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745:
964:
1218:
1079:
1131:
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978:'Edith Bogue' was brought to the coastal plain of New Jersey from Florida in the 1920s. The original tree sent to Edith A. Bogue from Florida helped to establish cold-hardy specimens in the Middle Atlantic states from Delaware to coastal Connecticut. Once established, 'Edith Bogue' has been known to have only minor spotting and margin burn on the leaf in temperatures as low as −5 °F (−21 °C). With a vigorous classic pyramidal shape, this cultivar grows to 35 ft with a 15-ft spread. The leaves are large and deep green, but lack the brown
1107:
734:
1230:
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1916:"However disappointing the removal of the Jackson Magnolia, the silver lining of its demise is that White House groundskeepers were prepared. For several months, at an undisclosed greenhouse-like location nearby, healthy offshoots of the tree have been growing, tended to with care and now somewhere around eight to 10 feet tall. CNN has learned the plan is that another Jackson Magnolia, born directly from the original, will soon be planted in its place, for history to live on." Bennett, CNN report, as note 2
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240:
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998:, it is a slower-growing form with a columnar shape which reaches around 4.25 m (13.9 ft) high and 1.2 m (3.9 ft) wide. Flowering heavily over an extended period in warmer climate, it bears medium-sized, cup-shaped flowers, and has elliptic leaves 12.5 cm (4.9 in) long by 5 cm (2.0 in) wide. It flowers relatively quickly after planting compared with other cultivars.
1191:
72:
1178:
975:'Bracken's Brown Beauty' was developed by Ray Bracken of Easley, South Carolina, in the late 1960s and patented in 1985. It is a popular cultivar that has survived long-term in West Virginia, New Jersey, and Long Island, NY. This cultivar grows in a dense and compact pattern, with narrow, medium-sized, glossy leaves. Flowers measure 5–6 in (13–15 cm).
988:'Exmouth' was developed in the early 18th century by John Colliton in Devon. It is notable for its huge flowers, with up to 20 petals, and vigorous growth. Erect in habit, it is often planted against walls. The leaves are green above and brownish underneath. The flowers are very fragrant and the leaves are narrow and leathery.
959:
Over 150 cultivars have been developed and named, although only 30 to 40 of these still exist and still fewer are commercially propagated and sold. Most plants in nurseries are propagated by cuttings, resulting in more consistent form in the various varieties available. Many older cultivars have been
950:
tinted yellow or green. The usually straight-grained wood has uniform texture with closely spaced rings. The wood is ranked moderate in heaviness, hardness, and stiffness, and moderately low in shrinkage, bending, and compression strength; it is ranked moderately high in shock resistance. Its use in
913:
in the spring. In climates where the ground freezes, winter sun appears to do more damage than the cold. In the
Northern Hemisphere, the south side of the tree experiences more leaf damage than the north side. Two extremes are known, with leaves white underneath and with leaves brown underneath. The
642:
In
Florida, it is found in a number of different ecological areas that are typically shady and have well-draining soils; it is also found in hummocks, along ravines, on slopes, and in wooded floodplains. Despite preferring sites with increased moisture, it does not tolerate inundation. It grows on
1012:'Southern Charm' is a dwarf form that grows into a bushy shrub with a pyramidal shape up to 20–25 ft high and 10 ft wide. It has dark green shiny leaves 3-6 in long and 2-4 in wide with brown undersides. It is also known as 'Teddy Bear', for the fuzzy brown undersurface of the leaves.
771:
is a very popular ornamental tree throughout its native range in the coastal plain of the Gulf/South
Atlantic states. Grown for its attractive, shiny green leaves and fragrant flowers, it has a long history in the Southern United States. Many large and very old specimens can be found in the
2206:
Isolation and characterization of the sesquiterpene lactones costunolide, parthenolide, costunolide diepoxide, santamarine, and reynosin from
Magnolia grandiflora L. Farouk S. El-Feraly and Yee-Ming Chan, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, March 1978, Volume 67, Issue 3, pages 347–350,
908:
It is recommended for seashore plantings in areas that are windy but have little salt spray. The foliage will bronze, blotch, and burn in severe winters at the northern limits of cultivation, especially when grown in full winter sun, but most leaves remain until they are replaced by new
921:
The leaves are heavy and tend to fall year round from the interior of the crown and form a dense cover over the soil surface, and they have been used in decorative floral arrangements. The leaves have a waxy coating that makes them resistant to damage from salt and air pollution.
