222:, Aristotle describes magnificence as the ethical virtue linked to money: "It is a fitting expenditure involving largeness of scale" However, Aristotle insists that the type of expenditure must be appropriate to the circumstance. Hence, not every type of action requires the same degree of expense. Thus, Aristotle, like Plato, consolidates the separation of the virtues of magnificence and magnanimity. Drawing on Xenophon, however, he dignifies the economic aspect of a great expenditure by turning it into an ethical virtue.
166:), affluent citizens are called upon to offer many costly sacrifices such as building all sorts of public works (such as fortifications, war boats, temples, or amphitheaters); supplying an army with all the equipment and provisions it needed; offering entertainment and shows; and hosting prominent foreign guests and regaling them with lavish hospitality. Even fellow citizens must be plied by them with all sorts of nice things. Magnificence is thus connected with liberality,
730:) (1761) Piranesi drew on the heritage of the philosophical, ethical, economic, and artistic aspects of the notion of magnificence. He controversially conceived magnificence as a virtue that was shared by the entire ancient Roman population. Furthermore, he argued that the Romans used the most advanced technical and hydraulic skills, and the finest materials available. They excelled in public buildings and proved they were better at them than the Greeks.
449:. In the sixth book, Vitruvius argues that the client (public or private) is magnificent because the beauty of a building depends on its cost. The materials employed should be of the best quality and the most beautiful, which means that they are usually the most expensive. Thus, for Vitruvius magnificence is not only a typical artistic and aesthetic feature of architecture, but is also connected to the social and political
92:. Only those with a philosophical and educational temperament understand the difference between good and evil. The philosopher is magnificent, gracious, the friend of truth, justice, courage, and temperance, has an excellent memory and learns easily. When perfected by age and education this magnificent being is the type of person to whom the state must be entrusted.
2222:
340:)", he is making an explicit reference to a political system that was being undermined by a new generation of politicians. Whereas luxury represented the use of wealth to serve personal satisfaction, magnificence rested on traditional republican values based on respect for an appropriate relationship between private and public life.
539:, drawing on Aquinas, regards magnificence as a divine virtue connected to God's grandeur and perfection. Then, following the traditions of Aristotle and Aquinas, Dante classifies magnificence as the fourth virtue "which regulates great expenditures, in administering them and setting limits to their size".
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of Roman monuments, Piranesi was an eclectic personality, who pursued a wide range of interests; he had a prominent role within the Graeco-Roman debate. In this controversy he supported the superiority of the architects and designers of the Roman Empire and demonstrated the indigenous roots of Roman
225:
With
Aristotle, magnificence also acquires an aesthetic dimension. It becomes an art in itself, requiring that one understands what type of expenditure is needed and that one spends tastefully. A magnificent man knows that the expenditure should be large, but appropriate to who is actually spending,
527:
magnificence is a virtue that belongs to God, which can also be shared by men. Aquinas adopts Cicero's definition of magnificence, highlighting how it consists in doing great things. Magnificence belongs to the virtue of fortitude, or courage, because it regards the undertaking of great things and
267:, he wrote that magnificence is "the consideration and management of important and sublime matters with a certain wide seeing and splendid determination of mind". Thus Cicero fused the Greek and Roman traditions, transforming the Greek view of magnificence into a Roman concept. The Latin word
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in the dialogue, is called upon to be magnificent in order to live up to his reputation as an affluent citizen. Magnificent deeds give public honor to wealthy citizens and the entire city. Xenophon extends magnificence to women. For example, Mania, the widow of Zenis, the governor of
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and his other philosophical treatises on the use of wealth and the role of the prince probably anticipated the courtier's ethic and the doctrine of how to behave appropriately, which would find the most mature expression in 16th-century
Italian literature thanks to
580:(1487) described magnificence as an aspect of fortitude. This evolving perspective on nobility highlights the actions and achievements of people whose conduct centers on nurturing such virtues, rather than relying solely on noble lineage and aristocratic ideals.
551:, magnificence underwent a deep transformation, drawing on this cultural movement that supported the rebirth of both classical culture and urban centers. The idea of magnificence and its representation had profound implications for Renaissance society in Italy.
