2631:
terminal in order to stimulate corona and spark discharges (sometimes called streamers) into the surrounding air. Tuning can then be adjusted so as to achieve the longest streamers at a given power level, corresponding to a frequency match between the primary and secondary coil. Capacitive "loading" by the streamers tends to lower the resonant frequency of a Tesla coil operating under full power. A toroidal topload is often preferred to other shapes, such as a sphere. A toroid with a major diameter that is much larger than the secondary diameter provides improved shaping of the electric field at the topload. This provides better protection of the secondary winding (from damaging streamer strikes) than a sphere of similar diameter. And, a toroid permits fairly independent control of topload capacitance versus spark breakout voltage. A toroid's capacitance is mainly a function of its major diameter, while the spark breakout voltage is mainly a function of its minor diameter. A grid dip oscillator (GDO) is sometimes used to help facilitate initial tuning and aid in design. The resonant frequency of the secondary can be difficult to determine except by using a GDO or other experimental method, whereas the physical properties of the primary more closely represent lumped approximations of RF tank design. In this schema the secondary is built somewhat arbitrarily in imitation of other successful designs, or entirely so with supplies on hand, its resonant frequency is measured and the primary designed to suit.
2259:) that has a large number of turns on a relatively small coil form. The bottom of the driver's secondary winding is connected to ground. The opposite end is connected to the bottom of the extra coil through an insulated conductor that is sometimes called the transmission line. Since the transmission line operates at relatively high RF voltages, it is typically made of 1" diameter metal tubing to reduce corona losses. Since the third coil is located some distance away from the driver, it is not magnetically coupled to it. RF energy is instead directly coupled from the output of the driver into the bottom of the third coil, causing it to "ring up" to very high voltages. The combination of the two-coil driver and third coil resonator adds another degree of freedom to the system, making tuning considerably more complex than that of a 2-coil system. The transient response for multiple resonance networks (of which the Tesla magnifier is a sub-set) has only recently been solved. It is now known that a variety of useful tuning "modes" are available, and in most operating modes the extra coil will ring at a different frequency than the master oscillator.
2701:
electrical discharge. In a spark gap Tesla coil, the primary-to-secondary energy transfer process happens repetitively at typical pulsing rates of 50β500 times per second, depending on the frequency of the input line voltage. At these rates, previously-formed leader channels do not get a chance to fully cool down between pulses. So, on successive pulses, newer discharges can build upon the hot pathways left by their predecessors. This causes incremental growth of the leader from one pulse to the next, lengthening the entire discharge on each successive pulse. Repetitive pulsing causes the discharges to grow until the average energy available from the Tesla coil during each pulse balances the average energy being lost in the discharges (mostly as heat). At this point,
2710:
purplish-blue in colour. High-voltage, high-energy discharges create thicker discharges with fewer branches, are pale and luminous, almost white, and are much longer than low-energy discharges, because of increased ionisation. A strong smell of ozone and nitrogen oxides will occur in the area. The important factors for maximum discharge length appear to be voltage, energy, and still air of low to moderate humidity. There are comparatively few scientific studies about the initiation and growth of pulsed lower-frequency RF discharges, so some aspects of Tesla coil air discharges are not as well understood when compared to DC, power-frequency AC, HV impulse, and lightning discharges.
2044:
2944:. Although skin effect limits currents of Tesla coil frequencies to the outer fraction of a millimeter in metal conductors, the skin depth of the current in body tissue is much deeper due to its higher resistivity. The depth of penetration of currents of Tesla frequency (0.1 β 1 MHz) in human tissues is roughly 24β72 centimeters (9β28 inches). Since even the deepest tissues are closer than this to the surface, skin effect has little influence on the path of the current through the body; it tends to take the path of minimum
2860:'s membrane by the imposed voltage to trigger the nerve cell to depolarize and transmit an impulse. At radio frequencies, there is insufficient time during a half-cycle for enough ions to cross the membrane before the alternating voltage reverses. The danger is that since no pain is felt, experimenters often assume the currents are harmless. Teachers and hobbyists demonstrating small Tesla coils often impress their audience by touching the high-voltage terminal or allowing the streamer arcs to pass through their body.
1904:: This is not a separate type of excitation, but a modification to the solid state primary circuit to create a Tesla coil which can be played like a musical instrument, with its high-voltage discharges reproducing simple musical tones. The drive voltage pulses applied to the primary are modulated at an audio rate by a solid state "interrupter" circuit, causing the arc discharge from the high-voltage terminal to emit sounds. Only tones and simple chords have been produced so far; the coil cannot function as a
1702:
2677:
and causing it to oscillate with the toroid capacitance to ground. Energy transfer occurs over a number of cycles, until most of the energy that was originally in the primary side is transferred to the secondary side. The greater the magnetic coupling between windings, the shorter the time required to complete the energy transfer. As energy builds within the oscillating secondary circuit, the amplitude of the toroid's RF voltage rapidly increases, and the air surrounding the toroid begins to undergo
5946:
541:
2380:
the secondary coil. This configuration illustrates operation of the secondary as a pumped resonator. The primary 'induces' alternating voltage into the bottom-most portion of the secondary, providing regular 'pushes' (similar to providing properly timed pushes to a playground swing). Additional energy is transferred from the primary to the secondary inductance and top-load capacitance during each "push", and secondary output voltage builds (called 'ring-up'). An electronic
2198:
40:
2029:
524:
195:
2190:
1802:: These use a spark gap consisting of electrodes around the periphery of a wheel rotated at high speed by a motor, which create sparks when they pass by a stationary electrode. Tesla used this type on his big coils, and they are used today on large entertainment coils. The rapid separation speed of the electrodes quenches the spark quickly, allowing "first notch" quenching, making possible higher voltages. The wheel is usually driven by a
1786:: This is the most common type, which was described in detail in the previous section. It is used in most entertainment coils. An AC voltage from a high-voltage supply transformer charges a capacitor, which discharges through the spark gap. The spark rate is not adjustable but is determined by the 50 or 60 Hz line frequency. Multiple sparks may occur on each half-cycle, so the pulses of output voltage may not be equally-spaced.
2697:. The leader tapers and branches into thousands of thinner, cooler, hair-like discharges (called streamers). The streamers look like a bluish 'haze' at the ends of the more luminous leaders. The streamers transfer charge between the leaders and toroid to nearby space charge regions. The displacement currents from countless streamers all feed into the leader, helping to keep it hot and electrically conductive.
503:
and the coupling coefficient is only 0.05 to 0.2. This means that only 5% to 20% of the magnetic field of the primary coil passes through the secondary when it is open circuited. The loose coupling slows the exchange of energy between the primary and secondary coils, which allows the oscillating energy to stay in the secondary circuit longer before it returns to the primary and begins dissipating in the spark.
2640:
2171:
227:
2837:
2816:
the outside of the apparatus. At low pressures, air is more easily ionized and thus conducts electricity better than atmospheric-pressure air. Therefore, the discharge travels through any pin hole immediately below it, producing a corona discharge inside the evacuated space which illuminates the hole, indicating points that need to be annealed or reblown before they can be used in an experiment.
2423:
2273:
2118:
2576:
2561:
2489:
1792:: Commercial and industrial circuits often apply a DC voltage from a power supply to charge the capacitor, and use high-voltage pulses generated by an oscillator applied to a triggering electrode to trigger the spark. This allows control of the spark rate and exciting voltage. Commercial spark gaps are often enclosed in an insulating gas atmosphere such as
2952:, carefully controlled RF current of Tesla frequencies was used for decades for deep tissue warming, including heating internal organs such as the lungs. Modern shortwave diathermy machines use a higher frequency of 27 MHz, which would have a correspondingly smaller skin depth, yet these frequencies are still able to penetrate deep body tissues.
6340:
2731:
565:. This type is used in modern coils designed for entertainment. The primary winding is located near the bottom, low potential end of the secondary, to minimize arcs between the windings. Since the ground (Earth) serves as the return path for the high voltage, streamer arcs from the terminal tend to jump to any nearby grounded object.
2884:. The amount of heating depends on the current density, which depends on the power output of the Tesla coil and the cross-sectional area of the path the current takes through the body to ground. Particularly if it passes through narrow structures such as blood vessels or joints it may raise the local tissue temperature to
1116:
1849:: In this circuit the primary does not have a resonant capacitor and so is not a double-tuned circuit; only the secondary is. The current to the primary from the switching transistors excites resonance in the secondary tuned circuit. Single tuned SSTCs are simpler, but the single resonant circuit usually has a lower
1736:, increasing the voltage threshold at which air discharges such as corona and brush discharges occur. Suppressing premature air breakdown and energy loss allows the voltage to build to higher values on the peaks of the waveform, creating longer, more spectacular streamers when air discharges finally occur.
2246:
at the same frequency as the secondary LC circuit. The primary and secondary coils are magnetically coupled, creating a dual-tuned resonant air-core transformer. Earlier oil-insulated Tesla coils needed large and long insulators at their high-voltage terminals to prevent discharge in air. Later Tesla
2815:
Scientists working with high-vacuum systems test for the presence of tiny pin holes in the apparatus (especially a newly blown piece of glassware) using high-voltage discharges produced by a small handheld Tesla coil. When the system is evacuated the high-voltage electrode of the coil is played over
2391:
In a dual resonant solid-state Tesla coil (DRSSTC), the electronic switching of the solid-state Tesla coil is combined with the resonant primary circuit of a spark-gap Tesla coil. The resonant primary circuit is formed by connecting a capacitor in series with the primary winding of the coil, so that
2379:
to switch the primary current. Vacuum tube coils typically operate with plate voltages between 1500 and 6000 volts, while most spark gap coils operate with primary voltages of 6,000 to 25,000 volts. The primary winding of a traditional transistor Tesla coil is wound around only the bottom portion of
1688:
of the air, about 30 kV per centimeter. Since the electric field is greatest at sharp points and edges, air discharges start at these points on the high-voltage terminal. The voltage on the high-voltage terminal cannot increase above the air breakdown voltage, because additional electric charge
2604:
Tesla experimented with these, and many other, circuit configurations (see right). The Tesla coil primary winding, spark gap and tank capacitor are connected in series. In each circuit, the AC supply transformer charges the tank capacitor until its voltage is sufficient to break down the spark gap.
2867:. This is often avoided by allowing the arcs to strike a piece of metal held in the hand, or a thimble on a finger, instead. The current passes from the metal into the person's hand through a wide enough surface area to avoid causing burns. Often no sensation is felt, or just a warmth or tingling.
2676:
When the spark gap fires, the charged capacitor discharges into the primary winding, causing the primary circuit to oscillate. The oscillating primary current creates an oscillating magnetic field that couples to the secondary winding, transferring energy into the secondary side of the transformer
2630:
The primary coil's resonant frequency is tuned to that of the secondary, by using low-power oscillations, then increasing the power (and retuning if necessary) until the system operates properly at maximum power. While tuning, a small projection (called a "breakout bump") is often added to the top
2408:
or MOSFETs, due to their superior power handling characteristics. A current-limiting circuit is usually used to limit maximum primary tank current (which must be switched by the IGBTs) to a safe level. Performance of a DRSSTC can be comparable to a medium-power spark-gap Tesla coil, and efficiency
1842:
circuit to switch pulses of voltage from a DC power supply through the primary winding. They provide pulsed excitation without the disadvantages of a spark gap: the loud noise, high temperatures, and poor efficiency. The voltage, frequency, and excitation waveform can be finely controllable. SSTCs
502:
is close to unity 0.95 β 1.0, which means almost all the magnetic field of the primary winding passes through the secondary. The Tesla transformer in contrast is "loosely coupled", the primary winding is larger in diameter and spaced apart from the secondary, so the mutual inductance is lower
2003:
circuits: These are circuits with three coils, based on Tesla's "magnifying transmitter" circuit which he began experimenting with sometime before 1898 and installed in his
Colorado Springs lab 1899β1900, and patented in 1902. They consist of a two coil air-core step-up transformer similar to the
653:
The secondary current creates a magnetic field that induces voltage back in the primary coil, and over a number of additional cycles the energy is transferred back to the primary, causing the oscillating voltage in the secondary to decrease ("ring down"). This process repeats, the energy shifting
2907:
primary current from the supply transformer to reach the output terminal. If a person is connected to the output terminal at the time, either by touching it or allowing arcs from the terminal to strike the person's body, then the high primary current could pass through the conductive ionized air
2613:
between turns that weaken and eventually destroy the transformer's insulation. Experienced Tesla coil builders almost exclusively use the top circuit, often augmenting it with low pass filters (resistor and capacitor (RC) networks) between the supply transformer and spark gap to help protect the
2358:
Tesla coils do not use a primary spark gap. Instead, the transistor(s) or vacuum tube(s) provide the switching or amplifying function necessary to generate RF power for the primary circuit. Solid-state Tesla coils use the lowest primary operating voltage, typically between 155 and 800 volts, and
2233:
plus a terminal capacitance or "top load". In Tesla's more advanced (magnifier) design, a third coil is added. The secondary LC circuit is composed of a tightly coupled air-core transformer secondary coil driving the bottom of a separate third coil helical resonator. Modern 2-coil systems use a
2004:
Tesla transformer, with the secondary connected to a third coil not magnetically coupled to the others, called the "extra" or "resonator" coil, which is series-fed and resonates with its own capacitance. The output is taken from the free end of this coil. The presence of three energy-storing
2700:
The primary break rate of sparking Tesla coils is slow compared to the resonant frequency of the resonator-topload assembly. When the switch closes, energy is transferred from the primary LC circuit to the resonator where the voltage rings up over a short period of time up culminating in the
669:
This entire cycle takes place very rapidly, the oscillations dying out in a time of the order of a millisecond. Each spark across the spark gap produces a pulse of damped sinusoidal high voltage at the output terminal of the coil. Each pulse dies out before the next spark occurs, so the coil
2754:
project, and are homemade by a large worldwide community of hobbyists. Builders of Tesla coils as a hobby are called "coilers". They attend "coiling" conventions where they display their home-made Tesla coils and other high-voltage devices. Low-power Tesla coils are also sometimes used as a
1739:
If the top electrode is large and smooth enough, the electric field at its surface may never get high enough even at the peak voltage to cause air breakdown, and air discharges will not occur. Some entertainment coils have a sharp "spark point" projecting from the torus to start discharges.