597:), with this species known as the bull bay for its huge size or alternatively because cattle have been reported eating its leaves. Laurel magnolia, evergreen magnolia, large-flower magnolia or big laurel are alternative names. The timber is known simply as magnolia.
844:, where a sizable population exists. Farther north, few known long-term specimens are found due to the severe winters, and/or lack of sufficient summer heat. Seeds may promote health and prevent diseases like high blood pressure, heart disturbances and epilepsy.
904:
to cut down and remove the magnolia because the trunk was in an extremely fragile condition and the supports had been compromised. Offshoots from the
Jackson magnolia have been saved, grown up to 10ft and one was planted at the place of the original tree.
687:
can produce seed by 10 years of age, although peak seed production is achieved closer to 25 years of age. Around 50% of seeds can germinate, and they are spread by birds and mammals. Squirrels, possums, quail, and turkey are known to eat the seeds.
1765:
Halls, L. K. 1977. Southern magnolia/Magnolia grandiflora L. In
Southern fruit-producing woody plants used by wildlife. p. 196-197. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report SO-16. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans,
832:. On the West Coast, it can be grown as far north as the Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada area, though cooler summers on the West Coast slow its growth compared to the East Coast. In the interior of the US, some of the cold-hardy
616:
Southern magnolias are native to the
Southeastern United States, from Virginia south to central Florida, and then west to East Texas. The tree is found on the edges of bodies of water and swamps, in association with sweetgum
991:'Goliath' was developed by Caledonia Nurseries of Guernsey, and has a bushier habit and globular flowers of up to 30 cm (12 in) diameter. Long-flowering, it has oval leaves which lack the brownish hair underneath.
914:
brown varieties are claimed to be more cold hardy than the white varieties, but this does not appear to be proven as yet. Once established, the plants are drought tolerant, and the most drought tolerant of all the
2171:
Antimicrobial activity of phenolic constituents of magnolia grandiflora L. Alice M. Clark, Arouk S. El-Feraly, Wen-Shyong Li, Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, August 1981, Volume 70, Issue 8, pages 951–952,
941:
from all three species is simply called magnolia, which is used in the construction of furniture, boxes, pallets, venetian blinds, sashes, and doors, and used as veneers. Southern magnolia has yellowish-white
590:
is most commonly known as southern magnolia, a name derived from its range in the
Southern United States. Many broadleaved evergreen trees are known as bays for their resemblance to the leaves of the red bay
900:. Since the 1940s, when the tree suffered a gash that caused a large section of its trunk to rot, the tree had been supported by metal poles and cables. In 2017, it was decided on the advice of the
756:
It is often planted in university campuses and allowed to grow into a large tree, either with dependent branches, or with the lower branches removed to display the bare trunks. It is also
1217:
994:'Little Gem', a dwarf cultivar, is grown in more moderate climates, roughly from New Jersey, Maryland and the Virginias southward. Originally developed in 1952 by Steed's Nursery in
2189:
2188:
Coumarins and sesquiterpene lactones from
Magnolia grandiflora leaves. Yang MH, Blunden G, Patel AV, O'Neill MJ and Lewis JA, Planta medica, 1994, vol. 60, no 4, pages 390-390,
1473:
744:
1892:
2525:
760:
against walls, which improves its frost hardiness. It is often planted ornamentally in urban areas due to its resistance to air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide
1001:"Victoria" is a form grown in the Pacific Northwest that is reportedly hardy to -12 F. It has a more open habit and shiny dark green leaves with brown undersides.
985:'Angustifolia', developed in France in 1825, has narrow, spear-shaped leaves 20 cm (7.9 in) long by 11 cm (4.3 in) wide, as its name suggests.
