474:
31:
97:
422:
343:
193:
1123:
457:). Another solution is to use master-and-slave connecting rods, where the master rod also includes one or more ring pins which are connected to the big ends of slave rods on other cylinders. A drawback of master-slave rods is that the stroke lengths of all slave pistons not located 180° from the master piston will always be slightly longer than that of the master piston, which increases vibration in V engines.
176:
487:
1127:
39:
751:
Because of the findings at
Ephesus and Gerasa the invention of the crank and connecting rod system has had to be redated from the 13th to the 6th c; now the Hierapolis relief takes it back another three centuries, which confirms that water-powered stone saw mills were indeed in use when it change the
464:
experimental airplane engine developed for World War II. This engine consisted of six banks of cylinders, each with four cylinders per bank. Each "layer" of six cylinders used one master connecting rod, with the other five cylinders using slave rods. Approximately 300 test engines were built, however
365:
Failure of a connecting rod, often called "throwing a rod", often forces the broken rod through the side of the crankcase and thereby renders the engine irreparable. Common causes of connecting rod failure are tensile failure from high engine speeds, the impact force when the piston hits a valve (due
555:
A common arrangement for the big-end bearing is for the fork rod to have a single wide bearing sleeve that spans the whole width of the rod, including the central gap. The blade rod then runs, not directly on the crankpin, but on the outside of this sleeve. This causes the two rods to oscillate back
279:, in order to avoid the need for a pumped lubrication system. Connecting rods with rolling element bearings are typically a one piece design where the crankshaft must be pressed together through them, rather than a two piece design that can be bolted around the journal of a one piece crankshaft.
149:
described a machine which incorporated the connecting rod with a crankshaft to pump water as part of a water-raising machine, though the device was more complex than typical crank and connecting rod designs. There is also documentation of cranks with connecting rods in the sketch books of
408:
256:
441:
typically use master-and-slave connecting rods, whereby one piston (the uppermost piston in the animation), has a master rod with a direct attachment to the crankshaft. The remaining pistons pin their connecting rods' attachments to rings around the edge of the master rod.
389:
The amount of sideways force is proportional to the angle of the connecting rod, therefore longer connecting rods will reduce the amount of sideways force and engine wear. However, the maximum length of a connecting rod is constrained by the engine block size; the
556:
and forth (instead of rotating relative to each other), which reduces the forces on the bearing and the surface speed. However the bearing movement also becomes reciprocating rather than continuously rotating, which is a more difficult problem for lubrication.
302:
The materials used for connecting rods widely vary, including carbon steel, iron base sintered metal, micro-alloyed steel, spheroidized graphite cast iron. In mass-produced automotive engines, the connecting rods are most usually made of
846:
However, that al-Jazari did not entirely grasp the meaning of the crank for joining reciprocating with rotary motion is shown by his extraordinarily complex pump powered through a cog-wheel mounted eccentrically on its
282:
Typically there is a pinhole bored through the bearing on the big end of the connecting rod so that lubricating oil squirts out onto the thrust side of the cylinder wall to lubricate the travel of the pistons and
547:
aircraft engines. For each pair of cylinders, a "fork" rod is split in two at the big end and the "blade" rod from the opposing cylinder is thinned to fit into this gap in the fork. This arrangement removes the
449:, have little space available for many connecting rod journals on a limited length of crankshaft. The simplest solution, as used in most road car engines, is for each pair of cylinders to share a
453:, but this reduces the size of the rod bearings and means that matching (i.e. opposite) cylinders in the different banks are slightly offset along the crankshaft axis (which creates a
1859:
70:
of the piston into the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and tensile forces from the piston. In its most common form, in an
1190:
236:). On smaller steam locomotives, the connecting rods are usually of rectangular cross-section, however marine-type rods of circular cross-section have occasionally been used.
209:(the first steam engine) used chain drive instead of a connecting rod, since the piston only produced force in one direction. However, most steam engines after this are
290:
A connecting rod can rotate at both ends, so that the angle between the connecting rod and the piston can change as the rod moves up and down and rotates around the
267:(also called 'piston pin' or 'wrist pin' in the U.S.), which allows for rotation between the connecting rod and the piston. Typically, the big end connects to the
213:, therefore the force is produced in both directions, leading to the use of a connecting rod. The typical arrangement uses a large sliding bearing block called a
733:
77:
The predecessor to the connecting rod is a mechanic linkage used by water mills to convert rotating motion of the water wheel into reciprocating motion.
