6462:
1554:. The degree of mutual intelligibility is high between geographically adjacent dialects (such as local dialects spoken in Eastern Morocco and Western Algeria or Eastern Algeria and North Tunisia or South Tunisia and Western Libya), but lower between dialects that are further apart, e.g. between Moroccan and Tunisian Darija. Conversely, Moroccan Darija and particularly Algerian Derja cannot be easily understood by Eastern Arabic speakers (from Egypt, Sudan, Levant, Iraq, and Arabian peninsula) in general.
1938:
1920:
1902:
1884:
1866:
1848:
4368:
6474:
1623:, although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In Algeria, where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks in the dialect exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the Algerian authorities. Maghrebi Arabic has a mostly
1538:. Sources estimate that around 1 million Arabs migrated to the Maghreb in the 11th century. Their impact was profound and reshaped the demographic situation and living conditions across the Maghreb. They played a major role in spreading Bedouin Arabic to rural areas such as the countryside and steppes, and as far as the southern areas near the
1557:
Maghrebi Arabic continues to evolve by integrating new French or
English words, notably in technical fields, or by replacing old French and Italian/Spanish ones with Modern Standard Arabic words within some circles; more educated and upper-class people who code-switch between Maghrebi Arabic and
1745:
them according to the rules of their dialects with some exceptions (like passive voice for example). As it is not always written, there is no standard and it is free to change quickly and to pick up new vocabulary from neighboring languages. This is comparable to the evolution of
1670:
that are common in northern
Moroccan dialects, and probably the loss of gender in the second person singular of personal pronouns verbs, for example in Andalusian Arabic. The lexicon contains many loanwords from Latin, e.g. Moroccan/Algerian/Tunisian
1514:
was widespread in cities where both Arabs and
Berbers lived, as well as Arab centers and surrounding rural areas. Nevertheless, the Arabization process in the countryside remained gradual until the Hilalian invasions of the 11th century.
1471:. The Pre-Hilalian varieties were largely bedouinized by the Hilalian migrations in the 11th century, producing hybrid varieties that combined both pre-Hilalian and Hilalian features. This led to the choice of Banu Hilal's Arabic as the
1494:
conquests of the 7th and 8th centuries, during which about 150,000 Arabs settled in the
Maghreb. As Arab-led forces established settlements in a triangle encompassing Roman towns and cities such as
1741:
Maghrebi Arabic speakers frequently borrow words from French (in
Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Spanish (in northern Morocco and northwestern Algerian) and Italian (in Libya and Tunisia) and
478:
loanwords, which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of
Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic. Maghrebi Arabic was formerly spoken in
5568:
1634:
loanwords, which represent 2–3% of the vocabulary of Libyan Arabic, 8–9% of
Algerian and Tunisian Arabic, and 10–15% of Moroccan Arabic. The dialect may also possess a
6242:
4404:
2773:
4972:
4929:
4904:
5561:
4962:
4947:
2824:
5678:
5650:
4957:
2685:
2634:
2580:
2525:
2354:
2327:
2300:
2273:
2248:
2194:
2077:
1259:
4992:
4987:
1225:
963:
5636:
3367:
2483:
2108:
1325:
An n- prefix is added to the first person in some verb forms, which distinguishes maghrebi arabic from all other varieties of Arabic.
1615:) is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb. Maghrebi Arabic is mainly a
6235:
5967:
5554:
5768:
5754:
4919:
1090:
995:
6504:
4924:
4914:
4397:
4014:
931:
5187:
3541:
2807:
1998:
1964:
1440:
1430:
1033:
1403:
In contrast, the colloquial dialects of more eastern Arab countries, such as Egypt, Jordan and Sudan, are usually known as
4909:
4819:
3989:
2766:
895:
6509:
6228:
5628:
4982:
4967:
3306:
2857:
1444:
227:
6514:
6388:
6191:
5932:
5490:
4977:
4686:
1157:
1049:
576:
1384:
to refer to the
Mashriqi Arabic varieties directly as languages. For instance, Algerian Arabic would be referred as
6452:
5712:
4840:
4833:
4390:
3950:
3429:
2731:
Singer, Hans-Rudolf (1980) “Das
Westarabische oder Maghribinische” in Wolfdietrich Fischer and Otto Jastrow (eds.)
1558:
Modern
Standard Arabic have more French and Italian/Spanish loanwords, especially the latter came from the time of
1243:
1017:
947:
621:
6063:
5939:
6499:
6428:
5899:
5406:
5198:
4793:
4769:
4756:
4492:
4472:
4437:
3703:
3693:
3670:
1011:
136:
6494:
6013:
5856:
4896:
4371:
4279:
3761:
2759:
2667:
2507:
818:
768:
658:
583:
5788:
5240:
5177:
4787:
4442:
3828:
3526:
3469:
2872:
1742:
1635:
1141:
1074:
859:
802:
502:
that ultimately originates from Tunisia, as it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics.
463:
194:
5699:
4878:
6363:
6312:
6040:
5816:
5809:
5795:
5740:
5613:
4618:
4455:
4432:
4427:
3634:
3594:
3519:
3514:
3278:
2814:
1937:
1919:
1901:
1883:
1865:
1847:
1605:
1592:
1135:
615:
602:
596:
570:
565:
516:
425:
393:
131:
6302:
6271:
6143:
5960:
5803:
5719:
5705:
5534:
5137:
4862:
4545:
4531:
4517:
4360:
4193:
4145:
3955:
3937:
3930:
3920:
3915:
3907:
3727:
3462:
3434:
3424:
3228:
2852:
1715:
1699:
1186:
877:
724:
706:
121:
5203:
6307:
6003:
5998:
5874:
5461:
4596:
4096:
3856:
3776:
3256:
1573:
678:
1483:, gave rise to the modern Arabic varieties in the Maghreb spoken by the vast majority of Maghrebis.
