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cities of the
Harappa culture in India, and a century or two earlier than the Golden Age of China. Unusually fine for their early date, and with a remarkably rich survival of evidence, these sites stand as a visible symbol of the achievements of early peoples away from the traditional centres of civilisation ... Maes Howe is a masterpiece of Neolithic engineering. It is an exceptionally early architectural accomplishment. With its almost classical strength and simplicity it is a unique survival from 5000 years ago. It is an expression of genius within a group of people whose other tombs were claustrophobic chambers in smaller mounds.
615:
that "rivals that of the Great
Pyramid". Rather than chambers of a tomb, Tompkins suggested the structure contained small "retiring rooms for the observers". He suggested the entrance was very similar to Egyptian pyramids in that it had a "54 foot observation passage aimed like a telescope at a megalithic stone to indicate the summer solstice" (p. 130) in addition to its "Watchstone" to the West that indicated the equinoxes. The "sighting passage" points to a northern star like the pyramids of Saqqara, Dashur and Medûm. Tompkins stated that "The similarity to the structure at Maes-Howe is indeed amazing". He cited Professor
655:. Farrer, like many antiquarians of the day, was not noted for his careful excavation of sites. John Hedges describes him as possessing "a rapacious appetite for excavation matched only by his crude techniques, lack of inspiration, and general inability to publish." Farrer and his workmen broke through the roof of the entrance passage and found it filled with debris. He then turned his attention to the top of the mound, broke through, and over a period of a few days, emptied the main chamber of material that had filled it completely. He and his workmen discovered the famous
68:
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502:. Low roads connect Neolithic ceremonial sites throughout Britain. Some archeologists believe that Maeshowe was originally surrounded by a large stone circle. The complex including Maeshowe, the Ring of Brodgar, the Standing Stones of Stenness, Skara Brae, as well as other tombs and standing stones represents a concentration of Neolithic sites that is rivalled in Britain only by the complexes associated with
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calculated that at least 100,000 hours would be required. Dating of the construction of
Maeshowe is difficult but dates derived from burials in similar tombs cluster around 3000 BC. Since Maeshowe is the largest and most sophisticated example of the Maeshowe "type" of tomb, archaeologists
773:
The monuments at the heart of
Neolithic Orkney and Skara Brae proclaim the triumphs of the human spirit in early ages and isolated places. They were approximately contemporary with the mastabas of the archaic period of Egypt (first and second dynasties), the brick temples of Sumeria, and the first
482:
directly faces the mound. In addition, the so-called "Barnhouse Stone" in a field around 700 metres away is perfectly aligned with the entrance to
Maeshowe. This entrance corridor is so placed that it lets the direct light of the setting sun into the chamber for a few days on each side of the
614:
Tompkins extensively studied numerous documents related to the measurement and exploration of the Great
Pyramid of Giza. He stated the central "observation chamber" at Maeshowe was "corbeled like the Great Pyramid's Grand Gallery", was carefully leveled, plumbed", and the jointing is of a quality
550:
of the
Maeshowe "type" are characterized by a long, low entrance passageway leading to a square or rectangular chamber from which there is access to a number of side cells. Although there are disagreements as to the attribution of tombs to tomb types, there are only seven definitely known
442:
high, requiring visitors to stoop or crawl into the central chamber. That chamber is constructed largely of flat slabs of stone, many of which traverse nearly the entire length of the walls. In each corner lie huge angled buttresses that rise to the vaulting. At a height of about 3 feet
622:
Tompkins, citing Thom and others, described in detail how
Maeshowe, Silbury Hill and other ancient mounds and Neolithic megaliths across Britain served as extremely accurate observatories, calendars, and straight-line beacons for travelers, as well as how they were used ceremonially in
529:
Tours depart from the
Maeshowe Heart of Neolithic Orkney Visitor Centre on a shuttle bus which takes tour groups of 16 people down to the chambered cairn itself between 4 and 7 times a day. It contains an exhibition, a gift shop and public toilets, as well as staff facilities.
606:
A potential explanation for the extraordinary genius of
Maeshowe engineering and the lack of human remains was described by Peter Tompkins in 1971, who compared the structure at "Maes-Howe" to the Great Pyramid suggesting the site was used as an observatory, calendar, and for
693:
Excavations have revealed that the external wall surrounding the ditch was rebuilt in the 9th century. Some archaeologists see this as evidence that the tomb may have been reused by the Norse people and that they were the source of the "treasure" found by the later looters.