559:
During the renewal of
Italian cities as cultural and political hubs, magnificence gained fresh significance. This mirrors the transformation of traditional political structures and the rise of a novel civic culture rooted in virtues that differed from earlier
279:, which literally means "to do something great". In Cicero's formulation, it refers to the greatness of the task, the intention to realize it, and the determination to carry it through. Cicero's seminal interpretation of magnificence influenced
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460:
It is no surprise that ancient Romans granted such importance to public architecture: even the ancient historians and geographers celebrated the Romans’ ability to create buildings that were not only useful but also beautiful and magnificent.
407:
of ancient Greek art criticism. The Greeks drew on rhetorical terminology to describe and evaluate sculpture, painting, and architecture. They applied the term magnificence to works of art that express grandeur and other lofty features.
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throughout the
Renaissance influenced not only patrons’ tastes but also those of the architects and artists who were commissioned to create magnificent masterpieces that would give fame both to themselves and to the entire town. In
39:”. This noun conveys the meaning of doing something great which is fitting or seemly to the circumstance. Magnificence is a philosophical, aesthetic, and socio-economic notion deeply rooted in Western culture since
638:
drew on both the philosophical and aesthetic concepts of magnificence. Many
Italian Renaissance architects and artists applied magnificence both in their artworks and in their writings. Antonio Averlino (known as
708:
By the 18th century, Italy had become one of the main destinations of the Grand Tour visitors, who came from
Northern Europe to study and admire Italian art and architecture and to absorb classical culture. With
183:, not only convinced the Persian satrap Pharnabazus to appoint her as the new governess, but excelled in her military, political, and economic duties, never lacking in magnificence whenever it was required.
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societies this was a widespread custom. Affluent citizens holding public positions were expected to use their own money for a wide range of activities that were deemed important by their communities.
230:
suggested that in this conception magnificence turns out to be mainly a matter of aesthetic good taste. The aesthetic role that magnificence acquired with
Aristotle exerted a profound influence on
108:
proposed a social and economic interpretation of magnificence. They used the term to describe the donation of private money and property to support public works or communal needs. In
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dynasty) practiced the virtue of magnificence from the 1430s onwards, and many other ruling families and distinguished citizens followed suit all over Italy.
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Magnificence was not only engaged in by distinguished citizens, princes, popes, architects, and artists but was also analyzed by humanist scholars. In
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both belong to the grand style, there are significant differences between them. Magnificence insists more on formal correctness and stylistic
713:(1720–1778), magnificence received one of its final interpretations in the Italian cultural context. Universally known as the etcher of the
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43:. It regards the greatness of actions, courage, excellence, honor, generosity, and splendor of lifestyles of noble purposes.
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norms. A new idea of human excellence emerged, distinct from medieval aristocratic privileges connected to birth and rank.
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489:. Pliny the Elder provides a moving description of the engineering skills used to rebuild Rome's great sewage system, the
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analyzed both the artistic-aesthetic and the philosophical-ethical aspects of magnificence and enshrined the concept in
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culture, arguing that the Romans had been influenced more by the
Etruscans than the Greeks. In his polemical treatise
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Magnificence regained its ancient splendor as an aspect of works of architecture and art. The rediscovery of ancient
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of the client. Architecture becomes the means by which a public or private sponsor of a building can display his
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embraced by the traditionalist Roman oligarchy. When Cicero claims that "the Roman people loathe private luxury (
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introduces magnificence within the meaning of wealth and social obligations. In keeping with the phenomenon of
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Jenkins, A. D. Fraser (1970). "Cosimo de' Medici's
Patronage of Architecture and the Theory of Magnificence".
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are presented as the leading exponents of this style. Demetrius's treatise did not gain the same success as
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interpretations of the concept of magnificence, drawing on the Graeco-Roman tradition and blending it with
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Italy. Wealthy citizens adopted the custom of spending large sums of money on building projects and on
370:. Demetrius gives a technical description of the typical features of the elevated style. The historian
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interpretation of magnificence that exerted an extensive influence throughout the following centuries.
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Magnanimité. L'idéal de la grandeur dans la philosophie païenne et dans la théologie chrétienne
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773:. Bibliothèque Thomiste (in French). Vol. XXVIII. Paris: Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin.
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572:(1457) asserted that magnificence is the supreme virtue because it expresses God's greatness.
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offered the first philosophical interpretation of the concept of magnificence. He separated
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149:'s sumptuous treatment of his daughter's suitors when seeking a good marriage for her.
