473:. The Unalaska Bay, which is 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) wide, separates the Dutch Harbor and Unalaska towns. The volcano is truncated, with a width of 16 kilometers (9.9 mi), forming the triangular northwest extension of the Unalaska Island. The caldera, which crowns the volcano, has a width of 2.5 kilometers (1.6 mi) (3 kilometers (1.9 mi) is also mentioned in another reference). Compared with the other Aleutian strato-volcanoes in the region, which have steep profiles, the Makushin volcano is a contrast that exhibits a broad and dome like structure with an ice field coverage of 40 km (15 sq mi). Fumaroles and hot springs in area form a roughly linear trend. About 8 kilometers (5.0 mi) to the south of this volcano is the “composite Pakushin cone” that has multiple craters, which is 4000 years old eruption; pyroclastic flows and surges have been reported here. The southeast flank of the volcano has rock exposures, at 975 meters (3,199 ft) elevation.
416:: “The first episode began in Pliocene or early Pleistocene time (the oldest known age of lavas is 0.93 Ma ) and produced extensive flows and subordinate pyroclastic deposits of basaltic and andesitic composition, which enlarged the island by several kilometers along the northwest coast. Radial dips of flows suggest that Makushin Volcano itself was the principal vent area. The older flows are extensively glaciated, which implies a minimum age of late Pleistocene. The summit of Makushin subsequently collapsed, forming a summit caldera. Andesitic pyroclastic-flow and debris flow deposits occur in glaciated valleys on the north and south sides of the volcano indicating a Holocene age for the caldera-forming eruption."
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the old volcano. The extreme summit of
Makushin was wrapped in white clouds, and from beneath these the glaciers were seen descending impressively into the sunshine to within a thousand or fifteen hundred feet of sea-level. This fine mountain, glittering in its showy mail of snow and ice, together with a hundred other peaks dipping into the blue sky, and every one of them telling the work of ice or fire in their forms and sculpture—these, and the sparkling sea, and long inreaching fiords, are a noble picture to add to the thousand others which have enriched our lives this summer in the great Northland.
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termed as “small-to-moderate”. These were recorded in the years 1768–69, 1790?, 1792?, 1802, 1818?, 1826–38?, 1844?, 1865, 1867?, 1883, 1907, 1912?, 1926, 1938, 1951, 1952?, 1980, 1987 and 1995. Makushin's pinnacle last erupted on
January 30, 1995, which generated ash extending to an altitude of 2.5 km. In the 1987 eruption, which occurred on March 2, the plume rose to 900 meters (3,000 ft) above the volcano. The 1980 eruption was comparatively of smaller magnitude emanating from a vent on the southern side about 60 meters (200 ft) below the volcanic peak.
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spreading to an area of 50 km (19 sq mi). A subsidiary cone formed is the
Pakushin Cone), on the south. In the east and southeast part of the volcano hot springs and fumaroles have been created, at the summit and in valleys. A valley of the same name stretches to the northeast of the volcano from Broad Bay in Captain's Bay and was identified as a glacial valley after a survey in 1873.
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351:. With an elevation of 2,036 meters (6,680 ft), its summit is the highest point on the island. Makushin is one of the most active among the 52 historically active volcanoes of Alaska. It has erupted at least two dozen times over the past several thousand years, with the last eruption occurring in 1995.