471:. The land around Maeshowe at its construction probably looked much as it does today: Treeless, with grasses representative of ‘pollen assemblage zone’ MNH-I, reflecting "mixed agricultural practices, probably with a pastoral bias – there is a substantial amount of
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inscriptions on the walls of the chamber represent the largest single collection of such carvings in the world. More recent fieldwork has demonstrated that the application of a computational photography technique,
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526:, which sits adjacent to the tomb. Tormiston Mill Visitor Centre closed in September 2016, for various reasons, notably the small carpark and dangerous road, along with lack of wheelchair access and asbestos.
955:
series writers Martin Kemp and Dan Oliver, with contributions from historian prof. Ronald Hutton, and from archeologists Erika Guttmann and Martin Carruthers (25 September 2006). "The Pagans ".
586:
is normally characterized by grave goods, which were found at Cuween Hill and the tomb on Holm of Papa Westray (see the paragraph above) but were not found at Maeshowe. Further, the description of a
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This entrance passage is 36 feet (11 m) long and leads to the central almost square chamber measuring about 15 feet (4.6 m) on each side. The current height of the chamber is
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619:, former Chair of Engineering Science at Oxford, as writing about the geometry of construction and astronomical alignment of Maeshowe in this context in 1967.
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The tomb gives its name to the Maeshowe type of Scottish chambered cairn, which is limited to Orkney. Maeshowe is very similar to the famous
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Maeshowe is one of the largest tombs in Orkney; the mound encasing the tomb is 115 feet (35 m) in diameter and rises to a height of
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Maeshowe is aligned with some other Neolithic sites in the vicinity, for example, the entrance of "Structure 8" of the nearby
602:) says, "It is an expression of genius within a group of people whose other tombs were claustrophobic chambers in smaller mounds."
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Estimates of the amount of effort required to build Maeshowe vary; a commonly suggested number is 39,000 man-hours, although
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364:, "a superlative monument that by its originality of execution is lifted out of its class into a unique position." Maeshowe is a
594:"Not all passage graves have been found to contain evidence of human remains. One such example is Maeshowe." In addition, the
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443:(0.91 m), the wall's construction changes from the use of flat to overlapping slabs creating a beehive-shaped vault.
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357:. In the archaeology of Scotland, it gives its name to the Maeshowe type of chambered cairn, which is limited to Orkney.
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have suggested that it is the last of its class, built around 2800 BC. The people who built Maeshowe were users of
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roof. The original roof may have risen to a height of 15 feet (4.6 m) or more. The entrance passage is only about
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inscriptions carved on the walls, proof that Norsemen had broken into the tomb at least six centuries earlier.
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weighing up to 30 tons. It is aligned so that the rear wall of its central chamber is illuminated on the
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A History of Britain: The key events that have shaped Britain from Neolithic times to the 21st century
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2009:
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2019:
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747:" was listed as a World Heritage site in December 1999. In addition to Maeshowe, the site includes
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715:, meaning 'a buttock'; in reference to a hillock. However, Celtic-derived toponyms are uncommon in the
522:, and opened to the public in April 2017. The previous visitor centre for Maeshowe had been located in
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Maeshowe is a significant example of Neolithic craftsmanship and is, in the words of the archaeologist
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reports that there are three more Maeshowe-type tombs in Orkney but she doesn't name or locate them.
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wide. The grass mound hides a complex of passages and chambers built of carefully crafted slabs of
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this reflects the height to which the original stonework is preserved and capped by a modern
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Maeshowe appears as a grassy mound rising from a flat plain near the southeast end of the
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A Neolithic "low road" connects Maeshowe with the magnificently preserved village of
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Smith, Nicole; Beale, Gareth; Richards, Julian; Scholma-Mason, Nela (October 2018).
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1989:
16:
Neolithic chambered cairn and passage grave situated on Mainland Orkney, Scotland
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682:(RTI), can shed light onto the nature of the inscriptions and their sequencing.