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actions, and persevering even when circumstances can make their realization arduous.
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or elevated style. The most important work on magnificence in the classical world is
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the buildings, roads, public buildings, and festivals were under the control of the
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to feast and be entertained by him with great generosity and displays of friendship;
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mentality, according to which mankind should always be reverent towards God. In the
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La magnificenza e il suo doppio. Il pensiero estetico di
Giovanni Battista Piranesi
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states that the three greatest examples of magnificent Roman architecture were the
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666:(1498). Magnificence was connected with the employment of wealth on behalf of the
396:. Whereas the sublime inspires awe, veneration, loss of rationality, ecstasy, and
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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
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By the first half of the 15th century, magnificence had become a well-known and
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precepts. He brings together the pagan idea of human magnificence with the
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and artists, establishing one of the most sophisticated courts in Italy.
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33:”, which means to do something great. The Latin word draws on the Greek “
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Howard, Peter (2008). "Preaching Magnificence in Renaissance Florence".
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the circumstance, and the object of the expense. The Aristotle scholar
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Magnificence took on Roman characteristics. In ancient Rome, it is a
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125:, Herodotus gives various examples of magnificence, such as that of
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extolled the philosophical and aesthetic aspects of magnificence.
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The Ancient View of Greek Art: Criticism, History and Terminology
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Magnificence is the special quality in Plato's conception of the
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In classical rhetoric, magnificence is one of the models of the
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800:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 155.
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Concerning the Magnificence and Architecture of the Romans
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celebrate the hygienic functions of the aqueducts and the
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kings and aristocracy, and their lifestyles. Pontano's
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753:(1902). "Μεγαλοπρεπεια and μεγαλοψυχια in Aristotle".
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
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gained the title “magnificent” due to his support to
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the institutions, political power and the Roman state
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Vitruvius and the magnificence of Roman architecture
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316:. Furthermore, magnificence has nothing to do with
939:Ágalma: Rivista di studi culturali e di estetica
858:Ágalma: Rivista di studi culturali e di estetica
261:civilization. In his youthful work on rhetoric,
1177:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
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910:(6th ed.). London: Routledge. p. 144.
584:Magnificence and patronage in Renaissance Italy
86:, as presented in the fifth and sixth books of
1252:The Mind and Art of Giovanni Battista Piranesi
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724:Della Magnificenza ed Architettura de’ Romani
75:(magnificence), which had been synonymous in
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2002:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
1161:(in Italian). Florence: Olschki. p. 17.
958:Modelli etici e società. Un'idea di Cicerone
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662:wrote a philosophical and ethical treatise
600:of architecture and the arts. In Florence,
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2360:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
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1016:. New Haven/London: Yale University Press.
1001:. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert. p. 60.
987:. Translated by William Rhys Roberts, 1902
835:Le passioni economiche nella Grecia antica
856:(2003). "Magnificenza e mondo classico".
367:
1119:
1117:
253:introduced the ethic of magnificence to
2407:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
937:(2002). "Lusso, spreco, magnificenza".
739:
133:' magnificent festivity of the goddess
1159:Cristoforo Landino. De vera nobilitate
699:Magnificence in the eighteenth century
344:Rhetoric, Demetrius, and art criticism
403:The grand style of magnificence also
334:) but they love public magnificence (
7:
2392:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
960:. Pisa: Giardini. pp. 226–265.
366:probably in the first century
320:. Instead, it reflects a system of
47:Magnificence in Classical Antiquity
14:
1157:Liaci, Maria Teresa, ed. (1970).
543:Magnificence in Renaissance Italy
509:left one of the most significant
2220:
405:entered terminological discourse
388:. Although magnificence and the
1131:(in Latin). Vol. IIa, IIæ.
798:Plato and the virtue of courage
497:Magnificence in the Middle Ages
493:, which is still in use today.
427:’s painting of Zeus enthroned.
2345:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
1254:. London: Thames & Hudson.
623:and the pre-eminence given to
555:Magnificence as a civic virtue
1:
1110:(in Italian). Milan: Mimesis.
999:Studies in Demetrius On Style
906:(1995) . "New introduction".
289:over a thousand years later.
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2985:
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2132:Aestheticization of politics
1039:Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
358:
293:Magnificence in Ancient Rome
71:
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35:
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1012:Pollitt, Jerome J. (1974).