6403:
6157:
5684:
5475:
5144:
5087:
5015:
5001:
4872:
4667:
4628:
4155:
3965:
3838:
3661:
3212:
3126:
2404:
1778:
1768:
435:
405:
6021:
4323:
4009:
3925:
3722:
3647:
2703:
2543:
2447:
1570:
1567:
1487:
1368:. It refers to any of the varieties of colloquial Maghrebi Arabic. Although it is also common in
693:
5318:
5208:
1435:
Maghrebi Arabic can be divided into two lineages in North Africa. One originates from the urban
1376:
to refer to the Maghrebi Arabic varieties directly as languages, similarly it is also common in
6287:
6199:
6171:
6149:
6096:
6048:
5993:
5732:
5447:
5272:
5151:
5024:
4849:
4807:
4672:
4465:
4413:
4070:
3823:
3743:
3683:
3446:
3353:
3338:
3249:
2911:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2681:
2630:
2576:
2521:
2479:
2350:
2323:
2317:
2296:
2290:
2269:
2244:
2190:
2114:
2104:
2073:
2067:
1994:
1960:
1954:
1624:
1551:
1491:
1468:
1106:
1066:
979:
853:
784:
683:
663:
483:
467:
222:
126:
2473:
2238:
2184:
2094:
1988:
1662:
period. in morphology, this substratum is considered the origin of the plural noun morphemes
6478:
6353:
6348:
6297:
6292:
6266:
6114:
6109:
6086:
6076:
5988:
5980:
5953:
5946:
5926:
5847:
5830:
5618:
5608:
5527:
5482:
5468:
5301:
5260:
5223:
5128:
5114:
5080:
5050:
5031:
4826:
4800:
4775:
4751:
4725:
4718:
4658:
4641:
4613:
4589:
4481:
4233:
4091:
3889:
3870:
3833:
3712:
3642:
3585:
3570:
3497:
3343:
3328:
3273:
3235:
2939:
2882:
2842:
2691:
2673:
2648:
2622:
2594:
2531:
2513:
2439:
2383:
2130:
1659:
1631:
1581:
1476:
673:
653:
648:
495:
475:
459:
316:
296:
203:
189:
6398:
6358:
6209:
6184:
6104:
6081:
6026:
5918:
5911:
5884:
5869:
5864:
5823:
5774:
5760:
5663:
5656:
5642:
5495:
5401:
5375:
5306:
5218:
5158:
5066:
5059:
5043:
5037:
4884:
4780:
4636:
4274:
4203:
4140:
4134:
4003:
3878:
3818:
3678:
3622:
3607:
3602:
3575:
3565:
3509:
3482:
3457:
3392:
3386:
3372:
3358:
3315:
2897:
2887:
2867:
2802:
2715:
2640:
2586:
2555:
2122:
1773:
1751:
1678:
1655:
1616:
1610:
1596:
1507:
1345:
1176:
700:
668:
487:
451:
447:
443:
411:
384:
356:
326:
286:
276:
245:
209:
184:
174:
169:
113:
93:
2677:
2517:
2214:
2371:
6408:
6383:
6163:
6071:
5781:
5455:
5411:
5381:
5364:
5358:
5265:
5213:
5094:
4934:
4762:
4354:
4284:
4218:
4123:
3897:
3786:
3781:
3766:
3751:
3717:
3502:
2877:
2819:
1763:
1747:
1639:
1519:
1480:
1448:
753:
336:
249:
238:
89:
31:
3101:
3011:
2984:
371:
6488:
6466:
6423:
6343:
6333:
6204:
6053:
5889:
5746:
5391:
5386:
5310:
5072:
4652:
4316:
4311:
4297:
4243:
4178:
4160:
4046:
4031:
4025:
3994:
3813:
3808:
3793:
3756:
3617:
3612:
3536:
3492:
3348:
3322:
3063:
3054:
2847:
2834:
2451:
1472:
491:
455:
346:
306:
199:
179:
6433:
6317:
5879:
5691:
5670:
5334:
4289:
4248:
4188:
4168:
4128:
4041:
4036:
3803:
3798:
3688:
3411:
3397:
3189:
3171:
2964:
1319:
836:
4113:
2344:
6368:
4891:
4711:
4183:
4075:
4019:
3771:
3180:
2932:
1707:
1685:
1531:
1527:
1511:
1460:
1215:
560:
548:
538:
6473:
3083:
3029:
6393:
6373:
4573:
4524:
3333:
3242:
2618:
2118:
2044:
1930:
1912:
1894:
1876:
1858:
1840:
1723:
1691:
1620:
1559:
1523:
1456:
634:
610:
553:
543:
479:
429:
2475:
Diglossia and Language Contact: Language Variation and Change in North Africa
6177:
4538:
4238:
2738:
2695:
2652:
2598:
2590:
2535:
2443:
2240:
Multiculturalism and Democracy in North Africa: Aftermath of the Arab Spring
2134:
2126:
2100:
2022:
1503:
1286:
Old Hijazi /ɮˤ/ and /ðˤ/ merged with each other in all varieties of arabic.
925:
920:
758:
591:
364:
262:
42:
35:
5546:
2644:
4114:
3199:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3099:
3091:
3081:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3027:
3019:
3009:
3001:
2992:
2982:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2626:
2570:
1925:
1907:
1889:
1871:
1853:
1835:
1322:, with the exception of the adverbial accusative, which was unproductive.
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
301:
291:
281:
271:
6418:
5255:
5121:
4580:
4566:
4552:
4223:
4213:
4106:
2916:
2388:
1315:
486:
until the 17th and 13th centuries, respectively, in the extinct forms of
46:
2046:
Du Punique au Maghribi :Trajectoires d'une langue sémito-méditerranéenne
17:
6120:
5578:
5297:
4732:
4695:
4559:
4258:
2922:
1535:
1499:
1495:
1452:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1306:أشكون (*ʔaškōn) < أَيُّ شَيْء كَوْن (*ʔēš *kōn < ʔayy šayʔ kawn)
439:
79:
6220:
6413:
6338:
6252:
5593:
5501:
4501:
4173:
4101:
3153:
2797:
2782:
1943:(Additional references under 'Language codes' in the information box)
1627:
1539:
1522:
varieties that were introduced to the Maghreb in the 11th century by
499:
471:
432:
141:
4382:
2427:
4253:
4208:
4198:
3117:
3072:
3045:
3018:
2991:
2955:
2927:
2751:
2186:
The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation (RLE: the Arab Nation)
1651:
1486:
The Arabic language was spread across North Africa throughout the
1464:
1436:
1377:
1294:
Maghrebi regionalisms are mostly reduced forms of arabic phrases.
