Madeira wine - Knowledge

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old would result in very little wine being from the original vintage. With Madeira, approximately 50% of a bottle would likely be from the stated year because they are only allowed to add up to 10%, not more than 10 times. Another interesting peculiarity of old solera Madeiras is that they were initially developed as a result of trying to extend the stocks of vintages when the vines had stopped being productive due to Phylloxera. Therefore, as there was no younger wine to add to the vintage, it was usually older wines that were added. In recent years, vintage Madeiras have been commanding higher prices than soleras, but, from 1966 (when Michael Broadbent started wine auctions at Christie's), until about the end of the 20th century, solera Madeiras always fetched a premium at auction over the vintage ones.

248: 1054: 911: 825: 2758: 2466: 759:: The most common, used for low-cost Madeira, is bulk aging in low stainless steel or concrete tanks surrounded by either heat coils or piping that allow hot water to circulate around the container. The wine is heated to temperatures as high as 130 °F (55 °C) for a minimum of 90 days as regulated by the Madeira Wine Institute. However, the Madeira is most commonly heated to approximately 115 °F (46 °C) 452: 391:, which closed off two of Madeira's biggest markets. After the repeal of Prohibition, improved shipping technology meant that ships no longer needed to stop off in Madeira, the island which was directly in the trade winds between Europe and America. The wine became known as The Forgotten Island Wine. The rest of the 20th century saw a downturn for Madeira, both in sales and reputation, as low-quality " 3081: 649: 151: 713: 535: 40: 102:

are produced by the canteiro method. Because of the way these wines are aged, they are very long-lived in the bottle, and those produced by the canteiro method will survive for decades and even centuries, even after being opened. Wines that have been in barrels for many decades are often removed and stored in

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that was accidentally diluted by rainwater while it sat on the docks in Savannah, Georgia, or Funchal. Rather than dump the wines, the merchants tried to pass it off as a "new style" of Madeira and were surprised at its popularity among the Americans. Another theory as to how Rainwater was named was

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Today, Madeira is noted for its unique winemaking process which involves oxidizing the wine through heat and ageing. The younger blends (three and five years old) are produced with the aid of artificial application of heat to accelerate the aging process; the older blends, colheitas and frasqueiras,

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will survive unharmed indefinitely. As long as a cork is put into the top of the bottle to prevent the effects of evaporation, fruit flies, and dust, a vintage Madeira, once opened, can last for decades. Properly sealed in bottles, it is one of the longest-lasting wines; Madeiras have been known to

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system. The Solera method of blending is most widely practiced in the sherry production of Spain. However, the rules for Madeira soleras are different. When it comes to sherry, as wine is used for bottling, new wine is added to the barrels of older wine and this continuous addition of young wine to

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on it. Colheita must be a minimum of five years of age before being bottled and may be bottled any time after that. Effectively, most wineries would drop the word Colheita once bottling a wine at over 19 years of age because it is entitled to be referred to as vintage once it is 20 years of age. At

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founded in that year subsequently restarted production of, and released in 2020, a 5-year-old Listrão Reserve Madeira. Caracol, an obscure grape believed to be unique to Porto Santo and only used for the local production of dry table wine in the past, was turned into fortified Madeira for the first

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and vineyard equipment is near impossible, making wine grape growing a costly endeavor on the island. Many vineyards have in the past been ripped up for commercial tourist developments or replanted with such products as bananas for commercial concerns. Some replanting is taking place on the island;

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from the grapes to balance the sweetness of the wine. Drier wines – made from Sercial, Verdelho, and Negra Mole – are separated from their skins prior to fermentation. Depending on the level of sweetness desired, fermentation of the wine is halted at some point by the

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however, the tourist trade is generally seen as a more lucrative business than wine-making. Most of the grapes, grown by around 2100 grape growers are from vines planted on small plots of land off of which the grape growers survive by making an income from a variety of different inter-grown crops.