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and Ragnvald, Earl of Møre in about the 12th century. The more than thirty
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141:
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567:. The tomb of Quoyness is found on Sanday, while Vinquoy Hill is located on
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176:
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1379:. Vol. VI Scotland. Edinburgh, UK: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
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The Environment of Orkney in the Prehistory of Orkney BC 4000-1000 AD
1162:
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468:
377:
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The Maeshowe Heart of Neolithic Orkney Visitor Centre is located in
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Davidson, D.A.; Jones, D.L. (1985). Renfrew, Colin (ed.).
643:
The "modern" opening of the tomb in July 1861 was by
3091:
Buildings and structures completed in the 28th century BC
1483:. London, UK: Rep. Research Comm. Soc. Antiq. London #38.
1424:
Tomb of the Eagles: Death and Life in a Stone Age Tribe
1299:
Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland
1216:
1214:
1204:
1202:
710:
728:, 'an area of activity', is a doubtful proposition.
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2413:
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2190:
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1972:
1931:
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555:, there are, in addition to Maeshowe; the tombs of
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209:
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187:
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98:
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2882:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd
1353:
1547:"Maeshowe: The application of RTI to Norse runes"
546:, suggesting a linkage between the two cultures.
1375:Childe, V. Gordon; Simpson, W. Douglas (1952).
28:
1360:. London, UK: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd.
788:— another winter solstice aligned passage tomb
487:, illuminating the entrance to the back cell.
2634:
1909:
1669:
1492:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
1407:. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.
997:
939:
827:List of archaeo-astronomical sites by country
8:
2982:Town of St George and Related Fortifications
1507:Ritchie, Graham & Ritchie, Anna (1981).
1443:Orkney and Shetland: An archaeological guide
1080:
1078:
959:(TV documentary). Season 1. Episode 12. US.
627:celebrations more than 4000 years ago.
21:
735:on Holm suggests an etymological parallel.
723:
571:. Finally, there is an unnamed tomb on the
3021:3rd-millennium BC architecture in Scotland
2650:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
2641:
2627:
2619:
1916:
1902:
1894:
1676:
1662:
1654:
46:
20:
1643:"Research on the reappearance of the sun"
1564:
1310:
759:and other nearby sites. It is managed by
2778:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
2697:Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
1490:The Prehistory of Orkney BC 4000-1000 AD
1445:. Newton Abbott, UK: David and Charles.
1377:Illustrated History of Ancient Monuments
850:(RTI) is under the (more current?) name
395:Surrounding the mound, at a distance of
1509:Scotland: Archaeology and early history
1462:Neolithic Cultures of the British Isles
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
903:
868:
839:
582:According to the description herein, a
3071:Historic Scotland properties in Orkney
2930:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
2045:Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland
1594:Highlight-RTI is the approach used in
1559:(8). Council for British Archaeology.
985:
973:
920:"Maes Howe, chambered cairn (SM90209)"
702:The etymological genesis of the name
268:
258:
248:
233:
225:
217:
208:
7:
880:"Maeshowe's runes - Viking graffiti"
874:
872:
666:, Maeshowe was looted by the famous
1511:. New York, NY: Thames and Hudson.
719:, and derivation from an analog of
706:is uncertain. The name may involve
639:Maeshowe soon after opening in 1861
475:pollen, but also that of cereals."
3081:Archaeological museums in Scotland
3000:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
1293:Marwick, Hugh (30 November 1923).
848:reflectance transformation imaging
680:reflectance transformation imaging
611:ceremonies rather than as a tomb.
14:
1608:. New York, NY: Harper & Row.
1072:Davidson & Jones (1985) pp 27
3066:World Heritage Sites in Scotland
3031:Megalithic monuments in Scotland
2258:Port an Eilean Mhòir boat burial
2172:Scottish–Norwegian War (1262-66)
1085:Wickham-Jones, Caroline (2012).
74:
73:
66:
3061:Scheduled monuments in Scotland
3026:1861 archaeological discoveries
2925:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
1426:. New York, NY: New Amsterdam.
1168:"The Heart of Neolithic Orkney"
353:. It was probably built around
3036:Archaeological sites in Orkney
2877:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
1464:. Cambridge University Press.
1295:"Celtic Place Names in Orkney"
415:. A similar display occurs in
372:", a group of sites including
1:
2835:Frontiers of the Roman Empire
2716:Frontiers of the Roman Empire
1832:Wideford Hill chambered cairn
1625:Historic Environment Scotland
1530:. London, UK: B.T. Batsford.