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of the earthquakes generally occur in two cluster areas, the first is the larger and more active, located about 6 kilometers (3.7 mi) southeast of the summit of the volcano at depths ranging from 2–9 kilometers (1.2–5.6 mi) and the second, about 24 kilometers (15 mi) east of the summit
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The terrain surrounding the volcano is very rugged but most of the surface surrounding the volcano is vegetated. However, it is generally less pronounced in the area of pyroclastic flows and deposits. Areas of short and tall grass grow in the volcano area, ranging from less than 20 cm high to
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The noblest of them all was
Makushin, about nine thousand feet high and laden with glaciers, a grand sight, far surpassing what I had been led to expect. There is a spot on its summit which is said to smoke, probably mostly steam and vapor from the infiltration of water into the heated cavities of
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Alaska
Volcano Observatory has identified "Ajagin Wesselow", "Makushin Volcano", "Ajagisch", "Makouchine", "Ognedieshutshai Gora", "Ayagsh", "Aiyagin", "Cheerful Mtn.", "Ayyagyh", "Ayagish", "Makuschkin Volcano", "Ognedyshushchaya Gora" and "Makishinskaia sopka" as alternate names for the Makushin
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The history of the volcano has been identified with the early
Pliocene age. However, the caldera of the volcano is dated to a comparatively recent history of 8000 years. The “Sugarloaf cone on the ENE flank, and a cluster of about a dozen explosion pits and cinder cones at Point Kadin on the WNW
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Historically, Makushin is one of the most active volcanoes in the
Aleutian Islands, erupting at least two dozen times over the past several thousands years, the last in 1995. Seventeen explosions or eruptions of the Makushin Volcano have been recorded since 1786, though the magnitude has been
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The pyroclastic flows deposited by the eruptions forming the
Caldera have engulfed valleys in the eastern, northeastern, northern, and western valleys of the valley with depths up to 100 m. The northeast border of the volcano is also filled with volcanic lava, which is called the “Lava Ramp”
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The closest town to the
Volcano is the Unalaska town which is located 1,280 kilometers (800 mi) from Anchorage on the Aleutian Archipelago at the northern end of the Island. It is situated on a well protected bay. This was at the cross roads of shipping and trade during
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Although the volcano has not erupted since 1995, studies conducted between July 1996 and August 2000 recorded some 176 minor earthquakes registering between 0.1 and 3.2 on the
Richter Scale, occurring on average 2 to 3 times a month. The
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occupation (1741–1867). Dutch Harbor another important harbor town across the Unalaska town was a major naval base during the World War II. Fishing and crabbing industries have been the mainstay of the economy of Unalaska island.
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to meet the power demands of the town of Unalaska and the Dutch Harbor. The study has established that such an energy generation from the geothermal resources would be cheaper than the diesel power system existing on the island.
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In 1792, Sarichev called the volcano "Ognedyshushchaya Gora" meaning "fire-breathing mountain", i.e. volcano in Russian. In 1825, it was known as Makuschkin Volcano, possibly from the
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areas in the summit caldera peak and also on the southeastern and eastern flanks of the Makushin. It is recorded as a subduction-related volcanic arc in the middle of the great
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Aerial view of the Point Kadin vents, a series of post- glacial explosion pits and small cinder cones that occur along a fracture zone northwest of the summit of Makushin Volcano
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930:"Preeruptive inflation and surface interferometric coherence characteristics revealed by satellite radar interferometry at Makushin Volcano, Alaska: 1993–2000"
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Volcano. Specifically identified here are the four features namely, Red Cinder Dome, Pakushin cone, the Sugarloaf and the Point Kadin vents.
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487:, the Scottish-born American naturalist (1838–1914), in his book "The Cruise of the Corwin (1881)", has vividly described this volcano:
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in 1867 who conducted some important geographical and geological research into the volcano area and the Makushin valley.
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Energy resources from the geothermal reservoir beneath the volcano have been assessed in a study carried out by the
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in 1867 who conducted some important geographical and geological research into the volcano and the Makushin valley.
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Wilson, Herbert Michael, Renshawe, John Henry, Douglas, Edward Morehouse, Goode, Richard Urquhart (1901).
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Mount Makushin is located on the northern Unalaska Island, which is situated to the west of the town of
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NASA satellite view of Unalaska Island. Makushin is the prominent white snowy area to the northwest
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Lu, Zhong, Power, John A., McConnell, Vicki S., Wicks Jr., Charles and Dzurisin, Daniel (2002).
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Ice-covered stratovolcano on Unalaska island in the Aleutian islands, Alaska, U.S.
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Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands-Selected Photographs
1154:"Development Potential of Geothermal zReservoir in UnAlaska, Island Alaska"
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under Unalaska Bay occurs at depths of 6–14 kilometers (3.7–8.7 mi).