635:). In more sheltered habitats, it grows into a large tree, but can be a low shrub when found on coastal dunes. It is killed by summer fires, and is missing from
2590:
2768:
1244:
357:
is widely cultivated in warmer areas around the world. The timber is hard and heavy, and has been used commercially to make furniture, pallets, and veneer.
1078:
963:
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2808:
2538:
2473:
1154:
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2613:
2486:
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2055:
2012:
1977:
1841:
1785:
1658:
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1454:
562:
in 1759, basing his description on the earlier notes of Miller. He did not select a type specimen. Its specific epithet is derived from the
2798:
874:
1229:
479: in) across and fragrant, with six to 12 petals with a waxy texture, emerging from the tips of twigs on mature trees in late spring.
2773:
1106:
318:. Reaching 27.5 m (90 ft) in height, it is a large, striking evergreen tree, with large, dark-green leaves up to 20 cm (
2783:
877:
in Tennessee. It was the oldest tree on the White House grounds and was so famous that it was for decades pictured on the back of the
1545:
Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis
1260:
94:
2793:
2256:
2237:
2126:
1943:
804:
is the state tree of Mississippi and the state flower of Louisiana. The species is also cultivated as far north as coastal areas of
1142:
710:, which had been collected a few years earlier. It had also come to France, the French having collected it in the vicinity of the
901:
878:
2818:
2512:
1864:
553:
79:
447: in) broad, with smooth margins. They are dark green, stiff, and leathery, and often scurfy underneath with yellow-brown
2569:
897:
2667:
2543:
960:
superseded by newer ones and are no longer available. Some cultivars have been found to be more cold hardy, they include:
2195:
1205:
738:
654:
1589:. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
2714:
2362:
1335:
660:
Alongside a number of other magnolias, the southern magnolia has proven capable of surviving the cool winters of the
525:, that stands 37 m (121 ft). Another record includes a 35-m-high specimen from the Chickasawhay District,
2701:
886:
797:
793:
303:
2813:
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2564:
1190:
1118:
881:
as part of a view of the South Front. There was a tradition of giving cuttings or seedlings grown from the tree:
522:
1166:
733:
2618:
2333:
533:, which measured 17.75 ft (5.4 m) in circumference at breast height, from 1961, and a 30-m-tall tree from
2706:
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1251:
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619:
526:
187:
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2452:
2439:
1674:
1053:
2434:
2377:
2295:
2146:
1830:"Chapter 86 - Use of Magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora) Seeds in Medicine, and Possible Mechanisms of Action"
1036:
exhibited significant activity against Gram-positive and acid-fast bacteria and fungi. The leaves contain
995:
534:
518:
1829:
1041:
813:
785:
214:
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tree which may grow 60–80 ft (18–24 m) tall. It typically has a single stem (or trunk) and a
2605:
2398:
1235:
837:
2426:
730:, the daughter plants initially selling for five guineas each (but later falling to half a guinea).
2652:
1828:
Lee, Yang Deok (January 1, 2011), Preedy, Victor R.; Watson, Ronald Ross; Patel, Vinood B. (eds.),
1313:
927:
706:
39:
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1582:
1057:
1033:
933:
384:
247:
89:
1935:
1928:
1695:
2530:
2118:
2111:
726:
in Devon; scaffolding and tubs surrounded his tree, where gardeners propagated its branches by
2778:
2639:
2385:
2252:
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2122:
2051:
2008:
1973:
1967:
1939:
1837:
1781:
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1627:
1450:
1444:
1406:
1085:
1061:
789:
711:
365:
346: in) wide, and large, white, fragrant flowers up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter.
1648:
1621:
1510:
653:). In the eastern United States, it has become an escapee, and has become naturalized in the
2644:
2556:
2208:
2173:
2002:
1308:
1267:
841:
676:
483:
1356:
2626:
1650:
The Trees of Florida: A Reference and Field Guide (Reference and Field Guides (Paperback))
855:
781:
631:
593:
558:
239:
132:
30:
2344:
2272:
951:
the Southeastern United States has been supplanted by the availability of harder woods.
