Madeira wine - Knowledge

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old would result in very little wine being from the original vintage. With Madeira, approximately 50% of a bottle would likely be from the stated year because they are only allowed to add up to 10%, not more than 10 times. Another interesting peculiarity of old solera Madeiras is that they were initially developed as a result of trying to extend the stocks of vintages when the vines had stopped being productive due to Phylloxera. Therefore, as there was no younger wine to add to the vintage, it was usually older wines that were added. In recent years, vintage Madeiras have been commanding higher prices than soleras, but, from 1966 (when Michael Broadbent started wine auctions at Christie's), until about the end of the 20th century, solera Madeiras always fetched a premium at auction over the vintage ones.

248: 589:. Since 2016, to encourage more growers to plant Terrantez, Madeira's fifth noble grape variety, the government Wine, Embroidery and Handicraft Institute of Madeira (IVBAM) has offered growers free viticultural advice and a €1.30 subsidy per kilogram of Terrantez fruit harvested. As of 2016, Terrantez production stood at 7,500 kg (16,500 lb). After the phylloxera epidemic, many wines were "mislabelled" as containing one of these noble grape varieties, which were reinterpreted as "wine styles" rather than true varietal names. Since the epidemic, Tinta Negra (or Negra Mole) and 1058: 915: 829: 2802: 2510: 763:: The most common, used for low-cost Madeira, is bulk aging in low stainless steel or concrete tanks surrounded by either heat coils or piping that allow hot water to circulate around the container. The wine is heated to temperatures as high as 130 °F (55 °C) for a minimum of 90 days as regulated by the Madeira Wine Institute. However, the Madeira is most commonly heated to approximately 115 °F (46 °C) 456: 391:, which closed off two of Madeira's biggest markets. After the repeal of Prohibition, improved shipping technology meant that ships no longer needed to stop off in Madeira, the island which was directly in the trade winds between Europe and America. The wine became known as The Forgotten Island Wine. The rest of the 20th century saw a downturn for Madeira, both in sales and reputation, as low-quality " 3125: 653: 151: 717: 539: 40: 102:

are produced by the canteiro method. Because of the way these wines are aged, they are very long-lived in the bottle, and those produced by the canteiro method will survive for decades and even centuries, even after being opened. Wines that have been in barrels for many decades are often removed and stored in

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that was accidentally diluted by rainwater while it sat on the docks in Savannah, Georgia, or Funchal. Rather than dump the wines, the merchants tried to pass it off as a "new style" of Madeira and were surprised at its popularity among the Americans. Another theory as to how Rainwater was named was

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Today, Madeira is noted for its unique winemaking process which involves oxidizing the wine through heat and ageing. The younger blends (three and five years old) are produced with the aid of artificial application of heat to accelerate the aging process; the older blends, colheitas and frasqueiras,

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will survive unharmed indefinitely. As long as a cork is put into the top of the bottle to prevent the effects of evaporation, fruit flies, and dust, a vintage Madeira, once opened, can last for decades. Properly sealed in bottles, it is one of the longest-lasting wines; Madeiras have been known to

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system. The Solera method of blending is most widely practiced in the sherry production of Spain. However, the rules for Madeira soleras are different. When it comes to sherry, as wine is used for bottling, new wine is added to the barrels of older wine and this continuous addition of young wine to

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on it. Colheita must be a minimum of five years of age before being bottled and may be bottled any time after that. Effectively, most wineries would drop the word Colheita once bottling a wine at over 19 years of age because it is entitled to be referred to as vintage once it is 20 years of age. At

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founded in that year subsequently restarted production of, and released in 2020, a 5-year-old Listrão Reserve Madeira. Caracol, an obscure grape believed to be unique to Porto Santo and only used for the local production of dry table wine in the past, was turned into fortified Madeira for the first

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and vineyard equipment is near impossible, making wine grape growing a costly endeavor on the island. Many vineyards have in the past been ripped up for commercial tourist developments or replanted with such products as bananas for commercial concerns. Some replanting is taking place on the island;

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from the grapes to balance the sweetness of the wine. Drier wines – made from Sercial, Verdelho, and Negra Mole – are separated from their skins prior to fermentation. Depending on the level of sweetness desired, fermentation of the wine is halted at some point by the

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however, the tourist trade is generally seen as a more lucrative business than wine-making. Most of the grapes, grown by around 2100 grape growers are from vines planted on small plots of land off of which the grape growers survive by making an income from a variety of different inter-grown crops.