2608:
However, in the typical circuit, the spark gap's short circuiting action prevents high-frequency oscillations from 'backing up' into the supply transformer. In the alternate circuit, high amplitude high-frequency oscillations that appear across the capacitor also are applied to the supply
2709:
envelope and repetitive pulsing seem to be ideally suited to creating long, branching discharges that are considerably longer than would be otherwise expected by output voltage considerations alone. High-voltage, low-energy discharges create filamentary multibranched discharges which are
678:. Depending on how the spark gap is set, usually one or two sparks occur at the peak of each half-cycle of the mains current, so there are more than a hundred sparks per second. Thus the spark at the spark gap appears continuous, as do the high-voltage streamers from the top of the coil.
546:
Bipolar coil, used in the early 20th century. There are two high-voltage output terminals, each connected to one end of the secondary, with a spark gap between them. The primary is 12 turns of heavy wire, which is located at the midpoint of the secondary to discourage arcs between the
1870:
2916:
An erroneous explanation for the absence of electric shock that has persisted among Tesla coil hobbyists is that the high-frequency currents travel through the body close to the surface, and thus do not penetrate to vital organs or nerves, due to an electromagnetic phenomenon called
2049:
Steps in Tesla's development of the Tesla transformer around 1891: (1) Closed-core transformers used at low frequencies, (2β7) rearranging windings for lower losses, (8) removed iron core, (9) partial core, (10β11) final conical Tesla transformer, (12β13) Tesla coil circuits and
2334:
2605:
The gap suddenly fires, allowing the charged tank capacitor to discharge into the primary winding. Once the gap fires, the electrical behavior of either circuit is identical. Experiments have shown that neither circuit offers any marked performance advantage over the other.
2566:
Typical circuit configuration. Here, the spark gap shorts the high frequency across the first transformer that is supplied by alternating current. An inductance, not shown, protects the transformer. This design is favoured when a relatively fragile neon sign transformer is
2896:(SAR) in tissue of 4 W/kg in limbs and 0.8 W/kg average over the body. Even low power Tesla coils could exceed these limits, and it is generally impossible to determine the threshold current where bodily injury begins. Being struck by arcs from a high power
2660:
In coils that produce air discharges, such as those built for entertainment, electrical energy from the secondary and toroid is transferred to the surrounding air as electrical charge, heat, light, and sound. The process is similar to charging or discharging a
908:
2622:. A normal (low Short-circuit inductance) high-voltage transformer must use an external limiter (sometimes called a ballast) to limit current. NSTs are designed to have high Short-circuit inductance to limit their short circuit current to a safe level.
1689:
pumped into the terminal from the secondary winding just escapes into the air. The output voltage of open-air Tesla coils is limited to a few million volts by air breakdown, but higher voltages can be achieved by coils immersed in pressurized tanks of
2878:. In addition, the RF current heats the tissues it passes through. Carefully controlled Tesla coil currents, applied directly to the skin by electrodes, were used in the early 20th century for deep body tissue heating in the medical field of longwave
2247:
coils spread their electric fields over larger distances to prevent high electrical stresses in the first place, thereby allowing operation in free air. Most modern Tesla coils also use toroid-shaped output terminals. These are often fabricated from
2254:
A more complex version of a Tesla coil, termed a "magnifier" by Tesla, uses a more tightly coupled air-core resonance "driver" transformer (or "master oscillator") and a smaller, remotely located output coil (called the "extra coil" or simply the
571:: Neither end of the secondary winding is grounded, and both are brought out to high-voltage terminals. The primary winding is located at the center of the secondary coil, equidistant between the two high potential terminals, to discourage arcing.
650:. Current flows rapidly back and forth through the secondary coil between its ends. Because of the small capacitance, the oscillating voltage across the secondary coil which appears on the output terminal is much larger than the primary voltage.
2104:, New York. Although Tesla patented many similar circuits during this period, this was the first that contained all the elements of the Tesla coil: high-voltage primary transformer, capacitor, spark gap, and air core "oscillation transformer".
657:
When the current through the spark gap is no longer sufficient to keep the air in the gap ionized, the spark stops ("quenches"), terminating the current in the primary circuit. The oscillating current in the secondary may continue for some
638:, so as the oscillating voltage in the secondary increases in amplitude ("ring up") the oscillations in the primary decrease to zero. Although the ends of the secondary coil are open, it also acts as a tuned circuit due to the capacitance
2684:
As the secondary coil's energy (and output voltage) continue to increase, larger pulses of displacement current further ionize and heat the air at the point of initial breakdown. This forms a very electrically conductive "root" of hotter
1023:
1589:
2597:). It is therefore adjusted and operated carefully, not only for efficiency and economy, but also for safety. If, due to improper tuning, the maximum voltage point occurs below the terminal, along the secondary coil, a discharge (
2581:
Alternative circuit configuration. With the capacitor in parallel to the first transformer and the spark gap in series to the Tesla-coil primary, the AC supply transformer must be capable of withstanding high voltages at high
2848:(RF) discharges from the output terminal of a Tesla coil pose a unique hazard not found in other high-voltage equipment: when passed through the body they often do not cause the painful sensation and muscle contraction of
654:
rapidly back and forth between the primary and secondary tuned circuits. The oscillating currents in the primary and secondary gradually die out due to energy dissipated as heat in the spark gap and resistance of the coil.
439:
consists of many turns (hundreds to thousands) of fine wire on a hollow cylindrical form inside the primary. The secondary is not connected to an actual capacitor, but it also functions as an LC circuit, the inductance of
1659:
The above peak voltage is only achieved in coils in which air discharges do not occur; in coils which produce sparks, like entertainment coils, the peak voltage on the terminal is limited to the voltage at which the air
529:
Unipolar coil design widely used in modern coils. The primary is the flat red spiral winding at bottom, the secondary is the vertical cylindrical coil wound with fine red wire. The high-voltage terminal is the aluminum
1771:
to close the primary circuit, exciting oscillations in the resonant transformer. Spark gaps have disadvantages due to the high primary currents they must handle. They produce a very loud noise while operating, noxious
1284:
During the "ring up" this energy is transferred to the secondary circuit. Although some is lost as heat in the spark and other resistances, in modern coils, over 85% of the energy ends up in the secondary. At the peak
1956:
are often used as active devices instead of transistors because they are more robust and tolerant of overloads. In general, continuous excitation produces lower output voltages from a given input power than pulsed
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
185:
Originally, Tesla coils used fixed spark gaps or rotary spark gaps to provide intermittent excitation of the resonant circuit; more recently, electronic devices are used to provide the switching action required.
1989:, consisting of a primary winding to which current pulses are applied, and a secondary winding that produces the high voltage, invented by Tesla in 1891. The term "Tesla coil" normally refers to these circuits.
1877:
2335:
490:
Ordinary transformers are designed to be "tightly coupled". Both the primary and secondary are wound tightly around the iron core. Due to the iron core and close proximity of the windings, they have a high
2337:
2852:, as lower frequency AC or DC currents do. The nervous system is insensitive to currents with frequencies over 10β20 kHz. It is thought that the reason for this is that a certain minimum number of
2669:. Tesla coil discharges are formed as a result of displacement currents as pulses of electrical charge are rapidly transferred between the high-voltage toroid and nearby regions within the air (called
1123:
In a resonant transformer the high voltage is produced by resonance; the output voltage is not proportional to the turns ratio, as in an ordinary transformer. It can be calculated approximately from
2870:
However this does not mean the current is harmless. Even a small Tesla coil produces many times the electrical energy necessary to stop the heart, if the frequency happens to be low enough to cause
2251:
or flexible aluminum ducting. The toroidal shape helps to control the high electric field near the top of the secondary by directing sparks outward and away from the primary and secondary windings.
2693:, that projects outward from the toroid. The plasma within the leader is considerably hotter than a corona discharge, and is considerably more conductive. In fact, its properties are similar to an
1724:
with the secondary winding. Although the "toroid" increases the secondary capacitance, which tends to reduce the peak voltage, its main effect is that its large-diameter curved surface reduces the
2092:
invented the Tesla coil circuit independently at the same time Tesla did. Tesla patented his Tesla coil circuit April 25, 1891. and first publicly demonstrated it May 20, 1891, in his lecture "
634:. Over a number of cycles, the energy in the primary circuit is transferred to the secondary. The total energy in the tuned circuits is limited to the energy originally stored in the capacitor
1874:
1433:
1279:
588:
up, which then discharges in a spark through the spark gap, creating a brief pulse of oscillating current in the primary circuit which excites a high oscillating voltage across the secondary:
2795:
output which can be sent to the Tesla coil via a fiber optic interface.An extensive outdoor musical concert has demonstrated using Tesla coils during the
Engineering Open House (EOH) at the
2903:
Another reported hazard of this practice is that arcs from the high-voltage terminal often strike the primary winding of the coil. This momentarily creates a conductive path for the lethal
2338:
789:
685:
secondary winding is connected across the primary tuned circuit. It might seem that the transformer would be a leakage path for the RF current, damping the oscillations. However its large
514:, it is often made of copper tubing or strip with a large surface area to reduce resistance, and its turns are spaced apart, which reduces proximity effect losses and arcing between turns.
6357:
387:, oscillation transformer, or radio-frequency (RF) transformer, functions differently from ordinary transformers used in AC power circuits. While an ordinary transformer is designed to
1654:
615:. The current flows rapidly back and forth between the plates of the capacitor through the coil, generating radio frequency oscillating current in the primary circuit at the circuit's
1863:) in the primary circuit a DC power supply charges the capacitor, and in place of the spark gap semiconductor switches complete the circuit between the capacitor and the primary coil.
1090:
2892:
safety standards for RF current in the body in the Tesla coil frequency range of 0.1β1 MHz specify a maximum current density of 0.2 mA per square centimeter and a maximum
2643:
A small, later-type Tesla coil in operation: The output is giving 43-centimetre (17 in) sparks. The diameter of the secondary is 8 cm (3.1 in). The power source is a
773:
744:
2396:
with a resonant frequency near that of the secondary circuit. Because of the additional resonant circuit, one manual and one adaptive tuning adjustment are necessary. Also, an
2787:
Tesla coils can also be used to generate sounds, including music, by modulating the system's effective "break rate" (i.e., the rate and duration of high power RF bursts) via
1756:
Tesla coil circuits can be classified by the type of "excitation" they use, what type of circuit is used to apply current to the primary winding of the resonant transformer:
1478:
5000:
1806:, so the sparks are synchronized with the AC line frequency, the spark occurring at the same point on the AC waveform on each cycle, so the primary pulses are repeatable.