1852:
1183:
2734:
1758:
899:
819:
701:
1845:
138:
and connecting rod mechanism of these machines converted the rotary motion of the waterwheel into the linear movement of the saw blades.
2309:
1176:
635:
366:
to a valvetrain problem), rod bearing failure (usually due to a lubrication problem), or incorrect installation of the connecting rod.
1697:
2304:
943:
933:
526:
473:
263:
A connecting rod for an internal combustion engine consists of the 'big end', 'rod' and 'small end'. The small end attaches to the
2768:
2680:
696:. Woodhead Publishing in materials The science and technology of materials in automotive engines. Elsevier Science. p. 207.
568:
504:
30:
2819:
2739:
2574:
2383:
1375:
508:
859:
2027:
1672:
2413:
2403:
1256:
921:. Pitman's Technical Primer Series. London: The Locomotive Publishing Co. Ltd. pp. 74–78 – via Google Books.
660:
2607:
2471:
2452:
2443:
2327:
1939:
1882:
590:
206:
2809:
2221:
1199:
81:
71:
1073:
497:
2814:
2773:
2762:
2319:
1808:
1722:
1667:
1619:
1527:
2547:
2479:
1803:
1644:
1353:
1021:
837:
119:
217:
with the hinge between the piston and connecting rod placed outside the cylinder, requiring a seal around the
2783:
2778:
2699:
2423:
2368:
2090:
2046:
1578:
307:. In high performance applications, "billet" connecting rods can be used, which are machined out of a solid
276:
232:. The connecting rod is used between the crank pin on the wheel and the crosshead (where it connects to the
2788:
2686:
2527:
2408:
2059:
1997:
1400:
394:
plus the connecting rod length must not result in the piston travelling past the top of the engine block.
350:
During each rotation of the crankshaft, a connecting rod is often subject to large and repetitive forces:
346:
Connecting rod that initially failed through fatigue, then further damaged from impact with the crankshaft
308:
210:
609:
2744:
2653:
2378:
2299:
2272:
2002:
1987:
1897:
1517:
1358:
564:
355:
2713:
96:
2398:
2337:
2198:
2064:
2012:
1949:
1902:
1512:
1284:
971:
323:
319:
115:
67:
51:
2707:
2241:
2115:
2032:
2022:
1662:
1560:
1290:
1099:
326:, which are used for lightness and the ability to absorb high impact at the expense of durability.
2640:
2634:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2203:
1583:
1380:
762:
585:
560:
549:
454:
123:
100:
792:
198:
Steam locomotive connecting rod (between the piston and the rear wheel; the largest rod visible)
2504:
2352:
2342:
2291:
2246:
2226:
2213:
2193:
2175:
2120:
2074:
1944:
1887:
1385:
1325:
1276:
939:
895:
815:
697:
382:
to wear into an oval shape. This significantly reduces engine performance, since the circular
379:
362:
as the piston moves upwards. These forces are proportional to the engine speed (RPM) squared.
359:
155:
135:
63:
1047:
996:
747:
A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a
Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implication
2580:
2568:
2541:
2267:
2185:
2155:
2007:
1677:
1634:
1593:
1542:
1507:
1428:
1415:
461:
460:
One of the most complicated examples of master-and-slave connecting rods is the 24-cylinder
421:
407:
225:
255:
2753:
2486:
2428:
2347:
2236:
2231:
2145:
2100:
1788:
1499:
1348:
1305:
774:
391:
342:
184:
with twin connecting rods (almost vertical) between the horizontal beam and the flywheel
2672:
2521:
2493:
2170:
1992:
1982:
1892:
1654:
1624:
1479:
808:
788:
240:
192:
141:
An early documentation of the design occurred sometime between 1174 and 1206 AD in the
1148:
2803:
2460:
2433:
2332:
2251:
2087:
1826:
1717:
1710:
1687:
1532:
1464:
1459:
1423:
1340:
1280:
1241:
1231:
540:
450:
438:
272:
229:
2661:
2418:
2165:
2150:
2105:
1959:
1954:
1868:
1443:
1438:
1405:
1310:
1300:
1236:
1220:
85:
916:
889:
867:
718:
691:
2586:
2560:
2513:
2110:
2084:
2054:
1932:
1927:
1821:
1705:
1522:
1474:
1433:
1390:
1320:
486:
383:
351:
334:
can be used for cheaper, lower performance applications such as motor scooters.