2680:
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943:
893:
866:
821:
458:
119:
600:
2762:
2551:
1539:
1299:
1290:
882:
859:
665:
661:
625:
581:
549:
230:
59:
54:
1024:
contains phenolic constituents shown to possess significant antimicrobial activity.
2745:
2390:
1049:
889:
697:
668:
in 1728, and, as well as being a popular ornamental plant, has become naturalised.
299:
165:
2367:
1543:
657:
of Virginia and locally in other areas outside of its historically natural range.
2719:
2577:
2499:
2327:
1780:. Melbourne, Victoria: Miegunyah Press: State Library of Victoria. p. 112.
1045:
870:
809:
777:
722:. One of the earliest people to cultivate it in Europe was Sir John Colliton of
530:
350:
155:
2354:
979:
805:
315:
145:
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1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
2411:
1969:
Native trees for North American landscapes: from the Atlantic to the Rockies
1549:
947:
833:
715:
380:
2732:
2212:
2177:
1741:
2631:
1438:
1436:
873:. It was reputedly planted as a seedling taken from Jackson's plantation,
2727:
2312:
1407:"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin"
1037:
1029:
1025:
829:
825:
817:
757:
727:
644:
576:
307:
175:
2465:
1926:
Bush-Brown, Louise Carter; Bush-Brown, James; Irwin, Howard S. (1996).
910:
773:
649:
636:
311:
2504:
938:
851:
723:
462:
2289:
970:'Bracken's Brown Beauty' at the Morris Arboretum (Philadelphia, US)
865:
Until early 2018, an iconic southern magnolia planted by President
2517:
2416:
962:
743:
732:
704:
to Britain in 1726, where it entered cultivation and overshadowed
675:
599:
563:
455:
364:
106:
1893:"White House to cut back magnolia tree planted by Andrew Jackson"
1698:
Kartesz, J.T., The Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2015.
1381:
2403:
2113:
The American Horticultural Society encyclopedia of garden plants
1620:
Whitney, Eleanor Noss; Rudloe, Anne; Jadaszewski, Erick (2004).
448:
388:
2293:
718:. It was glowingly described by Philip Miller in his 1731 work
1009:'Ferruginea' has dark-green leaves with rust-brown undersides.
982:
on their undersides which make other cultivars so distinctive.
925:
In the United States, southern magnolia, along with sweetbay (
643:
sandhills in maritime forests, where it is found growing with
537:, which reached 18 ft in circumference at breast height.
2104:
2102:
1696:
http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Magnolia%20grandiflora.png
869:
nearly 200 years earlier grew near the South Portico of the
2273:
United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile for
1703:
1623:
Priceless Florida: Natural Ecosystems and Native Species
1615:
1613:
517:
Exceptionally large trees have been reported in the far
482:
Flowering is followed by the rose-colored fruit, ovoid
353:
forests on the Gulf and South Atlantic coastal plain,
1742:"Magnolias - Tree Guide UK Magnolia trees and shrubs"
2050:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 478–481.
1717:"Oxford University Plants 400: Magnolia grandiflora"
2302:
2007:. Skyhorse Publishing. May 17, 2007. pp. 1–7.
1966:Sternberg, Guy; Wilson, James; Wilson, Jim (2004).
1865:"Exclusive: Iconic White House tree to be cut down"
896:donated a seedling to the "people's garden" of the
2110:
1927:
1778:Botanical Riches: Stories of Botanical Exploration
1675:"Magnolia grandiflora in Flora of North America @"
1548:(in Latin). Vol. 2 (10th revised ed.).
1817:. Silvics of North America, 2. pp. 445–448.
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1449:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 224.
