327:, a type of evil spirit that is personified as an "outsider" that brings death and misfortune. Kanaima have been associated with shape-shifting (usually animals such as jaguars, bats, or armadillos) and attacks are often directed at individuals when they are alone, in which they would be assaulted and die some days later. Another use of the term applies spiritual context to stealth, assassin-like tactics as a form of protection, but can come back to harm the beneficiaries as well.
119:
101:
55:
1000:
83:
335:. While there are reports of Macushi selling their own into slavery, it has also been noted that this was done under duress. In the 1800s, Macushis "specialized in producing hammocks, various crafts, and a potent form of curare" which were traded among other Amerindian groups in the region often for cassava graters and blow-pipes.
277:
Similar to other indigenous groups in the area, Macushi traditional life relies a great deal on the bitter cassava, and cultivation tasks are divided by gender. Men traditionally clear the land and women tend and harvest. In
Macushi lore, cassava was created for cultivation purpose and is overseen by
338:
Prior to
European colonization, Macushi were semi-nomadic, but permanent settlements have since formed usually around Catholic or Anglican missions or government-built schools. By the 1900s, many Macushi worked as laborers doing balata-bleeding or cattle-ranching. Brazilian indigenous policies have
330:
The earliest recorded mentions of
Macushi was in 1740 in context of Luso-Brazilian slave raids led by Irishman Lourenço Belforte. From the 1700s to the late 1800s, the Macushi were pushed north by Portuguese and Brazilian raids, and south by Caribs and Akawaio proxies for the Dutch and English,
350:
The
Brazilian Government have set up schools, as well as hospitals for the Macushi and since 2005 they are campaigning for land rights to be recognized throughout Brazil. Macushi are the largest indigenous group in the Roraima, and make up a segment of the population of
270:
They live in villages linked together by tracks and paths, with houses built round a central courtyard. When married, the
Macushi couple lives in the wife's family's village and the father-in-law is of great importance in Macushi kinship.
383:
298:
describes them as descendants of the sun's children, the benevolent
Insikiran (Inshkirung) and his malevolent brother Makunaima (or Negi) who created fire, as well as diseases, and they also believe they discovered
2203:
219:
The
Macushi are also known as the Macusi, Macussi, Makushi, Makusi, Makuxi, Teueia, and Teweya people. Macushi, as well as the Arecuna, Kamarakoto, and Taurepan are considered sub-groups of
988:
262:
Macushi were hesitant to teach their language to outsiders, thus the language was threatened in the 1950s, as it was considered "slang" compared to the official
Portuguese.
2196:
347:
During the 18th century in Brazil, non-native people occupied
Macushi territory, establishing mission villages and farms and forcing Macushi people to relocate.
2361:
417:
which was led by prominent
European and Amerindian ranching families, covered much of the traditional Macushi territory and many Macushi were also killed.
2910:
981:
898:
2189:
2905:
966:
554:"The sociocultural formation of Boa Vista – Roraima and the Macushi and Wapishana people in the city: historical process and sense of belonging"
2900:
2895:
974:
529:
339:
had a more visibly significant effect on Macushi culture compared to the Guyana side, which on the most part had been to leave them alone.
2673:
2663:
2688:
192:
644:
2885:
2880:
2818:
2761:
2699:
2693:
2378:
2354:
624:"PERCEPTION AND MANAGEMENT OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA CRANTZ) DIVERSITY AMONG MAKUSHI AMERINDIANS OF GUYANA (SOUTH AMERICA)"
2736:
2620:
2655:
924:
2797:
2668:
2323:
741:
2915:
2220:
1004:
785:
521:
The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk, 1835-1844: Explorations on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society, 1835-1839
2890:
1763:
1372:
677:
519:
2347:
1115:
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2052:
1612:
163:
2496:
444:
2782:
2726:
2583:
1466:
1293:
623:
598:"The Implications of Changing Makushi Identity and Traditional Practices for Forest Conservation in Guyana"
2746:
2212:
2110:
1678:
1382:
2823:
2756:
2568:
286:, wo (drink), starch tapioca, and casereep. Village status is correlated to success in cassava farming.
236:
2802:
2683:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2578:
2303:
2298:
2128:
2048:
1095:
1022:
874:
407:
2854:
2751:
2678:
2605:
2573:
2328:
1841:
1455:
368:
356:
274:
Macushi practice hunting and agriculture methods such as shifting cultivation and fish-poisoning.