170:. By the 16th century, records indicate that a well-established wine industry on the island supplied these ships with wine for the long voyages across the sea. The earliest examples of Madeira were unfortified and tended to spoil before reaching their destination. However, following the example of 1036:

A style called "Rainwater" is one of the largest-selling styles of Madeira in the United States, most commonly drunk as an apéritif. Nowadays it is almost always an inexpensive medium-dry style of wine made entirely from Tinta Negra grapes, and aged for around three years including a period in an

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have applied the rule that 85% of the grapes in the wine must be of the variety on the label. Thus, wines from before the late 19th century (pre-phylloxera) and after the late 20th century conform to this rule. Many "varietally labelled" Madeiras, from most of the 20th century, do not. Modern

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The intense heat in the holds of the ships had a transforming effect on the wine, as discovered by Madeira producers when one shipment was returned to the island after a long trip. The customer was found to prefer the taste of this style of wine, and Madeira labeled as

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were added. On the long sea voyages, the wines would be exposed to excessive heat and movement which transformed the flavour of the wine. This was discovered by the wine producers of Madeira when an unsold shipment of wine returned to the islands after a round trip.

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survive over 200 years in excellent condition. It is not uncommon to see 150-year-old Madeiras for sale at stores that specialize in rare wine. Vintages dating back to 1780 are known to exist. The oldest bottle that has come onto the market is a 1715 Terrantez.

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are also said to have appreciated the qualities of Madeira. The wine was mentioned in Benjamin Franklin's autobiography. On one occasion, Adams wrote to his wife, Abigail, of the great quantities of Madeira he consumed while a Massachusetts delegate to the

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in 1662, important English merchants settled on the island and, ultimately, controlled the increasingly important island wine trade. The English traders settled in the Funchal as of the seventeenth century, consolidating the markets from North America, the

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reached the island. By the end of the 19th century, most of the island's vineyards had been uprooted, and many were converted to sugar cane production. The majority of the vineyards that did replant chose to use American vine varieties, such as

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Madeira was a very important wine in the history of the United States of America. No wine-quality grapes were grown among the thirteen colonies, so imports were needed, with a great focus on Madeira. One of the major events on the road to the

1089:(as in parts of the southern United States) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage. In the Americas, Madeira was traditionally stored in the warm attics of houses. 774:: Used for the highest quality Madeiras, these wines are aged without the use of any artificial heat, being stored by the winery in warm rooms that are heated only by the warm climate of the Madeira island. In cases such as 753:: Only used by the Madeira Wine Company, this method involves storing the wine in large wooden casks in a specially designed room outfitted with steam-producing tanks or pipes that heat the room, creating a type of 1136:

The 11 september 2024, the University of Madeira announced the intention to lead the drafting of an application of the Madeira wine traditions to the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

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time by Madeira Vintners, becoming the first new grape in over a century to be used for high-quality single-varietal Madeira wine. The company's stocks are still aging as of 2023 and no wine is on the market yet.

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and Brazil in the New World to Great Britain, Russia, and Northern Africa. The American colonies, in particular, were enthusiastic customers, consuming as much as 95% of all wine produced on the island each year.

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aging process to produce Madeira's distinctive flavor by artificial heating, whereas the wines destined for long aging are barrel-aged using only the naturally high temperatures of the barrel storage rooms (see

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on long sea voyages was very costly, so they began to develop methods on the island to produce the same aged and heated style. They began storing the wines on trestles at the winery or in special rooms known as

906:, almost became extinct on the island but has been making a comeback. Its style ranges in sweetness from that of Verdelho to that of Bual, never being quite as dry as Sercial nor quite as sweet as Malvasia. 1138: 441:

countries, France (where it is only used for cooking, salt and pepper having been added prior to bottling), and Germany; emerging markets are growing in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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The four major styles of Madeira are synonymous with the names of the four best-known white grapes used to produce the wine. Ranging from the sweetest style to the driest style, the Madeira types are:

1012:(sweet). However, in 2015 the Madeira Wine Institute announced that producers may officially recognise Tinta Negra on their front labels and that all "expressions" must state their bottling date. 884:

has its fermentation halted a little earlier than Sercial, when its sugars are between 1.5 and 2.5° Baumé (27-45 g/L). This style of wine is characterized by smokey notes and high acidity.