170:. By the 16th century, records indicate that a well-established wine industry on the island supplied these ships with wine for the long voyages across the sea. The earliest examples of Madeira were unfortified and tended to spoil before reaching their destination. However, following the example of 1032:

A style called "Rainwater" is one of the largest-selling styles of Madeira in the United States, most commonly drunk as an apéritif. Nowadays it is almost always an inexpensive medium-dry style of wine made entirely from Tinta Negra grapes, and aged for around three years including a period in an

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have applied the rule that 85% of the grapes in the wine must be of the variety on the label. Thus, wines from before the late 19th century (pre-phylloxera) and after the late 20th century conform to this rule. Many "varietally labelled" Madeiras, from most of the 20th century, do not. Modern

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The intense heat in the holds of the ships had a transforming effect on the wine, as discovered by Madeira producers when one shipment was returned to the island after a long trip. The customer was found to prefer the taste of this style of wine, and Madeira labeled as

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were added. On the long sea voyages, the wines would be exposed to excessive heat and movement which transformed the flavour of the wine. This was discovered by the wine producers of Madeira when an unsold shipment of wine returned to the islands after a round trip.

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survive over 200 years in excellent condition. It is not uncommon to see 150-year-old Madeiras for sale at stores that specialize in rare wine. Vintages dating back to 1780 are known to exist. The oldest bottle that has come onto the market is a 1715 Terrantez.

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are also said to have appreciated the qualities of Madeira. The wine was mentioned in Benjamin Franklin's autobiography. On one occasion, Adams wrote to his wife, Abigail, of the great quantities of Madeira he consumed while a Massachusetts delegate to the

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in 1662, important English merchants settled on the island and, ultimately, controlled the increasingly important island wine trade. The English traders settled in the Funchal as of the seventeenth century, consolidating the markets from North America, the

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reached the island. By the end of the 19th century, most of the island's vineyards had been uprooted, and many were converted to sugar cane production. The majority of the vineyards that did replant chose to use American vine varieties, such as

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Madeira was a very important wine in the history of the United States of America. No wine-quality grapes were grown among the thirteen colonies, so imports were needed, with a great focus on Madeira. One of the major events on the road to the

585:. After the phylloxera epidemic, many wines were "mislabelled" as containing one of these noble grape varieties, which were reinterpreted as "wine styles" rather than true varietal names. Since the epidemic, Tinta Negra (or Negra Mole) and 1085:(as in parts of the southern United States) because, unlike many other fine wines, it could survive being stored over hot summers without significant damage. In the Americas, Madeira was traditionally stored in the warm attics of houses. 770:: Used for the highest quality Madeiras, these wines are aged without the use of any artificial heat, being stored by the winery in warm rooms that are heated only by the warm climate of the Madeira island. In cases such as 749:: Only used by the Madeira Wine Company, this method involves storing the wine in large wooden casks in a specially designed room outfitted with steam-producing tanks or pipes that heat the room, creating a type of 1132:

The 11 september 2024, the University of Madeira announced the intention to lead the drafting of an application of the Madeira wine traditions to the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

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time by Madeira Vintners, becoming the first new grape in over a century to be used for high-quality single-varietal Madeira wine. The company's stocks are still aging as of 2023 and no wine is on the market yet.

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and Brazil in the New World to Great Britain, Russia, and Northern Africa. The American colonies, in particular, were enthusiastic customers, consuming as much as 95% of all wine produced on the island each year.

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aging process to produce Madeira's distinctive flavor by artificial heating, whereas the wines destined for long aging are barrel-aged using only the naturally high temperatures of the barrel storage rooms (see

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on long sea voyages was very costly, so they began to develop methods on the island to produce the same aged and heated style. They began storing the wines on trestles at the winery or in special rooms known as

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countries, France (where it is only used for cooking, salt and pepper having been added prior to bottling), and Germany; emerging markets are growing in Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

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The four major styles of Madeira are synonymous with the names of the four best-known white grapes used to produce the wine. Ranging from the sweetest style to the driest style, the Madeira types are:

1008:(sweet). However, in 2015 the Madeira Wine Institute announced that producers may officially recognise Tinta Negra on their front labels and that all "expressions" must state their bottling date. 880:

has its fermentation halted a little earlier than Sercial, when its sugars are between 1.5 and 2.5° Baumé (27-45 g/L). This style of wine is characterized by smokey notes and high acidity.