956:Narducci, Emanuele (1989).
3370:
997:Schenkeveld, Dirk (1964).
711:Giovanni Battista Piranesi
704:Giovanni Battista Piranesi
463:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
273:comes from the expression
218:In the fourth book of the
152:Xenophon, in his treatise
15:
2200:
1250:Wilton-Ely, John (1978).
658:, the humanist and poet
207:offers a philosophical,
2152:Evolutionary aesthetics
2102:The Aesthetic Dimension
833:Cozzo, Antonio (1991).
570:De virtutibus morabilus
547:With the advent of the
3354:Concepts in aesthetics
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3224:
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2082:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
2032:Lectures on Aesthetics
796:Rabieh, Linda (2006).
767:Gauthier, René Antoine
677:Baldassare Castiglione
447:classical architecture
336:
330:
275:
269:
96:Herodotus and Xenophon
29:
27:comes from the Latin “
2809:Righteous indignation
2227:Philosophy portal
1214:Renaissance Quarterly
636:Leon Battista Alberti
364:Demetrius of Phalerum
141:'s invitation to the
3349:Intellectual history
2327:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
2172:Philosophy of design
2052:In Praise of Shadows
2042:The Critic as Artist
837:. Palermo: Sellerio.
682:Book of the Courtier
604:(the founder of the
592:practiced virtue in
549:Renaissance in Italy
16:For other uses, see
2397:Theological virtues
2300:Positive psychology
2182:Philosophy of music
2157:Mathematical beauty
687:Giovanni Della Casa
631:De re aedificatoria
41:classical antiquity
2829:Self-transcendence
2421:Individual virtues
2365:Nine Noble Virtues
2294:Nicomachean Ethics
2177:Philosophy of film
2167:Patterns in nature
2137:Applied aesthetics
2112:Why Beauty Matters
1898:Life imitating art
1759:Art for art's sake
1226:10.1353/ren.0.0102
1104:Maclaren, Sarah F.
935:Maclaren, Sarah F.
891:Nicomachean Ethics
854:Maclaren, Sarah F.
610:Lorenzo de’ Medici
578:De vera nobilitate
574:Cristoforo Landino
435:In his monumental
220:Nicomachean Ethics
200:Nicomachean Ethics
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3335:
3332:
3331:
2483:Conscientiousness
2350:Epistemic virtues
2235:
2234:
2187:Psychology of art
2062:Art as Experience
1141:Dante Alighieri,
1041:Roman Antiquities
751:Wilson, John Cook
614:humanist scholars
602:Cosimo de' Medici
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2377:Prussian virtues
2340:Cardinal virtues
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672:De magnificentia
664:De magnificentia
660:Giovanni Pontano
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524:Summa theologiae
519:Jewish-Christian
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162:(as outlined by
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1244:
1240:
1211:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1140:
1136:
1125:Aquinas, Thomas
1123:
1122:
1115:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1085:Natural History
1081:
1077:
1073:
1067:History of Rome
1051:
1047:
1038:
1034:
1028:De architectura
1025:
1021:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
995:
991:
982:
978:
969:
965:
955:
954:
950:
933:
932:
928:
919:
915:
902:
901:
897:
888:
884:
873:
869:
852:
851:
842:
832:
831:
827:
819:
808:
804:
795:
785:
781:
777:
765:
749:
745:
741:
736:
706:
701:
649:Andrea Palladio
589:
586:
566:Marsilio Ficino
557:
545:
534:
532:Dante Alighieri
504:
499:
438:De architectura
433:
413:Pliny the Elder
404:
359:Perì hermēnēías
346:
310:magnificence of
309:
305:
302:
295:
286:Summa Theologiæ
248:
246:Cicero and Rome
194:Eudemian Ethics
189:
168:high lifestyles
167:
100:The historians
98:
54:
49:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3367:
3365:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3317:
3310:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3230:
3221:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2934:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Accountability
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2250:
2242:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Neuroesthetics
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Arts criticism
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2088:
2078:
2068:
2058:
2048:
2038:
2028:
2018:
2012:On the Sublime
2008:
1998:
1988:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:
1876:Interpretation
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1776:
1771:
1769:Artistic merit
1766:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:Psychoanalysis
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1220:(2): 325–369.