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The topographic map shows an elevation of 5,905 feet (1,800 m)
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Pioneering ascents: the origins of climbing in America, 1642–1873
760:"Spatial variation of seismic b-values beneath Makushin Volcano"
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The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America
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Geothermal energy: turn on the power!Volume 6 of Transactions
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The volcano was climbed by English born American geographer
989:
Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, Issue 187
837:"Volcanoes of the Alaska Peninsula and Aleutian Islands"
375:, meaning "the top (of the head)". Its native name was
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Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada
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1018:Results of spirit-leveling, fiscal year 1900–'01
2633:Landforms of Aleutians West Census Area, Alaska
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686:Wood, Charles Arthur, Kienle, Jürgen (1992).
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1035:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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621:List of mountain peaks of the United States
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409:flank” is attributed to the Holocene age.
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2683:Volcanoes of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
2678:Mountains of Unorganized Borough, Alaska
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616:List of mountain peaks of North America
1081:. Geothermal Resources Council. 1982.
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640:List of volcanoes in the United States
897:"Makushin description and statistics"
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2638:Stratovolcanoes of the United States
664:Geographic Names Information System
635:List of Ultras of the United States
428:English born American geographer
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2471:Bering Straits Native Corporation
2466:Arctic Slope Regional Corporation
986:Geological Survey (U.S.) (1902).
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1108:. Stackpole Books. p. 221.
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626:List of mountain peaks of Alaska
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1058:"Makushin Volcano – John Seach"
1023:United States Geological Survey
937:Journal of Geophysical Research
863:"Makushin Volcano, Alaska, USA"
669:United States Geological Survey
2496:Bristol Bay Native Corporation
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2526:The 13th Regional Corporation
899:. Alaska Volcano Observatory
383:in the native tongue of the
59:2,036 m (6,680 ft)
49:2,036 m (6,680 ft)
2693:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
379:, a derivative of the word
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2506:Chugach Alaska Corporation
1190:Alaska Volcano Observatory
1021:. Volume 185 of Bulletin,
694:Cambridge University Press
414:Alaska Volcano Observatory
112:53.8863889°N 166.9311111°W
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2476:NANA Regional Corporation
2018:
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1783:Mount Cleveland (Montana)
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943:(B11): ECV 1-1-ECV 1-13.
765:. Department of Geology,
199:Makushin Volcano (Alaska)
132:
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2698:Holocene stratovolcanoes
1653:Mount Cleveland (Alaska)
1618:Mount Jefferson (Oregon)
1598:Mount Jefferson (Nevada)
1180:Global Volcanism Program
1159:. Alaska Power Authority
812:Global Volcanism Program
465:Makushin Volcano in 1982
117:53.8863889; -166.9311111
2491:Cook Inlet Region, Inc.
817:Smithsonian Institution
767:Kansas State University
736:Encyclopædia Britannica
79:US most prominent peaks
531:Alaska Power Authority
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2584:Prince of Wales–Hyder
2501:The Aleut Corporation
2148:Yukon–Kuskokwim Delta
1333:San Gorgonio Mountain
1102:Mazel, David (1991).
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73:Highest ocean islands
2516:Koniag, Incorporated
2511:Sealaska Corporation
2373:Fairbanks North Star
1818:Abercrombie Mountain
1643:Great Sitkin Volcano
992:. G.P.O. p. 276
958:10.1029/2001JB000970
566:United States portal
552:North America portal
331:) is an ice-covered
169:Show map of Unalaska
2653:Volcanoes of Alaska
2648:Mountains of Alaska
2589:Southeast Fairbanks
2521:Ahtna, Incorporated
2481:Calista Corporation
2458:Native corporations
1423:White Mountain Peak
949:2002JGRB..107.2266L
865:. About.com Geology
755:Bridges, David L.;
108: /
2673:Calderas of Alaska
2403:Lake and Peninsula
1683:Sierra Blanca Peak
1593:Sovereign Mountain
1303:Shishaldin Volcano
1283:Mount Marcus Baker
659:"Makushin Volcano"
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202:Show map of Alaska
39:Highest point
2688:Holocene calderas
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2408:Matanuska‑Susitna
2393:Ketchikan Gateway
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1733:Flat Top Mountain
1708:North Schell Peak
1503:Mount San Antonio
1278:Mount Saint Elias
1263:Mount Fairweather
1132:. Ski Mountaineer
1060:. volcanolive.com
696:. pp. 41–3.