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that point, the wine can command a higher price than if it were still to be bottled as Colheita. This differs from Colheita Port which is a minimum of seven years of age before bottling.

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on 9 May 1768. Hancock's boat was seized after he had unloaded a cargo of 25 pipes (3,150 US gallons (11,900 L)) of Madeira, and a dispute arose over import duties. The seizure of

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Madeira is also used as a flavouring agent in cooking. Lower-quality Madeira wines may be flavored with salt and pepper to prevent their sale as Madeira wine, and then exported for

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Towards the end of the 20th century, some producers started a renewed focus on quality—ripping out the hybrid and American vines and replanting with the "noble grape" varieties of

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are the workhorse varieties on the island and are found in various concentrations in many blends and vintage wines. Bastardo, Complexa, and Tinta Negra are red grape varieties.

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Barrels of wine aging in the sun: the unique aging process of Madeira wine in which heat and temperature helped protect the wine for long sea voyages through tropical climates.

932:– This style includes wines from a single vintage, but aged for a shorter period than true Vintage Madeira. The wine can be labelled with a vintage date but includes the word 2980: 852:) has its fermentation halted when its sugars are between 3.5 and 6.5° Baumé (63-117 g/L). This style of wine is characterised by its dark colour, rich texture, and coffee- 870:) has its fermentation halted when its sugars are between 2.5 and 3.5° Baumé (45-63 g/L). This style of wine is characterized by its dark colour, medium-rich texture, and 720:

What makes Madeira wine production unique is how the wines are aged in relatively high temperatures, meant to duplicate the effect of a long sea voyage on the

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Wines made from at least 85% of the noble varieties of Sercial, Verdelho, Bual, and Malvasia are usually labelled based on the amount of time they were aged:

2800: 976:– This style must be aged at least 19 years in a cask and one year in bottle, therefore cannot be sold until it is at least 20 years of age. The word 433:

are still present and in high use, but hybrid grapes were officially banned from wine production in 1979. Today, Madeira's primary markets are in the

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Much of the characteristic flavour of Madeira is due to this practice, which hastens the mellowing of the wine and also tends to check secondary

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casks. The grape varieties destined for sweeter wines – Bual and Malvasia – are often fermented on their skins to

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estufa, but Barbeito continues to produce a more expensive Rainwater in the old pre-phylloxera style by blending Sercial and Verdelho grapes.

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flavours. Like other Madeiras made from noble grape varieties, the Malvasia grape used in Malmsey production has naturally high levels of

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In 1988, the Symington family of Portugal invested in the Madeira Wine Company which owned many of the Madeira brand names. They asked

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was difficult, and the vines were dependent on the local rainwater for survival. Another theory involves a shipment destined for the

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Accounts conflict as to how this style was developed. The most common name derives from the vineyards on the steep hillsides, where

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does not appear on bottles of vintage Madeira because, in Portugal, the word "Vintage" is a trademark belonging to the Port traders.

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means hothouse or stove in Portuguese), in which artificial heat is used to accelerate the aging process of the wines, whereas the

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region of Portugal. The terrain of the mountainous volcanic island is difficult to cultivate, so vineyards are planted on man-made

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Madeira produced from Negra Mole grapes used to be legally restricted to use generic terms on the label to indicate the level of

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to re-launch Madeira and create a market for it again in America, which he did in 1989, establishing a firm rebirth of Madeira.

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through tropical climates. Three main methods are used to heat the wine during aging. The two processes belong to the

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By the turn of the 20th century, sales started to slowly return to normal, until the industry was rocked again by the

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process is used by all of the top Madeira brands, including Blandy's, Borges, Broadbent, d'Oliveiras and Justino's.

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process is used for the older and more expensive wines and employs only the natural heat of the barrel warehouses.

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were often served together as a last course at dinner parties in Washington in the early decades of the 1800s.

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Tuten, James (2005). "Liquid Assets: Madeira Wine and Cultural Capital among Lowcountry Planters, 1735-1900".

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was also known to appreciate Madeira, as were his cohorts on the early U.S. Supreme Court. Madeira and

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became a regular customer, picking up large, 423-litre (112 US gal) casks of wine known as "

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when a gentleman in Savannah, Georgia tasted a Madeira and declared "this is as fine as Rainwater."