1886:
1884:
1882:
1836:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 727–732,
1834:Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention
548:was one of the many species first described by
2092:
2090:
2088:
2069:
2067:
1314:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T193948A2291865.en
1799:
1797:
391:are simple and broadly ovate, 12–20 cm (
8:
737:Tree planted 1807 at Jardin des plantes in
2290:
2147:"Little Gem vs. Teddy Bear Magnolia Trees"
349:Although endemic to the evergreen lowland
238:
70:
48:
29:
20:
1815:Magnolia grandiflora L. southern magnolia
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1312:
1034:3,5′-diallyl-2′-hydroxy-4-methoxybiphenyl
521:. The national champion is a specimen in
2140:
2138:
1005:Other commonly grown cultivars include:
2047:Dirr's Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
1972:. Portland: Timber Press. p. 268.
1281:
1074:
700:, the first in North America, brought
1647:Nelson, Gil; Marvin, Jr Cook (1994).
1474:"Magnolia grandiflora - Plant Finder"
1266:A hardy southern magnolia growing in
1250:A rare Magnolia hedge outside of the
1044:. The sesquiterpenes are known to be
7:
2606:02bf3d87-738b-4cd7-8a31-9b90e70d8bee
2492:ECE202D9-EC41-294F-32CB-DF834317DB14
1934:. New York: Macmillan USA. pp.
1653:. Pineapple Press (FL). p. 17.
1626:. Pineapple Press (FL). p. 36.
1468:
1466:
1446:Trees for architecture and landscape
1184:Flower in three stages of blossoming
1148:Southern magnolia foliage and flower
2769:IUCN Red List least concern species
1552:: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 1082.
1300:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
2285:images at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu
2251:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
2232:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
2228:Callaway, Dorothy Johnson (1994).
1891:Sarah Kaplan (December 26, 2017).
1863:Kate Bennett (December 27, 2017).
14:
2804:Medicinal plants of North America
1587:Fire Effects Information System,
1223:Foliage 'Bracken's Brown Beauty'
500: in) long, and 3–5 cm (
419: in) long and 6–12 cm (
2707:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:554723-1
2117:. New York: Macmillan. pp.
1259:
1243:
1228:
1216:
1204:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1153:
1141:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1077:
836:have flourished as far north as
772:subtropical port cities such as
93:
1509:Maisenhelder, Louis C. (1970).
1478:www.missouribotanicalgarden.org
332: in) long and 12 cm (
2809:Garden plants of North America
2109:Brickell, Christopher (1989).
937:), is commercially harvested.
898:U.S. Department of Agriculture
639:that undergo regular burning.
1:
2249:Magnolias: A Gardener's Guide
465:are white, up to 30 cm (
1382:"Plants of the World Online"
862:, as well as parts of Asia.
2799:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1700:North American Plant Atlas.
2835:
2774:NatureServe secure species
1386:plantsoftheworldonline.org
850:is also grown in parts of
798:Wilmington, North Carolina
794:Charleston, South Carolina
304:Southeastern United States
298:, is a tree of the family
2784:Trees of Northern America
2044:Dirr, Michael A. (2011).
1813:Outcalt, Kenneth (1990).
1581:Coladonato, Milo (1991).
1520:. US Dept. of Agriculture
1160:Southern magnolia blossom
892:upon his retirement, and
764:United States cultivation
720:The Gardeners' Dictionary
574:"flower". The genus name
523:Smith County, Mississippi
253:
246:
237:
220:
213:
90:Scientific classification
88:
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
2794:Plants described in 1759
2004:The Encyclopedia of Wood
1776:Aitken, Richard (2008).
1721:herbaria.plants.ox.ac.uk
1443:Zion, Robert L. (1995).
946:and light to dark brown
612:Distribution and habitat
290:, commonly known as the
1706:). Chapel Hill, N.C. .
1252:Nasher Sculpture Center
750:Laurel tree of Carolina
664:. It was introduced to
620:Liquidambar styraciflua
527:De Soto National Forest
2819:Symbols of Mississippi
2247:Gardiner, Jim (2000).
2230:The world of magnolias
2213:10.1002/jps.2600670319
2178:10.1002/jps.2600700833
1583:"Magnolia grandiflora"
1357:"Magnolia grandiflora"
1336:"NatureServe Explorer"
1042:sesquiterpene lactones
996:Candor, North Carolina
971:
885:gave a cutting to his
753:
741:
681:
608:
519:Southern United States
373:
369:Flower and foliage of
1930:America's garden book
1746:www.treeguideuk.co.uk
1704:http://bonap.net/napa
1518:American Woods FS-245
1307:: e.T193948A2291865.