284:
264:
181:
175:
2592:
2535:
2160:
2095:
2079:
2017:
1974:
1964:
1793:
1753:
1732:
1727:
1629:
1614:
1537:
1469:
1395:
1335:
1266:
544:
446:
428:
375:
291:
244:
233:
218:
59:
1168:
734:
L’exposition « Les Premières Villes de l’ouest », en quelques mots…
2388:
2373:
1748:
1489:
1484:
1271:
1251:
668:
580:
331:
214:
159:
146:
539:
Fork-and-blade rods, also known as "split big-end rods", have been used on
374:
The sideways force exerted on the piston through the connecting rod by the
122:. An early example of this linkage has been found at the late 3rd century
2277:
1771:
1767:
1639:
1370:
1295:
1261:
753:
327:
268:
142:
17:
1798:
1682:
511: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
312:
151:
127:
74:, it allows pivoting on the piston end and rotation on the shaft end.
891:
The
Victorian Steam Locomotive: Its Design & Development 1804-1879
42:
Typical aluminium rod (left), oil drip rod (centre), steel rod (right)
2393:
2130:
1609:
1588:
1365:
1315:
131:
55:
793:"The Crank-Connecting Rod System in a Continuously Rotating Machine"
552:
that is caused when cylinder pairs are offset along the crankshaft.
386:
are unable to properly seal against the oval-shaped cylinder walls.
275:
to reduce friction; however some smaller engines may instead use a
243:, the connecting rods are called 'pitmans' (not to be mistaken for
27:
Piston engine component which connects the piston to the crankshaft
1912:
472:
341:
304:
254:
108:
95:
38:
37:
29:
1837:
1763:
935:
A History of the
American Locomotive: Its Development, 1830-1880
894:. Barnsley, England: Pen & Sword Transport. pp. 27–28.
1841:
1172:
126:
in Roman Asia (modern Turkey) and the 6th century saw mills at
1210:
480:
107:
A connecting rod crank has been found in the Celtic Oppida at
693:
The
Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines
559:
Notable engines to use fork-and-blade rods include the
354:
due to the angle between the piston and the crankpin,
330:
is a more expensive option which reduces the weight.
745:
Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007).
2727:
2698:
2671:
2652:
2606:
2559:
2512:
2503:
2470:
2451:
2442:
2361:
2318:
2290:
2260:
2212:
2184:
2138:
2129:
2045:
1973:
1920:
1911:
1875:
1781:
1741:
1696:
1653:
1602:
1569:
1551:
1498:
1452:
1414:
1334:
1219:
807:
34:Typical design of automobile engine connecting rod
832:
830:
228:, the cranks are usually mounted directly on the
636:"Con rods link pistons and crankshaft | Perkins"
445:Multi-bank engines with many cylinders, such as
114:The predecessor to the connecting length is the
80:The most common usage of connecting rods is in
1853:
1184:
938:. New York: Dover Publications. p. 185.
918:Steam Locomotive Construction and Maintenance
8:
50:, also called a 'con rod', is the part of a
810:Islam and Science, Medicine, and Technology
259:Connecting rod and piston from a car engine
2509:
2448:
2135:
1917:
1860:
1846:
1838:
1191:
1177:
1169:
1048:"How to eliminate connecting rod failures"
814:, The Rosen Publishing Group, p. 41,
972:"Causes of Failure With a Connecting Rod"
888:Dempsey, G.D.; Clark, D. Kinnear (2015).
527:Learn how and when to remove this message
1257:Crankcase ventilation system (PCV valve)
958:
915:Ahrons, E.L. (1921). Neale, R.E. (ed.).
2735:Glossary of steam locomotive components
601:
567:two-stroke Diesel engines, and various
1100:"Emerson Bearing Extreme Applications"
770:
760:
413:Operating principle of a radial engine
1074:"Probable Cause of Most Rod Failures"
997:"What does it mean to "throw a rod"?"
