411:
399:
423:
33:
47:
363:
116:
375:
71:
387:
1528:
329:, the insect's eyes and wing veins are reddish and its dorsal thorax is black; it is distinguished by broad orange stripes on the underside of the abdomen and orange patches on the sides of the thorax between the eye and the forewings. Its mating call is a high-pitched song said to resemble someone calling "weeeee-whoa" or "Pharaoh", features it shares with the newly discovered 13-year species
93:
1514:
307:
554:) that Kalm had observed in 1749. Bartram noted that upon hatching from eggs deposited in the twigs of trees, the young insects ran down to the earth and "entered the first opening that they could find". He reported that he had been able to discover them 10 feet (3 m) below the surface, but that others had reportedly found them 30 feet (9 m) deep.
580:, wrote in his record book that he recalled a "great locust year" in 1749, a second in 1766 during which the insects appeared to be "full as numerous as the first", and a third in 1783 (Brood X). He predicted that the insects "may be expected again in the year 1800, which is seventeen years since their third appearance to me".
1401:
Dr. Walker sais he remembers that the years 1724 and 1741 were great locust years. we all remember that 1758 was and now they are come again this year of 1775. it appears that they come periodically from the ground once in 17 years. they come out of the ground from a prodigious depth. it is thought
941:
Moreover, the first time the
Society had heard about periodical cicadas was from Paul Dudley, who sent a manuscript to the Society in 1733. .... Dudley correctly noted the seventeen-year life cycle and provided evidence. However, Collinson's paper shows that he used Bartram's claim of a fifteen-year
509:
Kalm further noted that others had informed him that they had seen cicadas only occasionally before the insects emerged from the ground in
Pennsylvania in large swarms on May 22, 1749. He additionally stated that he had not heard any cicadas in Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1750 in the same months
1086:
Travels into North
America; Containing Its Natural History, and a Circumstantial Account of Its Plantations and Agriculture in General, with the Civil, Ecclesiastical and Commercial State of the Country, the Manners of the Inhabitants, and Several Curious and Important Remarks on Various Subjects.
311:
314:
313:
309:
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315:
312:
287:
565:'s 17-year periodicity, writing that an acquaintance remembered "great locust years" in 1724 and 1741, that he and others recalled another such year in 1758 and that the insects had again emerged from the ground at
505:
that had recorded in
Philadelphia the emergence from the ground of large numbers of cicadas during early May 1732. He noted that the people who had prepared these documents had made no such reports in other years.
1149:"Pehr Kalm's Description of the Periodical Cicada, Magicicada septendecim L., from Kongl. Svenska Vetenskap Academiens Handlinger, 17:101-116, 1756, translated by Larson, Esther Louise (Mrs. K.E. Doak)"
495:
The general opinion is that these insects appear in these fantastic numbers in every seventeenth year. Meanwhile, except for an occasional one which may appear in the summer, they remain underground.
298:
510:
and areas in which he had heard many in 1749. The 1715 and 1732 reports, when coupled with his own 1749 and 1750 observations, supported the previous "general opinion" that he had cited.
835:
The
Periodical Cicada: An Account of Cicada Septendecim, Its Natural Enemies and the Means of Preventing its Injury, Together with a Summary of the Distribution of the Different Broods
521:
which about every seventeen years come hither in incredible numbers ... In the interval between the years when they are so numerous, they are only seen or heard single in the woods.
310:
286:
1402:
they eat nothing while in this state, laying their eggs in the small twigs of trees seems to be their only business. The females make a noise well known. The males are silent.
1285:. Systema Naturae Per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, Cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis. Vol. 1 (10 ed.).
1779:
1774:
297:
285:
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1495:
Page 115, Fig. 3: Image of page in
Benjamin Banneker's Astronomical Journal, 1791-1806. Manuscript written by Benjamin Banneker (MS 2700). Special Collection.
1483:
441:
Their median life cycle from egg to natural adult death is around seventeen years. However, their life cycle can range between thirteen and twenty-one years.