1136:Southern magnolia bud
1084:Southern Magnolia in
1054:costunolide diepoxide
966:
820:, and in much of the
814:Long Island, New York
786:Jacksonville, Florida
747:
736:
679:
629:), and black tupelo (
603:
584:, a French botanist.
379:is a medium to large
368:
257:Magnolia angustifolia
2658:Magnolia grandiflora
2334:Magnolia grandiflora
2304:Magnolia grandiflora
2283:Magnolia grandiflora
2275:Magnolia grandiflora
1293:Magnolia grandiflora
1236:Martin Johnson Heade
1022:Magnolia grandiflora
931:) and cucumbertree (
838:Louisville, Kentucky
692:Cultivation and uses
486:, 7.5–10 cm (3–
377:Magnolia grandiflora
287:Magnolia grandiflora
224:Magnolia grandiflora
2277:(southern magnolia)
1361:plants.ces.ncsu.edu
1112:A cluster of leaves
928:Magnolia virginiana
206:M. grandiflora
40:Conservation status
1411:www.wildflower.org
1289:Khela, S. (2014).
972:
934:Magnolia acuminata
902:National Arboretum
754:
742:
682:
647:and saw palmetto (
609:
514:–2 in) wide.
454:The large, showy,
374:
265:Magnolia elliptica
24:Southern magnolia
2756:
2755:
2640:Open Tree of Life
2296:Taxon identifiers
2057:978-0-88192-901-0
2014:978-1-60239-057-7
1979:978-0-88192-607-1
1843:978-0-12-375688-6
1787:978-0-522-85505-0
1660:978-1-56164-055-3
1633:978-1-56164-308-0
1456:978-0-471-28524-3
1172:Inside the flower
790:Savannah, Georgia
712:Mississippi River
292:southern magnolia
283:
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269:
261:
83:
63:
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2814:Ornamental trees
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2322:
2321:
2291:
2262:
2243:
2215:
2204:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2180:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2116:
2106:
2097:
2096:Gardiner, p. 147
2094:
2083:
2082:Callaway, p. 100
2080:
2074:
2073:Gardiner, p. 145
2071:
2062:
2061:
2041:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1933:
1923:
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1693:
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1686:
1684:
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1671:
1665:
1664:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1617:
1608:
1607:Gardiner, p. 143
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1554:
1553:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1440:
1431:
1430:Gardiner, p. 144
1428:
1422:
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1417:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1378:
1372:
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1369:
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1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1286:
1263:
1247:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:Seed cluster of
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1133:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1081:
842:Cincinnati, Ohio
696:Plant collector
680:Individual seeds
513:
512:
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478:
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396:
345:
344:
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331:
330:
326:
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275:
273:Magnolia foetida
267:
259:
242:
226:
192:
98:
97:
77:
74:
73:
57:
52:
51:
33:
21:
2834:
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2627:Observation.org
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2240:
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2201:
2192:
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2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2108:
2107:
2100:
2095:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2027:Callaway, p. 14
2026:
2022:
2015:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1992:Callaway, p. 13
1991:
1987:
1980:
1965:
1964:
1953:
1946:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1897:Washington Post
1890:
1889:
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1861:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1803:Gardiner, p. 18
1802:
1795:
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1775:
1774:
1770:
1764:
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1750:
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1740:
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1634:
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1611:
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1602:
1592:
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1580:
1579:
1575:
1571:Callaway, p. 99
1570:
1557:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1508:
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1125:
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1113:
1110:
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1098:
1089:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1019:
957:
856:Central America
782:Mobile, Alabama
766:
694:
674:
632:Nyssa sylvatica
614:
594:Persea borbonia
559:Systema Naturae
543:
510:
506:
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268:(W.T.Aiton)Link
233:
228:
222:
209:
190:
92:
84:
75:
71:
64:
53:
49:
42:
17:
16:Species of tree
12:
11:
5:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Flora of Texas
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2746:wfo-0000233174
2737:
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2267:External links
2265:
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1540:Linnaeus, Carl
1531:
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1234:
1227:
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1198:M. grandiflora
1195:
1188:
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999:
992:
989:
986:
983:
976:
968:M. grandiflora
956:
953:
894:Michelle Obama
887:Chief of Staff
867:Andrew Jackson
848:M. grandiflora
828:, and eastern
822:Chesapeake Bay
802:M. grandiflora
769:M. grandiflora
765:
762:
702:M. grandiflora
693:
690:
685:M. grandiflora
673:
670:
655:tidewater area
650:Serenoa repens
623:), water oak (
613:
610:
605:M. grandiflora
588:M. grandiflora
546:M. grandiflora
542:
539:
371:M. grandiflora
362:
359:
355:M. grandiflora
314:, and west to
302:native to the
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2260:
2258:0-88192-446-6
2254:
2250:
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2241:
2239:0-88192-236-6
2235:
2231:
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2214:
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2203:
2200:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2152:
2148:
2145:Wolfe, Judy.