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that point, the wine can command a higher price than if it were still to be bottled as Colheita. This differs from Colheita Port which is a minimum of seven years of age before bottling.

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on 9 May 1768. Hancock's boat was seized after he had unloaded a cargo of 25 pipes (3,150 US gallons (11,900 L)) of Madeira, and a dispute arose over import duties. The seizure of

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Madeira is also used as a flavouring agent in cooking. Lower-quality Madeira wines may be flavored with salt and pepper to prevent their sale as Madeira wine, and then exported for

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Towards the end of the 20th century, some producers started a renewed focus on quality—ripping out the hybrid and American vines and replanting with the "noble grape" varieties of

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are the workhorse varieties on the island and are found in various concentrations in many blends and vintage wines. Bastardo, Complexa, and Tinta Negra are red grape varieties.

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Barrels of wine aging in the sun: the unique aging process of Madeira wine in which heat and temperature helped protect the wine for long sea voyages through tropical climates.

936:– This style includes wines from a single vintage, but aged for a shorter period than true Vintage Madeira. The wine can be labelled with a vintage date but includes the word 3024: 856:) has its fermentation halted when its sugars are between 3.5 and 6.5° Baumé (63-117 g/L). This style of wine is characterised by its dark colour, rich texture, and coffee- 874:) has its fermentation halted when its sugars are between 2.5 and 3.5° Baumé (45-63 g/L). This style of wine is characterized by its dark colour, medium-rich texture, and 724:

What makes Madeira wine production unique is how the wines are aged in relatively high temperatures, meant to duplicate the effect of a long sea voyage on the

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Wines made from at least 85% of the noble varieties of Sercial, Verdelho, Bual, and Malvasia are usually labelled based on the amount of time they were aged:

2844: 980:– This style must be aged at least 19 years in a cask and one year in bottle, therefore cannot be sold until it is at least 20 years of age. The word 437:

are still present and in high use, but hybrid grapes were officially banned from wine production in 1979. Today, Madeira's primary markets are in the

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Much of the characteristic flavour of Madeira is due to this practice, which hastens the mellowing of the wine and also tends to check secondary

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casks. The grape varieties destined for sweeter wines – Bual and Malvasia – are often fermented on their skins to

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estufa, but Barbeito continues to produce a more expensive Rainwater in the old pre-phylloxera style by blending Sercial and Verdelho grapes.

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flavours. Like other Madeiras made from noble grape varieties, the Malvasia grape used in Malmsey production has naturally high levels of

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In 1988, the Symington family of Portugal invested in the Madeira Wine Company which owned many of the Madeira brand names. They asked

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was difficult, and the vines were dependent on the local rainwater for survival. Another theory involves a shipment destined for the

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Accounts conflict as to how this style was developed. The most common name derives from the vineyards on the steep hillsides, where

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does not appear on bottles of vintage Madeira because, in Portugal, the word "Vintage" is a trademark belonging to the Port traders.

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means hothouse or stove in Portuguese), in which artificial heat is used to accelerate the aging process of the wines, whereas the

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region of Portugal. The terrain of the mountainous volcanic island is difficult to cultivate, so vineyards are planted on man-made

966:(over 15 years) – This style is rare to produce, with many producers extending the aging to 20 years for a vintage or producing a 1210: 992:

Madeira produced from Negra Mole grapes used to be legally restricted to use generic terms on the label to indicate the level of

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to re-launch Madeira and create a market for it again in America, which he did in 1989, establishing a firm rebirth of Madeira.

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through tropical climates. Three main methods are used to heat the wine during aging. The two processes belong to the

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By the turn of the 20th century, sales started to slowly return to normal, until the industry was rocked again by the

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process is used by all of the top Madeira brands, including Blandy's, Borges, Broadbent, d'Oliveiras and Justino's.