916:Historic Environment Scotland
761:Historic Environment Scotland
294:Historic Environment Scotland
3096:Chambered cairns in Scotland
3046:Viking Age sites in Scotland
2955:British Overseas Territories
1606:Secrets of the Great Pyramid
1488:Renfrew, Colin, ed. (1985).
2020:Ingibjörg the Earls'-Mother
1742:Blackhammer Chambered Cairn
1018:Castleden (1987) pp 176–177
802:Standing Stones of Stenness
753:Standing Stones of Stenness
496:Standing Stones of Stenness
82:Shown within Orkney Islands
3132:
2560:Associated clans and septs
1621:"Maeshowe Chambered Cairn"
1352:Castleden, Rodney (1987).
1229:Tompkins (1971) pp 137–138
1196:Tompkins (1971) pp 130–133
853:polynomial texture mapping
846:The wikipedia article for
689:Maes Howe interior in 2012
426:Cross-sections of Maeshowe
376:, which were designated a
212:UNESCO World Heritage Site
3106:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
2849:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
2798:
2745:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens
2671:Great Spa Towns of Europe
2040:Margaret, Queen of Norway
2000:Gormflaith ingen Murchada
1045:Renfrew (1979) pp 212–214
998:Childe & Simpson 1952
940:Childe & Simpson 1952
812:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
765:Statement of Significance
745:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
647:, an antiquarian and the
596:Statement of Significance
370:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
283:
279:
254:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
61:
57:
45:
26:
2735:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2035:Margaret, Maid of Norway
1985:Bethóc, Prioress of Iona
1792:Quoyness chambered cairn
1604:Tompkins, Peter (1971).
1481:Investigations in Orkney
1460:Piggott, Stuart (1954).
1422:Hedges, John W. (1984).
1384:Dargie, Richard (2007).
1312:10.9750/PSAS.057.251.265
822:List of megalithic sites
551:Maeshowe-type tombs. On
274:Europe and North America
142:58.9965806°N 3.1881749°W
2111:Thorbjorn Thorsteinsson
2030:Máel Muire ingen Amlaíb
1822:Vinquoy chambered cairn
1782:Midhowe Chambered Cairn
1479:Renfrew, Colin (1979).
671:Earl Harald Maddadarson
432:12.5 feet (3.8 m),
387:Design and construction
326:
29:
2805:
2055:Ragnhildis Olafsdottir
1812:Unstan Chambered Cairn
1634:Winter Solstice Webcam
1526:Ritchie, Anna (1995).
1109:Castleden (1987) p 117
1036:Castleden (1987) p 212
776:
724:
711:
690:
640:
427:
311:
147:58.9965806; -3.1881749
2962:Gorham's Cave Complex
2804:
2760:Palace of Westminster
2459:Scottish island names
2282:Artifacts and culture
1959:Mormaers of Caithness
1925:Scandinavian Scotland
1730:Other Neolithic Sites
1649:on 17 September 2009.
1441:Laing, Lloyd (1974).
1388:. Arcturus Foulsham.
1356:The Stonehenge People
1305:: 251–265, esp. 261.
1238:Tompkins (1971) p 128
1220:Tompkins (1971) p 133
1118:Castleden (1987) p 93
1089:. Historic Scotland.
769:
767:for the site begins:
739:World Heritage status
688:
638:
425:
393:24 feet (7.3 m).