1209:
1189:10.2307/750894
1171:
1164:
1149:
1134:
1113:
1090:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1045:
1032:
1019:
1004:
989:
976:
963:
948:
941:(in Italian).
926:
913:
895:
893:IV.2 (1122a23)
882:
867:
860:(in Italian).
840:
825:
806:
803:
802:
793:
786:
779:
776:
775:
763:
746:
738:
737:
735:
732:
705:
702:
700:
697:
645:Giorgio Vasari
585:
582:
556:
553:
544:
541:
533:
530:
507:Thomas Aquinas
503:
502:Thomas Aquinas
500:
498:
495:
432:
429:
417:statue of Zeus
385:On the Sublime
345:
342:
337:magnificentiam
294:
291:
281:Thomas Aquinas
247:
244:
188:
185:
170:, and wealth.
114:Middle-Eastern
97:
94:
53:
50:
48:
45:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3366:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Sportsmanship
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Righteousness
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2727:Nonattachment
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:Seven virtues
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2334:Brahmavihārās
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2310:Virtue ethics
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:About virtues
2274:
2270:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2228:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2193:
2192:Theory of art
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1983:
1982:Hippias Major
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Entertainment
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1764:Art manifesto
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1754:Appropriation
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Merleau-Ponty
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:Abhinavagupta
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:Postmodernism
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
993:
990:
986:
980:
977:
973:
967:
964:
959:
952:
949:
944:
940:
936:
930:
927:
923:
922:De inventione
917:
914:
909:
905:
899:
896:
892:
886:
883:
879:
878:
871:
868:
863:
859:
855:
849:
847:
845:
841:
836:
829:
826:
823:
817:
815:
813:
811:
807:
799:
794:
791:
788:
787:
783:
780:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
743:
740:
733:
731:
729:
725:
720:
716:
712:
703:
698:
696:
694:
693:
688:
684:
683:
678:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
632:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
554:
552:
550:
542:
540:
538:
531:
529:
526:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
496:
494:
492:
491:Cloaca Maxima
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:sewage system
472:
468:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:According to
409:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:
381:
377:
374:and the poet
373:
365:
362:) written by
360:
355:
351:
343:
341:
338:
332:
327:
323:
319:
315:
300:
292:
290:
288:
287:
282:
277:
276:magnum facere
271:
270:magnificentia
266:
265:
264:De inventione
260:
256:
255:ancient Roman
252:
245:
243:
241:
240:art criticism
237:
233:
229:
223:
221:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
201:
196:
195:
186:
184:
182:
177:
173:
165:
161:
157:
156:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
117:
115:
111:
110:ancient Greek
107:
103:
95:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
78:
77:archaic Greek
73:
72:megaloprépeia
68:
63:
62:megalopsychía
58:
51:
46:
44:
42:
37:
36:megaloprépeia
31:
30:magnum facere
26:
19:
3312:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3264:
3248:
3241:
3207:
3200:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3083:
3076:
3071:Brahmacharya
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3009:
3002:
2977:
2970:
2954:
2936:
2920:
2913:
2869:Tranquillity
2819:Self-control
2789:Renunciation
2747:Philanthropy