515:
The common ancestor of Maghrebi Arabic had the same phonology as
4228:
3198:
3144:
3135:
3108:
3090:
3036:
3000:
1577:
6224:
5550:
4386:
2755:
2742:
2405:"Substrat et convergences: Le berbère et l'arabe nord-africain"
3162:
2973:
1352:) means "everyday/colloquial dialect"; it is also rendered as
498:
is believed to have its source in a language spoken in Muslim
1588:
Relationship with Modern Standard Arabic and Berber languages
1405:
1354:
2027:
Journal of International Science and General Applications
474:
vocabulary, although it contains a significant amount of
2572:
A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Andalusi Arabic
1728:
1417:), though Egyptians may also refer to their dialects as
424:, meaning 'common/everyday ') to differentiate it from
6450:
2615:
Grammatik der arabischen Mundart der Medina von Tunis
1712:
1696:
1672:
1392:(Tunisian), and Egyptian Arabic would be referred as
466:
Arabic dialects. Maghrebi Arabic has a predominantly
41:"Darja" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see
2316:
Mountjoy, Alan B.; Embleton, Clifford (2023-12-01).
1956:
A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: (Arab.-Engl.)
1300:ذَرْوَكْت (*ḏarwakt) < ذَا اَلوَقْت (ḏā al-waqt)
398:
212:
6326:
6280:
6259:
6136:
6095:
6062:
6039:
6012:
5979:
5898:
5855:
5846:
5731:
5627:
5601:
5592:
5585:
5446:
5347:
5288:
5281:
5248:
5239:
5232:
5185:
5176:
5106:
5014:
4861:
4742:
4703:
4694:
4685:
4627:
4606:
4509:
4500:
4491:
4453:
4420:
4332:
4267:
4154:
4084:
4063:
3988:
3906:
3888:
3849:
3742:
3702:
3669:
3660:
3633:
3593:
3584:
3558:
3445:
3305:
3296:
3287:
3266:
3220:
3211:
2948:
2833:
2790:
2292:
Race and Nation: Ethnic Systems in the Modern World
1658:that was used as an urban lingua franca during the
1475:of the Maghreb. This variety, with influences from
362:
260:
255:
235:
163:
110:
100:
85:
75:
54:
2409:Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí
2093:Borg, Albert; Azzopardi-Alexander, Marie (2013).
2023:"Maghrebi Arabic dialect processing: an overview"
1990:A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Moroccan-English
1654:substratum, which may have been derived from the
2370:Zaidan, Omar F.; Callison-Burch, Chris (2014).
27:Family of Arabic dialects spoken in the Maghreb
2343:Hareir, Idris El; Mbaye, Ravane (2011-01-01).
2038:
2036:
6236:
5562:
4398:
2767:
1443:in the 7th and 8th centuries, referred to as
8:
2268:. Georgetown University Press. p. 106.
2069:The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews
1412:
1265:
1249:
1231:
1192:
1163:
1147:
1122:
1112:
1096:
1080:
1055:
1039:
1023:
1001:
985:
969:
953:
937:
901:
883:
865:
842:
824:
808:
790:
774:
730:
712:
67:
1993:. Georgetown University Press. p. 18.
6243:
6229:
6221:
5852:
5598:
5589:
5569:
5555:
5547:
5285:
5245:
5236:
5182:
4700:
4691:
4506:
4497:
4405:
4391:
4383:
3666:
3590:
3302:
3293:
3217:
2774:
2760:
2752:
2739:
2478:. Cambridge University Press. p. 26.
2221:. Berlin: University of Michigan: 213–223.
1689:(this could also be borrowed from Spanish
1467:in the 11th and 12th centuries, termed as
51:
2569:Corriente, Federico (29 September 2012).
2430:Le maghribi, langue trois fois millénaire
2387:
1959:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 319.
45:. For the Romanian village of Dârja, see
2432:de Elimam, Abdou (Éd. ANEP, Alger 1997)"
2346:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World
1550:The varieties of Maghrebi Arabic form a
639:
521:
6457:
2735:. Otto Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden. 249–76.
1828:
1790:
410:'Western Arabic' as opposed to
2711:
2701:
2551:
2541:
2072:. State University of New York Press.
2232:
2230:
2228:
2208:
2206:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2157:A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic
645:
162:
96:by other ethnic groups in the Maghreb
7:
2617:(in German). Berlin, New York City:
2061:
2059:
2021:Harrat, Salima (18 September 2018).
1816:, depending on the region's dialect.
1673:
1650:Additionally, Maghrebi Arabic has a
1518:Maghrebi Arabic originates from the
1314:Proto-Maghrebi had already lost all
1600:
1441:Arab Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
1413:
1349:
1266:
1250:
1232:
1193:
1164:
1148:
1123:
1113:
1097:
1081:
1056:
1040:
1024:
1002:
986:
970:
954:
938:
902:
884:
866:
843:
825:
809:
791:
775:
731:
713:
421:
388:
68:
5533:Languages between parentheses are
4359:Languages between parentheses are
2678:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0002
2518:10.1093/OSO/9780198701378.003.0002
1530:, who effectively accelerated the
1396:(Egyptian) and Lebanese Arabic as
1388:(Algerian) and Tunisian Arabic as
25:
2295:. Psychology Press. p. 135.
1737:Relationship with other languages
1258:
1242:
1224:
1185:
1156:
1140:
1134:
1105:
1089:
1073:
1048:
1032:
1016:
1010:
994:
978:
962:
946:
930:
894:
876:
858:
835:
817:
801:
783:
767:
723:
705:
641:Proto-Maghrebi Arabic consonants
620:
582:
575:
6472:
6460:
4367:
4366:
2733:Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte
2264:Bateson, Mary Catherine (1967).
1936:
1918:
1900:
1882:
1864:
1846:
2669:The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic
2613:Singer, Hans R. (1 June 1984).
2509:The Maghrebi dialects of Arabic
2372:"Arabic Dialect Identification"
1987:Harrell, Richard Slade (2004).
5537:of the language on their left.
4363:of the language on their left.
1431:Arab migrations to the Maghreb
519:, with a few key differences.
1:
2165:Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic
523:Proto-Maghrebi Arabic vowels
2858:Ancient South Arabian script
2825:Influence on other languages
2319:Africa: A Geographical Study
2163:Harrell, Richard S. (1966).
1729:
1679:
1584:and Modern Standard Arabic.
1562:. Maghrebi dialects all use
1451:varieties brought in by the
1406:
1355:
6389:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
4115:
3200:
3191:
3182:
3173:
3164:
3155:
3146:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3100:
3092:
3082:
3074:
3065:
3056:
3047:
3038:
3028:
3020:
3010:
3002:
2993:
2983:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2898:
2237:Ennaji, Moha (2014-04-16).
2066:Wexler, Paul (2012-02-01).
1611:
1580:, distinguishing them from
1447:. The other stems from the
399:
106:88 million (2020–2022)
6531:
2426:Benramdane, Farid (1998).
2403:Tilmatine, Mohand (1999).