4720:
611:
a spark starts, reducing the spark gap resistance to a very low value. This completes the primary circuit and current from the capacitor flows through the primary coil
6378:
4868:
923:
5764:
1364:
1337:
1310:
1206:
1179:
1152:
1940:, which applies a pulse of current to the primary winding each cycle of the RF current, exciting a continuous oscillation. The primary tuned circuit serves as the
2618:
transformers (NSTs). Regardless of which configuration is used, the HV transformer must be of a type that self-limits its secondary current by means of internal
2673:
regions). Although the space charge regions around the toroid are invisible, they play a profound role in the appearance and location of Tesla coil discharges.
5399:" (Current state of the art in rigorously describing Tesla coil secondary behavior through theoretical analysis, simulation and testing of results in practice)
4069:
182:
devices. Today, their main usage is for entertainment and educational displays, although small coils are still used as leak detectors for high-vacuum systems.
1486:
3489:
2336:
2205:
Modern high-voltage enthusiasts usually build Tesla coils similar to some of Tesla's "later" 2-coil air-core designs. These typically consist of a primary
2705:
is reached, and the discharges have reached their maximum length for the Tesla coil's output power level. The unique combination of a rising high-voltage
6547:
6540:
2097:
1873:
4161:
1664:
and becomes conductive. As the output voltage increases during each voltage pulse, it reaches the point where the air next to the high-voltage terminal
4824:
3633:(Thesis). Thesis for Licentiate Degree. Electrical and Communications Engineering Dept., Helsinki Univ. of Technology, Helsinki, Finland. pp. 2β6
4522:
The
Inventions, Researches and Writings of Nikola Tesla: With Special Reference to His Work in Polyphase Currents and High Potential Lighting, 2nd Ed
6060:
6040:
2781:
2796:
1656:. Since the capacitance of the secondary coil is very small compared to the primary capacitor, the primary voltage is stepped up to a high value.
4658:
2926:
This theory is false. RF current does tend to flow on the surface of conductors due to skin effect, but the depth to which it penetrates, called
4794:
6329:
6210:
6364:
4851:
4706:
5322:
5236:
3371:
3341:
3311:
2409:(as measured by spark length versus input power) can be significantly greater than a spark-gap Tesla coil operating at the same input power.
354:
attached to the secondary terminal of the coil. Its large surface area suppresses premature air breakdown and arc discharges, increasing the
4982:
6436:
5813:
5054:
2499:
3992:
3900:
3878:
3856:
3682:
2828:
scientists used the field of a Tesla coil to remotely align tiny carbon nanotubes into a circuit, a process they dubbed "teslaphoresis".
2388:
to the growing resonance in the secondary, and this is the only tuning consideration beyond the initial choice of a reasonable top-load.
6599:
5908:
5757:
4328:
2747:
and electronics fairs, and are used to demonstrate principles of high-frequency electricity in science classes in schools and colleges.
507:
5721:
5077:
305:, to step the AC mains voltage up to a high enough voltage to jump the spark gap. Typical voltages are between 5 and 30 kilovolts (kV).
291:, most Tesla coils have a pulsed output; the high voltage consists of a rapid string of pulses of radio frequency alternating current.
5226:
5184:
5087:
5037:
5010:
4932:
4834:
4615:
4547:
4271:
3731:
3549:
3499:
3465:
3331:
2008:
gives this circuit more complicated resonant behavior. It is the subject of research, but has been used in few practical applications.
6470:
4684:
1099:(RF) range, usually between 50 kHz and 1 MHz. However, because of the impulsive nature of the spark they produce broadband
674:, not a continuous sinusoidal voltage. The high voltage from the supply transformer that charges the capacitor is a 50 or 60 Hz
6400:
4804:
4668:
2470:
2320:
2157:
2077:
6518:
5151:
2739:
sculpture, the world's largest Tesla coil. Builder Eric Orr is visible sitting inside the hollow spherical high-voltage electrode.
6614:
499:
5427:
5423:
222:. Tesla coils are used for entertainment at science museums and public events, and for special effects in movies and television.
6410:
5204:
2937:
2665:, except that a Tesla coil uses AC instead of DC. The current that arises from shifting charges within a capacitor is called a
1208:
is the voltage at which the spark gap breaks down, which is usually close to the peak output voltage of the supply transformer
456:
metal electrode attached to the high-voltage terminal. The primary and secondary circuits are tuned so that they have the same
4922:
2043:
693:
at the resonant frequency, so it acts as an open circuit to the oscillating current. If the supply transformer has inadequate
510:
losses. The primary carries very high currents. Since high-frequency current mostly flows on the surface of conductors due to
6589:
6080:
5930:
5750:
2448:
2298:
2139:
5333:
5027:
4258:
4048:
913:
Generally the secondary is not adjustable, so the primary circuit is tuned, usually by a moveable tap on the primary coil L
6594:
6451:
2589:
A large Tesla coil of more modern design often operates at very high peak power levels, up to many megawatts (millions of
631:
479:
to increase the magnetic coupling between the coils. However at high frequencies an iron core causes energy losses due to
5733:
5257:"An experimental study of diathermy: IV. Evidence for the penetration of high frequency currents through the living body"
132:
electricity. Tesla experimented with a number of different configurations consisting of two, or sometimes three, coupled
6446:
6431:
6371:
6235:
5989:
5858:
3206:
2961:
2404:
of the switching bridge, to improve peak power capabilities; similarly, IGBTs are more popular in this application than
1104:
5174:
4292:
4125:
1372:
1218:
6609:
6292:
5994:
5878:
5823:
5818:
3594:
2791:
data and a control unit. The actual MIDI data is interpreted by a microcontroller which converts the MIDI data into a
2444:
2405:
2368:
2294:
2234:
single secondary coil. The top of the secondary is then connected to a topload terminal, which forms one 'plate' of a
2135:
2094:
Experiments with
Alternate Currents of Very High Frequency and Their Application to Methods of Artificial Illumination
903:{\displaystyle f_{1}={1 \over {2\pi {\sqrt {L_{1}C_{1}}}}}\qquad \qquad f_{2}={1 \over {2\pi {\sqrt {L_{2}C_{2}}}}}\,}
368:
254:
5967:
5945:
3721:
3539:
2614:
supply transformer. This is especially important when using transformers with fragile high-voltage windings, such as
2433:
2283:
4062:
6462:
6319:
6262:
6203:
1925:
1885:
1819:
1776:
gas, and high temperatures which may require a cooling system. The energy dissipated in the spark also reduces the
4605:
2452:
2437:
2302:
2287:
2128:
1859:: The circuit is similar to the double tuned spark excited circuit, except in place of the AC supply transformer (
1843:
are used in most commercial, industrial, and research applications as well as higher quality entertainment coils.
6282:
4721:"Teslaphoresis lends the ability to massively scale up force fields to move matter remotely - Innovation Toronto"
3690:(Thesis). Thesis. Physics Dept., UniversitΓ© Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium. pp. 20β22. Archived from
2018:
6456:
5972:
2893:
2871:
2718:
Today, although small Tesla coils are used as leak detectors in scientific high-vacuum systems and igniters in
2619:
1597:
694:
287:
range, usually between 50 kHz and 1 MHz. Although some oscillator-driven coils generate a continuous
1853:
and so stores less energy and produces lower voltages than double resonant circuits, other things being equal.
1034:
6604:
6441:
6287:
6070:
5977:
5923:
4401:
3222:
3217:
2598:
163:
2780:, New Zealand. Another very large Tesla coil, designed and built by Syd Klinge, is shown every year at the
464:; during each spark the stored energy rapidly oscillates back and forth between the primary and secondary.
6533:
6045:
6011:
5918:
5312:
4470:. Jeff Behary, Bellingham, Washington, USA. Reproduced by permission of The American Philosophical Society
4312:
3455:
2792:
2085:
2034:
1881:
1701:
1124:
4776:
2863:
If the arcs from the high-voltage terminal strike the bare skin, they can cause deep-seated burns called
6502:
6405:
6196:
6028:
6006:
5984:
5873:
5863:
5432:
5169:
It is apparent that the skin effect becomes significant for humans...at frequencies greater than 10 MHz.
3196:
1937:
1839:
749:
720:
643:
449:
273:
250:
167:
93:
6309:
5386:
3708:
257:
to produce high voltages at low currents. Tesla's original circuits and most modern coils use a simple
5798:
5676:
5635:
5606:
5528:
5487:
2945:
2768:
2735:
2678:
2666:
2239:
1986:
1967:
1921:
1661:
1441:
690:
562:
467:
The peculiar design of the coil is dictated by the need to achieve low resistive energy losses (high
384:
340:
110:
5706:
2948:
to ground, and can easily pass through the core of the body. In the medical therapy called longwave
561:: One end of the secondary winding is connected to a single high-voltage terminal, the other end is
6486:
6478:
6426:
6395:
6157:
6075:
6065:
6021:
6016:
6001:
5833:
2756:
2702:
2101:
1793:
1685:
1119:
Large coil producing 3.5 meter (10 foot) streamer arcs, indicating a potential of millions of volts
698:
391:
energy efficiently from primary to secondary winding, the resonant transformer is also designed to
288:
171:
155:
129:
39:
5029:
Wireless Power
Transfer Algorithms, Technologies and Applications in Ad Hoc Communication Networks
2803:
used a Tesla coil in her song "Thunderbolt" as the main instrument in the song. The musical group
2060:
Electrical oscillation and resonant air-core transformer circuits had been explored before Tesla.
540:
6324:
6167:
6085:
6055:
6050:
6033:
5888:
5868:
5838:
5503:
5304:
4375:
4254:
4233:
3417:
2174:
1896:
1725:
1677:
1127:. At the beginning of the cycle, when the spark starts, all of the energy in the primary circuit
714:
616:
461:
457:
219:
4463:
709:
To produce the largest output voltage, the primary and secondary tuned circuits are adjusted to
3985:
3893:
3871:
3849:
3691:
2028:
1018:{\displaystyle f={1 \over {2\pi {\sqrt {L_{1}C_{1}}}}}={1 \over {2\pi {\sqrt {L_{2}C_{2}}}}}\,}
194:
6525:
6494:
5954:
5853:
5694:
5651:
5318:
5286:
5232:
5180:
5083:
5033:
5006:
4928:
4830:
4800:
4664:
4611:
4543:
4537:
4520:
4277:
4267:
4225:
4178:
4037:
3727:
3545:
3495:
3461:
3367:
3337:
3307:
2364:
2197:
1945:
1803:
604:
523:
492:
433:
374:
5478:
Cullen, A. L.; Dobson, J. (1963). "The Corona
Breakdown of Aerials in Air at Low Pressures".
5104:
4869:"Science teacher arrested after allegedly using Tesla coil to 'brand' pupils by searing skin"
4432:
3361:
3301:
1908:, reproducing complex music or voice sounds. The sound output is controlled by a keyboard or
1716:-shaped metal electrode on the high-voltage terminal. The electrode serves as one plate of a
6553:
6252:
6152:
5684:
5643:
5614:
5578:
5536:
5495:
5308:
5276:
5268:
4367:
4355:
4217:
4103:
3407:
2686:
2653:
2610:
2182:
2061:
1748:
The term "Tesla coil" is applied to a number of high-voltage resonant transformer circuits.
1669:
211:
148:
122:
1342:
1315:
1288:
1184:
1157:
1130:
6510:
6272:
6257:
5962:
5913:
5893:
5883:
4692:
3996:
3904:
3882:
3860:
3767:
2845:
2825:
2706:
1948:. Unlike the previous circuits which generate a pulsed output, they generate a continuous
1706:
1690:
1673:
1096:
412:
316:
284:
247:
215:
199:
144:
3794:
2342:
Demonstration of the Nevada
Lightning Laboratory 1:12 scale prototype twin Tesla Coil at
5680:
5639:
5610:
5532:
5491:
5480:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences
4179:"Some experiments in Tesla's laboratory with currents of high frequencies and pressures"
2189:
1584:{\displaystyle V_{2}=V_{1}{\sqrt {C_{1} \over C_{2}}}=V_{1}{\sqrt {L_{2} \over L_{1}}}.}
294:
The common spark-excited Tesla coil circuit, shown below, consists of these components:
6563:
6121:
6116:
6106:
5828:
5808:
5793:
5582:
5281:
5256:
4371:
2849:
2750:
Since they are simple enough for an amateur to make, Tesla coils are a popular student
2744:
2690:
2248:
2230:
1729:
1681:
623:
418:
consisting of a relatively few turns of heavy copper wire or tubing, is connected to a
283:
to several million volts for large coils. The alternating current output is in the low
203:
175:
159:
152:
4951:
Atkinson, Chip; Phillips, Ed; Rzeszotarski, Mark S.; Stephens, R.W. (August 4, 1996).