2742:Perspicacity
2702:Magnificence
2701:
2655:Intelligence
2635:Impartiality
2555:Faithfulness
2443:Authenticity
2369:
2355:Five virtues
2332:
2325:
2305:Trait theory
2292:
2110:
2100:
2090:
2060:
2050:
2030:
2020:
2010:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1927:
1903:Magnificence
1902:
1885:
1735:
1701:Schopenhauer
1536:Coomaraswamy
1454:Philosophers
1442:
1373:Aestheticism
1251:
1245:
1217:
1213:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1152:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1107:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1013:
1007:
998:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
957:
951:
942:
938:
929:
921:
916:
907:
898:
890:
885:
875:
870:
861:
857:
834:
828:
821:
797:
790:The Republic
789:
782:
770:
758:
754:
742:
727:
723:
718:
714:
707:
690:
680:
671:
663:
653:
629:
618:
587:
577:
569:
568:in his work
558:
546:
535:
522:
505:
490:
486:
459:
436:
434:
410:
402:
383:
353:
347:
303:connected to
296:
284:
262:
249:
236:architecture
234:, the arts,
224:
219:
217:
198:
192:
190:
153:
151:
121:
118:
99:
89:The Republic
88:
81:
55:
25:magnificence
24:
22:
18:Magnificence
2889:Workmanship
2779:Punctuality
2697:Magnanimity
2620:Hospitality
2570:Forgiveness
2515:Discernment
2473:Cleanliness
1996:(c. 335 BC)
1986:(c. 390 BC)
1965:Work of art
1918:Picturesque
1774:Avant-garde
1731:Winckelmann
1606:Kierkegaard
1531:Collingwood
1501:Baudrillard
1428:Romanticism
1398:Historicism
1332:Mathematics
1088:36, 104–105
1058:Geographica
1026:Vitruvius,
983:Demetrius,
904:Ross, David
889:Aristotle,
820:Herodotus,
685:(1528) and
594:Renaissance
324:values and
301:phenomenon
155:Oeconomicus
67:magnanimity
3343:Categories
3202:Auctoritas
3050:Aparigraha
3029:Adhiṭṭhāna
3011:Sophrosyne
2979:Eutrapelia
2864:Temperance
2844:Solidarity
2834:Simplicity
2794:Resilience
2769:Politeness
2737:Patriotism
2717:Moderation
2590:Good faith
2580:Generosity
2540:Equanimity
2520:Discipline
2478:Compassion
1935:Recreation
1913:Perception
1806:Creativity
1506:Baumgarten
1496:Baudelaire
1378:Classicism
1293:Aesthetics
1183:: 162–70.
972:Pro Murena
880:III.10–13.
874:Xenophon,
734:References
692:Il Galateo
668:Neapolitan
473:, and the
372:Thucydides
322:republican
228:W. D. Ross
172:Critobulus
164:Paul Veyne
160:evergetism
147:Clisthenes
127:Polycrates
3250:Humanitas
2996:Phronesis
2987:Philotimo
2839:Sincerity
2804:Reverence
2672:Judgement
2660:Emotional
2650:Integrity
2640:Innocence
2595:Gratitude
2575:Frugality
2565:Foresight
2545:Etiquette
2535:Endurance
2510:Diligence
2433:Alertness
2382:Scout Law
2283:Endowment
1940:Reverence
1846:Eroticism
1816:Depiction
1789:Masculine
1691:Santayana
1651:Nietzsche
1596:Hutcheson
1586:Heidegger
1571:Greenberg
1526:Coleridge
1491:Balthasar
1476:Aristotle
1438:Theosophy
1433:Symbolism
1408:Modernism
1393:Formalism
1234:201772127
1205:192326812
924:II.54§163
908:Aristotle
877:Hellenica
822:Histories
625:Vitruvius
598:patronage
515:Christian
467:aqueducts
443:Vitruvius
394:solemnity
213:aesthetic
205:Aristotle
187:Aristotle
131:Scythians
122:Histories
102:Herodotus
23:The word
3243:Gravitas
3226:Dignitas
2972:Ataraxia
2854:Sympathy
2784:Religion
2774:Prudence
2732:Patience
2707:Meekness
2682:Kindness
2630:Humility
2625:Humanity
2560:Fidelity
2505:Courtesy
2468:Chivalry
2463:Chastity
2453:Charisma
2448:Calmness
2438:Altruism
2215:Category
2147:Axiology
2016:(c. 500)
2006:(c. 100)
1881:Judgment
1836:Emotions
1831:Elegance
1811:Cuteness
1784:Feminine
1747:Concepts
1716:Tanizaki
1696:Schiller
1681:Richards
1671:Rancière
1641:Maritain
1576:Hanslick
1516:Benjamin
1388:Feminism
1357:Theology
1337:Medieval
1327:Japanese
1322:Internet
1144:Convivio
1106:(2005).
1055:Strabo,
1043:III.67§5
985:On style
945:: 43–62.
792:487a2–8.
769:(1951).
717:and the
695:(1558).