2289:Spickard, Paul R. (2005).
1714:
1713:
1698:
1697:
1428:
412:Eastern or Mashriqi Arabic
40:
29:
5519:
4346:
4339:Islam and Arabic language
2749:
2744:Links to related articles
2376:Computational Linguistics
2243:. Routledge. p. 46.
2189:. Routledge. p. 73.
1683:, 'hatchet' from
1214:
1175:
1133:
1009:
919:
752:
699:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
637:diphtongs /ay/ and /aw/.
619:
614:
569:
564:
532:
529:
527:
66:
59:
5530:or historical languages.
4280:Arabic script in Unicode
4015:Jordanian Bengali Pidgin
3375:(North-Eastern Tunisian)
2322:. Taylor & Francis.
2266:Arabic Language Handbook
1630:vocabulary. It contains
3542:Western Egyptian Bedawi
2444:10.4000/insaniyat.12102
2349:. UNESCO. p. 409.
2213:Heath, Jeffrey (2020).
1721:, 'chick' from
1705:, 'snail' from
1534:of a great part of the
400:al-lahja l-maghāribiyya
6505:Languages of Gibraltar
6429:Southern Italian Koiné
6364:Judeo-Arabic languages
6313:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
6281:Contemporary languages
5643:North-Eastern Tunisian
2666:Aguadé, Jorge (2018).
2506:Aguadé, Jorge (2018).
2472:Sayahi, Lotfi (2014).
2219:Language Science Press
2043:Elimam, Abdou (2009).
1722:
1706:
1690:
1684:
1593:Modern Standard Arabic
1439:and dates back to the
517:Modern Standard Arabic
389:الْلهجَة الْمَغاربِيَة
60:Darija, Western Arabic
6303:Italian Sign Language
6272:Italian Sign Language
4820:Christian Palestinian
4532:Ancient North Arabian
4146:Quranic Arabic Corpus
2853:Ancient North Arabian
2627:10.1515/9783110834703
506:Proto-Maghrebi Arabic
228:Pre-Hilalian dialects
218:Dialectal continuums:
6327:Historical languages
5933:Eastern Middle Atlas
4920:Koy Sanjaq Christian
4597:Pre-classical Arabic
4097:Sun and moon letters
3257:Pre-classical Arabic
2575:. pp. 142–143.
2389:10.1162/COLI_a_00169
2183:Duri, A. A. (2012).
2052:. Synergies Tunisie.
1510:began to take form.
62:North African Arabic
30:For the people, see
6510:Languages of Sicily
5782:Central and Saharan
4763:Ashurian and Hatran
3951:Judeo-Tripolitanian
3430:Judeo-Tripolitanian
2155:Wehr, Hans (2011).
1953:Wehr, Hans (1979).
1779:Languages of Africa
1769:Varieties of Arabic
1445:Pre-Hilalian Arabic
642:
524:
6515:Languages of Spain
6260:Official languages
4834:Jewish Palestinian
4324:MacArabic encoding
1621:vernacular dialect
1582:Levantine dialects
1425:History and origin
640:
522:
442:. It includes the
414:), often known as
6448:
6447:
6442:
6441:
6218:
6217:
6200:Vandalic language
6132:
6131:
6035:
6034:
5842:
5841:
5577:Languages of the
5544:
5543:
5515:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5172:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5010:
5009:
4973:Koy Sanjaq Jewish
4770:Jewish Babylonian
4681:
4680:
4414:Semitic languages
4380:
4379:
4355:extinct languages
4294:MS-DOS codepages
4059:
4058:
4055:
4054:
3738:
3737:
3656:
3655:
3554:
3553:
3250:Old Hijazi Arabic
2687:978-0-19-870137-8
2636:978-3-11-003435-6
2582:978-90-04-22742-2
2527:978-0-19-870137-8
2356:978-92-3-104153-2
2329:978-1-003-83813-5
2302:978-0-415-95002-2
2275:978-0-87840-386-8
2250:978-1-317-81362-0
2215:"Moroccan Arabic"
2196:978-0-415-62286-8
2079:978-1-4384-2393-7
1934:(27th ed., 2024)
1916:(27th ed., 2024)
1898:(27th ed., 2024)
1880:(27th ed., 2024)
1862:(27th ed., 2024)
1844:(27th ed., 2024)
1609:
1552:dialect continuum
1281:
1280:
628:
627:
436:dialect continuum
409:
397:
378:
377:
223:Hilalian dialects
92:, also used as a
69:اللهجات المغاربية
16:(Redirected from
6522:
6500:Arabic languages
6477:
6476:
6465:
6464:
6463:
6456:
6349:Berber languages
6298:Regional Italian
6245:
6238:
6231:
6222:
6194:
6187:
6180:
6166:
6152:
6123:
5970:
5968:Western Algerian
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5940:Northern Saharan
5935:
5921:
5914:
5853:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5817:Eastern Moroccan
5812:
5810:Western Moroccan
5798:
5796:Western Algerian
5791:
5789:Eastern Algerian
5784:
5777:
5763:
5749:
5722:
5715:
5708:
5694:
5687:
5673:
5666:
5659:
5645:
5599:
5590:
5571:
5564:
5557:
5548:
5286:
5246:
5237:
5183:
5051:northern dialect
4726:Biblical Aramaic
4719:Imperial Aramaic
4701:
4692:
4590:Nabataean Arabic
4507:
4498:
4473:Canaano-Akkadian
4407:
4400:
4393:
4384:
4370:
4369:
4118:
3667:
3591:
3527:Western Algerian
3474:Eastern Algerian
3470:Algerian Saharan
3400:(Lesser Kabylia)
3303:
3294:
3236:Nabataean Arabic
3218:
3203:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3105:
3095:
3087:
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3041:
3033:
3023:
3015:
3005:
2996:
2988:
2978:
2969:
2960:
2940:Maltese alphabet
2903:
2883:Algerian Braille
2873:Eastern numerals
2843:Nabataean script
2776:
2769:
2762:
2753:
2740:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2707:
2699:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2539:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2234:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2201:
2200:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2103:. p. xiii.