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Other varieties planted on the island, though not legally permitted for Madeira production, include

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and England itself. Notable brands include Cossart and Gordon founded in 1745 and Blandy's in 1811.

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The mid-19th century ushered an end to the industry's prosperity. First came the 1851 discovery of

260: 956:(10 years) – At this point, the wines are often aged naturally without any artificial heat source. 3442: 3437: 3364: 3293: 3275: 2888: 2638: 2143: 1308: 629: 549:. The four major white grape varieties used for Madeira production are (from sweetest to driest) 296: 271: 183: 163: 78: 753:. This process more gently exposes the wine to heat and can last from six months to over a year. 3529: 3484: 3469: 3414: 3394: 3344: 3265: 3111: 2935: 2592: 2539: 2123: 2060: 1650: 1636: 1609: 1571: 1563: 1449: 1333: 1246: 1113: 1041: 1037: 697: 673: 384: 300: 292: 235: 175: 778:) Madeira, this heating process can last from 20 years to even more than 100 years. The term 471:. With high rainfall and average mean temperature of 66 °F (19 °C), the threats of 3409: 2893: 2757: 2465: 2383: 2310: 2173: 2075: 1300: 989: 578: 546: 487: 479: 468: 456: 426: 340: 313: 284: 1544: 1382: 1120:(Madeira sauce). Unflavored Madeira may also be used in cooking, such as the dessert dish " 3534: 3447: 3303: 3197: 2738: 2559: 2476: 2262: 2090: 2025: 1968: 1931: 1811: 1121: 853: 464: 366: 219: 134: 55: 985:

The terms pale, dark, full, and rich can also be included to describe the wine's colour.

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whose boat seizure after unloading a cargo of 25 pipes of Madeira caused riots in Boston.

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are also referred to as "Madeira" or "Madera"; however, most countries conform to the EU

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is nearly fermented completely dry, with very little residual sugar (0.5 to 1.5° on the

2975: 2633: 2628: 2577: 2531: 2388: 2360: 2335: 2256: 2245: 2240: 2138: 2105: 1921: 1899: 1866: 1842: 1737: 1184: 887: 799: 661: 617: 570: 522: 495: 475: 451: 396: 376: 358: 336: 207: 51: 1081:, Madeira wine was particularly prized in areas where it was impractical to construct 860:, which balances with the high sugar levels so the wines do not taste cloyingly sweet. 247: 206:(wines that have made a round trip) became very popular. Madeira producers found that 3549: 2950: 2658: 2567: 2373: 2368: 2045: 1861: 1837: 1327: 1312: 1240: 1078: 597: 362: 348: 324: 320: 2990: 2444: 2035: 1973: 1963: 1916: 1164: 1109: 1102: 944:

has been aged for at least three years. This style is usually reserved for cooking.

857: 721: 483: 392: 371: 264: 251: 94: 67: 58:, off the coast of Africa. Madeira is produced in a variety of styles ranging from 2193: 1603: 660:

steps of Madeira start out like most other wines: grapes are harvested, crushed,

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Madeiras which do not carry a varietal label are generally made from Negra Mole.

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The Saucier's Apprentice: A Modern Guide to Classic French Sauces for the Home

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varieties, although these are now increasingly rare on the island because of

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hazards. To combat these threats, Madeira vineyards are often planted on low

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by boosting the alcohol content (the modern process of fortification using

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Madeira's location made it an ideal stopping location for voyages to the

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for use in cooking, but these are not fit for consumption as a beverage.