240:
184:
143:
2844:
2792:
2787:
2767:
2741:
2707:
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2625:
1986:
1836:
830:
352:
2100:
1936:
1931:
1866:
1392:
1387:
382:
Region (Guyana) in 1909, learned the language and stayed with them for more than 23 years. The
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2612:
2421:
2072:
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1999:
1901:
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714:
571:
525:
414:
332:
167:
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1911:
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1402:
1331:
1263:
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814:
561:
248:
244:
232:
151:
147:
139:
31:
553:
2599:
2552:
2547:
2262:
2162:
2141:
1916:
1861:
1655:
1525:
745:
432:
426:
312:
2396:
2019:
2014:
2004:
1846:
1783:
1346:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2426:
2406:
2391:
2386:
2313:
2272:
2228:
2009:
1961:
1926:
1881:
1821:
1515:
1492:
1412:
1278:
1243:
1223:
1198:
502:
316:
295:
311:– and they believe it comes from the sun. Similar to other Amerindian groups (such as
2874:
2828:
2521:
2481:
2471:
2441:
2318:
2250:
2245:
2146:
2024:
1946:
1941:
1906:
1886:
1856:
1851:
1739:
1683:
1660:
1650:
1336:
1298:
1268:
1188:
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706:
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438:
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2181:
2082:
1956:
1482:
1168:
1158:
1034:
395:
304:
282:). Women are the main processors, and the main products are cassava bread, farine,
252:
1047:
960:
2526:
2431:
2370:
1798:
1670:
1578:
1545:
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1437:
1407:
1273:
1233:
1218:
1178:
1148:
1067:
1052:
899:"Bittersweet triumph at Venice Biennale of late Indigenous artist Jaider Esbell"
471:
738:
678:"The Makushi of Guiana - Brazilian Frontier in 1944 A Study of Culture Contact"
597:
2501:
1966:
1896:
1731:
1713:
1583:
1352:
1326:
1308:
1128:
1042:
848:
375:
54:
1497:
1427:
826:
718:
575:
2713:
2416:
2277:
1994:
1688:
1555:
1535:
1477:
1377:
1213:
1062:
711:
Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America
399:
208:
124:
2774:
2491:
2095:
1871:
1788:
1568:
1362:
1341:
1208:
1133:
761:
2516:
2486:
2411:
1971:
1775:
1642:
1573:
1540:
1472:
1397:
1303:
1253:
1248:
1173:
1143:
1123:
1077:
403:
379:
283:
2436:
2118:
1976:
1951:
1588:
1507:
1450:
1417:
1318:
1283:
1238:
1153:
1105:
1100:
204:
834:
802:
17:
2446:
2401:
2238:
2233:
1876:
1826:
1487:
1422:
1367:
1357:
1288:
1258:
1193:
1183:
1138:
1008:
999:
925:"Bernaldina José Pedro, Repository of Indigenous Culture, Dies at 75"
391:
372:
200:
196:
106:
88:
2339:
818:
707:"Guns and Sorcery: Raiding, Trading, and Kanaima among the Makushi"
2476:
2267:
1816:
1624:
1530:
1203:
367:
In Guyana, the Macushi settled in the Northern Rupununi Savannah.
220:
2343:
2185:
2045:
1760:
1609:
1019:
970:
406:
are considered Macushi settlements. In the southern Rupununi,
622:
Elias, Marianne; Rival, Laura; McKey, Doyle (Winter 2000).
749:
Instituto Socioambiental: Povos Indígenas no Brasil.
2837:
2811:
2654:
2592:
2561:
2540:
2377:
2291:
2219:
2155:
2127:
2109:
2081:
2063:
1985:
1797:
1774:
1730:
1712:
1669:
1641:
1623:
1554:
1506:
1436:
1317:
1114:
1076:
1033:
323:, a medicine-man or spiritual leader and belief in
157:
133:
115:
97:
79:
74:
64:
45:
948:Rupununi Mission: the story of Cuthbert Cary-Elwes
447:(1945–2020), Brazilian activist and tribal leader.
235:, a Macushi-Kapon language, which is part of the
359:is a recognized indigenous area of the Macushi.
875:"Breaking the glass ceiling - Guyana Chronicle"
441:(1979-2021), Brazilian artist, activist, author
307:. The Macushi believe in the life principle –
2355:
2197:
982:
961:Dramatic video shows attack on Indian village
8:
40:
705:Whitaker, James Andrew (15 December 2017).