2090:
2084:
2083:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1923:
1922:
1905:
1904:
1887:
1886:
1872:Hassaniya Arabic
1869:
1868:
1851:
1850:
1833:
1817:
1795:
1732:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1660:Byzantine Empire
1646:Latin substratum
1614:
1604:
1602:
1477:Berber languages
1419:el-logha d-darga
1416:
1415:
1409:
1358:
1351:
1318:and most of the
1271:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1005:
1004:
998:
991:
989:
988:
982:
975:
973:
972:
966:
959:
957:
956:
950:
943:
941:
940:
934:
907:
905:
904:
898:
889:
887:
886:
880:
871:
869:
868:
862:
848:
846:
845:
839:
830:
828:
827:
821:
814:
812:
811:
805:
796:
794:
793:
787:
780:
778:
777:
771:
736:
734:
733:
727:
718:
716:
715:
709:
643:
624:
617:
604:
598:
586:
579:
572:
567:
525:
496:Maltese language
423:
404:
402:
392:
390:
374:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
304:
297:Hassaniya Arabic
294:
284:
274:
265:
241:
214:
190:Hassaniya Arabic
116:
71:
70:
52:
21:
6530:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6495:Maghrebi Arabic
6485:
6484:
6483:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6451:
6449:
6444:
6443:
6438:
6379:Maghrebi Arabic
6322:
6276:
6255:
6249:
6219:
6214:
6210:Ottoman Turkish
6190:
6185:African Romance
6183:
6176:
6162:
6148:
6128:
6119:
6091:
6058:
6031:
6008:
5975:
5966:
5961:Tunisian-Zuwara
5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5917:
5910:
5894:
5838:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5808:
5794:
5787:
5780:
5773:
5759:
5745:
5727:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5690:
5683:
5679:Western Village
5669:
5662:
5655:
5651:Eastern Village
5641:
5623:
5614:Modern Standard
5581:
5575:
5545:
5540:
5507:
5434:
5343:
5290:
5277:
5228:
5189:
5164:
5102:
5006:
4948:Urmia Christian
4864:
4857:
4744:
4738:
4677:
4637:Egyptian Arabic
4623:
4619:Modern Standard
4602:
4487:
4449:
4416:
4411:
4381:
4376:
4342:
4328:
4275:Arabic keyboard
4263:
4158:
4150:
4135:Mater lectionis
4129:Triliteral root
4080:
4051:
3992:
3984:
3902:
3884:
3845:
3734:
3698:
3652:
3629:
3580:
3550:
3441:
3421:Judeo-Maghrebi
3289:
3283:
3279:Modern Standard
3262:
3207:
2944:
2888:Maltese Braille
2868:Arabic numerals
2829:
2786:
2780:
2745:
2728:
2726:Further reading
2723:
2710:
2700:
2688:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2637:
2621:. p. 129.
2612:
2610:
2606:
2583:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2550:
2540:
2528:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2111:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1926:Moroccan Arabic
1924:
1917:
1906:
1899:
1888:
1881:
1870:
1863:
1854:Andalusi Arabic
1852:
1845:
1836:Algerian Arabic
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1774:Moroccan Arabic
1760:
1752:Norman conquest
1739:
1727:through Berber
1656:African Romance
1648:
1590:
1548:
1546:Characteristics
1508:Moroccan Arabic
1469:Hilalian Arabic
1455:Arab tribes of
1433:
1427:
1331:
1312:
1292:
1263:
1247:
1229:
1190:
1161:
1145:
1120:
1110:
1094:
1078:
1053:
1037:
1021:
999:
983:
967:
951:
935:
899:
881:
863:
840:
822:
806:
788:
772:
728:
710:
513:
508:
488:Andalusi Arabic
426:Literary Arabic
381:Maghrebi Arabic
370:
357:Tunisian Arabic
350:
349:
340:
339:
330:
329:
327:Moroccan Arabic
320:
319:
310:
309:
300:
299:
290:
289:
287:Andalusi Arabic
280:
279:
277:Algerian Arabic
270:
269:
261:
246:Arabic alphabet
242:
237:
210:Andalusi Arabic
185:Tunisian Arabic
175:Moroccan Arabic
170:Algerian Arabic
159:
147:Maghrebi Arabic
137:Central Semitic
117:
114:Language family
112:
103:
102:Native speakers
94:second language
61:
55:Maghrebi Arabic
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6528:
6526:
6518:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6487:
6486:
6482:
6481:
6469:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6384:Medieval Greek
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6284:
6282:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6269:
6263:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6240:
6233:
6225:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6155:
6154:
6153:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6112:
6107:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6068:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6045:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6018:
6016:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5985:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5915:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5861:
5859:
5850:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5834:
5827:
5824:Moroccan koiné
5820:
5813:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5785:
5778:
5775:Algerian koiné
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:Tunisian koiné
5752:
5751:
5750:
5737:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5716:
5709:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5688:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:Lesser Kabylia
5667:
5660:
5648:
5647:
5646:
5633:
5631:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5605:
5603:
5596:
5587:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5551:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5531:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5487:
5486:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5404:
5399:
5398:
5397:
5384:
5379:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5252:
5250:
5243:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5155:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5125:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5084:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4894:
4889:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4869:
4867:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4811:
4804:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4766:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4733:Middle Aramaic
4729:
4722:
4715:
4707:
4705:
4698:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4644:
4639:
4633:
4631:
4629:Dialect groups
4625:
4624:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4610:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4528:
4521:
4513:
4511:
4504:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4461:
4459:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4387:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4364:
4357:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4300:
4292:
4287:
4285:ISO/IEC 8859-6
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4219:Naskh (script)
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
3999:
3997:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:Judeo-Tunisian
3953:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3938:Judeo-Moroccan
3935:
3934:
3933:
3923:
3921:Judeo-Egyptian
3918:
3916:Judeo-Algerian
3912:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3898:Bedouin Arabic
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3510:Moroccan koiné
3507:
3506:
3505:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3483:Tunisian koiné
3479:Eastern Hilal
3477:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3463:Judeo-Algerian
3458:Algerian koiné
3454:Central Hilal
3451:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3435:Judeo-Tunisian
3432:
3427:
3425:Judeo-Moroccan
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3395:
3390:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3319:
3311:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3196:
3187:
3178:
3169:
3160:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3034:
3025:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Arabic Braille
2875:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2712:|journal=
2686:
2672:. p. 35.
2658:
2635:
2604:
2581:
2561:
2552:|journal=
2526:
2512:. p. 34.
2498:
2485:978-0521119368
2484:
2464:
2438:(6): 129–130.
2418:
2395:
2382:(1): 171–202.