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Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste

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Oceans of Wine: Madeira and the Emergence of American Trade and Taste

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With the increase of commercial treaties with England such as the

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Perley's Reminiscences of Sixty Years in the National Metropolis

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that make Port wine production possible. The use of mechanical

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have been used in the past to give some consistency (see also

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in which Madeira played a key role was the British seizure of

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Approximately 85% of Madeira is produced with the red grape,

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of the vine off the ground similar to a style used in the

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designation for simpler, non-fortified wines from Madeira

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Younger wines (typically 3 and 5 years old) undergo the

1729: 966:. It is richer in style than a Special Reserve Madeira. 234:" for Madeira. The wine's popularity extended from the 215:, where the heat of the island sun would age the wine. 190:

did not become widespread until the 18th century). The

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The roots of Madeira's wine industry date back to the

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United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

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Herança - Revista de História, Património e Cultura

1530:"J.P. Morgan's Favored Madeira Wines Make Comeback" 1418:

Herança - Revista de História, Património e Cultura

1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 541:(also known as Malmsey or Malvazia) grape variety. 280:caused riots to erupt among the people of Boston. 1562:, Murdoch Books Pty Limited, Murdoch Books, 2005, 914:Storage of vintage Madeira wine, Blandys Winery, 1267:"History of Madeira Wine and the United Kingdom" 1684:'The Wine-Dark Sea', review of David Hancock's 806:. The resulting wine has a colour similar to a 798:in as much as it is, in effect, a mild kind of 592:Grown exclusively on the neighboring island of 1589:"Vinhos Justino Henriques, Filhos, Lda. = VJH" 429:now known officially as just Tinta Negra, and 2794: 2508: 1745: 455:Vineyard growing among other cultures in the 146:Development and success (15th–18th centuries) 106:where they may remain unharmed indefinitely. 93:. To prevent the wine from spoiling, neutral 8: 1701:Madeira Wine Guide by Dr. Wolf Peter Reutter 1069:accounts for Madeira's stability; an opened 243:Early American history (17th–18th centuries) 1332:(Third ed.), Oxford University Press, 1245:(Third ed.), Oxford University Press, 109:Some wines produced in small quantities in 3337: 3253: 3160: 3094: 2826: 2801: 2787: 2779: 2515: 2501: 2493: 1998: 1752: 1738: 1730: 1711: 1543:Herbst, Sharon Tyler; Herbst, Ron (2007), 1057:A bottle of Madeira wine in a traditional 652:A dry Madeira made from the Sercial grape. 517:, are very similar to the terraces of the 125:regulations and limit the use of the term 62:which can be consumed on their own, as an 704:), although this practice is decreasing. 1052: 27:Fortified wine made in Madeira, Portugal 2693:Clarification and stabilization of wine 1198: 374:varieties rather than replant with the 380:varieties that were previously grown. 1591:. Madeira Wine Guide. 6 January 2007. 