309:
91:Alternative name
2768:St Margaret's Church
2702:Derwent Valley Mills
2688:St Augustine's Abbey
2684:Canterbury Cathedral
2478:Battles and treaties
2132:Kingdom of the Isles
2050:Ragnhild Eriksdotter
2005:Gunnhild Gormsdóttir
1995:Cacht ingen Ragnaill
1762:Holm of Papa Westray
1737:Barnhouse Settlement
1596:Internet Archaeology
1552:Internet Archaeology
662:As described in the
649:Member of Parliament
573:Holm of Papa Westray
480:Barnhouse Settlement
440:3 feet (0.91 m)
405:45 feet (14 m)
401:70 feet (21 m)
397:50 feet (15 m)
368:and is part of the "
2972:Inaccessible Island
2347:St Magnus Cathedral
2223:Cubbie Roo's Castle
2167:Davidian Revolution
2010:Helga Moddansdóttir
1980:Aud the Deep-Minded
1693:World Heritage Site
1265:Ritchie (1995) p 10
1154:Ritchie (1995) p 47
1127:Ritchie (1981) p 22
1087:Monuments of Orkney
1054:Ritchie (1981) p 29
1027:Hedges (1984) p 113
1009:Ritchie (1995) p 59
494:, passing near the
381:World Heritage Site
138: /
23:
3086:Neolithic Scotland
3056:Runic inscriptions
3051:Prehistoric Orkney
2821:Edinburgh Old Town
2806:
2783:Studley Royal Park
2755:Maritime Greenwich
2692:St Martin's Church
2341:Sen dollotar Ulaid
2295:Chronicles of Mann
2015:Ingeborg of Norway
1868:Burroughston Broch
1807:Tomb of the Eagles
1721:Stones of Stenness
1685:Prehistoric Orkney
1528:Prehistoric Orkney
1256:Hedges (1984) p 22
1247:Ritchie (1995) p 9
1145:Hedges (1984) p 80
1063:Renfrew (1985) p 7
817:Prehistoric Orkney
691:
641:
428:
366:scheduled monument
312:
260:Reference no.
198:Public access
3076:Museums in Orkney
3008:
3007:
2919:
2912:
2901:
2895:Caernarfon Castle
2890:
2843:
2764:Westminster Abbey
2724:
2673:
2616:
2615:
2583:Macaulay of Lewis
2116:Thorstein the Red
2064:Other notable men
1891:
1890:
1777:Links of Noltland
1623:(official site).
1395:978-0-572-03342-2
1275:Smith et al. 2018
1178:on 24 August 2007
1172:Historic Scotland
1136:Laing (1974) p 42
1096:978-1-84917-073-4
600:quoted in § below
403:is a ditch up to
310:Maeshowe Entrance
304:
303:
245:
192:Historic Scotland
3123:
3101:Mainland, Orkney
3041:Archaeoastronomy
2977:Henderson Island
2946:Giant's Causeway
2939:Northern Ireland
2915:
2904:
2893:
2888:Beaumaris Castle
2886:
2839:
2803:
2730:Ironbridge Gorge
2720:
2668:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2273:St Magnus Church
2268:Scar boat burial
2213:Brough of Birsay
2106:Sweyn Asleifsson
2101:Ragnall ua Ímair
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1863:Broch of Gurness
1858:Broch of Burrian
1853:Broch of Borwick
1848:Brough of Birsay
1772:Knowe of Swandro
1678:
1671:
1664:
1655:
1650:
1645:. Archived from
1638:
1628:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1589:
1568:
1566:10.11141/ia.47.8
1541:
1522:
1503:
1484:
1475:
1456:
1437:
1418:
1399:
1380:
1371:
1359:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1314:
1290:
1277:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1174:. Archived from
1164:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1082:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
1000:, pp. 18–19
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
964:
952:
943:
937:
931:
930:
928:
926:
912:
906:
901:
895:
894:
892:
890:
876:
857:
844:
727:
714:
520:Stenness Village
441:
433:
406:
402:
398:
394:
356:
239:
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
107:Mainland, Orkney
77:
76:
70:
50:
40:
32:
24:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3111:Winter solstice
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2986:
2950:
2934:
2863:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2792:Tower of London
2787:Fountains Abbey
2679:Blenheim Palace
2652:
2647:
2617:
2612:
2554:
2550:Treaty of Perth
2473:
2447:
2409:
2356:
2329:Orkneyinga saga
2323:Manx runestones
2277:
2263:Rubha an Dùnain
2238:Kirkwall Castle
2208:Bishop's Palace
2186:
2120:
2059:
1968:
1954:Lords of Argyll
1944:Earls of Orkney
1927:
1922:
1892:
1887:
1836:
1725:
1711:Ring of Brodgar
1706:Ness of Brodgar
1687:
1682:
1641:
1631:
1619:
1616:
1603:
1587:
1585:
1544:
1538:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1500:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1459:
1453:
1440:
1434:
1421:
1415:
1402:
1396:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1292:
1291:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1166:
1165:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
996:
992:
984:
980:
972:
968:
961:History Channel
954:
953:
946:
938:
934:
924:
922:
914:
913:
909:
902:
898:
888:
886:
878:
877:
870:
866:
861:
860:
845:
841:
836:
831:
792:Ring of Brodgar
781:
757:Ring of Brodgar
741:
700:
664:Orkneyinga saga
633:
548:Chambered tombs
536:
516:
500:Ring of Brodgar
485:winter solstice
461:
439:
431:
413:winter solstice
404:
400:
396:
392:
389:
354:
336:chambered cairn
214:
162:Chambered cairn
146:
144:
140:
137:
132:
129:
127:
125:
124:
86:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
78:
53:
41:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3116:Passage graves
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:Harlech Castle
2913:
2902:
2891:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2832:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2740:Jurassic Coast
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:Hadrian's Wall
2713:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:Treaty of 1098
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2464:Northern Isles
2461:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2366:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2318:Lewis chessmen
2315:
2310:
2308:Galloway Hoard
2305:
2298:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2157:Outer Hebrides
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Gall-Ghàidheil
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2086:Olaf the White
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1949:Crovan dynasty
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1842:
1841:Iron Age Sites
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1639:
1629:
1615:
1614:External links
1612:
1611:
1610:
1601:
1555:(data paper).