842:Medieval Technology and Social Change
465:the engine did not reach production.
130:in Asia Minor (modern Turkey) and at
7:
1022:"Preventing Connecting Rod Failures"
806:Sally Ganchy; Sarah Gancher (2009),
509:adding citations to reliable sources
427:Master-slave rods in the 1916–1918
358:as the piston moves downwards, and
2587:National Museum of Scotland engine
2069:
844:. Oxford: At the Clarendon Press.
667:. 22 November 2019. Archived from
66:, the connecting rod converts the
25:
2769:List of steam technology patents
485:
420:
406:
191:
174:
1359:Overhead valve (pushrod) layout
720:Steam Automobile Vol. 13, No. 3
496:needs additional citations for
145:(modern Turkey), when inventor
2754:Murdoch's model steam carriage
2740:History of steam road vehicles
610:"Connecting Rods and Bearings"
1:
2681:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
749:. Vol. 20. p. 161.
2404:Return connecting rod engine
318:Other materials include T6-
311:of metal, rather than being
2328:Condensing steam locomotive
932:White, John H. Jr. (1979).
860:"Steam Locomotive Glossary"
591:Steam locomotive components
571:V-twin motorcycle engines.
251:Internal combustion engines
207:Newcomen atmospheric engine
111:in Brittany, dated to 69BC
82:internal combustion engines
2836:
2635:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
1200:Internal combustion engine
1149:"Drysdale Godzilla V-Twin"
1078:www.arcracing.blogspot.com
72:internal combustion engine
2641:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
2310:Single- and double-acting
1817:
1668:Diesel particulate filter
1620:Idle air control actuator
1561:Engine control unit (ECU)
1206:
948:– via Google books.
904:– via Google Books.
864:www.railway-technical.com
158:and 15th century painter
2480:Newcomen Memorial Engine
1733:Viscous fan (fan clutch)
1645:Throttle position sensor
1354:Overhead camshaft layout
1026:www.enginebuildermag.com
338:Failure during operation
2784:Timeline of steam power
2779:Stationary steam engine
2662:Woolf's compound engine
2569:Soho Manufactory engine
2424:Steeple compound engine
2091:straight line mechanism
1272:Core plug (freeze plug)
614:Engine Builder Magazine
543:motorcycle engines and
277:rolling-element bearing
2789:Water-returning engine
2763:Lean's Engine Reporter
2536:Chacewater Mine engine
2409:Six-column beam engine
1104:www.emersonbearing.com
478:
347:
260:
104:
43:
35:
2820:Linkages (mechanical)
2629:London Steam Carriage
690:Yamagata, H. (2005).
563:V12 aircraft engine,
476:
398:Master-and-slave rods
345:
258:
99:
41:
33:
2575:Bradley Works engine
2399:Reciprocating engine
2222:Babcock & Wilcox
2065:Centrifugal governor
1513:Compression ignition
505:improve this article
324:7075 aluminium alloy
320:2024 aluminium alloy
134:in Roman Syria. The
120:Roman-era watermills
68:reciprocating motion
62:. Together with the
2116:Sun and planet gear
1663:Catalytic converter
976:www.itstillruns.com
477:Fork and blade rods
469:Fork-and-blade rods
54:which connects the
2616:Richard Trevithick
2214:Water-tube boilers
2028:Gresley conjugated
1789:Knocking / pinging
1381:Combustion chamber
756:wrote his Mosella.
752:world of engines.
671:on 5 February 2023
661:"What is Con Rod?"