7: 1065:Exposure to extreme temperature and 828:Company Pereira D`Oliveiras, Funchal 616:Regulations enacted recently by the 1608:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1293:American Nineteenth Century History 1112:. Madeira wine is commonly used in 681:addition of neutral grape spirits. 331:Modern era (19th century – present) 73:The islands of Madeira have a long 1484:"Article in 'The Drinks Business'" 25: 1777:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 3079: 2756: 2464: 1077:Before the advent of artificial 1015:were made in a style similar to 230:The eighteenth century was the " 2971:History of Portugal (1777–1834) 1446:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia 1160:List of Portuguese wine regions 425:. The "workhorse" varieties of 287:, and it was used to toast the 1696:Images related to Madeira wine 459:climate near Santana, Madeira. 198:" for their voyages to India. 1: 2719:Glossary of viticulture terms 1560:The essential baking cookbook 1528:McCoy, Elin (29 March 2010). 1367:Retrieved on 23 February 2007 668:in either stainless steel or 463:The island of Madeira has an 2724:Glossary of winemaking terms 1602:Sokolov, Raymond A. (1976), 1329:The Oxford Companion to Wine 1242:The Oxford Companion to Wine 1135:(official announcement here) 1128:Intangible Cultural Heritage 133:to wines that come from the 77:history, dating back to the 1470:"Article in 'Bespoke Unit'" 632:, and the American hybrids 513:. These terraces, known as 289:Declaration of Independence 3582: 2644:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 1546:The Food Lover's Companion 1326:Robinson, J., ed. (2006), 1239:Robinson, J., ed. (2006), 1155:History of Portuguese wine 283:Madeira was a favorite of 29: 3507: 3340: 3256: 3163: 3097: 3077: 2752: 2734:History of the wine press 2624:Sparkling wine production 2458: 1727: 1635:. Yale University Press. 1305:10.1080/14664650500314513 85:for ships heading to the 3561:Wine regions of Portugal 3281:Exclusive Economic Zone 3168:Administrative divisions 2729:Wine tasting descriptors 2450:Wine tasting descriptors 2379:Phenolic content in wine 2271:Alternative wine closure 1855:Great French Wine Blight 1150:Have Some Madeira M'Dear 192:Dutch East India Company 30:Not to be confused with 2996:Constitutional monarchy 2619:Malolactic fermentation 1690:Oxonian Review of Books 1660:Silva, António (2023). 1631:Hancock, David (2009). 1412:Silva, António (2023). 606:Artur de Barros e Sousa 319:in 1797. Chief Justice 54:made on the Portuguese 3299:Science and technology 2966:1761 Lisbon earthquake 2961:1755 Lisbon earthquake 1645:Liddell, Alex (1998). 1448:, Dorling Kindersley, 1444:Stevenson, T. (2005), 1062: 918: 829: 763:Barrel-aging process: 717: 653: 542: 460: 255: 159: 44: 3001:Republican Revolution 2946:Treaty of Tordesillas 2931:Portuguese golden age 2916:1383–1385 interregnum 2420:Wine and food pairing 1649:. Faber & Faber. 1497:Tuten, James (2008). 1400:, Vol.1, p.178 (1886) 1180:Terras Madeirenses VR 1093:Popular uses include 1056: 913: 898:A fifth noble grape, 827: 715: 651: 537: 454: 447:Climate and geography 404:Bartholomew Broadbent 250: 153: 42: 3495:World Heritage Sites 3031:Carnation Revolution 2071:Muscat of Alexandria 1706:Madeira Wine History 1396:Poore, Ben. Perley, 1385:on 19 February 2007. 1359:Encarta Encyclopedia 389:American Prohibition 310:Continental Congress 174:, a small amount of 2906:Kingdom of Portugal 2900:Manifestis Probatum 2649:Yeast in winemaking 2601:Carbonic maceration 1365:on 28 October 2009. 