491:, observed in late May another emergence of that brood. When reporting the event in a paper that a Swedish academic journal published in 1756, Kalm wrote:
422:
847:
1325:. The Annual Register, or a View of the History, Politicks, and Literature, for the Year 1767. London: Printed for J. Dodsley (1768). pp. 103–106.
1322:
Observations on the cicada, or locust of
America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years. Communicated by the ingenious Peter Collinson, Esq
709:
1681:
449:
Historical accounts cite reports of 15- to 17-year recurrences of enormous numbers of noisy emergent cicadas ("locusts") written as early as 1733.
1707:
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1018:"Extracts from the Journal of Rev. Andreas Sandel, Pastor of "Gloria Dei" Swedish Lutheran Church, Philadelphia, 1702-1719: May 9, 1715"
1794:
1027:
488:
1518:
762:
537:
241:
100:
1370:
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763:"Genome expansion via lineage splitting and genome reduction in the cicada endosymbiont Hodgkinia - Supporting Information"
410:
1305:
643:
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362:
115:
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1532:
1751:
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386:
353:
662:"The Evolutionary Relationships of 17-Year and 13-Year Cicadas, and Three New Species (Homoptera, Cicadidae,
1418:
Memoir of
Benjamin Banneker: Read before the Maryland Historical Society at the Monthly Meeting, May 1, 1845
577:
713:
32:
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331:
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Kalm summarized his findings in a book translated into
English and published in London in 1771, stating:
1784:
1084:
220:
46:
1090:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Printed for T. Lowndes, No. 77, in Fleet-street. pp. v–vii.
829:
739:
833:
461:, was among the early writers that described the insect's life cycle, appearance and characteristics.
1668:
1593:
843:
883:. Additional Manuscripts 4433, Folios 4-11, Division of Manuscripts of the British Library, London.
1280:
548:
Observations on the cicada, or locust of
America, which appears periodically once in 16 or 17 years
348:
60:
1738:
1320:
569:
in 1775. He noted that the females lay their eggs in the small twigs of trees while above ground.
1185:
1039:
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110:
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497:
There is considerable evidence that these insects appear every seventeenth year in Pennsylvania.
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1725:
1359:"Thomas Jefferson's garden book, 1766-1824, with relevant extracts from his other writings"
177:
75:
1499:, Baltimore, Maryland: "The first great Locust year that I can Remember was 1749. .... ")
1446:"Benjamin Banneker's Original Handwritten Document: Observations and Study of the Cicada"
532:
792:
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607:
526:
269:
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80:
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1184:. The Ohio State University Libraries and Office of the Chief Information Officer.
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961:
America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777
959:
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America's Curious Botanist: A Tercentennial Reappraisal of John Bartram 1699-1777
893:
1733:
1694:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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273:
1479:
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Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster
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1213:
Travels into North America: Translated into English, By John Reinhold Foster
1207:
1076:
782:
480:
187:
167:
147:
127:
1051:
801:
690:
501:
Kalm then described Rev. Sandel's report and one that he had obtained from
1621:
1513:
890:"John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study (Reference No. 16)"
1642:
1563:
562:
487:
naturalist visiting Pennsylvania and New Jersey in 1749 on behalf of the
1043:
1686:
1647:
551:
525:
Based on Kalm's account and a specimen that Kalm had provided, in 1758
484:
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1699:
1606:
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1216:. Vol. 2. London: T. Lowndess. pp. 212–213. Archived from
983:
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305:
294:
283:
1673:
1378:
1105:
1544:
1421:. Baltimore, Maryland: Printed by John D. Toy. pp. 11–12.
1181:
956:"John Bartram and the Periodical Cicadas: A Case Study"
464:
On May 9, 1715, the Rev. Andreas Sandel, the pastor of
352:, the three species are often described together as "
958:. In Hoffmann, Nancy E.; Van Horne, John C. (eds.).