586:List of auto parts
561:Rolls-Royce Merlin
479:
431:V8 aircraft engine
356:compression forces
348:
261:
124:Hierapolis sawmill
116:mechanical linkage
105:
101:Hierapolis sawmill
44:
36:
2810:Engine technology
2797:
2796:
2723:
2722:
2602:
2601:
2286:
2285:
2186:Fire-tube boilers
2041:
2040:
1835:
1834:
1804:Stratified charge
1571:Electrical system
1553:Engine management
1386:Compression ratio
1326:Starter ring gear
1225:rotating assembly
1153:thekneeslider.com
901:978-1-47382-323-5
821:978-1-4358-5066-8
771:|periodical=
703:978-1-84569-085-4
616:. 25 October 2010
537:
536:
529:
156:Renaissance Italy
16:(Redirected from
2827:
2815:Locomotive parts
2747:fardier Ă vapeur
2581:Whitbread Engine
2542:Smethwick Engine
2510:
2449:
2268:Feedwater heater
2136:
1918:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1678:Exhaust manifold
1543:Spark plug wires
1429:Boost controller
1416:Forced induction
1193:
1186:
1179:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1126:. Archived from
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
993:
987:
986:
984:
982:
968:
962:
956:
950:
949:
929:
923:
922:
912:
906:
905:
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
866:. Archived from
856:
850:
849:
834:
825:
824:
813:
803:
797:
796:
785:
779:
778:
772:
768:
766:
758:
742:
736:
731:
725:
724:
717:Lyon, Robert L.
714:
708:
707:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
665:accurateengg.com
657:
651:
650:
648:
646:
632:
626:
625:
623:
621:
606:
532:
525:
521:
518:
512:
489:
481:
462:Junkers Jumo 222
424:
410:
226:steam locomotive
195:
178:
21:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2719:
2694:
2667:
2648:
2598:
2555:
2499:
2487:Fairbottom Bobs
2472:Newcomen engine
2466:
2438:
2384:Expansion valve
2357:
2343:Watt's separate
2314:
2282:
2256:
2208:
2180:
2125:
2101:Parallel motion
2037:
1988:Stephenson link
1969:
1907:
1876:Operating cycle
1871:
1866:
1836:
1831:
1813:
1809:Top dead centre
1777:
1737:
1692:
1649:
1598:
1572:
1565:
1554:
1547:
1494:
1448:
1410:
1366:Tappet / lifter
1349:Flathead layout
1339:
1330:
1224:
1215:
1202:
1197:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1054:. November 2003
1046:
1045:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1028:. 15 March 2017
1020:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
990:
980:
978:
970:
969:
965:
957:
953:
946:
931:
930:
926:
914:
913:
909:
902:
887:
886:
882:
873:
871:
858:
857:
853:
838:White, Lynn Jr.
836:
835:
828:
822:
805:
804:
800:
787:
786:
782:
769:
759:
744:
743:
739:
732:
728:
716:
715:
711:
704:
689:
688:
684:
674:
672:
659:
658:
654:
644:
642:
640:www.perkins.com
634:
633:
629:
619:
617:
608:
607:
603:
599:
577:
569:Harley Davidson
533:
522:
516:
513:
502:
490:
471:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
425:
416:
415:
414:
411:
400:
372:
340:
300:
253:
241:paddle steamers
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
196:
187:
186:
185:
179:
168:
94:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2525:
2522:Kinneil Engine
2518:
2516:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2494:Elsecar Engine
2491:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2414:Steeple engine
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2273:Feedwater pump
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2139:Simple boilers
2133:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2121:Watt's linkage
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Connecting rod
2067:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1698:Cooling system
1694:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1655:Exhaust system
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1625:Inlet manifold
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Fuel injection
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1247:Connecting rod
1244:
1239:
1234:
1228:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1173:
1166:
1165:
1140:
1115:
1091:
1065:
1052:www.hotrod.com
1039:
1013:
988:
963:
951:
944:
924:
907:
900:
880:
851:
826:
820:
798:
789:Ahmad Y Hassan
780:
737:
726:
709:
702:
682:
652:
627:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
576:
573:
550:rocking couple
535:
534:
493:
491:
484:
470:
467:
455:rocking couple
439:Radial engines
426:
419:
418:
417:
412:
405:
404:
403:
402:
401:
399:
396:
378:can cause the
371:
368:
360:tensile forces
339:
336:
299:
296:
252:
249:
230:driving wheels