1271:Discovering Madeira 1004:(medium sweet) and 858:acidity in the wine 833:The noble varieties 696:Colourings such as 469:tropical influences 457:tropical influenced 351:and other European 345:phylloxera epidemic 261:American Revolution 3309:Telecommunications 2986:Liberal Revolution 2889:County of Portugal 2639:Traditional method 2440:Wine personalities 2144:Cabernet Sauvignon 1063: 1011:Wines listed with 940:A wine labeled as 919: 830: 718: 654: 630:Cabernet Sauvignon 543: 461: 297:Alexander Hamilton 256: 184:stabilize the wine 164:Age of Exploration 160: 141:History of Madeira 79:Age of Exploration 45: 3543: 3542: 3503: 3502: 3327: 3326: 3243: 3242: 3230:Political parties 3183:Foreign relations 3150: 3149: 3112:Iberian Peninsula 3075: 3074: 2921:Treaty of Windsor 2776: 2775: 2770: 2769: 2540:Late harvest wine 2490: 2489: 2227: 2226: 2124:Alicante Bouschet 1872:Judgment of Paris 1615:978-0-307-76480-5 1576:978-1-74045-542-8 1353:encarta.msn.com. 1114:tournedos Rossini 1042:American colonies 708:The aging process 698:caramel colouring 506:of red and brown 494:, that raise the 482:rot are constant 385:Russian Civil War 347:that had plagued 301:Benjamin Franklin 293:George Washington 236:American colonies 176:distilled alcohol 16:(Redirected from 3573: 3523: 3516: 3338: 3284: 3271:Economic history 3254: 3161: 3095: 3083: 2894:Treaty of Zamora 2827: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2780: 2761: 2760: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2494: 2469: 2468: 2384:Proteins in wine 2051:Grüner Veltliner 1999: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1731: 1712: 1673: 1619: 1618: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1579: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1532:. 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Retrieved 1270: 1261: 1241: 1201: 1183: 1165:Marsala wine 1139: 1131: 1118:sauce madère 1117: 1107: 1103:Madeira cake 1092: 1083:wine cellars 1076: 1064: 1035: 1031: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 987: 983: 977: 973: 969: 963: 959: 953: 947: 941: 933: 929: 925: 920: 899: 897: 883: 877: 867: 863: 849: 845: 841: 836: 811: 796:fermentation 793: 787: 783: 779: 771: 767: 762: 756: 746: 739: 738: 733: 729: 725: 719: 695: 690: 685: 683: 656:The initial 655: 623: 615: 591: 544: 514: 491: 484:viticultural 462: 408: 401: 393:cooking wine 382: 375: 372:hybrid grape 357: 353:wine regions 334: 316:Constitution 315: 282: 277: 272: 265:John Hancock 257: 252:John Hancock 229: 217: 212: 203: 200: 161: 130: 126: 108: 100: 83:port of call 72: 47: 46: 43:Madeira wine 36: 3380:Immigration 3355:Drug policy 3261:Agriculture 3137:Earthquakes 3021:Estado Novo 3011:World War I 2941:Renaissance 2849:Lusitanians 2839:Oestriminis 2714:Wine bottle 2686:Other steps 2677:Wine cellar 2634:Süssreserve 2326:Wine cellar 2316:Wine bottle 2257:accessories 2255:Packaging, 2214:Tempranillo 1843:Noah's wine 1823:Phoenicians 1769:Viticulture 1513:22 February 888:Baumé scale 782:comes from 742:processes: 664:, and then 594:Porto Santo 500:Vinho Verde 490:, known as 442:Viticulture 225:West Indies 168:East Indies 156:East Indies 91:East Indies 18:Madeira DOC 3550:Categories 3455:Literature 3225:Parliament 3188:Government 3016:28 de Maio 2884:Al-Andalus 2593:Maceration 2583:Wine press 2573:Destemming 2524:Winemaking 2430:Wine fraud 2425:Wine fault 2410:Oenophilia 2346:Wine label 2341:Wine glass 2306:Port tongs 2204:Sangiovese 2199:Pinot noir 2159:Douce noir 2086:Rkatsiteli 2031:Chardonnay 2021:Catarratto 1995:by acreage 1969:Biodynamic 1932:Aromatized 1721:winemaking 1672:(2): 1–15. 1424:(2): 1–15. 