892:. In Hoffmann, Nancy E.; Van Horne, John C. (eds.).
1553:
1282:Insecta. Hemiptera. Cicada. Mannifera. septendecim
1023:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
846:: Bulletin No. 14 - New Series. Washington, D.C.:
472:Church, described in his journal an emergence of
1253:. Vol. 2. London: T. Lowndess. pp. 6–7
1087:Translated into English by John Reinhold Forster
660:Alexander, Richard D.; Moore, Thomas E. (1962).
272:and is the largest and most northern species of
515:
493:
1363:Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society
597:World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996).
8:
342:and the two closely related 13-year species
1444:Barber, Janet E.; Nkwanta, Asamoah (2014).
622:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12691A3373584.en
1541:
671:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
91:
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45:
31:
20:
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820:
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1142:
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738:. University of Michigan. Archived from
546:In 1766, Moses Bartram described in his
840:United States Department of Agriculture
589:
358:
1293:: Laurentii Salvii. pp. 436–437.
1028:The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
710:"Nature Notes from the Eastern Forest"
1780:NatureServe apparently secure species
1775:IUCN Red List near threatened species
1188:from the original on January 26, 2021
830:"The Periodical Cicada in Literature"
7:
1486:from the original on August 27, 2014
1357:(1775). Betts, Edward Morris (ed.).
761:Campbell, Matthew (18 August 2015).
430:Bavarian State Collection of Zoology
1306:Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL)
712:. Arc of Appalachia. Archived from
608:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1297:from the original on 25 March 2017
1177:from the original on May 29, 2019.
966:The American Philosophical Society
900:The American Philosophical Society
550:the next appearance of the brood (
445:Historical accounts of periodicity
14:
1450:Journal of Humanistic Mathematics
489:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1526:
1512:
1016:Sandel, Andreas (January 1906).
421:
409:
397:
385:
373:
361:
338:Because of similarities between
114:
323:Like other species included in
1371:American Philosophical Society
1026:. Vol. 30. Philadelphia:
561:recorded in his "Garden Book"
1:
697:. University of Connecticut.
16:Species of periodical cicada
1800:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1497:Maryland Historical Society
1415:John H. B. Latrobe (1845).
1156:The Ohio Journal of Science
1816:
1790:Hemiptera of North America
1463:10.5642/jhummath.201401.07
848:Government Printing Office
644:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
578:Ellicott's Mills, Maryland
392:Close-up in South Carolina
276:with a 17-year lifecycle.
1795:Insects described in 1758
226:
219:
111:Scientific classification
109:
89:
67:
58:
53:
44:
39:
30:
23:
1147:Davis, J.J. (May 1953).
736:"Periodical Cicada Page"
468:'s "Gloria Dei" Swedish
354:decim periodical cicadas
1319:Bartram, Moses (1766).
783:10.1073/pnas.1421386112
453:, a noted Philadelphia
256:, sometimes called the
1612:magicicada-septendecim
1599:Magicicada_septendecim
1585:Magicicada septendecim
1555:Magicicada septendecim
1534:Magicicada septemdecim
1520:Magicicada septemdecim
954:Kritsky, Gene (2004).
888:Kritsky, Gene (2004).
881:Periodical Revolutions
844:Division of Entomology
693:Magicicada septendecim
601:Magicicada septendecim
523:
499:
332:Magicicada neotredecim
320:
303:
292:
253:Magicicada septendecim
230:Magicicada septendecim
25:Magicicada septendecim
879:Dudley, Paul (1733).
538:tenth edition of his
318:
301:
290:
1523:at Wikimedia Commons
1030:. pp. 448–449.
850:. pp. 112–118.
615:: e.T12691A3373584.
517:There are a kind of
942:cycle in his paper.
776:(33): 10192–10199.
742:on 5 September 2012
212:M. septendecim
61:Conservation status
708:Stranahan, Nancy.