2362:
2348:
2340:
2204:
2190:
2182:
2060:
2042:
1771:
1757:
1620:
1606:
1030:
1016:
989:
975:
967:
803:"An Ethnohistory of Amerindians in Guyana"
552:Melo, Luciana Marinho de (15 April 2016).
435:, (born 1977 or 1978), Guyanese politician
386:is managed by Macushi and the villages of
331:limiting the extent of their lands to the
259:was translated into the language in 1996.
53:
39:
946:Cuthbert, Cary-Elwes. Bridges, John, ed.
565:
251:. The Macushi language is written in the
849:"Sydney Allicock: the man from Iwokrama"
410:and Moco-Moco also Macushi settlements.
766:Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' Affairs
524:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 21.
498:
496:
494:
492:
466:
464:
462:
460:
456:
195:living in the borderlands of southern
7:
950:. London: Jesuit Missionsstka, 1985.
700:
698:
671:
669:
596:Jafferally, Deirdre (January 2017).
591:
589:
587:
585:
547:
545:
543:
541:
75:Regions with significant populations
25:
2911:Indigenous peoples of the Guianas
429:(~1954), Guyanese Vice-President.
378:settled among the Macushi of the
2213:Ancestry and ethnicity in Guyana
998:
801:Edwards, W.; Gibson, K. (1979).
567:10.18227/2217-1448ted.v0i28.3387
243:, while some in Venezuela speak
117:
99:
81:
2906:Indigenous peoples in Venezuela
1:
384:Iwokrama International Centre
2901:Indigenous peoples in Guyana
2896:Indigenous peoples in Brazil
239:. Some in Brazil also speak
207:, and in an eastern part of
319:) is the importance of the
247:, and some in Guyana speak
27:Indigenous people of Brazil
2937:
2047:Indigenous peoples of the
1762:Indigenous peoples of the
1611:Indigenous peoples of the
1021:Indigenous peoples of the
560:(in Portuguese) (28): 60.
29:
2059:
2041:
1770:
1756:
1619:
1605:
1029:
1015:
728:– via ResearchGate.
652:survivalinternational.org
231:Macushi people speak the
162:
138:
69:
59:Macushi village in Brazil
52:
2886:Ethnic groups in Guyana
2881:Ethnic groups in Brazil
791:Retrieved 30 July 2012.
751:Retrieved 30 July 2012.
739:"Macuxi: Introduction."
631:Journal of Ethnobiology
518:Rivière, Peter (2006).
508:Retrieved 30 July 2012.
789:The Jesuits in Guyana.
188:
30:For the language, see
445:Bernaldina José Pedro
266:Housing and lifestyle
237:Carib language family
762:"Amerindian nations"
676:Myers, Iris (1993).
2916:People from Roraima
1764:Central-West Region
879:guyanachronicle.com
744:15 May 2012 at the
369:Cuthbert Cary-Elwes
357:Raposa Serra do Sol
290:History and culture
164:Indigenous religion
42:
2891:History of Roraima
1987:Mato Grosso do Sul
1005:Indigenous peoples
929:The New York Times
654:(in Italian). 1998
645:"I figli del Sole"
325:keinaimi (kanaima)
278:a Cassava Mother (
2868:
2867:
2371:Venezuelan people
2337:
2336:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2053:Southeast Regions
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1596:
903:The Art Newspaper
531:978-0-904180-86-2
415:Rupununi Uprising
333:Rupununi Savannah
193:indigenous people
173:
172:
168:Roman Catholicism
16:(Redirected from
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1613:Northeast Region
1607:
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558:Textos e Debates
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233:Macushi language
203:in the state of
123:
121:
120:
105:
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102:
87:
85:
84:
65:Total population
57:
43:
32:Macushi language
21:
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2180:
2167:
2151:
2123:
2105:
2077:
2055:
2029:
1981:
1793:
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1708:
1665:
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855:. November 2010
847:
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786:"The Interior."