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process is used for the older and more expensive wines and employs only the natural heat of the barrel warehouses.

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were often served together as a last course at dinner parties in Washington in the early decades of the 1800s.

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Tuten, James (2005). "Liquid Assets: Madeira Wine and Cultural Capital among Lowcountry Planters, 1735-1900".

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was also known to appreciate Madeira, as were his cohorts on the early U.S. Supreme Court. Madeira and

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became a regular customer, picking up large, 423-litre (112 US gal) casks of wine known as "

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when a gentleman in Savannah, Georgia tasted a Madeira and declared "this is as fine as Rainwater."

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Other varieties planted on the island, though not legally permitted for Madeira production, include

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and England itself. Notable brands include Cossart and Gordon founded in 1745 and Blandy's in 1811.

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The mid-19th century ushered an end to the industry's prosperity. First came the 1851 discovery of

260: 960:(10 years) – At this point, the wines are often aged naturally without any artificial heat source. 3486: 3481: 3408: 3337: 3319: 2932: 2682: 2187: 1312: 633: 553:. The four major white grape varieties used for Madeira production are (from sweetest to driest) 296: 271: 183: 163: 78: 757:. This process more gently exposes the wine to heat and can last from six months to over a year. 3573: 3528: 3513: 3458: 3438: 3388: 3309: 3155: 2979: 2636: 2583: 2167: 2104: 1694: 1680: 1653: 1615: 1607: 1493: 1453: 1337: 1250: 1117: 1045: 1041: 701: 677: 384: 300: 292: 235: 175: 782:) Madeira, this heating process can last from 20 years to even more than 100 years. The term 475:. With high rainfall and average mean temperature of 66 °F (19 °C), the threats of 3453: 2937: 2801: 2509: 2427: 2354: 2217: 2119: 1304: 993: 582: 550: 491: 483: 472: 460: 430: 340: 313: 284: 1588: 1386: 1124:(Madeira sauce). Unflavored Madeira may also be used in cooking, such as the dessert dish " 3578: 3491: 3347: 3241: 2782: 2603: 2520: 2306: 2134: 2069: 2012: 1975: 1855: 1125: 857: 468: 366: 219: 134: 55: 989:

The terms pale, dark, full, and rich can also be included to describe the wine's colour.

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whose boat seizure after unloading a cargo of 25 pipes of Madeira caused riots in Boston.

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are also referred to as "Madeira" or "Madera"; however, most countries conform to the EU

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is nearly fermented completely dry, with very little residual sugar (0.5 to 1.5° on the

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has been aged for at least three years. This style is usually reserved for cooking.

861: 725: 487: 392: 371: 264: 251: 94: 67: 58:, off the coast of Africa. Madeira is produced in a variety of styles ranging from 2237: 1647: 664:

steps of Madeira start out like most other wines: grapes are harvested, crushed,

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Madeiras which do not carry a varietal label are generally made from Negra Mole.

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The Saucier's Apprentice: A Modern Guide to Classic French Sauces for the Home

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hazards. To combat these threats, Madeira vineyards are often planted on low

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by boosting the alcohol content (the modern process of fortification using

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Madeira's location made it an ideal stopping location for voyages to the

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for use in cooking, but these are not fit for consumption as a beverage.

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Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste

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Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste

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With the increase of commercial treaties with England such as the

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Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis

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varieties, although these are now rare on the island because of

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that make Port wine production possible. The use of mechanical

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have been used in the past to give some consistency (see also

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in which Madeira played a key role was the British seizure of

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Approximately 85% of Madeira is produced with the red grape,

1474:"Terrantez: Is Madeira's near-extinct vine on a comeback?" 502:

of the vine off the ground similar to a style used in the

1211:"Labeling of wine and certain other wine sector products" 1192:

designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira

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Younger wines (typically 3 and 5 years old) undergo the

1773: 970:. It is richer in style than a Special Reserve Madeira. 234:" for Madeira. The wine's popularity extended from the 215:, where the heat of the island sun would age the wine. 190:

did not become widespread until the 18th century). The

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The roots of Madeira's wine industry date back to the