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2128:0-02-557920-7
2124:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2105:
2103:
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2036:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1945:0-02-860995-6
1941:
1937:
1932:
1931:
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1712:
1709:
1705:
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1697:
1692:
1689:
1677:. Efloras.org
1676:
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1337:
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1237:
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1226:
1219:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1168:
1163:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1139:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1103:
1100:Bark on trunk
1096:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
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1027:
1023:
1016:
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984:
981:
977:
974:
973:
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965:
961:
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952:
949:
945:
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936:
935:
930:
929:
923:
919:
917:
912:
906:
903:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
880:
876:
875:The Hermitage
872:
868:
863:
861:
860:South America
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
763:
761:
759:
752:by G.D. Ehret
751:
746:
740:
735:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:
707:M. virginiana
703:
699:
691:
689:
686:
678:
671:
669:
667:
666:Great Britain
663:
662:British Isles
658:
656:
652:
651:
646:
640:
638:
634:
633:
628:
627:
626:Quercus nigra
622:
621:
611:
606:
602:
598:
596:
595:
589:
585:
583:
582:Pierre Magnol
579:
578:
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547:
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258:
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215:Binomial name
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120:Tracheophytes
118:
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112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
87:
81:
67:
61:
56:
55:Least Concern
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2303:
2282:
2274:
2248:
2229:
2202:
2184:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2153:. Leaf Group
2150:
2112:
2078:
2046:
2023:
2003:
1997:
1988:
1968:
1929:
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:
1869:. Retrieved
1858:
1847:, retrieved
1833:
1823:
1814:
1808:
1777:
1771:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1699:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1669:
1649:
1642:
1622:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1586:
1576:
1544:
1534:
1522:. Retrieved
1517:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1445:
1426:
1414:. Retrieved
1410:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1364:. Retrieved
1360:
1351:
1339:. Retrieved
1330:
1320:November 19,
1318:. Retrieved
1304:
1298:
1292:
1284:
1211:Mature fruit
1197:
1086:Lakeland, FL
1066:
1050:parthenolide
1021:
1020:
1004:
967:
958:
932:
926:
924:
920:
915:
907:
890:Howard Baker
864:
847:
846:
801:
768:
767:
755:
749:
719:
705:
701:
698:Mark Catesby
695:
684:
683:
659:
648:
641:
630:
624:
618:
615:
604:
592:
587:
586:
575:
571:
567:
557:
554:10th edition
545:
544:
516:
484:polyfollicle
481:
453:
376:
375:
370:
354:
348:
300:Magnoliaceae
295:
291:
286:
285:
284:
272:
264:
256:
223:
221:
205:
204:
188:
176:
166:Magnoliaceae
139:
126:
113:
18:
2578:NatureServe
2500:iNaturalist
2328:Wikispecies
2222:Cited texts
1593:January 12,
1524:November 5,
1058:santamarine
1046:costunolide
871:White House
810:Connecticut
778:New Orleans
570:"big", and
535:Baton Rouge
531:Mississippi
387:shape. The
361:Description
351:subtropical
310:to central
156:Magnoliales
133:Angiosperms
80:NatureServe
2763:Categories
2681:kew-117615
2676:Plant List
2375:Calflora:
2157:August 23,
1849:October 4,
1511:"Magnolia"
1276:References
1268:Ithaca, NY
1238:: Magnolia
1124:From below
980:indumentum
824:region in
806:New Jersey
758:espaliered
748:Catesby's
459:citronella
449:pubescence
316:East Texas
146:Magnoliids
2453:200008470
2440:200008470
1751:March 22,
1726:March 22,
1483:March 11,
1416:March 11,
1391:March 11,
1366:March 11,
1038:coumarins
1017:Chemistry
955:Cultivars
948:heartwood
918:species.