2510:
17:
6583:
6304:
6299:
6131:
5507:
2875:
2762:
The current world's largest Tesla coil is a 130,000-watt unit built by Greg Leyh and
2089:
2051:
1721:
476:
404:
133:
4583:
4379:
4237:
3421:
2639:
2170:
234:
is not an actual capacitor but represents the capacitance of the secondary windings
6558:
6245:
6219:
5935:
5413:
4952:
3723:
Practical
Transformer Handbook: for Electronics, Radio and Communications Engineers
3274:
3191:
2885:
2751:
2694:
2670:
2226:
2206:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2005:
1941:
480:
114:
79:
5330:
4045:
2836:
2601:) may break out and damage or destroy the coil wire, supports, or nearby objects.
580:
The circuit operates in a rapidly repeating cycle in which the supply transformer
226:
5713:
5377:
5368:
5359:
3247:
1594:
The second formula above is derived from the first using the resonance condition
1480:. Substituting into this equation and simplifying, the peak secondary voltage is
6314:
6240:
6101:
5903:
5843:
5773:
5549:
RF Coils, Helical
Resonators and Voltage Magnification by Coherent Spatial Modes
4096:
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Fundamental Theory and Applications
2933:
2919:
2719:
2422:
2397:
2355:
2343:
2272:
2214:
2117:
1953:
1905:
1733:
1312:) of the secondary sinusoidal voltage waveform, all the energy in the secondary
1100:
780:
671:
511:
408:
396:
299:
270:
261:
to excite oscillations in the tuned transformer. More sophisticated designs use
89:
5597:
Reed, J. L. (1988). "Greater voltage gain for Tesla transformer accelerators".
4744:
626:
of the primary winding induces an oscillating current in the secondary winding
210:
and conduct electricity, allowing electricity to leak into the air in colorful
6568:
6111:
5803:
4024:
3396:"Tesla's High Voltage and High Frequency Generators with Oscillatory Circuits"
3211:
3173:
3160:
3147:
3134:
3121:
3108:
3095:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3025:
3017:
2928:
2857:
2773:
2594:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2351:
2210:
2065:
1917:
1827:
1705:
Solid state DRSSTC Tesla coil with pointed wire attached to toroid to produce
1665:
776:
686:
484:
400:
262:
207:
179:
5404:
4632:
4505:
4229:
3824:
3043:
6267:
4563:
de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M. "Generalized Multiple LC Resonance Networks".
4221:
2949:
2941:
2880:
2804:
2662:
2615:
2551:
2360:
2256:
2235:
2229:; and the secondary LC circuit, a series-resonant circuit consisting of the
2222:
2218:
2178:
1949:
1909:
1823:
1768:
1717:
710:
675:
426:
419:
326:
309:
266:
258:
126:
97:
53:
45:
5698:
5655:
5499:
5290:
4488:
4007:
3970:
3918:
3658:
3625:
3583:
2888:
levels, "cooking" internal organs or causing other injuries. International
646:
between the turns of the coil plus the capacitance of the toroid electrode
3214: β Resonant transformer circuit, invented in 1893 by Paul Marie Oudin
2730:
2575:
2560:
139:
Tesla used these circuits to conduct innovative experiments in electrical
6162:
5848:
5272:
3412:
3395:
2807:
uses modulated Tesla coils and a man in a chain-link suit to play music.
2800:
2777:
2776:
and currently residing in a private sculpture park at Kakanui Point near
2763:
2381:
2243:
1971:
1850:
1777:
468:
355:
280:
140:
65:
49:
5449:"The development of high frequency currents for practical Application".
5124:
4208:
Wheeler, L. P. (August 1943). "Tesla's contribution to high frequency".
2037:
1889 spark-excited resonant transformer, a predecessor to the Tesla coil
471:) at high frequencies, which results in the largest secondary voltages:
6339:
6172:
5898:
4068:. Dept. of Engineering and Computer Science, Univ. of Central Florida.
2142: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
118:
5689:
5664:
5647:
5618:
5540:
4895:
4107:
1115:
661:
The current from the supply transformer begins charging the capacitor
506:
Each winding is also limited to a single layer of wire, which reduces
5742:
5737:
5569:
Hartley, R. V. L. (1936). "Oscillations with Non-linear Reactances".
5378:
Electronic gadgets for the evil genius: 21 build-it-yourself projects
3934:
2889:
2372:
1831:
1713:
453:
5714:
High Frequency Apparatus: Its Construction and Practical Application
5026:
Nikoletseas, Sotiris; Yang, Yuanyuan; Georgiadis, Apostolos (2016).
4853:
High Frequency Apparatus: Its Construction and Practical Application
4707:"Rice University scientists take key step to create a 'force field'"
4094:
de Queiroz, A.C.M. (February 2002). "Multiple resonance networks".
1028:
Thus the condition for resonance between primary and secondary is:
407:), storing oscillating electrical energy, analogously to the way a
5788:
4924:
National Association of Broadcasters Engineering Handbook, 10th Ed
4335:. Vol. 33. The Encyclopaedia Britannica Co. 1903. p. 426
3203:, an inventor and showman who worked with high-voltage electricity
2835:
2729:
2649:
2638:
2332:
2196:
2188:
2169:
1868:
1773:
1700:
1114:
531:
351:
225:
193:
69:
4921:
Jones, Graham A.; Layer, David H.; Osenkowsky, Thomas G. (2013).
6177:
4314:
The Principles of Electric Wave Telegraphy and Telephony, 2nd Ed
2788:
2590:
2376:
1913:
1835:
27:
Electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla
6192:
6188:
5746:
4633:"Lab Snapshots by Marek Ples: Miniature Solid State Tesla Coil"
6147:
3363:
High Vacuum Techniques for Chemical Syntheses and Measurements
2853:
2482:
2416:
2384:
circuit is usually used to adaptively synchronize the primary
2266:
2111:
1780:
and the output voltage. Tesla's coils were all spark-excited.
1985:
circuits: Virtually all present Tesla coils use the two coil
917:, until it resonates at the same frequency as the secondary:
452:
between the windings of the coil, and the capacitance of the
6338:
5387:
Tesla Coils and the Failure of Lumped-Element Circuit Theory
4366:(4). U.S.: American Telephone & Telegraph Co.: 415β433.
3541:
Physics Demonstrations: A Sourcebook for Teachers of Physics
2722:, their main use is entertainment and educational displays.
1796:, reducing the length and thus the energy loss in the spark.
1732:) at the high-voltage terminal; it functions similarly to a
5558:". Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. EE/COPE.
5395:
4257:; Mailloux, Robert; Oliner, Arthur A.; et al. (2006).
3584:"The Classic Tesla Coil: A dual-tuned resonant transformer"
3225: β Electrical transmission without physical connection
2522:
1966:
Tesla circuits can also be classified by how many resonant
701:
are placed in its secondary leads to block the RF current.
379:
The specialized transformer used in the Tesla coil circuit
2514:
1107:, interfering with nearby radio and television reception.
5209:. US Environmental Protection Agency. pp. 3.15β3.16.
4189:(13). New York: Electrical Review Publishing Co.: 193β197
2908:
path, through the body to ground, causing electrocution.
1928:). These are mainly built as novelties for entertainment.
238:, plus the capacitance to ground of the toroid electrode
6358:
The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla
5563:
The Tesla high frequency coil, its construction and uses
5381:. TAB electronics. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pages 137β202.
5369:
The Tesla high frequency coil, its construction and uses
5176:
Biological and Medical Aspects of Electromagnetic Fields
4126:"Apparatus for obtaining high frequencies and pressures"
4063:"Designing high-gain triple resonant Tesla transformers"
2518:
5065:(2). New York: The Popular Science Publishing Co.: 192.
4437:
Technology Quarterly and Proceedings of Society of Arts
2506:
1103:, and without shielding can be a significant source of
5561:
Haller, George Francis, and Elmer Tiling Cunningham, "
5360:
The theory, design and construction of induction coils
2766:, part of a 38-foot-tall (12 m) sculpture titled
753:
724:
5707:"Tuning the triple resonance Tesla pulse transformer"
4983:
The Ultimate Tesla Coil Design and Construction Guide
4443:(1). Boston: Massachusetts Inst. of Technology: 50β59
3333:
The Ultimate Tesla Coil Design and Construction Guide
3049:
Apparatus for amplifying electromagnetic signal-waves
1600:
1489:
1444:
1375:
1345:
1318:
1291:
1221:
1187:
1160:
1133:
1037:
926:
792:
752:
723:
279:
Tesla coils can produce output voltages from 50
5593:". Norman H. Schneider, 1907, New York. 4th edition.
3201:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3051:". (Filed January 23, 1901; Issued December 2, 1902)
2874:. A minor misadjustment of the coil could result in
1712:
Most Tesla coil designs have a smooth spherical- or
1095:
The resonant frequency of Tesla coils is in the low
6419:
6388:
6349:
6226:
6140:
6094:
5953:
5781:
5125:"The skin effect protects us from Tesla coil zaps?"
4317:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 581β582.
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3181:". (Filed October 29, 2004; Issued August 23, 2005)
1680:break out from the terminal. This happens when the
206:causes the air around the high-voltage terminal to
85:
75:
64:Application in educational demonstrations, novelty
60:
6258:Alternating-current commutatorless induction motor
5591:Induction Coils: How to make, use, and repair them
4491:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
4136:(2). London: The Electrician Publishing Co.: 40β41
4028:, filed January 18, 1902; granted December 1, 1914
4010:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
3973:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
3921:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
3661:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
3627:Tesla Transformer for Experimentation and Research
1648:
1583:
1472:
1427:
1358:
1331:
1304:
1273:
1200:
1173:
1146:
1084:
1017:
902:
767:
738:
603:When the voltage across the capacitor reaches the
174:until the 1920s, and in medical equipment such as
5626:Reed, J. L. (2012). "Tesla transformer damping".
3336:. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1.
3077:". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued October 27, 1936).
2359:drive the primary winding using either a single,
1720:, with the Earth as the other plate, forming the
1428:{\displaystyle W_{2}={1 \over 2}C_{2}V_{2}^{2}\,}
1274:{\displaystyle W_{1}={1 \over 2}C_{1}V_{1}^{2}\,}
6379:My Inventions: The Autobiography of Nikola Tesla
4297:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 93β95.
3090:". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued December 7, 1937)
2840:Boy allowing arc from Tesla coil to strike hand.
166:. Tesla coil circuits were used commercially in
48:, the National Science and Technology center in
5366:Haller, G. F., & Cunningham, E. T. (1910).
4799:(2nd ed.). New Africa Books. p. 136.
4565:International Symposium on Circuits and Systems
3935:"Tesla Coils β Frequently Asked Questions"
3818:
3816:
3179:Multifrequency electro-magnetic field generator
3142:". (Filed August 11, 1925; Issued July 3, 1928)
2242:"). The primary LC circuit is tuned so that it
1944:of the oscillator, and the circuit resembles a
1847:Single resonant solid state Tesla coil (SRSSTC)
164:transmission of electrical energy without wires
5206:Biological Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation
3941:. oneTesla Co., Cambridge, Massachusetts. 2012
3544:. Univ. of Wisconsin Press. pp. 192β195.
3114:Method of receiving high-frequency oscillation
3064:". (Filed May 25, 1934; Issued August 2, 1938)
346:Optionally, a capacitive electrode (top load)
6204:
5758:
5255:Christie, R. V.; Binger, Cal (October 1927).
4856:. USA: Everyday Mechanics Company. p. 6.
4660:Serious Fun: The Life and Times of Alan Gibbs
4509:, filed April 25, 1891; granted June 23, 1891
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3914:
3912:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
1857:Dual Resonant Solid State Tesla Coil (DRSSTC)
375:Transformer types Β§ Resonant transformer
8:
5203:Elder, Joe Allen; Cahill, Daniel F. (1984).
4525:. The Electrical Engineer. pp. 145β197.
4025:Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy
3619:
3617:
3615:
3019:Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy
2985:", U.S. Patent No. 514,168, February 6, 1894
2743:Tesla coils are displayed as attractions at
332:that acts as a switch in the primary circuit
32:
5565:". New York, D. Van Nostrand company, 1910.
5336:May 17, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive
5317:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 286, 84.