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United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

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Herança - Revista de História, Património e Cultura

1574:"J.P. Morgan's Favored Madeira Wines Make Comeback" 1422:

Herança - Revista de História, Património e Cultura

1238: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 545:(also known as Malmsey or Malvazia) grape variety. 280:caused riots to erupt among the people of Boston. 1606:, Murdoch Books Pty Limited, Murdoch Books, 2005, 918:Storage of vintage Madeira wine, Blandys Winery, 1271:"History of Madeira Wine and the United Kingdom" 1728:'The Wine-Dark Sea', review of David Hancock's 810:. The resulting wine has a colour similar to a 802:in as much as it is, in effect, a mild kind of 596:Grown exclusively on the neighboring island of 1633:"Vinhos Justino Henriques, Filhos, Lda. = VJH" 433:now known officially as just Tinta Negra, and 2838: 2552: 1789: 459:Vineyard growing among other cultures in the 146:Development and success (15th–18th centuries) 106:where they may remain unharmed indefinitely. 93:. To prevent the wine from spoiling, neutral 8: 1745:Madeira Wine Guide by Dr. Wolf Peter Reutter 1073:accounts for Madeira's stability; an opened 243:Early American history (17th–18th centuries) 1336:(Third ed.), Oxford University Press, 1249:(Third ed.), Oxford University Press, 109:Some wines produced in small quantities in 3381: 3297: 3204: 3138: 2870: 2845: 2831: 2823: 2559: 2545: 2537: 2042: 1796: 1782: 1774: 1755: 1587:Herbst, Sharon Tyler; Herbst, Ron (2007), 1061:A bottle of Madeira wine in a traditional 656:A dry Madeira made from the Sercial grape. 521:, are very similar to the terraces of the 125:regulations and limit the use of the term 62:which can be consumed on their own, as an 708:), although this practice is decreasing. 1056: 27:Fortified wine made in Madeira, Portugal 2737:Clarification and stabilization of wine 1202: 374:varieties rather than replant with the 1491: 380:varieties that were previously grown. 1635:. Madeira Wine Guide. 6 January 2007. 7: 1069:Exposure to extreme temperature and 832:Company Pereira D`Oliveiras, Funchal 620:Regulations enacted recently by the 1652:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1297:American Nineteenth Century History 1116:. Madeira wine is commonly used in 685:addition of neutral grape spirits. 331:Modern era (19th century – present) 73:The islands of Madeira have a long 1528:"Article in 'The Drinks Business'" 25: 1821:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 3123: 2800: 2508: 1081:Before the advent of artificial 1019:were made in a style similar to 230:The eighteenth century was the " 3015:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 1450:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 1164:List of Portuguese wine regions 429:. The "workhorse" varieties of 287:, and it was used to toast the 1740:Images related to Madeira wine 463:climate near Santana, Madeira. 198:" for their voyages to India. 1: 2763:Glossary of viticulture terms 1604:The essential baking cookbook 1572:McCoy, Elin (29 March 2010). 