1542:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1504:
1498:
1485:
1476:
1470:
1457:
1451:
1438:
1432:
1419:
1413:
1400:
1394:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1278:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1210:
1208:Tompkins p 130
1198:
1189:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1074:
1065:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
944:
932:
907:
896:
867:
865:
862:
859:
858:
838:
837:
835:
832:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
782:
780:
777:
740:
737:
717:Northern Isles
699:
696:
632:
629:
617:Alexander Thom
604:
603:
584:chambered tomb
535:
532:
524:Tormiston Mill
515:
514:Visitor Centre
512:
460:
457:
388:
385:
362:Stuart Piggott
302:
301:
296:
290:
289:
285:
284:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
267:
266:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
236:
232:
231:
230:i, ii, iii, iv
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
81:
72:
71:
65:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3128:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2842:
2841:Antonine Wall
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2750:Lake District
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:Durham Castle
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2443:Old Norwegian
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Law Ting Holm
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Linton Chapel
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2096:Páll Bálkason
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:Notable women
1971:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:List of kings
1937:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1873:Midhowe Broch
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:Knap of Howar
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Dwarfie Stane
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Castle Bloody
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1537:0-7134-7593-5
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1518:0-500-27365-0
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1499:0-85224-456-8
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1471:0-521-07781-8
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1452:0-7153-6305-0
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1433:0-941533-05-0
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1414:0-85224-456-8
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1367:0-7102-0968-1
1363:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
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1021:
1015:
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1006:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
988:, p. 160
987:
982:
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849:
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828:
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823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
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807:The Stone Lud
805:
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795:
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787:
784:
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766:
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588:passage grave
585:
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566:
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561:Wideford Hill
558:
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541:
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531:
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448:Colin Renfrew
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386:
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340:passage grave
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69:
60:
56:
49:
44:
38:
31:
25:
19:
2967:Gough Island
2906:Conwy Castle
2830:Forth Bridge
2423:Middle Irish
2339:
2327:
2302:Darraðarljóð
2300:
2293:
2253:Old Scatness
2247:
2071:Caittil Find
2025:Isabel Bruce
1827:Westray Wife
1700:
1647:the original
1633:
1605:
1593:
1586:. Retrieved
1556:
1550:
1527:
1508:
1489:
1480:
1461:
1442:
1423:
1404:
1385:
1376:
1355:
1346:Bibliography
1334:15 September
1332:. Retrieved
1302:
1298:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1192:
1180:. Retrieved
1176:the original
1171:
1150:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1086:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
993:
981:
976:, p. 12
969:
956:
942:, p. 18
935:
923:. Retrieved
910:
904:Piggott 1954
899:
887:. Retrieved
883:
851:
847:
842:
772:
770:
764:
742:
732:
730:
703:
701:
692:
661:
653:South Durham
645:James Farrer
642:
621:
613:
605:
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581:
577:Anna Ritchie
537:
528:
517:
489:
477:
462:
453:grooved ware
445:
429:
390:
359:
342:situated on
327:
318:
314:
313:
18:
2669:as part of
2540:Vestrajǫrðr
2515:Isle of Man
2191:Archaeology
2091:Olvir Rosta
1817:Unstan ware
1752:Cuween Hill
1588:29 November
1182:5 September
986:Hedges 1984
974:Dargie 2007
957:Lost Worlds
565:Quanterness
557:Cuween Hill
288:Identifiers
145: /
121:Coordinates
3015:Categories
2910:Town Walls
2899:Town Walls
2854:New Lanark
2766:including
2593:MacDougall
2588:Mac Coitir
2490:Brunanburh
2385:Lunnasting
1883:Tankerness
1716:Skara Brae
889:30 October
864:References
797:Skara Brae
749:Skara Brae
631:Excavation
504:Stonehenge
492:Skara Brae
374:Skara Brae
235:Designated
183:Site notes
130:58°59′48″N
2711:Cathedral
2608:MacDonald
2578:Somhairle
2452:Etymology
2433:Old Norse
2395:Sandsting
2335:Ounceland
2228:Earl's Bu
2218:Camas Uig
2137:Dál Riata
2076:Ingimundr
1878:Mine Howe
1787:Mor Stein
1583:165773006
1575:1363-5387
1329:257289232
1321:0081-1564
884:Orkneyjar
834:Footnotes
786:Newgrange
651:(MP) for
540:Newgrange
436:corbelled
417:Newgrange
409:flagstone
383:in 1999.
333:Neolithic
323:Old Norse
319:Maes Howe
188:Ownership
177:Neolithic
133:3°11′17″W
94:Maes Howe
37:Old Norse
2859:St Kilda
2825:New Town
2813:Scotland
2773:Saltaire
2603:Macruari
2573:Uí Ímair
2510:Epiphany
2495:Clontarf
2469:Hebrides
2415:Language
2400:Tingwall
2375:Dingwall
2362:Althings
2352:Udal law
2313:Hogbacks
2248:Maeshowe
2233:Jarlshof
2177:Scotland
2162:Shetland
2147:Lochlann
2081:Ljótólfr
1964:Uí Ímair
1701:Maeshowe
1637:(video).
779:See also
763:, whose
733:Masshowe
704:Maeshowe
698:Toponymy
590:states:
553:Mainland
542:tomb in
498:and the
351:Scotland
344:Mainland
328:Orkhaugr
315:Maeshowe
227:Criteria
222:Cultural
116:Scotland
103:Stenness
99:Location
52:Maeshowe
30:Orkhaugr
22:Maeshowe
2657:England
2598:MacLeod
2530:Skyhill
2525:Renfrew
2438:Pictish
2405:Tynwald
2390:Nesting
2370:Delting
2289:Birlinn
2198:Bornish
2125:History
925:22 June
668:Vikings
625:May Day
609:May Day
544:Ireland
508:Avebury
473:ribwort
355:2800 BC
331:) is a
299:SM90209
250:Part of
242:session
173:Periods
168:History
2992:Former
2500:Dollar
2203:Birsay
2182:Norway
2152:Orkney
1990:Bjaðǫk
1932:Rulers
1802:Rousay
1581:
1573:
1534:
1515:
1496:
1468:
1449:
1430:
1411:
1392:
1364:
1327:
1319:
1093:
755:, the
751:, the
708:Gaelic
563:, and
469:Harray
459:Siting
378:UNESCO
347:Orkney
270:Region
240:(23rd
113:Region
33:
2869:Wales
2520:Largs
2505:Barry
2485:Bauds
1797:Rinyo
1579:S2CID
1325:S2CID
743:The "
721:Welsh
675:runic
657:runic
534:Style
238:1999
2908:and
2897:and
2823:and
2785:and
2762:and
2709:and
2690:and
2664:Bath
2568:Gunn
2535:Tara
2428:Norn
1590:2018
1571:ISSN
1532:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1494:ISBN
1466:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1336:2021
1317:ISSN
1184:2007
1091:ISBN
927:2020
891:2008
725:maes
569:Eday
506:and
465:Loch
338:and
317:(or
219:Type
158:Type
1561:doi
1307:doi
712:mas
467:of
399:to
264:514
201:Yes
3017::
2686:,
1592:.
1577:.
1569:.
1557:47
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1323:.
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1301:.
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1281:^
1213:^
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882:.
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1370:.
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893:.
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244:)
39:)
35:(
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