879:$ 20 bill
834:cultivars
716:Louisiana
645:live oaks
461:-scented
385:pyramidal
381:evergreen
200:Species:
189:Magnolia
184:Section:
103:Kingdom:
2779:Magnolia
2733:19300008
2728:Tropicos
2583:2.146090
2531:10244017
2518:554723-1
2313:Wikidata
2196:11250251
1542:(1758).
1062:reynosin
1030:honokiol
1026:Magnolol
916:Magnolia
830:Virginia
826:Maryland
818:Delaware
728:layering
637:habitats
577:Magnolia
550:Linnaeus
541:Taxonomy
308:Virginia
296:bull bay
276:(L)Sarg.
248:Synonyms
193:Magnolia
177:Magnolia
162:Family:
60:IUCN 3.1
2565:MoBotPF
2466:3153283
2404:1154991
2319:Q161116
1902:May 12,
1871:May 12,
1550:Holmiae
1071:Gallery
944:sapwood
911:foliage
774:Houston
672:Ecology
580:honors
568:grandis
556:of his
552:in the
509:⁄
495:⁄
474:⁄
463:flowers
442:⁄
428:⁄
414:⁄
400:⁄
341:⁄
327:⁄
312:Florida
306:, from
260:Millais
172:Genus:
152:Order:
107:Plantae
78: (
76:Secure
58: (
2689:PLANTS
2645:622553
2632:127100
2603:NZOR:
2570:282515
2557:193948
2427:maggra
2424:FEIS:
2368:216080
2342:AoFP:
2255:
2236:
2193:
2151:Hunker
2125:
2054:
2011:
1976:
1942:
1840:
1784:
1681:May 1,
1657:
1630:
1453:
1341:May 3,
1060:, and
1032:, and
939:Lumber
883:Reagan
858:, and
852:Mexico
816:, and
796:; and
739:Nantes
724:Exeter
566:words
389:leaves
2720:10699
2694:MAGR4
2665:PFI:
2614:NZPCN
2544:18074
2526:IRMNG
2505:83074
2487:IFPNI
2479:23108
2417:MAGGR
2391:3XHB5
2352:APA:
2190:INIST
1867:. CNN
1514:(PDF)
607:fruit
572:flor-
564:Latin
529:, in
456:lemon
191:sect.
140:Clade
127:Clade
114:Clade
2702:POWO
2668:1260
2653:PfaF
2619:4245
2596:3406
2591:NCBI
2552:IUCN
2539:ITIS
2513:IPNI
2474:GRIN
2461:GBIF
2412:EPPO
2378:9363
2363:APNI
2355:2597
2345:3766
2253:ISBN
2234:ISBN
2159:2019
2123:ISBN
2052:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1974:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1904:2018
1873:2018
1851:2023
1838:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1753:2024
1728:2024
1683:2022
1655:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1595:2010
1526:2009
1485:2021
1451:ISBN
1418:2021
1393:2021
1368:2021
1343:2021
1322:2021
1305:2014
1040:and
840:and
2741:WFO
2715:RHS
2448:FoC
2435:FNA
2399:EoL
2386:CoL
2209:doi
2174:doi
1936:537
1766:LA.
1309:doi
714:in
294:or
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