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746:Wayback Machine
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476:Socio Ambiental
470:
469:
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433:Alister Charlie
427:Sydney Allicock
423:
398:, Crash Water,
365:
345:
292:
268:
229:
217:
118:
116:
100:
98:
82:
80:
60:
48:
38:
35:
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2898:
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2860:Refugee crisis
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2838:Related topics
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2579:Indo-Caribbean
2576:
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2293:
2292:Non-Indigenous
2289:
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2255:
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2111:Santa Catarina
2107:
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2065:Espírito Santo
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2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:Guarani-Kaiowá
1997:
1991:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1927:Kĩsêdjê (Suyá)
1924:
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1914:
1909:
1904:
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1704:Gavião-Pykobjê
1701:
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1493:Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau
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1390:
1385:
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685:Anthopologica
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93:33,603 (2014)
92:
90:
78:
73:
68:
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56:
51:
44:
33:
19:
2845:Colonization
2497:Timoto–Cuica
2451:
2257:
2083:Minas Gerais
1842:Enawene Nawe
1784:Avá-Canoeiro
1520:
1393:Suruí (Pará)
1023:North Region
963:20 June 2008
947:
932:. Retrieved
928:
919:
907:. Retrieved
902:
893:
882:. Retrieved
878:
869:
857:. Retrieved
852:
843:
810:
807:Ethnohistory
806:
796:
788:
781:
769:. Retrieved
765:
756:
748:
734:
722:. Retrieved
710:
688:
684:
656:. Retrieved
651:
639:
630:
617:
605:. Retrieved
603:. p. 38
557:
520:
513:
505:
479:. Retrieved
475:
412:
408:St. Ignatius
366:
349:
346:
337:
329:
324:
320:
308:
305:Tree of Life
300:
296:oral history
293:
279:
276:
273:
269:
261:
253:Latin script
230:
218:
180:
176:
174:
111:9,500 (2011)
37:Ethnic group
2850:Immigration
2783:Scandinavia
1837:Cinta Larga
1799:Mato Grosso
1462:Cinta Larga
1234:Pira-tapuya
1224:Parintintín
934:28 February
859:28 February
658:28 February
607:28 February
506:Ethnologue.
481:28 February
199:, northern
2875:Categories
2747:Portuguese
2737:Lithuanian
2584:Uruguayans
2569:Argentines
2422:Cumanagoto
2379:Indigenous
2329:Portuguese
2221:Indigenous
2156:Widespread
2073:Tupiniquim
1967:Yawalapiti
1902:Nambikwara
1832:Chiquitano
1732:Pernambuco
1469:(Rondônia)
1458:(Rondônia)
884:2024-03-27
813:(2): 170.
503:"Macushi."
452:References
376:missionary
280:kisera yan
255:, and the
241:Portuguese
191:) are an
185:Portuguese
144:Portuguese
2803:Ukrainian
2727:Hungarian
2714:Coloniero
2417:Chitarero
2304:Brazilian
2278:Wapishana
2129:São Paulo
1995:Chamacoco
1922:Rikbaktsa
1892:Munduruku
1722:Potiguara
1689:Guajajara
1679:Awá-Guajá
1556:Tocantins
1536:Wapishana
1478:Karitiana
1383:Parkatêjê
1378:Munduruku
1373:Kỳikatêjê
1214:Munduruku
1063:Machinere
1048:Asháninka
827:0014-1801
771:18 August
719:2572-3626
576:2317-1448
400:Karasabai
353:Boa Vista
209:Venezuela
134:Languages
129:89 (2011)
125:Venezuela
2855:Diaspora
2824:Mestizos
2752:Romanian
2700:Corsican
2684:Croatian
2664:Austrian
2636:Japanese
2621:Armenian
2606:Lebanese
2574:Chileans
2562:Americas
2527:Ye'kuana
2517:Yanomami
2487:Saladoid
2412:Caquetio
2263:Patamona
2163:Kaingang
2142:Kaingang
2101:Xakriabá
1937:Tapirapé
1932:Tapayúna
1867:Kamayurá
1862:Kalapalo
1671:Maranhão
1656:Tabajara
1579:Tapirapé
1546:Ye'kuana
1541:Yanomami
1526:Patamona
1438:Rondônia
1408:Turiwára
1388:Parakanã
1304:Yanomami
1274:Turiwára
1254:Tenharim
1174:Jamamadi
1144:Barasana
1124:Amahuaca
1116:Amazonas
1096:Karipuna
1068:Yaminawá
1053:Kaxinawá
742:Archived
472:"Macuxi"
404:Yupukari
380:Rupununi
313:Patamona
294:Macushi
284:parakari
227:Language
158:Religion
2921:Macushi
2793:Slovene
2788:Serbian
2762:Spanish
2757:Russian
2732:Italian
2674:British
2669:Belgian
2646:Turkish
2626:Chinese
2502:Waikerí
2462:Marueta
2457:Mariche
2452:Macushi
2427:Guahibo
2392:Akawaio
2387:Achagua
2309:Chinese
2299:African
2273:Wai-Wai
2258:Macushi
2229:Akawaio
2119:Xokleng
2010:Kadiweu
1962:Xavante
1952:Umutina
1897:Nahukuá
1882:Kuikuro
1822:Bakairi
1714:Paraíba
1699:Krĩkatí
1694:Ka'apor
1589:Xerente
1584:Xambioá
1564:Apinajé
1521:Macushi
1516:Akawaio
1508:Roraima
1451:Akuntsu
1418:Wayampi
1413:Wai-wai
1353:Araweté
1327:Amanayé
1309:Zuruahã
1284:Wayampi
1279:Wai-wai
1244:Tariana
1239:Siriano
1154:Cambeba
1129:Apurinã
1106:Wayampi
1101:Palikur
1043:Apurinã
724:2 March
691:: 3–99.