5250:
5248:
5082:. New Age International, Ltd. p. 305.
4994:
4992:
4976:
4974:
4946:
4944:
4051:May 17, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3494:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 167.
2451:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2301:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
6548:The Man Who Invented the Twentieth Century
6541:Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla
6211:
6197:
6189:
5765:
5751:
5743:
5517:Triple Resonance Pulse Transformer Circuit
5357:Armagnat, H., & Kenyon, O. A. (1908).
5173:Barnes, Frank S.; Greenebaum, Ben (2006).
5106:Diathermy in Medical and Surgical Practice
4770:
4768:
4766:
4306:
4304:
4249:
4247:
4119:
4117:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3366:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
3325:
3323:
3306:. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 75.
3013:", U.S. Patent No. 725,605, April 14, 1903
3006:", U.S. Patent No. 723,188, March 17, 1903
2978:". U.S. Patent No. 433,702, August 5, 1890
2976:Electrical Transformer Or Induction Device
2098:American Institute of Electrical Engineers
1936:: In these the transformer is driven by a
1625:
1621:
1459:
1455:
411:stores vibrational mechanical energy. The
343:, which generates the high output voltage.
198:Homemade Tesla coil in operation, showing
38:
5688:
5280:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5198:
5196:
5163:
5161:
5118:
5116:
4829:. Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 45β46.
4777:Electrotherapy and Light Therapy, 5th Ed.
4412:(8). New York: W. J. Johnson Co.: 116β117
4266:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 268β270.
4155:
4153:
4151:
3709:The Zeus Tesla Coil, HazardousPhysics.com
3582:Anderson, Barton B. (November 24, 2000).
3533:
3531:
3411:
3400:Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering
2471:Learn how and when to remove this message
2321:Learn how and when to remove this message
2238:, the other 'plate' being the earth (or "
2158:Learn how and when to remove this message
1649:{\displaystyle L_{1}C_{1}\;=\;L_{2}C_{2}}
1640:
1630:
1615:
1605:
1599:
1569:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1530:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1494:
1488:
1464:
1449:
1443:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1403:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1323:
1317:
1296:
1290:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1249:
1235:
1226:
1220:
1192:
1186:
1165:
1159:
1138:
1132:
1081:
1075:
1065:
1052:
1042:
1036:
1014:
1003:
993:
987:
980:
975:
961:
951:
945:
938:
933:
925:
899:
888:
878:
872:
865:
860:
851:
834:
824:
818:
811:
806:
797:
791:
758:
751:
729:
722:
460:, so they exchange energy, acting like a
6061:Rotary variable differential transformer
6041:Linear variable differential transformer
5556:Synthesis of Multiple Resonance Networks
4818:
4816:
4788:
4786:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4542:. Wilder Publications. pp. 68β107.
4402:"Induction by high potential discharges"
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3355:
3353:
2782:Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival
350:in the form of a smooth metal sphere or
4503:U.S. Patent No. 454,622, Nikola Tesla,
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3235:
2992:", Patent No. 593,138, November 2, 1897
2797:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
2609:transformer's winding. This can induce
2500:instructions, advice, or how-to content
1366:between the ends of the secondary coil
1085:{\displaystyle L_{1}C_{1}=L_{2}C_{2}\,}
717:of the primary and secondary circuits,
554:The output circuit can have two forms:
6330:Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing
5665:"Conduction-coupled Tesla transformer"
5408:". Tesla Memorial Society of New York.
4166:. New York: Rebman Co. pp. 41β42.
2999:", Patent No. 685,958 November 5, 1901
2983:Means for Generating Electric Currents
2088:built a resonant transformer in 1889.
487:, so it is not used in the Tesla coil.
395:electrical energy. Each winding has a
31:
5005:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 57.
5002:Electrical Safety Engineering, 3rd Ed
4823:Kalsi, Aman; Balani, Nikhail (2016).
4663:. Penguin Random House. p. 219.
4356:"The History of Electrical Resonance"
3273:Eldridge, Stephen (January 7, 2024).
3241:
3239:
2217:) circuit composed of a high-voltage
253:that drives an air-core double-tuned
7:
6437:Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe
5814:Condition monitoring of transformers
5720:numerous academic IEEE publications
5261:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
4400:Thomson, Elihu (February 20, 1892).
4022:US Patent No. 1119732, Nikola Tesla
3457:Advances in High Voltage Engineering
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
2449:adding citations to reliable sources
2299:adding citations to reliable sources
2140:adding citations to reliable sources
592:Current from the supply transformer
475:Ordinary power transformers have an
315:that forms a tuned circuit with the
117:in 1891. It is used to produce high-
5909:Toroidal inductors and transformers
4927:. Taylor and Francis. p. 357.
4796:Principles of Surgical Patient Care
4433:"High Frequency Electric Induction"
4124:Thomson, Elihu (November 3, 1899).
3488:Naidu, M. S.; Kamaraju, V. (2013).
2509:so that it is more encyclopedic or
2068:were invented beginning in 1826 by
1154:is stored in the primary capacitor
276:to drive the resonant transformer.
5583:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1936.tb03559.x
5396:Tesla Secondary Simulation Project
5109:. P. B. Hoeber Co. pp. 23β24.
4902:. Don Klipstein's personal website
4875:. London, UK: Evening Standard Ltd
4685:"Lightning On Demand, Brisbane CA"
4631:Ples, Marek (September 14, 2021).
4519:Martin, Thomas Cummerford (1894).
4464:"Letter to Frederick Finch Strong"
4372:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1941.tb03608.x
4354:Blanchard, Julian (October 1941).
4291:Pierce, George Washington (1910).
4075:from the original on March 4, 2016
3153:Antenna near field coupling system
2997:Method Of Utilizing Radiant Energy
2900:Tesla coil is likely to be fatal.
1924:of the exciting voltage) and PFM (
768:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle f_{2}}
739:{\displaystyle \scriptstyle f_{1}}
25:
6365:Colorado Springs Notes, 1899β1900
5228:Electricity, Magnetism, and Light
5053:Robberson, Elbert (August 1954).
4751:. Stefan Kluge's personal website
4468:The Electrotherapy Museum website
4333:Encyclopaedia Britannica, 10th Ed
4294:Principles of Wireless Telegraphy
3831:. Richard Burnett private website
3801:. Richard Burnett private website
3774:. Richard Burnett private website
3624:Denicolai, Marco (May 30, 2001).
3600:from the original on May 21, 2005
3394:CvetiΔ, Jovan M. (October 2016).
3246:Uth, Robert (December 12, 2000).
1912:applied to the circuit through a
534:at the top of the secondary coil.
444:resonates with stray capacitance
5944:
5669:Review of Scientific Instruments
5628:Review of Scientific Instruments
5599:Review of Scientific Instruments
5554:de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M., "
5547:Corum, J. F., and K. L. Corum, "
5521:Review of Scientific Instruments
5384:Corum, Kenneth L. and James F. "
5079:Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
4959:. Bart Anderson personal website
4826:Physics for the Anaesthetic Viva
4462:Thomson, Elihu (July 23, 1906).
4177:Tesla, Nikola (March 29, 1899).
4160:Strong, Frederick Finch (1908).
3454:Haddad, A.; Warne, D.F. (2004).
3300:Dommermuth-Costa, Carol (1994).
2574:
2559:
2487:
2421:
2271:
2116:
2042:
2027:
539:
522:
5717:. Everyday Mechanics Co., 1916.
5372:. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co.
5349:Operation and other information
5231:. Academic Press. p. 620.
5149:Strong, Frederick Finch (1908)
4953:"Tesla Coil Safety Information"
4896:"Tesla Coil Hazards and Safety"
4850:Curtis, Thomas Stanley (1916).
3303:Nikola Tesla: A Spark of Genius
3279:Encyclopaedia Britannica online
2940:of the material as well as the
2392:the combination forms a series
2127:needs additional citations for
1920:techniques have been used: AM (
1473:{\displaystyle W_{2}\;=\;W_{1}}
846:
845:
6519:Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror
6081:Variable-frequency transformer
5931:Transformer utilization factor
5458:"Boundless space: A bus bar".
5032:. Springer. pp. 166β167.
4607:Practical Transformer Handbook
4582:de Queiroz, Antonio Carlos M.
4311:Fleming, John Ambrose (1910).
3281:. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc
2681:, forming a corona discharge.
2400:is usually used to reduce the
1697:Top load or "toroid" electrode
584:charges the primary capacitor
399:across it and functions as an
1:
6471:Tesla β Lightning in His Hand
6452:Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport
5571:Bell System Technical Journal
5414:Tesla Coil Information Center
4867:Marshall, Tom (May 7, 2015).
4584:"Designing a Tesla Magnifier"
4431:Thomson, Elihu (April 1893).
4360:Bell System Technical Journal
3825:"Tesla Coil Components, P. 2"
3768:"Operation of the Tesla Coil"
3681:Gerekos, Christopher (2012).
2593:, equivalent to thousands of
2185:filaments from a 'Tesla coil'
1838:, triggered by a solid state
1816:Solid State Tesla Coil (SSTC)
1339:is stored in the capacitance
230:Unipolar Tesla coil circuit.
6432:Nikola Tesla Memorial Center
6372:Fragments of Olympian Gossip
5990:Energy efficient transformer
5462:. Vol. 32, no. 19.
4061:Reed, John Randolph (2000).
3829:Richie's Tesla Coil Web Page
3799:Richie's Tesla Coil Web Page
3772:Richie's Tesla Coil Web Page
3726:. Newnes. pp. 103β114.
3593:. Terry Blake, 3rd webpage.
3207:List of Nikola Tesla patents
2962:List of Nikola Tesla patents
2811:Vacuum system leak detectors
2406:bipolar junction transistors
665:again and the cycle repeats.
168:spark-gap radio transmitters
111:resonant transformer circuit
6293:Resonant inductive coupling
5995:Amorphous metal transformer
5879:Resonant inductive coupling
5819:Electrical insulation paper
5453:. Vol. 32, no. 8.
5179:. CRC Press. pp. xix.
5123:Beatty, William J. (2012).
5055:"How to build a Tesla coil"
4999:Cooper, W. Fordham (2013).
4506:SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC LIGHTING
2726:Education and entertainment
2413:Practical aspects of design
2201:Tesla coil in terrarium (I)
1886:Niagara Parks Power Station
1884:performed on a tesla coil,
1820:power semiconductor devices
1765:Spark Gap Tesla Coil (SGTC)
1438:Assuming no energy losses,
369:Resonant inductive coupling
339:, an air-core double-tuned
6631:
6600:Inventions by Nikola Tesla
6463:The Secret of Nikola Tesla
6320:Three-phase electric power
6263:Tesla Experimental Station
5515:Bieniosek, F. M. (1990). "
5428:Later-type circuit diagram
5424:early-type circuit diagram
5131:. Science Hobbyist webpage
5129:Debunking Some Tesla Myths
3538:Sprott, Julien C. (2006).
3252:Tesla: Master of Lightning
3132:Gerhard Freiherr Du Prel,
2959:
2784:in Coachella, California.
2016:
1926:pulse-frequency modulation
1790:Static triggered spark gap
632:Faraday's law of induction
372:
366:
202:from the toroid. The high
134:resonant electric circuits
6336:
5942:
5225:Saslow, Wayne M. (2002).
5103:Saberton, Claude (1920).
4749:Stefan's Tesla coil pages
4604:Gottlieb, Irving (1998).
4539:The Nikola Tesla Treasury
3720:Gottlieb, Irving (1998).
3199: β American inventor
3101:Wireless receiving system
2019:History of the Tesla coil
37:
5973:Distribution transformer
5711:Curtis, Thomas Stanley,
4657:Goldsmith, Paul (2010).
3823:Burnett, Richie (2008).
3793:Burnett, Richie (2008).
3766:Burnett, Richie (2008).
3491:High Voltage Engineering
3166:Toroidal helical antenna
2872:ventricular fibrillation
2856:must be driven across a
2755:high-voltage source for
2620:short-circuit inductance
775:, are determined by the
695:short-circuit inductance
322:of the Tesla transformer
6615:19th-century inventions
6442:IEEE Nikola Tesla Award
6071:Solid-state transformer
5978:Pad-mounted transformer
5924:Transformer oil testing
5422:Magnifying Transmitter
5375:Iannini, R. E. (2003).
5152:High Frequency Currents
5076:Sarwate, V. V. (1993).
4894:Klipstein, Don (2005).
4610:. Newnes. p. 551.