2362:
2355:
2335:
2328:
2308:
2301:
2281:
2274:
2256:
2249:
2224:
2202:
2195:
2170:
2147:
2110:978-1136855283
2109:
2085:
2078:
2055:
2032:
2013:
1999:
1979:
1965:
1945:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:Maghrebi Arabs
1759:
1756:
1748:Middle English
1738:
1735:
1647:
1644:
1589:
1586:
1547:
1544:
1520:Bedouin Arabic
1449:Bedouin Arabic
1429:Main article:
1426:
1423:
1330:
1327:
1311:
1308:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1256:
1240:
1238:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1154:
1132:
1130:
1103:
1087:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1046:
1030:
1008:
992:
976:
960:
944:
928:
923:
917:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
892:
890:
874:
872:
856:
850:
849:
833:
831:
815:
799:
797:
781:
765:
763:
761:
756:
750:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
721:
719:
703:
697:
696:
691:
687:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
659:Denti-alveolar
656:
651:
646:
626:
625:
618:
613:
607:
606:
600:
594:
588:
587:
580:
573:
568:
563:
557:
556:
551:
546:
541:
535:
534:
531:
528:
512:
509:
507:
504:
438:spoken in the
376:
375:
368:
360:
359:
337:Saharan Arabic
266:
258:
257:
256:Language codes
253:
252:
250:Latin alphabet
243:
239:Writing system
236:
233:
232:
231:
230:
225:
220:
215:
207:
197:
195:Saharan Arabic
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
165:
161:
160:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
120:
118:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
90:Maghrebi Arabs
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
64:
63:
57:
56:
32:Maghrebi Arabs
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6527:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6468:
6458:
6454:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6424:Siculo-Arabic
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6344:Tosk Albanian
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6334:Ancient Greek
6332:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6283:
6279:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6262:
6258:
6254:
6251:Languages of
6246:
6241:
6239:
6234:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6193:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6178:African Latin
6175:
6174:
6173:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6151:
6147:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6135:
6122:
6118:
6117:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5897:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5805:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5790:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5769:Central Hilal
5767:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5755:Eastern Hilal
5753:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5713:Tripolitanian
5710:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:Traras-Msirda
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5665:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5640:
5639:
5638:
5635:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5560:
5558:
5553:
5552:
5549:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5473:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5464:
5463:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5424:
5421:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5241:Ethio-Semitic
5238:
5235:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5175:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5013:
5003:
5000:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:Judeo-Aramaic
4786:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4653:Siculo-Arabic
4650:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4394:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4373:
4365:
4362:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4244:Sini (script)
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4234:Ruqʿah script
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4179:Hijazi script
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3857:Central Asian
3855:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3829:Taʽizzi-Adeni
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3410:
3408:Traras-Msirda
3407:
3406:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Arabic script
2846:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2770:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2499:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2465:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2411:(in French).
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1983:
1980:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1949:
1946:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:Libyan Arabic
1885:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:lingua franca
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1261:
1257:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1031:
1019:
1013:
997:
993:
981:
977:
965:
961:
949:
945:
933:
929:
927:
924:
922:
918:
915:
913:
911:
909:
897:
893:
891:
879:
875:
873:
861:
857:
855:
852:
851:
838:
834:
832:
820:
816:
804:
800:
798:
786:
782:
770:
766:
764:
762:
760:
757:
755:
751:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
726:
722:
720:
708:
704:
702:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
644:
638:
636:
632:
623:
612:
609:
608:
601:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
581:
578:
574:
562:
559:
558:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
536:
526:
520:
518:
510:
505:
503:
501:
497:
493:
492:Siculo-Arabic
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
434:
431:
427:
419:
418:
413:
407:
401:
395:
386:
382:
373:
369:
367:
366:
361:
358:
355: –
353:
348:
347:Siculo-Arabic
345: –
343:
338:
335: –
333:
328:
325: –
323:
318:
315: –
313:
308:
307:Libyan Arabic
305: –
303:
298:
295: –
293:
288:
285: –
283:
278:
275: –
273:
267:
264:
259:
254:
251:
247:
244:
240:
234:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
211:
208:
205:
202:(survives as
201:
200:Siculo-Arabic
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
180:Libyan Arabic
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
166:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
125:
124:
123:
119:
115:
109:
105:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
65:
58:
53:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
6434:Vulgar Latin
6378:
6318:Modern Greek
6144:Proto-Berber
6041:Nilo-Saharan
6014:Southwestern
5907:Non-Zenatic
5747:Libyan koiné
5629:Pre-Hilalian
5523:
5500:
5481:
5474:
5467:
5460:
5374:
5357:
5315:East Gurage
5157:
5150:
5143:
5136:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5065:
5058:
5049:
5042:
5030:
5023:
4988:Urmia Jewish
4897:Northeastern
4877:
4848:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4768:
4761:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4668:Mesopotamian
4651:
4646:
4595:
4588:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4523:
4518:Proto-Arabic
4516:
4480:
4471:
4464:
4454:
4350:
4290:Windows-1256
4249:Taliq script
4189:Jeli Thuluth
4169:Ajami script
4133:
4037:Pidgin madam
4024:
4002:
3966:Judeo-Yemeni
3908:Judeo-Arabic
3890:Sociological
3877:
3839:Judeo-Yemeni
3662:Mesopotamian
3537:Libyan koiné
3321:
3314:
3307:Pre-Hilalian
3297:
3255:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3229:Proto-Arabic
3227:
2862:Zabūr script
2815:Romanization
2732:
2668:
2661:
2614:
2607:
2571:
2564:
2508:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2474:
2467:
2455:. Retrieved
2435:
2429:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2345:
2338:
2318:
2311:
2291:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2239:
2218:
2185:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2095:
2088:
2068:
2045:
2026:
2016:
2006:30 September
2004:. Retrieved
1989:
1982:
1972:30 September
1970:. Retrieved
1955:
1948:
1929:
1911:
1893:
1875:
1857:
1839:
1831:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1740:
1667:
1663:
1649:
1591:
1568:first-person
1563:
1556:
1549:
1517:
1485:
1434:
1418:
1404:
1402:
1400:(Lebanese).