321:piaiman
309:stkaton
301:Washacá
249:English
245:Spanish
205:Roraima
181:Makuusi
177:Macushi
152:Spanish
148:English
140:Macushi
47:Makuusi
41:Macushi
2812:Others
2775:Isleño
2768:Basque
2742:Polish
2708:German
2694:French
2656:Europe
2641:Korean
2631:Indian
2613:Syrian
2541:Africa
2522:Yaruro
2492:Sanumá
2482:Piaroa
2472:Panare
2447:Lokono
2442:Kalina
2402:Baniwa
2324:Jewish
2319:Indian
2251:Taruma
2239:Lokono
2234:Arawak
2147:Terena
2137:Aimoré
2096:Kaxixó
2091:Aimoré
2025:Terena
1947:Trumai
1942:Terena
1917:Paresi
1912:Panará
1907:Paiter
1887:Matipu
1877:Kayapo
1872:Karajá
1857:Kaiabi
1852:Ikpeng
1827:Bororo
1812:Apiacá
1807:Aimoré
1789:Karajá
1740:Xukuru
1684:Canela
1661:Tapeba
1651:Kiriri
1633:Pataxó
1569:Karajá
1488:Paiter
1467:Gavião
1446:Aikanã
1423:Wayana
1403:Tiriyó
1368:Kayapo
1363:Karajá
1358:Atikum
1349:(Pará)
1342:Apiacá
1337:Aparai
1332:Anambé
1299:Witoto
1289:Wayana
1269:Tucano
1264:Tiriyó
1259:Ticuna
1229:Pirahã
1209:Matsés
1194:Macuna
1189:Kulina
1184:Korubo
1139:Baniwa
1134:Banawá
1091:Kalina
1086:Aparai
1058:Kulina
1009:Brazil
909:30 May
835:481091
833:
825:
717:
574:
528:
392:Surama
373:Jesuit
363:Guyana
343:Brazil
303:, the
201:Brazil
197:Guyana
189:Macuxi
122:
107:Guyana
104:
89:Brazil
86:
70:43,192
18:Makuxi
2798:Swiss
2722:Greek
2689:Dutch
2679:Czech
2553:Black
2532:Yukpa
2512:Wayuu
2507:Warao
2477:Pemon
2397:Auaké
2314:Dutch
2283:Warao
2268:Pemon
2246:Carib
2049:South
2020:Ofayé
2015:Mbayá
2005:Guató
1972:Yudjá
1957:Wauja
1847:Guató
1817:Aweti
1776:Goiás
1643:Ceará
1625:Bahia
1574:Krahô
1531:Pemon
1498:Wari’
1483:Kwaza
1473:Kanoê
1456:Arara
1398:Tembé
1347:Arara
1249:Tembé
1204:Matis
1169:Hupda
1159:Cubeo
1078:Amapá
831:JSTOR
681:(PDF)
648:(PDF)
627:(PDF)
601:(PDF)
388:Annai
221:Pemon
2829:Roma
2819:Jews
2600:Arab
2593:Asia
2467:Barí
2437:Hodï
2432:Hiwi
2407:Baré
2051:and
1977:Zoró
1428:Zo'é
1319:Pará
1219:Mura
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