4222:10.1109/EE.1943.6435874
4163:High Frequency Currents
3923:, Ch.3, Sec. 3β5, p. 22
3330:Tilbury, Mitch (2007).
3223:Wireless power transfer
3218:Van de Graaff generator
2799:. The Icelandic artist
2543:High voltage production
681:The supply transformer
448:, the sum of the stray
6534:Tesla: Man Out of Time
6343:
6046:Parametric transformer
6012:Instrument transformer
5968:Buckβboost transformer
5919:Dissolved gas analysis
5634:(7): 076101β076101β3.
5500:10.1098/rspa.1963.0035
5311:; et al. (2006).
4980:Tilbury, Mitch (2007)
4743:Kluge, Stefan (2009).
4536:Tesla, Nikola (2007).
4210:Electrical Engineering
3995:June 23, 2007, at the
3903:June 23, 2007, at the
3881:June 23, 2007, at the
3859:June 23, 2007, at the
3795:"Coupling Coefficient"
3360:Plesch, P. H. (2005).
3140:High-frequency circuit
2990:Electrical Transformer
2841:
2740:
2657:
2347:
2202:
2194:
2193:Tesla coil (discharge)
2186:
2108:Modern-day Tesla coils
1889:
1709:
1650:
1585:
1474:
1429:
1360:
1333:
1306:
1275:
1202:
1175:
1148:
1125:conservation of energy
1120:
1086:
1019:
904:
769:
740:
670:generates a string of
596:charges the capacitor
298:A high-voltage supply
274:electronic oscillators
243:
223:
18:Magnifying transmitter
6590:Electric transformers
6503:The Tesla World Light
6447:Tesla Satellite Award
6406:World Wireless System
6401:Westinghouse Electric
6342:
6029:Isolation transformer
6007:Grounding transformer
5985:Delta-wye transformer
5864:Pressure relief valve
4900:Don's Tesla Coil Page
4793:Mieny, C. J. (2003).
4038:Sarkar et al. (2006)
3197:Henry Leroy Transtrom
3174:U.S. patent 6,933,819
3161:U.S. patent 6,218,998
3148:U.S. patent 3,278,937
3135:U.S. patent 1,675,882
3122:U.S. patent 1,424,065
3109:U.S. patent 1,342,885
3096:U.S. patent 1,113,149
3083:U.S. patent 2,101,674
3070:U.S. patent 2,059,186
3057:U.S. patent 2,125,804
3026:U.S. patent 1,119,732
2894:power absorption rate
2839:
2733:
2642:
2341:
2200:
2192:
2173:
1880:
1704:
1684:strength exceeds the
1651:
1586:
1475:
1430:
1361:
1359:{\displaystyle C_{2}}
1334:
1332:{\displaystyle W_{2}}
1307:
1305:{\displaystyle V_{2}}
1276:
1203:
1201:{\displaystyle V_{1}}
1176:
1174:{\displaystyle C_{1}}
1149:
1147:{\displaystyle W_{1}}
1118:
1087:
1020:
905:
770:
741:
713:with each other. The
705:Oscillation frequency
689:gives it a very high
644:parasitic capacitance
450:parasitic capacitance
373:Further information:
367:Further information:
229:
197:
113:designed by inventor
94:electromagnetic field
6595:Electrical breakdown
5663:Reed, J. L. (2015).
5460:The Electrical World
5451:The Electrical World
5307:; Mailloux, Robert;
5273:10.1084/jem.46.5.715
4689:The Electrum Project
4216:(8). IEEE: 355β357.
3460:. IET. p. 605.
3413:10.2298/SJEE1603301C
3023:, January 18, 1902,
2946:electrical impedance
2679:dielectric breakdown
2667:displacement current
2445:improve this section
2295:improve this section
2136:improve this article
1987:resonant transformer
1922:amplitude modulation
1598:
1487:
1442:
1373:
1343:
1316:
1289:
1219:
1185:
1158:
1131:
1035:
924:
790:
750:
721:
715:resonant frequencies
500:coupling coefficient
385:resonant transformer
363:Resonant transformer
341:resonant transformer
255:resonant transformer
6521:" (2020 TV episode)
6487:Tower to the People
6427:Nikola Tesla Museum
6396:War of the currents
6158:Mitsubishi Electric
6076:Trigger transformer
6066:Scott-T transformer
6022:Voltage transformer
6017:Current transformer
6002:Flyback transformer
5834:Induction regulator
5681:2015RScI...86c5113R
5640:2012RScI...83g6101R
5611:1988RScI...59.2300R
5533:1990RScI...61.1717B
5492:1963RSPSA.271..551C
5420:Cooper, John. F., "
5363:. New York: McGraw.
5314:History of Wireless
4260:History of Wireless
4040:History of Wireless
3044:U.S. patent 714,832
3011:System of Signaling
3004:Method of Signaling
2757:Kirlian photography
2703:dynamic equilibrium
2507:rewrite the content
1938:feedback oscillator
1794:sulfur hexafluoride
1767:: This type uses a
1686:dielectric strength
1423:
1269:
403:(resonant circuit,
358:and output voltage.
289:alternating current
172:wireless telegraphy
156:alternating current
130:alternating-current
34:
6610:1891 introductions
6490:(2015 documentary)
6411:In popular culture
6344:
6325:Wardenclyffe Tower
6310:Tesla's oscillator
6168:Schneider Electric
6086:Zigzag transformer
6056:Rotary transformer
6051:Planar transformer
6034:Austin transformer
5889:Short-circuit test
5869:Quadrature booster
5839:Leakage inductance
5469:Other publications
5393:Nicholson, Paul, "
3697:on October 1, 2015
3119:Armstrong, E. H.,
3106:Armstrong, E. H.,
3093:Armstrong, E. H.,
3067:William W. Brown,
3029:, December 1, 1914
2842:
2741:
2658:
2348:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2175:Electric discharge
1902:musical Tesla coil
1897:Singing Tesla coil
1890:
1726:potential gradient
1710:
1646:
1581:
1470:
1425:
1409:
1356:
1329:
1302:
1271:
1255:
1198:
1171:
1144:
1121:
1082:
1015:
900:
765:
764:
736:
735:
697:, radio frequency
617:resonant frequency
600:to a high voltage.
462:coupled oscillator
458:resonant frequency
246:A Tesla coil is a
244:
224:
6577:
6576:
6186:
6185:
5854:Open-circuit test
5690:10.1063/1.4915940
5648:10.1063/1.4732811
5619:10.1063/1.1139953
5541:10.1063/1.1141138
5486:(1347): 551β564.
5402:Vujovic, Ljubo, "
5324:978-0-471-78301-5
5309:Oliner, Arthur A.
5238:978-0-08-050521-3
4723:. April 18, 2016.
4709:. April 14, 2016.
4695:on July 27, 2011.
4489:Denicolai, 2001,
4183:Electrical Review
4108:10.1109/81.983871
4008:Denicolai, 2001,
3975:, Ch.2, pp. 11β17
3971:Denicolai, 2001,
3919:Denicolai, 2001,
3659:Denicolai, 2001,
3373:978-0-521-67547-5
3343:978-0-07-149737-4
3313:978-0-8225-4920-8
3127:Signalling system
3075:Antenna structure
2932:, depends on the
2844:The high-voltage
2611:corona discharges
2540:
2539:
2481:
2480:
2473:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2263:Primary switching
2168:
2167:
2160:
2062:Resonant circuits
1946:radio transmitter
1878:
1804:synchronous motor
1576:
1575:
1537:
1536:
1397:
1243:
1212:, this energy is
1012:
1009:
970:
967:
897:
894:
843:
840:
783:in each circuit:
642:, the sum of the
607:of the spark gap
605:breakdown voltage
493:mutual inductance
393:temporarily store
212:corona discharges
109:is an electrical
103:
102:
16:(Redirected from
6622:
6457:New Yorker Hotel
6253:Polyphase system
6213:
6206:
6199:
6190:
6153:General Electric
5948:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5744:
5702:
5692:
5659:
5622:
5589:Norrie, H. S., "
5586:
5544:
5527:(6): 1717β1719.
5511:
5463:
5454:
5440:Electrical World
5411:Hickman, Bert, "
5337:
5328:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5284:
5252:
5243:
5242:
5222:
5211:
5210:
5200:
5191:
5190:
5165:
5156:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5120:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5073:
5067:
5066:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5023:
5017:
5016:
4996:
4987:
4978:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4948:
4939:
4938:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4891:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4880:
4873:Evening Standard
4864:
4858:
4857:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4740:
4725:
4724:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4703:
4697:
4696:
4691:. Archived from
4681:
4675:
4674:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4601:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4571:. IEEE: 519β522.
4560:
4554:
4553:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4510:
4501:
4495:
4486:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4406:Electrical World
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4308:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4280:on May 17, 2016.
4276:. Archived from
4265:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4157:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4121:
4112:
4111:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4067:
4058:
4052:
4035:
4029:
4020:
4014:
4005:
3999:
3983:
3977:
3968:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3939:oneTesla website
3931:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3891:
3885:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3820:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3763:
3738:
3737:
3717:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3678:
3665:
3663:, Ch.2, pp. 8β10
3656:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3632:
3621:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3588:
3579:
3556:
3555:
3535:
3506:
3505:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3451:
3426:
3425:
3415:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3243:
3202:
3176:
3163:
3150:
3145:Leydorf, G. F.,
3137:
3124:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3080:Robert B. Dome,
3072:
3059:
3046:
3028:
2912:Skin-effect myth
2906:
2899:
2898:(> 1000 Watt)
2652:
2646:
2578:
2563:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2456:
2425:
2417:
2340:
2326:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2306:
2275:
2267:
2163:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2120:
2112:
2102:Columbia College
2046:
2031:
1974:) they contain:
1879:
1800:Rotary spark gap
1784:Static spark gap
1674:brush discharges
1655:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1454:
1453:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1398:
1390:
1385:
1384:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
998:
997:
988:
976:
971:
969:
968:
966:
965:
956:
955:
946:
934:
909:
907:
906:
901:
898:
896:
895:
893:
892:
883:
882:
873:
861:
856:
855:
844:
842:
841:
839:
838:
829:
828:
819:
807:
802:
801:
774:
772:
771:
766:
763:
762:
745:
743:
742:
737:
734:
733:
622:The oscillating
543:
526:
508:proximity effect
216:brush discharges
200:brush discharges
149:X-ray generation
42:
35:
21:
6630:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6580:
6579:
6578:
6573:
6559:SI derived unit
6511:The Current War
6415:
6384:
6345:
6334:
6273:Telegeodynamics
6228:
6222:
6217:
6187:
6182:
6136:
6090:
5963:Autotransformer
5949:
5940:
5914:Transformer oil
5894:Stacking factor
5884:Severity factor
5777:
5771:
5730:
5725:
5662:
5625:
5596:
5568:
5514:
5477:
5466:
5457:
5448:
5437:
5346:
5344:Further reading
5341:
5340:
5325:
5303:
5302:
5298:
5254:
5253:
5246:
5239:
5224:
5223:
5214:
5202:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5122:
5121:
5114:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5090:
5075:
5074:
5070:
5059:Popular Science
5052:
5051:
5047:
5040:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5013:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4979:
4972:
4962:
4960:
4950:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4905:
4903:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4878:
4876:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4837:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4792:
4791:
4784:
4773:
4764:
4754:
4752:
4742:
4741:
4728:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4700:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4671:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4641:
4639:
4637:weirdscience.eu
4630:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4502:
4498:
4493:, Ch.1, pp. 1β6
4487:
4483:
4473:
4471:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4444:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4415:
4413:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4384:
4382:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4310:
4309:
4302:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4274:
4263:
4253:
4252:
4245:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4159:
4158:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4130:The Electrician
4123:
4122:
4115:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4036:
4032:
4021:
4017:
4006:
4002:
3997:Wayback Machine
3986:Gerekos, 2012,
3984:
3980:
3969:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3933:
3932:
3928:
3917:
3910:
3905:Wayback Machine
3894:Gerekos, 2012,
3892:
3888:
3883:Wayback Machine
3872:Gerekos, 2012,
3870:
3866:
3861:Wayback Machine
3850:Gerekos, 2012,
3848:
3844:
3834:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3765:
3764:
3741:
3734:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3707:, reprinted on
3700:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3668:
3657:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3623:
3622:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3559:
3552:
3537:
3536:
3509:
3502:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3468:
3453:
3452:
3429:
3393:
3392:
3381:
3374:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3329:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3200:
3188:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3042:
3034:Others' patents
3024:
2967:Tesla's patents
2964:
2958:
2956:Related patents
2914:
2904:
2897:
2846:radio frequency
2834:
2826:Rice University
2822:
2813:
2745:science museums
2728:
2716:
2707:radio frequency
2654:current-limited
2647:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2554:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2504:
2492:
2488:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2442:
2426:
2415:
2367:arrangement of
2333:
2327:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2292:
2276:
2265:
2209:, a series LC (
2164:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2133:
2121:
2110:
2078:William Thomson
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2035:Henry Rowland's
2032:
2021:
2015:
1997:triple-resonant
1983:double-resonant
1964:
1962:Number of coils
1934:Continuous wave
1916:interface. Two
1882:Star Wars theme
1869:
1754:
1746:
1707:brush discharge
1699:
1636:
1626:
1611:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1565:
1555:
1542:
1526:
1516:
1503:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1460:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1399:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1292:
1287:
1286:
1245:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1097:radio frequency
1071:
1061:
1048:
1038:
1033:
1032:
999:
989:
957:
947:
922:
921:
916:
884:
874:
847:
830:
820:
793:
788:
787:
754:
748:
747:
725:
719:
718:
707:
578:
576:Operation cycle
552:
551:
550:
549:
548:
544:
536:
535:
527:
377:
371:
365:
335:The Tesla coil
317:primary winding
285:radio frequency
248:radio frequency
192:
145:phosphorescence
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6628:
6626:
6618:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6605:Power supplies
6602:
6597:
6592:
6582:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6544:
6537:
6530:
6522:
6515:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6467:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6346:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6290:
6288:Wireless power
6285:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6238:
6232:
6230:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6216:
6215:
6208:
6201:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6181:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6122:Repeating coil
6119:
6117:Polyphase coil
6114:
6109:
6107:Induction coil
6104:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6091:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6026:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5965:
5959:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5921:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5829:High-leg delta
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5809:Circle diagram
5806:
5801:
5796:
5794:Buchholz relay
5791:
5785:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5762:
5755:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5729:
5728:External links
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5709:
5703:
5660:
5623:
5594:
5587:
5577:(3): 424β440.