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1768:Mount Timpanogos
1763:Carlisle Volcano
1588:Makushin Volcano
1538:Mount Washington
1528:Pogromni Volcano
1468:Mount Chiginagak
1348:Mount Veniaminof
1328:San Jacinto Peak
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1308:Redoubt Volcano
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2200:Largest cities
2196:
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2155:Inside Passage
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2047:Climate change
2044:
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2019:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:Transportation
2004:
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1583:Tanaga Volcano
1580:
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1573:Mount Natazhat
1570:
1565:
1563:Humphreys Peak
1560:
1555:
1553:Mount Mitchell
1550:
1545:
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1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:Telescope Peak
1515:
1510:
1508:Kichatna Spire
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1478:Sacajawea Peak
1475:
1470:
1465:
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1455:
1453:Mount Hesperus
1450:
1448:Mount Vsevidof
1445:
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1343:Pavlof Volcano
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1201:External links
1199:
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1195:Volcanoes USGS
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481:over 1 meter.
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353:
329:Mount Makushin
319:
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271:parasitic cone
260:
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251:Early Pliocene
248:
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221:Aleutian Range
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2190:Tanana Valley
2188:
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2170:Mat‑Su Valley
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2013:
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1848:Mount Augusta
1846:
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1831:
1829:
1828:Mount Gareloi
1826:
1824:
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1808:Mount Deborah
1806:
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1743:Mount Steller
1741:
1739:
1738:Bearhole Peak
1736:
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1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1718:Mount Foresta
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Snowshoe Peak
1701:
1699:
1696:
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1693:Mount Russell
1691:
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1678:Mount Seattle
1676:
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1658:McDonald Peak
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1524:
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1498:Mount Douglas
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1483:Mount Neacola
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1428:Mount Crillon
1426:
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1416:
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1408:Mount Kimball
1406:
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1286:
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1115:0-8117-3045-X
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1088:0-934412-56-1
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733:
732:"Fox Islands"
727:
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719:
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703:0-521-43811-X
699:
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580:Alaska portal
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500:Unalaska town
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342:
338:
334:
333:stratovolcano
330:
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316:
313:
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307:
302:
298:
296:
295:Last eruption
292:
289:
286:
284:
280:
275:
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268:
264:
263:Stratovolcano
261:
259:
258:Mountain type
255:
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243:
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52:
48:
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42:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2604:
2559:Copper River
2536:Census Areas
2180:Southcentral
2082:Homelessness
2057:Demographics
1928:
1823:Mount Lemmon
1773:Bashful Peak
1758:Mount Miller
1748:Mount Stuart
1713:Hayford Peak
1668:South Sister
1623:Isthmus Peak
1613:Deseret Peak
1587:
1513:De Long Peak
1493:Mount Graham
1443:Gannett Peak
1413:Mount Griggs
1403:Glacier Peak
1398:Wheeler Peak
1313:Mount Elbert
1298:Mount Shasta
1161:. Retrieved
1134:. Retrieved
1124:
1104:
1097:
1078:
1073:
1062:. Retrieved
1017:
994:. Retrieved
988:
981:
967:cite journal
940:
936:
901:. Retrieved
867:. Retrieved
841:. Retrieved
831:
820:. Retrieved
810:
781:
770:. Retrieved
750:
739:. Retrieved
726:
688:
681:
662:
653:
528:
517:
503:
490:
483:
479:
475:
471:Dutch Harbor
468:
448:
439:
435:
411:
407:
393:
388:
380:
376:
372:
366:
328:
324:
322:
310:First ascent
299:January 1995
288:Aleutian Arc
235:Unalaska C-3
215:Parent range
165:Alaska, U.S.