1193:References 1038:irrigation 974:Frasqueira 772:Frasqueira 658:winemaking 644:Winemaking 634:Cunningham 626:Arnsburger 583:phylloxera 547:Negra Mole 523:harvesting 467:with some 305:John Adams 232:golden age 180:cane sugar 178:made from 115:California 75:winemaking 32:Madera AVA 3465:Monuments 3385:Languages 3360:Education 3319:Transport 3235:President 3193:Judiciary 3178:Elections 3142:Volcanoes 3107:Mountains 3090:Geography 2879:Visigoths 2859:Gallaecia 2854:Lusitania 2545:Noble rot 2435:Winemaker 2415:Sommelier 2351:Wine rack 2331:Wine cork 2321:Wine cave 2311:Screw cap 2281:Corkscrew 2246:New World 2241:Old World 2219:Zinfandel 2194:Mourvèdre 2101:Trebbiano 2041:Colombard 1942:Noble rot 1922:Fortified 1900:Sparkling 1867:New World 1578:, page 59 1313:144093837 1170:Port wine 1099:digestifs 1095:apéritifs 1028:Rainwater 1002:meio doce 998:meio seco 990:sweetness 900:Terrantez 874:flavours. 813:maderized 784:canteiros 740:Estufagem 728:process ( 726:estufagem 686:estufagem 666:fermented 567:Terrantez 488:trellises 314:USS 104:demijohns 87:New World 60:dry wines 3530:Category 3480:Religion 3390:Naturism 3220:Military 3156:Politics 3067:Language 3057:Military 3045:By topic 2911:Monarchs 2864:Hispania 2844:Ophiussa 2831:Timeline 2814:articles 2810:Portugal 2560:Pressing 2482:Glossary 2398:Industry 2291:Jug wine 2286:Decanter 2276:Box wine 2174:Isabella 2169:Grenache 2149:Carignan 2096:Sémillon 2081:Riesling 2076:Palomino 1819:Ancient 1802:Vineyard 1797:Veraison 1782:Oenology 1144:See also 964:colheita 934:colheita 926:Colheita 878:Verdelho 846:Malvazia 842:Malvasia 788:Canteiro 780:Canteiro 768:Canteiro 734:canteiro 587:Complexa 575:Moscatel 571:Bastardo 559:Verdelho 551:Malvasia 539:Malvasia 508:basaltic 504:terraces 480:botrytis 431:Complexa 423:Malvasia 415:Verdelho 64:apéritif 3514:Outline 3490:Symbols 3443:Cuisine 3425:Culture 3400:Poverty 3375:Housing 3333:Society 3314:Tourism 3289:Fishing 3249:Economy 3127:Regions 3117:Islands 3052:Economy 2822:History 2744:Terroir 2702:Related 2550:Vintage 2532:Harvest 2477:Outline 2301:Muselet 2263:storage 2154:Cinsaut 2129:Barbera 2056:Macabeo 2016:Aligoté 1974:Organic 1964:Natural 1917:Dessert 1862:Georgia 1812:History 1792:Terroir 1787:Species 1688:in the 1647:Madeira 1509:: 55–61 996:(dry), 978:vintage 970:Vintage 948:Reserve 930:Harvest 916:Funchal 892:acidity 884:Sercial 854:caramel 850:Malmsey 804:oxidize 776:vintage 702:whiskey 678:phenols 662:pressed 638:Jacquet 602:Caracol 563:Sercial 511:bedrock 435:Benelux 411:Sercial 397:Marsala 325:walnuts 278:Liberty 273:Liberty 213:estufas 127:Madeira 48:Madeira 3535:Portal 3438:Cinema 3395:People 3365:Health 3294:Mining 3276:Energy 3132:Rivers 3102:Cities 2936:Empire 2812: 2709:Winery 2672:Solera 2296:Kvevri 2184:Merlot 2179:Malbec 1979:Kosher 1955:Other 1910:Orange 1883:Styles 1850:France 1653: 1639: 1612: 1574: 1566: 1452: 1336: 1311: 1276:29 May 1249: 1175:Sherry 1071:bottle 1067:oxygen 1059:wicker 1021:solera 1017:sherry 1013:Solera 942:Finest 872:raisin 820:Styles 730:estufa 600:) and 579:oidium 561:, and 496:canopy 492:latada 473:fungal 349:France 188:brandy 131:Madère 117:, and 111:Crimea 68:pepper 3521:Index 3485:Sport 3470:Music 3460:Media 3415:Women 3345:Crime 3283:(EEZ) 3122:Lakes 3062:Music 2869:Suebi 2659:Aging 2209:Syrah 2164:Gamay 2134:Bobal 2046:Glera 2011:Airén 2003:White 1959:Table 1947:Straw 1937:Fruit 1895:White 1838:China 1717:Wines 1309:S2CID 1061:cask. 751:sauna 676:more 674:leach 519:Douro 515:poios 269:sloop 196:pipes 119:Texas 50:is a 3448:Wine 3410:Time 3213:LGBT 2874:Buri 2261:and 1990:Top 1905:Rosé 1761:Wine 1719:and 1651:ISBN 1637:ISBN 1610:ISBN 1572:ISBN 1564:ISBN 1515:2018 1450:ISBN 1334:ISBN 1278:2023 1247:ISBN 1182:, a 1116:and 1089:Uses 1006:doce 994:seco 868:Boal 864:Bual 636:and 581:and 573:and 555:Bual 478:and 421:and 419:Bual 387:and 365:and 303:and 172:port 3198:Law 2667:Oak 2116:Red 1927:Ice 1890:Red 1301:doi 1124:". 992:as 972:or 928:or 848:or 693:). 670:oak 370:or 267:'s 129:or 123:PDO 89:or 3552:: 1668:. 1664:. 1570:, 1505:. 1501:. 1430:^ 1420:. 1416:. 1357:. 1307:. 1295:. 1269:. 1215:^ 1137:. 1105:. 816:. 640:. 628:, 569:, 557:, 553:, 417:, 413:, 399:. 361:, 299:, 295:, 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