5566:
5559:
5552:
5551:". IEEE, 2001.
5545:
5512:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5455:
5445:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5433:Tesla-Coil.com
5418:
5409:
5400:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5364:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5323:
5296:
5267:(5): 715β734.
5244:
5237:
5212:
5192:
5186:978-1420009460
5185:
5157:
5142:
5112:
5095:
5089:978-8122404685
5088:
5068:
5045:
5039:978-3319468105
5038:
5018:
5012:978-1483161495
5011:
4988:
4970:
4940:
4934:978-1136034091
4933:
4913:
4886:
4859:
4842:
4836:978-1107498334
4835:
4812:
4805:
4782:
4774:KovΓ‘cs (1945)
4762:
4726:
4712:
4698:
4676:
4669:
4649:
4623:
4617:978-0080514567
4616:
4596:
4574:
4555:
4549:978-1934451892
4548:
4528:
4511:
4496:
4481:
4454:
4423:
4392:
4346:
4320:
4300:
4283:
4273:978-0471783015
4272:
4243:
4200:
4169:
4147:
4113:
4102:(2): 240β244.
4086:
4053:
4030:
4015:
4012:, Ch. 2, p. 10
4000:
3988:The Tesla Coil
3978:
3952:
3926:
3908:
3896:The Tesla Coil
3886:
3874:The Tesla Coil
3864:
3852:The Tesla Coil
3842:
3812:
3785:
3739:
3733:978-0080514567
3732:
3712:
3684:The Tesla Coil
3666:
3644:
3611:
3557:
3551:978-0299215804
3550:
3507:
3501:978-1259062896
3500:
3473:
3467:978-0852961582
3466:
3427:
3406:(3): 301β333.
3379:
3372:
3349:
3342:
3319:
3312:
3292:
3265:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3158:Van Voorhies,
3156:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3104:
3091:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2957:
2954:
2913:
2910:
2850:electric shock
2833:
2830:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2727:
2724:
2715:
2712:
2636:
2635:Air discharges
2633:
2627:
2624:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2478:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2329:
2328:
2279:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2231:secondary coil
2166:
2165:
2124:
2122:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:Main article:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1990:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1952:output. Power
1931:
1930:
1929:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1742:
1730:electric field
1698:
1695:
1691:insulating oil
1682:electric field
1643:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1604:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1482:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1436:
1435:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1353:
1349:
1326:
1322:
1299:
1295:
1282:
1281:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1195:
1191:
1168:
1164:
1141:
1137:
1112:
1111:Output voltage
1109:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1026:
1025:
1006:
1002:
996:
992:
986:
983:
979:
974:
964:
960:
954:
950:
944:
941:
937:
932:
929:
914:
911:
910:
891:
887:
881:
877:
871:
868:
864:
859:
854:
850:
837:
833:
827:
823:
817:
814:
810:
805:
800:
796:
761:
757:
732:
728:
706:
703:
667:
666:
659:
655:
651:
624:magnetic field
620:
601:
577:
574:
573:
572:
566:
545:
538:
537:
528:
521:
520:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
504:
488:
434:secondary coil
364:
361:
360:
359:
344:
333:
323:
306:
204:electric field
191:
188:
176:electrotherapy
160:electrotherapy
153:high-frequency
101:
100:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
62:
58:
57:
44:Tesla coil at
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6627:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6545:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6536:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6505:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6341:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6305:Tesla turbine
6303:
6301:
6300:Radio control
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6225:
6221:
6214:
6209:
6207:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6191:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:Manufacturers
6139:
6133:
6132:Trembler coil
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5960:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5947:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5768:
5763:
5761:
5756:
5754:
5749:
5748:
5745:
5739:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5710:
5708:
5705:Reed, J. L.,
5704:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5675:(3): 035113.
5674:
5670:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5343:
5335:
5332:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5306:
5305:Sarkar, T. K.
5300:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5170:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5155:, pp. 222β223
5154:
5153:
5146:
5143:
5135:September 15,
5130:
5126:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5099:
5096:
5091:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5072:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5004:
5003:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4963:September 13,
4958:
4957:Classic Tesla
4954:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4926:
4925:
4917:
4914:
4906:September 15,
4901:
4897:
4890:
4887:
4879:September 23,
4874:
4870:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4854:
4846:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4808:
4806:9781869280055
4802:
4798:
4797:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4780:, pp. 205β206
4779:
4778:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4750:
4746:
4745:"Safety page"
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4672:
4670:9781869799304
4666:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4650:
4638:
4634:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4600:
4597:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4570:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4523:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4485:
4482:
4469:
4465:
4458:
4455:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4424:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4396:
4393:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4347:
4334:
4330:
4329:"Transformer"
4324:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4287:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4255:Sarkar, T. K.
4250:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4204:
4201:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4042:, pp. 279β280
4041:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4004:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3843:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3786:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3724:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3693:
3686:
3685:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3629:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3542:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3492:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3339:
3335:
3334:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3296:
3293:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:Gene Koonce,
3170:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3045:
3041:J. S. Stone,
3040:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2911:
2909:
2901:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2876:electrocution
2873:
2868:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2838:
2832:Health issues
2831:
2829:
2827:
2820:Teslaphoresis
2819:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2746:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2634:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2562:
2553:
2542:
2534:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2496:This section
2494:
2485:
2484:
2475:
2472:
2464:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2430:This section
2428:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2325:
2322:
2314:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2280:This section
2278:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2199:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2151:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2125:This section
2123:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:" before the
2095:
2091:
2090:Elihu Thomson
2087:
2086:Henry Rowland
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2052:Elihu Thomson
2045:
2036:
2030:
2020:
2012:
2007:
2006:tank circuits
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:Spark-excited
1759:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1722:tuned circuit
1719:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1678:streamer arcs
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1591:
1578:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1351:
1347:
1324:
1320:
1297:
1293:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1193:
1189:
1166:
1162:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1004:
1000:
994:
990:
984:
981:
977:
972:
962:
958:
952:
948:
942:
939:
935:
930:
927:
920:
919:
918:
889:
885:
879:
875:
869:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
835:
831:
825:
821:
815:
812:
808:
803:
798:
794:
786:
785:
784:
782:
778:
759:
755:
730:
726:
716:
712:
704:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
591:
590:
589:
587:
583:
575:
570:
567:
564:
560:
557:
556:
555:
542:
533:
525:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
494:
489:
486:
482:
481:eddy currents
478:
474:
473:
472:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:
417:
414:
410:
406:
405:tuned circuit
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
376:
370:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
331:
328:
324:
321:
318:
314:
311:
307:
304:
301:
297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
241:
237:
233:
228:
221:
220:streamer arcs
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
189:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
95:
91:
88:
86:Related items
84:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
30:
19:
6564:Lunar crater
6546:
6539:
6532:
6524:
6509:
6501:
6493:
6485:
6479:The Prestige
6477:
6474:(2003 opera)
6469:
6461:
6377:
6363:
6356:
6277:
6246:plasma globe
6220:Nikola Tesla
6126:
5936:Vector group
5712:
5672:
5668:
5631:
5627:
5605:(10): 2300.
5602:
5598:
5590:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5483:
5479:
5459:
5450:
5421:
5412:
5403:
5394:
5385:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5313:
5299:
5264:
5260:
5227:
5205:
5175:
5168:
5150:
5145:
5133:. Retrieved
5128:
5105:
5098:
5078:
5071:
5062:
5058:
5048:
5028:
5021:
5001:
4981:
4961:. Retrieved
4956:
4923:
4916:
4904:. Retrieved
4899:
4889:
4877:. Retrieved
4872:
4862:
4852:
4845:
4825:
4795:
4775:
4755:September 6,
4753:. Retrieved
4748:
4715:
4701:
4693:the original
4688:
4679:
4659:
4652:
4640:. Retrieved
4636:
4626:
4606:
4599:
4587:. Retrieved
4577:
4568:
4564:
4558:
4538:
4531:
4521:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4490:
4484:
4472:. Retrieved
4467:
4457:
4447:November 22,
4445:. Retrieved
4440:
4436:
4426:
4416:November 21,
4414:. Retrieved
4409:
4405:
4395:
4383:. Retrieved
4363:
4359:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4332:
4323:
4313:
4293:
4286:
4278:the original
4259:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4193:November 30,
4191:. Retrieved
4186:
4182:
4172:
4162:
4138:. Retrieved
4133:
4129:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4077:. Retrieved
4056:
4039:
4033:
4023:
4018:
4009:
4003:
3987:
3981:
3972:
3943:. Retrieved
3938:
3929:
3920:
3895:
3889:
3873:
3867:
3851:
3845:
3833:. Retrieved
3828:
3803:. Retrieved
3798:
3788:
3776:. Retrieved
3771:
3722:
3715:
3699:. Retrieved
3692:the original
3683:
3660:
3635:. Retrieved
3626:
3602:. Retrieved
3590:
3540:
3490:
3456:
3403:
3399:
3362:
3332:
3302:
3295:
3285:February 10,
3283:. Retrieved
3278:
3275:"Tesla coil"
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3251:
3248:"Tesla coil"
3192:Faraday cage
3178:
3165:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3061:
3048:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2938:permeability
2927:
2925:
2918:
2915:
2902:
2886:hyperthermic
2879:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2843:
2823:
2814:
2786:
2767:
2761:
2752:science fair
2749:
2742:
2734:
2717:
2714:Applications
2699:
2695:electric arc
2683:
2675:
2671:space charge
2659:
2629:
2607:
2603:
2588:
2582:frequencies.