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1283:
1282:
630:
629:
514:
416:
415:
380:
379:
363:
217:
146:
132:West Semitic
122:Afro-Asiatic
6369:Koine Greek
6064:Niger-Congo
5999:Tawellemmet
5462:Hadramautic
5448:Old Arabian
5387:West Gurage
5311:East Gurage
5190:ern Arabian
4892:Neo-Mandaic
4814:Palestinian
4712:Old Aramaic
4184:Jawi script
4156:Calligraphy
4085:Linguistics
4010:Gulf Pidgin
3926:Judeo-Iraqi
3867:Kashkadarya
3723:Judeo-Iraqi
3648:Palestinian
3559:Nile Valley
3221:Pre-Islamic
2933:Dagger alif
2491:13 December
2457:12 February
1532:Arabization
1528:Banu Sulaym
1512:Arabization
1461:Banu Sulaym
1216:Approximant
6489:Categories
6404:Phoenician
6394:Old Norman
6374:Late Latin
6158:Phoenician
6137:Historical
5586:Vernacular
5491:Rijal Alma
5476:Qatabanian
5145:Himyaritic
5088:Phoenician
4901:Christian
4704:Historical
4673:Peninsular
4574:Taymanitic
4525:Old Arabic
4510:Historical
4071:Literature
3744:Peninsular
3684:Khuzestani
3414:(Mountain)
3334:Australian
3243:Old Arabic
2893:Diacritics
2820:Numerology
2696:Q117189070
2653:Q117189196
2619:De Gruyter
2599:Q117189169
2536:Q117189070
2135:Q117189264
2119:1294538052
2000:1589011031
1966:3447020024
1931:Ethnologue
1913:Ethnologue
1895:Ethnologue
1877:Ethnologue
1859:Ethnologue
1841:Ethnologue
1824:References
1750:after the
1636:substratum
1560:al-Andalus
1524:Banu Hilal
1457:Banu Hilal
1407:al-‘āmmīya
1290:Vocabulary
679:Pharyngeal
635:Old Hijazi
480:Al-Andalus
430:vernacular
268:Variously:
6479:Languages
6022:Tetserret
5831:Hassānīya
5609:Classical
5535:varieties
5526:indicate
5407:Sebat Bet
5371:Tt-group
5186:Eastern (
5138:Deir Alla
5016:Canaanite
4983:Trans-Zab
4968:Inter-Zab
4850:Palmyrene
4841:Samaritan
4808:Nabataean
4687:Northwest
4642:Levantine
4614:Classical
4539:Dadanitic
4361:varieties
4353:indicate
4268:Technical
4239:Shahmukhi
4194:Kairouani
4092:Phonology
3871:Khorasani
3861:Bakhtiari
3713:Anatolian
3643:Jordanian
3623:Damascene
3586:Levantine
3498:Hassaniya
3339:Cottenera
3274:Classical
3213:Varieties
2791:Overviews
2714:ignored (
2704:cite book
2591:25253097M
2554:ignored (
2544:cite book
2452:161182954
2436:Insaniyat
2415:: 99–119.
2127:37974130M
2101:Routledge
1743:conjugate
1606:romanized
1356:ed-dārija
926:voiceless
921:Fricative
759:voiceless
511:Phonology
460:Hassaniya
420:(Arabic:
417:ad-Dārija
394:romanized
365:Glottolog
263:ISO 639-3
86:Ethnicity
43:Darreh Ja
36:Maghrebis
6419:Siculian
6308:Arbëresh
6288:Sicilian
6150:Numidian
6049:Korandje
5994:Tamashek
5900:Northern
5875:Ghadamès
5733:Hilalian
5720:Tunisian
5706:Moroccan
5692:Mountain
5602:Literary
5483:Awsanian
5354:N-group
5273:Tigrinya
5152:Samalian
5129:Galilean
5122:Ugaritic
5067:Medieval
5060:Mishnaic
5044:Biblical
5025:Ammonite
4978:Sanandaj
4963:Betanure
4942:Chaldean
4939:Assyrian
4925:Qaraqosh
4915:Hértevin
4827:Galilean
4801:Lebanese
4647:Maghrebi
4607:Literary
4581:Thamudic
4567:Safaitic
4553:Hasaitic
4546:Dumaitic
4466:Akkadian
4421:Branches
4372:Category
4224:Nastaliq
4214:Muhaqqaq
4204:Maghrebi
4064:Academic
4004:Bimbashi
3960:Tunisene
3931:Baghdadi
3879:Shirvani
3819:Hadhrami
3777:Bahraini
3728:Baghdadi
3679:Baghdadi
3618:Aleppine
3608:Lebanese
3603:Cilician
3576:Sudanese
3566:Egyptian
3447:Hilalian
3405:Western
3383:Eastern
3380:Village
3359:Żurrieqi
3323:Sicilian
3316:Andalusi
3298:Maghrebi
3267:Literary
2919:(tanwin)
2917:Nunation
2803:Alphabet
2798:Language
2785:language
2692:Wikidata
2649:Wikidata
2645:2348842M
2595:Wikidata
2532:Wikidata
2140:17 March
2131:Wikidata
1758:See also
1612:al-fuṣḥá
1571:singular
1488:Rashidun
1316:nunation
1270:⟩
1264:⟨
1254:⟩
1248:⟨
1236:⟩
1230:⟨
1197:⟩
1191:⟨
1168:⟩
1162:⟨
1152:⟩
1146:⟨
1127:⟩
1121:⟨
1117:⟩
1111:⟨
1101:⟩
1095:⟨
1085:⟩
1079:⟨
1060:⟩
1054:⟨
1044:⟩
1038:⟨
1028:⟩
1022:⟨
1006:⟩
1000:⟨
990:⟩
984:⟨
974:⟩
968:⟨
958:⟩
952:⟨
942:⟩
936:⟨
906:⟩
900:⟨
888:⟩
882:⟨
870:⟩
864:⟨
847:⟩
841:⟨
829:⟩
823:⟨
813:⟩
807:⟨
795:⟩
789:⟨
779:⟩
773:⟨
735:⟩
729:⟨
717:⟩
711:⟨
694:emphatic
452:Tunisian
448:Algerian
444:Moroccan
372:nort3191
164:Dialects
47:Panticeu
18:Maghribi
6453:Portals
6354:Elymian
6293:Italian
6267:Italian
6172:Romance
6121:Haketia
6115:Spanish
6110:Italian
6097:Romance
6087:Bambara
6077:Soninké
5989:Tamahaq
5954:Shawiya
5947:Riffian
5927:Zenatic
5857:Eastern
5664:Sfaxian
5619:Maltese
5579:Maghreb
5528:extinct
5524:Italics
5469:Minaean
5396:Endegen
5323:Inneqor
5302:Argobba
5298:Amharic
5261:Dahalik
5233:Western
5224:Soqotri
5204:Ḥarsusi
5199:Baṭḥari
