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452:, with very hot summers and cold winters. Winter starts in mid-November and ends in late-March, while summer months are from May to September. The mean maximum summer temperature surpasses 40 °C (104 °F) during the hottest month, and the mean minimum temperature is 23 °C (73 °F). The mean minimum temperature during winter is 2 °C (36 °F), while the maximum is 17 °C (63 °F). Here the rainfall occurs in both winter and summer because it is a
813:
1237:
1225:
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Government degree college (Sahibzada
Muhammad Khurshid Memorial College), one private girl's college and more than two dozen of private primary and high schools. These institutions produced highly qualified personals for the country, who are serving the nation in different public sector departments and private sector as well. Most of the population Maini also helps the country in foreign exchange earnings; where they serve the
48:
517:
160:. It has a very detailed historic profile, from the early historic age till the Partition of Pakistan. Maini lies at latitude 34°07'07.23" north and longitude 72°36'32.38" east with an elevation of about 383 meters above the sea level. Total area of Maini valley is about 5 kilometres from east to west and 6 kilometres from north to south.
461:(5.8 mph; 9.3 km/h) in December to 24 knots (28 mph; 44 km/h) in June. The relative humidity varies from 46% in June to 76% in August. The highest temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded in June 1995, while the lowest −3.9 °C (25.0 °F) occurred in January 1970.
832:
Maini valley has a strategic position due to its geographical setting. The famous
Buddhist sites of Azīz Dheri and Rāni-Ghaṭ lies in its west beyond the Ajumair hill, the Suumpur stupa of Baja lies in its southwest, Gala fort and Sri-Koṭ are situated in the southeast, archaeological site of Banj hill
678:
then occupied this region and till now the utmān (from the lineage of Mandanṛ), a sub-tribe of
Yusufzai, use to live here. It is constantly obvious in the history and in the Pashto writings that a war broke between the Yusufzais and Mughals in the northern fields of Topi (Rasool, 1993: 12). While the
548:
As far as the ancient cultural profile of this part of the World is concerned, we do not know much about the Pre-Historic and Proto-Historic age. There may be several archaeological sites that can produce the traces of human habitation before the second millennium B.C but that will need thorough and
561:
in Swabi region is evident in the historical literature where the writer
Qureshi (1967: 83) says, "The districts west of river Indus as far as the river Kabul were inhibited by the Astacenians and Assacenians who paid tribute to the Achaemenian king, Cyrus who ruled from 558 to 530 BC". Astacenians
532:
Loye Salay, Boos-Dhery and Tor-Batai are other natural mounds which are located immediately in the eastern populated area and resides Poray (Faqir) Kalay
Mohallah in its gulfs. Two of these block the water of Kundal river and separate the eastern agricultural lands of the village from the populated
175:
On the other side initial health facilities are provided in the
Government's Basic Health Unit while one can also find a dozen small private medical units. With these basic and dire needs, Maini also provides good opportunities for the sports facilities. There is an official sports ground, named as
828:
archaeological sites are in Maini valley. The main village was founded on ancient remains and the main populated area is surrounded by several archaeological sites of various types. Famous archaeological sites of Maini are Bañṛ Dherai, Najeem Jāṛe graveyard, Murādu Dherai, Hāji Khel, Sūlai Dherai,
593:
Alexander, who had a rivalry with
Achaemenians, during 327 BC, after crushing western parts of Gandhāra, entered the plains of Swabi to fight against the Ashvakas (Qureshi, 1967: 93) and to meet the second division of his army for crossing Indus River at Hund, ancient Udhbāndepur or Ohind. He may
803:
Brigadier-General Sir
Neville B. Chamberlain, a British soldier from the Punjāb garrison, was appointed at Maini valley and Topi region to draw the radicals of Sepoy Mutiny from behind the hills lying in the southeasterly direction of Ambela near the right bank of river Indus (Vevill, 1977: 50).
539:
Khazana Dherai and Patya Dherai lies in the north-northeast of Maini which is natural division between
Mohallah Patya and Chatya. Khazana Dherai can be considered a natural block to the Kundal River which does not let the water approach Chatya wand. These two mounds are accessible through Chatya
343:
When the population had grown and people moved out of the center of the maini to the surrounding area, new mohallahs were formed for administrative purpose only. These newly formed mohallahs were usually a mixture of the people of the tapas. Some of the mohallah are Qāsim Abād, Patyā (Fāteha),
656:
In
Pakistan, generally, the Kushans were followed by Ephthalite Hūṇas, who destroyed the Buddhist establishments. Whereas the monuments at Maini would have faced the same situation. When Hsüan-Tsang came to northwest frontier, he found the country in a ruinous depopulated state with most of the
163:
The population of Maini is now exceeding 80,000 (not according to the Government census). It is considered one of the highly educated area of Topi Tehsil, where there are about twenty five Government primary schools, a Government high school for boys, a Government high school for girls, one
276:
lies in its south (most accurately south-southeast), Kotha village lies in its proper south, Baja & Bamkhel lies in its southwest, it is bounded by Ajumair hill in the west, Boko & Jhanda lies in its north-northwest, Pabini lies in its north, Malakabad (old Malka-kadai) lies in its
799:
During 1857 War of Independence some of the Muslim saints entered Maini who were followed and killed by Sikhs and British army in the nearby fields. Two of the saints have their graves in Habīb-Khel Mosque while the others are lying in the eastern fields across the hill torrent.