2528:
2505:Please help
2497:
2467:
2458:
2443:Please help
2431:
2394:tank circuit
2390:
2349:
2317:
2308:
2293:Please help
2281:
2253:
2227:primary coil
2207:tank circuit
2204:
2177:showing the
2154:
2145:
2134:Please help
2129:verification
2126:
2093:
2082:Oliver Lodge
2074:Joseph Henry
2070:Felix Savary
2059:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1978:
1965:
1954:vacuum tubes
1942:tank circuit
1933:
1901:
1895:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1818:: These use
1815:
1811:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1747:
1738:
1711:
1658:
1593:
1483:
1437:
1283:
1209:
1122:
1094:
1027:
912:
708:
682:
680:
672:damped waves
668:
662:
647:
639:
635:
627:
612:
608:
597:
593:
585:
581:
579:
568:
558:
553:
495:
466:
445:
441:
436:
429:
425:through the
422:
415:
413:primary coil
392:
388:
380:
378:
347:
336:
329:
319:
312:
302:
293:
278:
269:switches or
245:
239:
235:
231:
184:
138:
115:Nikola Tesla
106:
104:
80:Nikola Tesla
29:
6529:(2020 film)
6514:(2019 film)
6506:(2017 film)
6498:(2016 film)
6482:(2006 film)
6466:(1980 film)
6315:Tesla valve
6241:Plasma lamp
6102:Hybrid coil
5904:Tap changer
5844:Magnet wire
5774:Transformer
3990:, pp. 1, 23
3898:, pp. 19β20
3876:, pp. 15β18
3854:, pp. 38β42
3591:Tesla Coils
3054:A. Nickle,
2934:resistivity
2920:skin effect
2905:50 or 60 Hz
2720:arc welders
2689:, called a
2550:Tesla coil
2515:Wikiversity
2461:August 2015
2398:interrupter
2369:transistors
2365:full-bridge
2361:half-bridge
2356:vacuum tube
2344:Maker Faire
2311:August 2015
2215:capacitance
2148:August 2015
2066:Leyden jars
1957:excitation.
1906:loudspeaker
1828:transistors
1734:corona ring
1662:breaks down
1101:radio noise
781:capacitance
512:skin effect
409:tuning fork
397:capacitance
383:, called a
300:transformer
271:vacuum tube
158:phenomena,
90:Transformer
6584:Categories
6278:Tesla coil
6229:inventions
6227:Career and
6127:Tesla coil
6112:Oudin coil
5804:Center tap
5734:Tesla coil
5405:Tesla Coil
4474:August 20,
3230:References
3212:Oudin coil
2960:See also:
2929:skin depth
2858:nerve cell
2774:Alan Gibbs
2595:horsepower
2552:schematics
2523:Wikivoyage
2402:duty cycle
2386:oscillator
2352:transistor
2249:spun metal
2211:inductance
1993:Three coil
1918:modulation
1840:oscillator
1824:thyristors
1822:, usually
1752:Excitation
777:inductance
687:inductance
485:hysteresis
401:LC circuit
263:transistor
251:oscillator
180:violet ray
162:, and the
107:Tesla coil
33:Tesla coil
6268:Teleforce
5508:109593995
4589:April 12,
4385:March 29,
4230:0095-9197
4079:August 2,
3945:August 2,
3254:. PBS.org
2950:diathermy
2942:frequency
2881:diathermy
2824:In 2016,
2805:ArcAttack
2772:owned by
2663:capacitor
2645:10 000 V,
2616:neon sign
2531:June 2018
2519:Wikibooks
2498:contains
2432:does not
2282:does not
2257:resonator
2244:resonates
2236:capacitor
2223:spark gap
2219:capacitor
2179:lightning
2001:magnifier
1972:inductors
1950:sine wave
1910:MIDI file
1769:spark gap
1718:capacitor
985:π
943:π
870:π
816:π
711:resonance
691:impedance
676:sine wave
477:iron core
427:spark gap
420:capacitor
327:spark gap
310:capacitor
281:kilovolts
267:thyristor
259:spark gap
190:Operation
127:frequency
98:resonance
54:Australia
46:Questacon
6569:Asteroid
6350:Writings
6163:ProlecGE
5874:Resolver
5859:Polarity
5849:Metadyne
5699:25832281
5656:22852736
5334:Archived
5291:19869368
4380:51669988
4238:51671246
4070:Archived
4049:Archived
3993:Archived
3901:Archived
3879:Archived
3857:Archived
3835:July 24,
3805:April 4,
3778:July 24,
3701:July 27,
3637:July 26,
3604:July 26,
3595:Archived
3422:55561957
3186:See also
3155:". 1966.
3129:". 1922.
3116:". 1922.
3103:". 1914.
2865:RF burns
2778:Auckland
2769:Electrum
2764:Eric Orr
2736:Electrum
2382:feedback
1979:Two coil
1851:Q factor
1830:such as
1812:Switched
1778:Q factor
1714:toroidal
563:grounded
559:Unipolar
469:Q factor
454:toroidal
389:transfer
356:Q factor
337:(L1, L2)
141:lighting
76:Inventor
66:lighting
50:Canberra
6420:Related
6283:history
6236:Patents
6173:Siemens
5899:Synchro
5824:Growler
5799:Bushing
5677:Bibcode
5636:Bibcode
5607:Bibcode
5529:Bibcode
5488:Bibcode
5331:archive
5282:2131316
4642:July 3,
4046:archive
3258:May 20,
3088:Antenna
3062:Antenna
2656:supply.
2453:removed
2438:sources
2373:MOSFETs
2350:Modern
2303:removed
2288:sources
2013:History
1832:MOSFETs
1666:ionizes
569:Bipolar
381:(L1,L2)
125:, high-
123:current
119:voltage
5782:Topics
5776:topics
5738:Curlie
5697:
5654:
5506:
5321:
5289:
5279:
5235:
5183:
5086:
5036:
5009:
4986:, p. 4
4931:
4833:
4803:
4667:
4614:
4546:
4378:
4339:May 1,
4270:
4236:
4228:
4140:May 1,
3730:
3548:
3498:
3464:
3420:
3370:
3340:
3310:
2890:ICNIRP
2691:leader
2687:plasma
2626:Tuning
2513:it to
2240:ground
2225:, and
2183:plasma
2181:-like
2084:. and
2080:, and
2064:using
1888:, 2024
1676:, and
1670:corona
699:chokes
547:coils.
498:, the
432:. The
208:ionize
121:, low-
6526:Tesla
6495:Tesla
6389:Other
6095:Coils
5955:Types
5789:Balun
5504:S2CID
4376:S2CID
4264:(PDF)
4234:S2CID
4073:(PDF)
4066:(PDF)
3695:(PDF)
3688:(PDF)
3631:(PDF)
3598:(PDF)
3587:(PDF)
3418:S2CID
2801:BjΓΆrk
2599:spark
2591:watts
2567:used.
2521:, or
2377:IGBTs
2375:, or
2363:, or
1999:, or
1968:coils
1836:IGBTs
1774:ozone
1744:Types
1181:. If
658:time.
630:, by
532:torus
352:torus
70:music
6554:Boat
6178:TBEA
5695:PMID
5652:PMID
5319:ISBN
5287:PMID
5233:ISBN
5181:ISBN
5137:2017
5084:ISBN
5034:ISBN
5007:ISBN
4965:2017
4929:ISBN
4908:2017
4881:2017
4831:ISBN
4801:ISBN
4757:2017
4665:ISBN
4644:2023
4612:ISBN
4591:2015
4544:ISBN
4476:2015
4449:2015
4418:2015
4387:2011
4341:2015
4268:ISBN
4226:ISSN
4195:2015
4142:2015
4081:2015
3947:2015
3837:2015
3807:2017
3780:2015
3728:ISBN
3703:2015
3639:2015
3606:2015
3546:ISBN
3496:ISBN
3462:ISBN
3368:ISBN
3338:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3287:2024
3260:2008
2936:and
2854:ions
2789:MIDI
2511:move
2436:any
2434:cite
2346:2008
2286:any
2284:cite
1914:MIDI
1668:and
779:and
746:and
640:(C2)
628:(L2)
613:(L1)
609:(SG)
598:(C1)
586:(C1)
483:and
446:(C2)
442:(L2)
437:(L2)
430:(SG)
423:(C1)
416:(L1)
330:(SG)
313:(C1)
218:and
178:and
170:for
61:Uses
6148:ABB
5736:at
5685:doi
5644:doi
5615:doi
5579:doi
5537:doi
5519:".
5496:doi
5484:271
5431:".
5277:PMC
5269:doi
5063:165
4368:doi
4218:doi
4104:doi
3408:doi
3177:, "
3164:, "
3151:, "
3138:, "
3125:, "
3112:, "
3099:, "
3086:, "
3073:, "
3060:, "
3047:, "
2793:PWM
2648:60
2447:by
2354:or
2297:by
2138:by
2100:at
1981:or
1900:or
1834:or
1826:or
1814:or
1763:or
1105:RFI
683:(T)
594:(T)
582:(T)
496:(M)
348:(E)
303:(T)
265:or
6586::
5693:.
5683:.
5673:86
5671:.
5667:.
5650:.
5642:.
5632:83
5630:.
5613:.
5603:59
5601:.
5575:15
5573:.
5535:.
5525:61
5523:.
5502:.
5494:.
5482:.
5426:;
5329:,
5285:.
5275:.
5265:46
5263:.
5259:.
5247:^
5215:^
5195:^
5160:^
5127:.
5115:^
5061:.
5057:.
4991:^
4973:^
4955:.
4943:^
4898:.
4871:.
4815:^
4785:^
4765:^
4747:.
4729:^
4687:.
4635:.
4567:.
4466:.
4439:.
4435:.
4410:19
4408:.
4404:.
4374:.
4364:20
4362:.
4358:.
4331:.
4303:^
4246:^
4232:.
4224:.
4214:62
4212:.
4187:34
4185:.
4181:.
4150:^
4134:44
4132:.
4128:.
4116:^
4100:49
4098:.
4044:,
3955:^
3937:.
3911:^
3827:.
3815:^
3797:.
3770:.
3742:^
3669:^
3647:^
3614:^
3589:.
3560:^
3510:^
3476:^
3430:^
3416:.
3404:13
3402:.
3398:.
3382:^
3352:^
3322:^
3277:.
3250:.
3238:^
2923:.
2759:.
2650:Hz
2517:,
2371:,
2221:,
2076:,
2072:,
1995:,
1693:.
1672:,
663:C1
636:C1
325:A
320:L1
308:A
236:L2
232:C2
214:,
151:,
147:,
143:,
136:.
105:A
96:,
92:,
68:,
52:,
6517:"
6374:"
6370:"
6212:e
6205:t
6198:v
5766:e
5759:t
5752:v
5701:.
5687::
5679::
5658:.
5646::
5638::
5621:.
5617::
5609::
5585:.
5581::
5543:.
5539::
5531::
5510:.
5498::
5490::
5417:"
5390:"
5327:.
5293:.
5271::
5241:.
5189:.
5171:"
5167:"
5139:.
5092:.
5042:.
5015:.
4967:.
4937:.
4910:.
4883:.
4839:.
4809:.
4759:.
4673:.
4646:.
4620:.
4593:.
4569:3
4552:.
4478:.
4451:.
4441:6
4420:.
4389:.
4370::
4343:.
4240:.
4220::
4197:.
4144:.
4110:.
4106::
4083:.
3949:.
3839:.
3809:.
3782:.
3736:.
3705:.
3641:.
3608:.
3554:.
3504:.
3470:.
3424:.
3410::
3376:.
3346:.
3316:.
3289:.
3262:.
3168:"
3021:"
3016:"
3009:"
3002:"
2995:"
2988:"
2981:"
2974:"
2533:)
2529:(
2525:.
2503:.
2474:)
2468:(
2463:)
2459:(
2455:.
2441:.
2324:)
2318:(
2313:)
2309:(
2305:.
2291:.
2213:-
2161:)
2155:(
2150:)
2146:(
2132:.
1970:(
1861:T
1728:(
1642:2
1638:C
1632:2
1628:L
1623:=
1617:1
1613:C
1607:1
1603:L
1579:.
1571:1
1567:L
1561:2
1557:L
1548:1
1544:V
1540:=
1532:2
1528:C
1522:1
1518:C
1509:1
1505:V
1501:=
1496:2
1492:V
1466:1
1462:W
1457:=
1451:2
1447:W
1420:2
1415:2
1411:V
1405:2
1401:C
1395:2
1392:1
1387:=
1382:2
1378:W
1352:2
1348:C
1325:2
1321:W
1298:2
1294:V
1285:(
1266:2
1261:1
1257:V
1251:1
1247:C
1241:2
1238:1
1233:=
1228:1
1224:W
1210:T
1194:1
1190:V
1167:1
1163:C
1140:1
1136:W
1077:2
1073:C
1067:2
1063:L
1059:=
1054:1
1050:C
1044:1
1040:L
1005:2
1001:C
995:2
991:L
982:2
978:1
973:=
963:1
959:C
953:1
949:L
940:2
936:1
931:=
928:f
915:1
890:2
886:C
880:2
876:L
867:2
863:1
858:=
853:2
849:f
836:1
832:C
826:1
822:L
813:2
809:1
804:=
799:1
795:f
760:2
756:f
731:1
727:f
648:E
619:.
242:.
240:E
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