197:
190:
189:
188:
180:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
167:
164:
93:
90:
48:connecting rod
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2832:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2622:Puffing Devil
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2608:High-pressure
2605:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2561:Rotative beam
2558:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2461:Savery Engine
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2434:Working fluid
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Rotative beam
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:hypocycloidal
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Steam engines
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:Water cooling
1709:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1688:Oxygen sensor
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1603:Intake system
1601:
1595:
1594:Starter motor
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Ignition coil
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1465:Petrol engine
1463:
1461:
1460:Diesel engine
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:Blowoff valve
1422:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1341:Cylinder head
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Balance shaft
1230:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1130:on 2014-04-13
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1080:. 1 June 1999
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1014:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
977:
973:
967:
964:
960:
959:Yamagata 2005
955:
952:
947:
945:9780486238180
941:
937:
936:
928:
925:
920:
919:
911:
908:
903:
897:
893:
892:
884:
881:
870:on 2008-01-28
869:
865:
861:
855:
852:
848:
843:
839:
833:
831:
827:
823:
817:
812:
811:
802:
799:
794:
790:
784:
781:
776:
764:
757:
755:
748:
741:
738:
735:
730:
727:
722:
721:
713:
710:
705:
699:
695:
694:
686:
683:
670:
666:
662:
656:
653:
641:
637:
631:
628:
615:
611:
605:
602:
596:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
572:
570:
566:
562:
557:
553:
551:
546:
542:
531:
528:
520:
510:
506:
500:
499:
494:This section
492:
488:
483:
482:
475:
468:
466:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:crank journal
448:
443:
440:
430:
423:
409:
397:
395:
393:
392:stroke length
387:
385:
381:
377:
370:Cylinder wear
369:
367:
363:
361:
357:
353:
344:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
297:
295:
293:
288:
286:
280:
278:
274:
273:plain bearing
270:
266:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
211:double-acting
208:
194:
183:
177:
166:Steam engines
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
143:Artuqid State
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
102:
98:
91:
89:
87:
86:steam engines
83:
78:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:piston engine
49:
40:
32:
19:
2774:Modern steam
2761:
2746:
2708:Porter-Allen
2687:
2621:
2548:
2528:
2485:
2419:Safety valve
2348:"Pickle-pot"
2242:Thimble tube
1718:Electric fan
1518:Coil-on-plug
1444:Turbocharger
1439:Supercharger
1311:Main bearing
1301:Firing order
1291:Displacement
1246:
1237:Block heater
1221:Engine block
1209:Part of the
1208:
1158:26 September
1156:. Retrieved
1152:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1103:
1094:
1084:21 September
1082:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1058:21 September
1056:. Retrieved
1051:
1042:
1032:21 September
1030:. Retrieved
1025:
1016:
1005:. Retrieved
1003:. April 1990
1000:
991:
981:21 September
979:. Retrieved
975:
966:
954:
934:
927:
917:
910:
890:
883:
872:. Retrieved
868:the original
863:
854:
845:
841:
809:
801:
783:
750:
746:
740:
729:
719:
712:
692:
685:
673:. Retrieved
669:the original
664:
655:
643:. Retrieved
639:
630:
618:. Retrieved
613:
604:
558:
554:
538:
523:
514:
503:Please help
498:verification
495:
459:
444:
437:
388:
384:piston rings
373:
364:
352:shear forces
349:
317:
301:
289:
285:piston rings
281:
262:
238:
223:
204:
140:
113:
106:
79:
76:
47:
45:
2505:Watt engine
2305:Oscillating
2261:Boiler feed
2106:Plate chain
2085:Tusi couple
1998:Walschaerts
1883:Atmospheric
1742:Lubrication
1706:Air cooling
1523:Distributor
1475:Fuel filter
1453:Fuel system
1434:Intercooler
1401:Timing belt
1391:Head gasket
1321:Piston ring
961:, p. 7
517:August 2022
447:V12 engines
315:or forged.
