
553:0
545:=
531:ΞΌ
522:v
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487:0
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430:+
427:1
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417:0
406:=
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394:M
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364:=
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343:H
337:B
317:v
314:Ο
305:H
285:M
264:.
260:H
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246:=
242:M
220:m
217:Ο
211:Ο
205:v
202:Ο
98:Ο
87:Ο
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67:(
64:M
48:Ο
20:)
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