1371:Retrieved on 23 February 2007 672:in either stainless steel or 467:The island of Madeira has an 2768:Glossary of winemaking terms 1646:Sokolov, Raymond A. (1976), 1333:The Oxford Companion to Wine 1246:The Oxford Companion to Wine 1139:(official announcement here) 1132:Intangible Cultural Heritage 133:to wines that come from the 77:history, dating back to the 1514:"Article in 'Bespoke Unit'" 1478:Wine & Spirits Magazine 636:, and the American hybrids 517:. These terraces, known as 289:Declaration of Independence 3626: 2688:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 1590:The Food Lover's Companion 1498:: CS1 maint: url-status ( 1330:Robinson, J., ed. (2006), 1243:Robinson, J., ed. (2006), 1159:History of Portuguese wine 283:Madeira was a favorite of 29: 3551: 3384: 3300: 3207: 3141: 3121: 2796: 2778:History of the wine press 2668:Sparkling wine production 2502: 1771: 1679:. Yale University Press. 1309:10.1080/14664650500314513 85:for ships heading to the 3605:Wine regions of Portugal 3325:Exclusive Economic Zone 3212:Administrative divisions 2773:Wine tasting descriptors 2494:Wine tasting descriptors 2423:Phenolic content in wine 2315:Alternative wine closure 1899:Great French Wine Blight 1154:Have Some Madeira M'Dear 192:Dutch East India Company 30:Not to be confused with 3040:Constitutional monarchy 2663:Malolactic fermentation 1734:Oxonian Review of Books 1704:Silva, António (2023). 1675:Hancock, David (2009). 1416:Silva, António (2023). 610:Artur de Barros e Sousa 319:in 1797. Chief Justice 54:made on the Portuguese 3343:Science and technology 3010:1761 Lisbon earthquake 3005:1755 Lisbon earthquake 1689:Liddell, Alex (1998). 1452:, Dorling Kindersley, 1448:Stevenson, T. (2005), 1066: 922: 833: 767:Barrel-aging process: 721: 657: 546: 464: 255: 159: 44: 3045:Republican Revolution 2990:Treaty of Tordesillas 2975:Portuguese golden age 2960:1383–1385 interregnum 2464:Wine and food pairing 1693:. Faber & Faber. 1541:Tuten, James (2008). 1404:, Vol.1, p.178 (1886) 1184:Terras Madeirenses VR 1097:Popular uses include 1060: 917: 902:A fifth noble grape, 831: 719: 655: 541: 458: 451:Climate and geography 404:Bartholomew Broadbent 250: 153: 42: 3539:World Heritage Sites 3075:Carnation Revolution 2115:Muscat of Alexandria 1750:Madeira Wine History 1400:Poore, Ben. Perley, 1389:on 19 February 2007. 1363:Encarta Encyclopedia 389:American Prohibition 310:Continental Congress 174:, a small amount of 2950:Kingdom of Portugal 2944:Manifestis Probatum 2693:Yeast in winemaking 2645:Carbonic maceration 1369:on 28 October 2009. 1275:Discovering Madeira 1008:(medium sweet) and 862:acidity in the wine 837:The noble varieties 700:Colourings such as 473:tropical influences 461:tropical influenced 351:and other European 345:phylloxera epidemic 261:American Revolution 3353:Telecommunications 3030:Liberal Revolution 2933:County of Portugal 2683:Traditional method 2484:Wine personalities 2188:Cabernet Sauvignon 1480:. 15 February 2016 1067: 1015:Wines listed with 944:A wine labeled as 923: 834: 722: 658: 634:Cabernet Sauvignon 547: 465: 297:Alexander Hamilton 256: 184:stabilize the wine 164:Age of Exploration 160: 141:History of Madeira 79:Age of Exploration 45: 3587: 3586: 3547: 3546: 3371: 3370: 3287: 3286: 3274:Political parties 3227:Foreign relations 3194: 3193: 3156:Iberian Peninsula 3119: 3118: 2965:Treaty of Windsor 2820: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2584:Late harvest wine 2534: 2533: 2271: 2270: 2168:Alicante Bouschet 1916:Judgment of Paris 1659:978-0-307-76480-5 1620:978-1-74045-542-8 1357:encarta.msn.com. 1118:tournedos Rossini 