2448:Unorganized
2413:North Slope
2363:Bristol Bay
2138:North Slope
2087:LGBT rights
1980:Delegations
1968:Earthquakes
1868:Miller Peak
1853:Copper Peak
1813:Necons Peak
1803:Lassen Peak
1793:Tetlin Peak
1778:Ibapah Peak
1753:Blanca Peak
1628:Frosty Peak
1603:Mount Ellen
1558:Truuli Peak
1523:Mount Peale
1473:Grand Teton
1353:Mount Adams
1318:Mount Baker
1273:Mount Hayes
443:hypocenters
335:located on
246:Age of rock
115: /
103:166°55′52″W
90:Coordinates
2627:Categories
2564:Dillingham
2423:Petersburg
2295:Petersburg
2285:North Pole
2250:Dillingham
1975:Government
1858:Mount Bear
1843:Mount Eddy
1838:Stony Peak
1698:Mount Nebo
1688:Pikes Peak
1673:Devils Paw
1648:Puʻu Kukui
1638:Crazy Peak
1633:Pilot Peak
1568:Borah Peak
1548:Snow Tower
1533:Dewey Peak
1488:Kings Peak
1463:Mount Drum
1458:Mount Bona
1438:Cloud Peak
1383:Mount Hood
1378:Mount Cook
1363:Mount Isto
1163:2010-11-13
1136:2010-11-13
1130:"Makushin"
1064:2010-11-13
996:2010-11-13
903:2010-11-13
869:2010-11-13
843:2010-11-13
822:2018-03-13
807:"Makushin"
772:2010-11-13
741:2010-11-13
646:References
520:geothermal
345:U.S. state
100:53°53′11″N
55:Prominence
2358:Anchorage
2335:Utqiaġvik
2265:Ketchikan
2215:Fairbanks
2210:Anchorage
2185:Southeast
2143:Southwest
2072:Elections
2067:Education
1958:Geography
1933:(capital)
1788:Kawaikini
1723:Star Peak
1433:Mauna Loa
1293:Haleakalā
1253:Mauna Kea
1031:cite book
712:cite book
485:John Muir
457:Geography
389:bidarshik
355:Etymology
277:Volcanic
128:Geography
45:Elevation
2574:Kusilvak
2438:Wrangell
2345:Boroughs
2330:Wrangell
2315:Unalaska
2310:Soldotna
2275:Kotzebue
2160:Interior
2118:The Bush
2097:Politics
2077:Gun laws
2042:Cannabis
2037:Abortion
2012:Wildlife
1798:Arc Dome
538:See also
524:Aleutian
420:Activity
373:makushka
304:Climbing
228:Topo map
2554:Chugach
2443:Yakutat
2433:Skagway
2325:Wasilla
2245:Cordova
2111:Regions
2062:Economy
2030:Society
2002:Symbols
1987:History
1963:Geology
1953:Climate
1873:Kamakou
1174:Sources
945:Bibcode
526:chain.
507:Russian
404:Origins
399:History
377:Aigagin
369:Russian
343:of the
339:in the
317:in 1867
267:caldera
240:Geology
65:Listing
2549:Bethel
2383:Juneau
2378:Haines
2368:Denali
2320:Valdez
2300:Seward
2290:Palmer
2270:Kodiak
2240:Bethel
2220:Juneau
2123:Arctic
2102:Sports
1997:People
1940:Topics
1930:Juneau
1920:Alaska
1248:Denali
1112:
1085:
839:. USGS
700:
385:Aleuts
349:Alaska
2428:Sitka
2305:Sitka
2260:Kenai
2255:Homer
2052:Crime
1992:Music
1948:Index
1916:State
1157:(PDF)
933:(PDF)
763:(PDF)
381:Aigak
371:word
265:with
2579:Nome
2280:Nome
1110:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1037:link
973:link
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