265:gudgeon pin
245:pitman arms
182:Beam engine
2804:Categories
2714:Ljungström
2700:High-speed
2593:Lap Engine
2549:Resolution
2453:Precursors
2338:Kirchweger
2300:Locomotive
2247:Three-drum
2227:Field-tube
2194:Locomotive
2176:Lancashire
2096:Link chain
2080:Crankshaft
2047:Mechanisms
1975:Valve gear
1794:Power band
1754:Oil filter
1728:Thermostat
1673:EGT sensor
1635:MAF sensor
1630:MAP sensor
1615:Air filter
1579:Alternator
1538:Spark plug
1470:Carburetor
1396:Rocker arm
1336:Valvetrain
1267:Crankshaft
1211:Automobile
1134:2014-07-11
1109:2016-02-05
1007:2016-02-05
874:2016-02-05
597:References
429:Renault 8G
376:crankshaft
292:crankshaft
234:piston rod
219:piston rod
60:crankshaft
2745:Cugnot's
2688:Salamanca
2389:Hydrolock
2374:Crosshead
2320:Condenser
2156:Egg-ended
1528:Glow plug
1490:Fuel tank
1485:Fuel pump
1252:Crankcase
773:ignored (
763:cite book
675:21 August
645:21 August
620:21 August
581:Hydrolock
380:cylinders
332:Cast iron
298:Materials
215:crosshead
205:The 1712
160:Pisanello
147:Al-Jazari
103:schematic
2728:See also
2654:Compound
2529:Old Bess
2369:Blowback
2292:Cylinder
2278:Injector
2237:Stirling
2232:Sentinel
2146:Haystack
2060:Cataract
2033:Southern
2023:Caprotti
1898:Compound
1827:Category
1772:Dry sump
1768:Wet sump
1759:Oil pump
1723:Radiator
1640:Throttle
1500:Ignition
1371:Camshaft
1296:Flywheel
1277:Cylinder
1262:Crankpin
1001:Car Talk
840:(1962).
754:Ausonius
575:See also
328:Titanium
322:or T651-
271:using a
269:crankpin
118:used by
18:Main rod
2444:History
2353:Surface
2171:Cornish
2131:Boilers
2013:Corliss
1950:Corliss
1933:D slide
1903:Uniflow
1893:Cornish
1799:Redline
1683:Muffler
1584:Battery
1508:Magneto
1124:"Image"
723:. SACA.
152:Taccola
128:Ephesus
92:Origins
58:to the
2756:(1784)
2750:(1769)
2716:(1908)
2710:(1862)
2691:(1812)
2683:(1805)
2673:Murray
2664:(1803)
2643:(1804)
2637:(1803)
2631:(1803)
2625:(1801)
2595:(1788)
2589:(1786)
2583:(1785)
2577:(1783)
2571:(1782)
2552:(1781)
2544:(1779)
2538:(1778)
2532:(1777)
2524:(1768)
2496:(1795)
2490:(1760)
2482:(1725)
2463:(1698)
2429:Stroke
2394:Piston
2379:Cutoff
2252:Yarrow
2204:Launch
2199:Scotch
1960:Sleeve
1955:Poppet
1940:Piston
1921:Valves
1913:Valves
1822:Portal
1610:Airbox
1589:Dynamo
1316:Piston
1306:Stroke
1285:layout
1213:series
942:
898:
818:
700:
541:V-twin
309:billet
132:Gerasa
84:or on
56:piston
2362:Other
2166:Flued
2151:Wagon
2075:Crank
2018:Lentz
2008:Baker
2003:Allan
1928:Slide
1782:Other
1406:Valve
1376:Chest
847:axle.
305:steel
224:In a
154:from
136:crank
109:Paule
64:crank
2514:Beam
2055:Beam
1965:Bash
1945:Drop
1888:Watt
1764:Sump
1281:bank
1242:Bore
1160:2019
1086:2019
1060:2019
1034:2019
983:2019
940:ISBN
896:ISBN
816:ISBN
775:help
698:ISBN
677:2022
647:2022
622:2022
313:cast
2333:Jet
2161:Box
1993:Joy
1983:Gab
1749:Oil
1338:and
1223:and
565:EMD
545:V12
507:by
247:).
239:On
2806::
1770:,
1283:,
1151:.
1102:.
1076:.
1050:.
1024:.
999:.
974:.
862:.
829:^
791:.
767::
765:}}
761:{{
663:.
638:.
612:.
294:.
287:.
221:.
162:.
88:.
46:A
1861:e
1854:t
1847:v
1774:)
1766:(
1287:)
1279:(
1192:e
1185:t
1178:v
1162:.
1137:.
1112:.
1088:.
1062:.
1036:.
1010:.
985:.
877:.
795:.
777:)
706:.
679:.
649:.
624:.
530:)
524:(
519:)
515:(
501:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