1046:American colonies 712:The aging process 702:caramel colouring 510:of red and brown 498:, that raise the 486:rot are constant 385:Russian Civil War 347:that had plagued 301:Benjamin Franklin 293:George Washington 236:American colonies 176:distilled alcohol 16:(Redirected from 3617: 3567: 3560: 3382: 3328: 3315:Economic history 3298: 3205: 3139: 3127: 2938:Treaty of Zamora 2871: 2847: 2840: 2833: 2824: 2805: 2804: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2538: 2513: 2512: 2428:Proteins in wine 2095:Grüner Veltliner 2043: 1798: 1791: 1784: 1775: 1756: 1717: 1663: 1662: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1629: 1623: 1601: 1595: 1594: 1584: 1578: 1577: 1576:. 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Retrieved 1274: 1265: 1245: 1205: 1187: 1169:Marsala wine 1143: 1135: 1122:sauce madère 1121: 1111: 1107:Madeira cake 1096: 1087:wine cellars 1080: 1068: 1039: 1035: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 987: 981: 977: 973: 967: 963: 957: 951: 945: 937: 933: 929: 924: 903: 901: 887: 881: 871: 867: 853: 849: 845: 840: 815: 800:fermentation 797: 791: 787: 783: 775: 771: 766: 760: 750: 743: 742: 737: 733: 729: 723: 699: 694: 689: 687: 660:The initial 659: 627: 619: 595: 548: 518: 495: 488:viticultural 466: 408: 401: 393:cooking wine 382: 375: 372:hybrid grape 357: 353:wine regions 334: 316:Constitution 315: 282: 277: 272: 265:John Hancock 257: 252:John Hancock 229: 217: 212: 203: 200: 161: 130: 126: 108: 100: 83:port of call 72: 47: 46: 43:Madeira wine 36: 3424:Immigration 3399:Drug policy 3305:Agriculture 3181:Earthquakes 3065:Estado Novo 3055:World War I 2985:Renaissance 2893:Lusitanians 2883:Oestriminis 2758:Wine bottle 2730:Other steps 2721:Wine cellar 2678:Süssreserve 2370:Wine cellar 2360:Wine bottle 2301:accessories 2299:Packaging, 2258:Tempranillo 1887:Noah's wine 1867:Phoenicians 1813:Viticulture 1557:22 February 892:Baumé scale 786:comes from 746:processes: 668:, and then 598:Porto Santo 504:Vinho Verde 494:, known as 446:Viticulture 225:West Indies 168:East Indies 156:East Indies 91:East Indies 3594:Categories 3499:Literature 3269:Parliament 3232:Government 3060:28 de Maio 2928:Al-Andalus 2637:Maceration 2627:Wine press 2617:Destemming 2568:Winemaking 2474:Wine fraud 2469:Wine fault 2454:Oenophilia 2390:Wine label 2385:Wine glass 2350:Port tongs 2248:Sangiovese 2243:Pinot noir 2203:Douce noir 2130:Rkatsiteli 2075:Chardonnay 2065:Catarratto 2039:by acreage 2013:Biodynamic 1976:Aromatized 1765:winemaking 1716:(2): 1–15. 1428:(2): 1–15. 1197:References 1042:irrigation 978:Frasqueira 776:Frasqueira 662:winemaking 648:Winemaking 638:Cunningham 630:Arnsburger 587:phylloxera 551:Negra Mole 527:harvesting 471:with some 305:John Adams 232:golden age 180:cane sugar 178:made from 115:California 75:winemaking 32:Madera AVA 3509:Monuments 3429:Languages 3404:Education 3363:Transport 3279:President 3237:Judiciary 3222:Elections 3186:Volcanoes 3151:Mountains 3134:Geography 2923:Visigoths 2903:Gallaecia 2898:Lusitania 2589:Noble rot 2479:Winemaker 2459:Sommelier 2395:Wine rack 2375:Wine cork 2365:Wine cave 2355:Screw cap 2325:Corkscrew 2290:New World 2285:Old World 2263:Zinfandel 2238:Mourvèdre 2145:Trebbiano 2085:Colombard 1986:Noble rot 1966:Fortified 1944:Sparkling 1911:New World 1622:, page 59 1317:144093837 1174:Port wine 1103:digestifs 1099:apéritifs 1032:Rainwater 1006:meio doce 1002:meio seco 994:sweetness 904:Terrantez 878:flavours. 