404:Female ovipositing
321:
319:Female ovipositing
304:
293:
97:Apparently Secure
1762:
1761:
1547:Taxon identifiers
1517:Media related to
1355:Jefferson, Thomas
1097:978-0-665-51501-9
975:978-0-87169-249-8
909:978-0-87169-249-8
716:on 5 October 2011
576:, who lived near
574:Benjamin Banneker
529:named the insect
503:Benjamin Franklin
316:
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274:periodical cicada
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1531:Data related to
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76:Near Threatened
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1537:at Wikispecies
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1507:External links
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1456:(1): 112–122.
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968:. p. 44.
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902:. p. 49.
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340:M. septendecim
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258:Pharaoh cicada
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1257:September 10,
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473:
466:Philadelphia
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451:John Bartram
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291:Calling song
261:
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1734:NatureServe
1695:iNaturalist
1579:Wikispecies
1245:Kalm, Peter
1208:Kalm, Peter
1162:: 139–140.
1077:Kalm, Peter
628:14 November
533:septendecim
368:Mating pair
349:M. tredecim
280:Description
101:NatureServe
1769:Categories
1490:2014-08-26
1432:2015-10-07
1392:2017-05-20
1336:2017-05-21
1301:2017-05-24
1192:October 2,
1119:August 24,
1114:1042021758
1057:October 7,
984:2003050212
918:2003050212
856:1039550735
807:13 October
695:(L. 1758)"
664:Magicicada
584:References
567:Monticello
437:Life cycle
416:Three eggs
380:Two adults
326:Magicicada
199:Magicicada
174:Suborder:
148:Arthropoda
1480:700943261
1472:2159-8118
1427:568468091
1387:602659598
1331:642534652
1287:Stockholm
1168:1811/4028
1081:"Preface"
1036:0031-4587
992:891409264
926:891409264
557:In 1775,
481:Pehr Kalm
206:Species:
188:Cicadidae
168:Hemiptera
134:Kingdom:
128:Eukaryota
1739:2.112782
1643:BugGuide
1619:BioLib:
1570:Q1949538
1564:Wikidata
1484:Archived
1379:45001776
1295:Archived
1279:(1758).
1247:(1771).
1210:(1771).
1186:Archived
1172:Archived
1106:02013569
1079:(1772).
1044:20085357
997:July 29,
931:July 29,
885:Cited in
861:July 29,
828:(1898).
802:26286984
563:Brood II
470:Lutheran
455:botanist
268:and the
238:Linnaeus
184:Family:
144:Phylum:
138:Animalia
124:Domain:
81:IUCN 3.1
1687:5792026
1674:2868636
1052:1762062
793:4547289
746:10 June
720:10 June
552:Brood X
536:in the
531:Cicada
519:Locusts
485:Finnish
477:Brood X
260:or the
194:Genus:
164:Order:
158:Insecta
154:Class:
99: (
79: (
40:Female
1713:847190
1700:105098
1635:107109
1622:425773
1607:ARKive
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266:Canada
1752:44679
1726:12691
1661:3XGV3
1648:57935
1175:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1040:JSTOR
766:(PDF)
669:(PDF)
54:Male
1747:NCBI
1721:IUCN
1708:ITIS
1682:GBIF
1630:BOLD
1476:OCLC
1468:ISSN
1442:(2)
1423:OCLC
1413:(1)
1383:OCLC
1375:LCCN
1327:OCLC
1259:2020
1226:2020
1194:2012
1121:2021
1110:OCLC
1102:LCCN
1092:ISBN
1059:2020
1048:OCLC
1032:ISSN
999:2021
988:OCLC
980:LCCN
970:ISBN
933:2021
922:OCLC
914:LCCN
904:ISBN
863:2021
852:OCLC
809:2020
798:PMID
748:2011
722:2011
677:2011
630:2021
613:1996
483:, a
457:and
346:and
242:1758
1669:EoL
1656:CoL
1594:ADW
1458:doi
1164:hdl
788:PMC
778:doi
774:112
617:doi
356:."
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