641:Filarete
621:rhetoric
511:medieval
451:prestige
380:Longinus
354:On Style
331:luxuriam
232:rhetoric
176:Socrates
143:Persians
106:Xenophon
3298:Sadaqah
3284:Ganbaru
3217:Decorum
3209:Caritas
3164:Śraddhā
3150:Shaucha
3115:Kshanti
3043:Akrodha
2898:Chinese
2799:Respect
2722:Modesty
2692:Loyalty
2677:Justice
2645:Insight
2605:Honesty
2600:Heroism
2530:Empathy
2488:Courage
2458:Charity
2371:Pāramīs
2269:Virtues
2210:Outline
2125:Related
1992:Poetics
1960:Tragedy
1950:Sublime
1923:Quality
1908:Mimesis
1866:Harmony
1851:Fashion
1826:Ecstasy
1821:Disgust
1737:more...
1706:Scruton
1631:Lyotard
1566:Goodman
1546:Deleuze
1481:Aquinas
1471:Alberti
1444:more...
1423:Realism
1403:Marxism
1383:Fascism
1366:Schools
1352:Science
1307:Ancient
1147:IV.17§5
970:Cicero
920:Cicero
715:Prisons
487:cloacae
421:Phidias
390:sublime
326:virtues
314:aediles
283:in his
259:Italian
209:ethical
191:In his
174:, says
139:Amyntas
119:In the
69:) from
3266:Virtus
3258:Pietas
3177:Upekṣā
3170:Saddhā
3136:Prajñā
3129:Muditā
3108:Kshama
3101:Karuṇā
3064:Asteya
3057:Ārjava
3036:Ahimsa
3021:Indian
3004:Sophia
2879:Wisdom
2757:Filial
2665:Social
2610:Honour
2116:(2009)
2106:(1977)
2096:(1946)
2086:(1939)
2076:(1935)
2066:(1934)
2056:(1933)
2046:(1891)
2036:(1835)
2026:(1757)
1893:Kitsch
1871:Humour
1801:Comedy
1779:Beauty
1721:Vasari
1711:Tagore
1686:Ruskin
1626:Lukács
1616:Langer
1561:Goethe
1486:Balázs
1466:Adorno
1347:Nature
1312:Africa
1232:
1203:
1197:750894
1195:
1064:Livy,
1030:VI.8§9
656:Naples
647:, and
606:Medici
590:highly
562:feudal
479:Strabo
469:, the
425:Zeuxis
398:pathos
376:Sappho
318:luxury
308:. The
299:public
251:Cicero
238:, and
211:, and
181:Aeolis
135:Cybele
129:; the
3322:Virtù
3276:Other
3235:Fides
3194:Latin
3184:Vīrya
3143:Satya
3122:Mettā
3085:Dhṛti
2964:Arete
2956:Agape
2948:Greek
2874:Trust
2859:Taste
2752:Piety
2712:Mercy
2585:Glory
2550:Faith
2498:Moral
2493:Civil
2412:Yamas
2205:Index
1974:Works
1955:Taste
1945:Style
1726:Wilde
1666:Plato
1661:Pater
1621:Lipps
1581:Hegel
1551:Dewey
1541:Danto
1521:Burke
1342:Music
1317:India
1300:Areas
1230:S2CID
1201:S2CID
1193:JSTOR
1061:V.3§8
719:Views
537:Dante
471:roads
455:honor
350:grand
57:Plato
52:Plato
3314:Sisu
3306:Seny
3291:Giri
3157:Sevā
3078:Dāna
2915:Jing
2764:Pity
2687:Love
2615:Hope
2525:Duty
1929:Rasa
1887:Kama
1861:Gaze
1796:Camp
1676:Rand
1611:Klee
1601:Kant
1591:Hume
1511:Bell
483:Livy
481:and
423:and
257:and
197:and
112:and
104:and
3093:Hrī
2930:Ren
2884:Wit
1856:Fun
1636:Man
1556:Fry
1222:doi
1185:doi
689:’s
679:’s
643:),
576:in
419:by
382:’s
368:BCE
3345::
2938:Yi
2922:Li
2907:De
2084:"
2074:"
2044:"
1228:.
1218:61
1216:.
1199:.
1191:.
1181:33
1179:.
1127:.
1116:^
1093:^
974:76
843:^
809:^
757:.
634:,
477:.
457:.
441:,
242:.
203:,
137:;
79:.
3167:/
2261:e
2254:t
2247:v
2080:"
2070:"
2040:"
1285:e
1278:t
1271:v
1236:.
1224::
1207:.
1187::
943:2
864:.
862:5
761:.
759:4
726:(
356:(
65:(
20:.
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