817:maderized 788:canteiros 744:Estufagem 732:process ( 730:estufagem 690:estufagem 670:fermented 571:Terrantez 492:trellises 419:Terrantez 314:USS 104:demijohns 87:New World 60:dry wines 3574:Category 3524:Religion 3434:Naturism 3264:Military 3200:Politics 3111:Language 3101:Military 3089:By topic 2955:Monarchs 2908:Hispania 2888:Ophiussa 2875:Timeline 2858:articles 2854:Portugal 2604:Pressing 2526:Glossary 2442:Industry 2335:Jug wine 2330:Decanter 2320:Box wine 2218:Isabella 2213:Grenache 2193:Carignan 2140:Sémillon 2125:Riesling 2120:Palomino 1863:Ancient 1846:Vineyard 1841:Veraison 1826:Oenology 1494:cite web 1148:See also 968:colheita 938:colheita 930:Colheita 882:Verdelho 850:Malvazia 846:Malvasia 792:Canteiro 784:Canteiro 772:Canteiro 738:canteiro 591:Complexa 579:Moscatel 575:Bastardo 563:Verdelho 555:Malvasia 543:Malvasia 512:basaltic 508:terraces 484:botrytis 435:Complexa 427:Malvasia 415:Verdelho 64:apéritif 3558:Outline 3534:Symbols 3487:Cuisine 3469:Culture 3444:Poverty 3419:Housing 3377:Society 3358:Tourism 3333:Fishing 3293:Economy 3171:Regions 3161:Islands 3096:Economy 2866:History 2788:Terroir 2746:Related 2594:Vintage 2576:Harvest 2521:Outline 2345:Muselet 2307:storage 2198:Cinsaut 2173:Barbera 2100:Macabeo 2060:Aligoté 2018:Organic 2008:Natural 1961:Dessert 1906:Georgia 1856:History 1836:Terroir 1831:Species 1732:in the 1691:Madeira 1553:: 55–61 1000:(dry), 982:vintage 974:Vintage 952:Reserve 934:Harvest 920:Funchal 896:acidity 888:Sercial 858:caramel 854:Malmsey 808:oxidize 780:vintage 706:whiskey 682:phenols 666:pressed 642:Jacquet 606:Caracol 567:Sercial 515:bedrock 439:Benelux 411:Sercial 397:Marsala 325:walnuts 278:Liberty 273:Liberty 213:estufas 127:Madeira 48:Madeira 3579:Portal 3482:Cinema 3439:People 3409:Health 3338:Mining 3320:Energy 3176:Rivers 3146:Cities 2980:Empire 2856: 2753:Winery 2716:Solera 2340:Kvevri 2228:Merlot 2223:Malbec 2023:Kosher 1999:Other 1954:Orange 1927:Styles 1894:France 1697: 1683: 1656: 1618: 1610: 1456: 1340: 1315: 1280:29 May 1253: 1179:Sherry 1075:bottle 1071:oxygen 1063:wicker 1025:solera 1021:sherry 1017:Solera 946:Finest 876:raisin 824:Styles 734:estufa 604:) and 583:oidium 565:, and 500:canopy 496:latada 477:fungal 349:France 188:brandy 131:Madère 117:, and 111:Crimea 68:pepper 3565:Index 3529:Sport 3514:Music 3504:Media 3459:Women 3389:Crime 3327:(EEZ) 3166:Lakes 3106:Music 2913:Suebi 2703:Aging 2253:Syrah 2208:Gamay 2178:Bobal 2090:Glera 2055:Airén 2047:White 2003:Table 1991:Straw 1981:Fruit 1939:White 1882:China 1761:Wines 1313:S2CID 1065:cask. 755:sauna 680:more 678:leach 523:Douro 519:poios 269:sloop 196:pipes 119:Texas 50:is a 3492:Wine 3454:Time 3257:LGBT 2918:Buri 2305:and 2034:Top 1949:Rosé 1805:Wine 1763:and 1695:ISBN 1681:ISBN 1654:ISBN 1616:ISBN 1608:ISBN 1559:2018 1500:link 1486:2024 1454:ISBN 1338:ISBN 1282:2023 1251:ISBN 1186:, a 1120:and 1093:Uses 1010:doce 998:seco 872:Boal 868:Bual 640:and 585:and 577:and 559:Bual 482:and 425:and 423:Bual 387:and 365:and 303:and 172:port 3242:Law 2711:Oak 2160:Red 1971:Ice 1934:Red 1305:doi 1128:". 996:as 976:or 932:or 852:or 697:). 674:oak 370:or 267:'s 129:or 123:PDO 89:or 3596:: 1712:. 1708:. 1614:, 1549:. 1545:. 1496:}} 1492:{{ 1476:. 1434:^ 1424:. 1420:. 1361:. 1311:. 1299:. 1273:. 1219:^ 1141:. 1109:. 820:. 644:. 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