5115:Amorite
5081:Moabite
5032:Edomite
5002:Western
4958:Barzani
4954:Jewish
4873:Central
4865:Aramaic
4794:Western
4776:Mandaic
4757:Eastern
4752:Armazic
4743:Dialect
4696:Aramaic
4659:Maltese
4560:Hismaic
4493:Central
4482:Eblaite
4438:Central
4351:Italics
4259:Thuluth
4124:Grammar
3995:pidgins
3990:Creoles
3979:Sanʽani
3864:Bukhara
3824:Sanʽani
3787:Kuwaiti
3782:Emirati
3767:Dhofari
3752:Bahrani
3718:Cypriot
3706:(Qeltu)
3533:Sulaym
3520:Western
3515:Eastern
3393:Sfaxian
3389:(Sahel)
3344:Gozitan
3329:Maltese
2949:Letters
2923:Shaddah
2912:Harakat
2907:Tashkil
2835:Scripts
2808:History
2096:Maltese
1908:Maltese
1730:afullus
1708:babōsus
1686:secūris
1674:شَاقُور
1625:Semitic
1608::
1566:as the
1536:Berbers
1496:Tangier
1492:Umayyad
1453:Bedouin
1414:العامية
1398:Lubnani
1382:Lebanon
1374:Tunisia
1370:Algeria
1350:الدارجة
1310:Grammar
684:Glottal
664:Palatal
468:Semitic
464:Saharan
440:Maghreb
428:, is a
422:الدارجة
408:
396::
317:Maltese
204:Maltese
127:Semitic
80:Maghreb
6467:Africa
6414:Sicani
6399:Norman
6359:Hebrew
6339:Arabic
6253:Sicily
6105:French
6082:Pulaar
6027:Zenaga
6004:Tayart
5981:Tuareg
5919:Kabyle
5885:Nafusi
5870:Fezzan
5865:Awjila
5848:Berber
5741:Sulaym
5700:Jewish
5594:Arabic
5502:Sabaic
5496:Razihi
5402:Mesqan
5376:Mesmes
5329:Wolane
5326:Ulbare
5319:Siltʼe
5307:Harari
5291:versal
5289:Trans-
5219:Shehri
5209:Hobyot
5159:Sutean
5107:Others
5073:Modern
5038:Hebrew
4930:Senaya
4910:Bohtan
4905:Barwar
4885:Turoyo
4879:Mlaḥsô
4781:Syriac
4745:groups
4502:Arabic
4174:Diwani
4161:Script
4119:(case)
4116:ʾIʿrāb
4102:Tajwid
4047:Bongor
4026:Maridi
3976:Habban
3850:Others
3834:Tihami
3814:Yemeni
3809:Shihhi
3794:Hejazi
3762:Bedawi
3757:Bareqi
3613:Syrian
3571:Saʽidi
3503:Nemadi
3489:Maqil
3387:Sahili
3354:Żejtun
3290:spoken
3288:Modern
2783:Arabic
2694:
2684:
2651:
2643:
2633:
2597:
2589:
2579:
2534:
2524:
2482:
2450:
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2326:
2299:
2272:
2247:
2193:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2107:
2076:
1997:
1963:
1814:Darija
1810:Derija
1802:Derdja
1724:pullus
1680:shāqūr
1632:Berber
1628:Arabic
1617:spoken
1601:الفصحى
1597:Arabic
1574:prefix
1540:Sahara
1504:Walili
1465:Ma'qil
1390:Tounsi
1386:Dzayri
1362:derija
1346:Arabic
1338:Derija
1334:Darija
1067:voiced
854:voiced
690:plain
674:Uvular
654:Dental
649:Labial
530:Short
500:Sicily
494:. The
484:Sicily
476:Berber
472:Arabic
456:Libyan
433:Arabic
385:Arabic
142:Arabic
76:Region
6409:Punic
6205:Greek
6192:Sabir
6164:Punic
6072:Wolof
5912:Atlas
5880:Kufra
5804:Maqil
5657:Sahel
5637:Urban
5456:Faifi
5425:Gyeto
5419:Gumer
5412:Chaha
5382:Muher
5365:Soddo
5359:Gafat
5348:Outer
5282:South
5266:Tigre
5256:Geʽez
5249:North
5214:Mehri
5178:South
5095:Punic
4993:Zakho
4935:Suret
4443:South
4333:Other
4254:Tawqi
4209:Mashq
4199:Kufic
4107:Imāla
4076:Names
4042:Turku
3970:Adeni
3804:Omani
3799:Najdi
3704:North
3694:South
3689:Shawi
3671:Gilit
3635:South
3595:North
3493:Fessi
3412:Jebli
3398:Jijel
3373:Tunis
3368:Urban
3349:Qormi
2958:ʾAlif
2928:Hamza
2900:i‘jām
2448:S2CID
2050:(PDF)
1806:Derja
1798:Darja
1785:Notes
1692:segur
1652:Latin
1640:Punic
1578:verbs
1481:Punic
1437:Arabs
1394:Masri
1378:Egypt
1366:darja
1342:Delja
1320:i'rāb
1177:Trill
701:Nasal
669:Velar
633:From
561:Close
549:Front
539:Front
533:Long
6054:Teda
5890:Siwa
5422:Gura
5416:Ezha
5392:Inor
5188:Mod-
4863:Neo-
4456:East
4433:West
4428:East
4229:Rasm
4032:Nubi
4020:Juba
3993:and
3973:Beda
3945:Wqal
3942:Kjal
3772:Gulf
3120:Ġayn
3111:ʿAyn
2716:help
2682:ISBN
2631:ISBN
2611:cf.
2577:ISBN
2556:help
2522:ISBN
2493:2017
2480:ISBN
2459:2015
2351:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2297:ISBN
2270:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2142:2023
2115:OCLC
2105:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2008:2017
1995:ISBN
1974:2017
1961:ISBN
1716:فلوس
1711:and
1700:ببوش
1668:-osh
1664:-əsh
1619:and
1526:and
1502:and
1500:Salé
1490:and
1479:and
1463:and
1380:and
1372:and
1329:Name
754:Stop
611:Open
554:Back
544:Back
490:and
482:and
470:and
462:and
406:lit.
34:and
5335:Zay
4317:864
4312:720
4308:711
4305:710
4302:709
4298:708
4141:IPA
3201:Yāʾ
3192:Wāw
3183:Hāʾ
3174:Nūn
3165:Mīm
3156:Lām
3147:Kāf
3138:Qāf
3129:Fāʾ
3102:Ẓāʾ
3093:Ṭāʾ
3084:Ḍād
3075:Ṣād
3066:Šīn
3057:Sīn
3048:Zāy
3039:Rāʾ
3030:Ḏāl
3021:Dāl
3012:Ḫāʾ
3003:Ḥāʾ
2994:Ǧīm
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2623:doi
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