626:
in Maini is evident from their large number of coins, which provides the information that before their invasion this place was introduced to them. Buddhist and Hindu remains that are scattered throughout this valley are the finest examples of Buddhist livelihood in this region.
497:
Banr Dherai another low mound is located inside Maini but in its southwestern territory. It separates the two Mohallahs of Maini, one Kutkanre being in its north and the other Soganday in its south. It is approachable through the Kutkanre–Baja route and through Soganday.
485:
Ajumair hill is the highest and largest amongst all the natural mounds which covers the whole western border of Maini. It naturally separates Maini from Baja and Bamkhel village and is accessible through Gulbahar-1, Garhai and Kutkanre through Dundhery and Jabay routes.
829:
Rahīma, Kāñṛo Dherai, Ajumair Hill, Ghundheray, Shādo Dherai, Ḍeelor (Lanḍay) Dherai, Khazāna Dherai, Patyā (Fāteha) Dherai, Tūlkū Dherai, Shakrai Dherai, Kas Dherai, Parts of Shālizara, Gaṛhai, Ḍhundheray and the parts of the fields between Shakrai and Kambaray.
524:
Muradu Dherai is a low mound which is located beside the Cheeno sports ground on the bank of Kundal river which provides a scenic view to the sports lovers. It resides in the southeast of Maini which can be approached through Karpa route and the modern
665:
Kāñṛo Dherai, a mound filled with dressed stones, has the remains of Hindu-Shahis which has signs of burning and flaming on its stones. These burnt stones indicate that Ghaznavids have rooted out the Hindu-Shahis from here and burnt their possessions.
469:
Deelor Dherai lies in the north of Maini which separates it from Pabini, whereas it blocks the Kundal River from entering the populated area of Gulbahar. One can approach this mound through Deelor/Kundal route, leads from Gulbahar-1 to Pabini village.
727:
and pious lineage. In South Asia it is not an ethnic title but an occupational title generally attributed to Muslim trading families. The Shaikhs claimed to be descendants of Arabs, however almost all Shaikhs did not actually descend from Arabs.
481:
Salo Dherai and Shado Dherai lies in the northwest of Maini which can be considered the northern portion of Ajumair hill. These natural mounds are a division between Jhanda and Maini and can be approached from Qasim Abad through the Jhanda road.
218:
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region which comes under both the Malakand and Hazara zonal rainfall regions. Due to western disturbances, the winter rainfall shows a higher record between the months of February and April. Wind speeds vary during the year, from 5
512:
Sulai Dherai lies inside the thickly populated area of Maini which is now mostly covered by modern houses. It resides in the south-central part of the village which can be approached from Raidawan, Shalizara and Sulai Mohallahs.
635:
The most powerful and renowned sovereigns of Kushans made Gandhara a veritable holy land of Buddhism through the sacred shrines and monasteries. The valley of Maini is filled with the archaeological sites erected during the
293:. Originally the tapas where formed at the time of Sheikh Mali baba between the year 1500–1550, at the time when the newly acquired lands were distributed among the families. These tapas were as follow:
266:
Maini resides in the southern foothills of 2225 meters high Mahābaṇ Range of mountains while Ajumair hill lies in its west and the barren Gadoon hills are lying in its east which blocks the water of
509:
Rahima Dherai also resides inside the populated area of the village which is located a little east to the Banr Dherai. One can access this low mound through Najeem Jare and through Mohallah Rahima.
691:
family, a renowned and wise man in the Pashto history also belonged to this valley who is responsible for the allotment of the lands among the Pakhtoon tribes, from Indus to Swat. Some local areas
239:
village which runs towards north and takes 5 kilometers to arrive at Maini village. This road is also an ancient track which then runs north of Maini, goes through Jhanda village and extends to
1260:
1185:
344:
Tulkū, Gulbahār-1 and 2, Shīngrai, Kutkānṛe, Gaṛhai, Poray (Faqir) Kalay, Jāṛe (Gulistān), Sūlai, Raidawan, Rahīma, Hāji Khel( Miagan), Kambaray, Shakrai, Soganday and Kass (Zarin Abad).
1272:
562:
were the Ashtak, a confederacy of eight tribes in the Peshawar region and Assacenians were the Ashvakas (generally identified with modern Yusufzai, who still live in this valley).
144:) is the name of a village (now a town) and a union council as well as a lush green physiographic valley with natural streams and fertile agricultural land which resides in
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1173:
360:
As for as the nomenclature of the name Maini is concerned, most of the local elders are of the view that it is a derivative from the name of a certain non-Muslim Queen
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which prove the widespread character of Kushan Art. One can find large number of coins of Scythians and great Kushans with the inclusion of small number of coins of
585:. The mounds of Maini produce Buddhist remains all around. Due to the presence of Buddhist remains, Maini may be termed as a critical part of Gandhara civilization.
549:
methodical archaeological excavations. The earliest evidences we so far have is the arrival of Achaemenian (Persian Zoroaster), who are evident by their seglois.
473:
1105:
Zafar Hayat Khan. (2009). Archaeological Discoveries at Maini Valley, District Swabi, Northern Pakistan (A Preliminary Report). Gandhāran Studies, Vol.3: 171–188
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languages. Zafar Hayat Khan of the Department of Archaeology, University of Peshawar is taking keen interest and trying his best to solve the issue of the term
695:
peoples after converted to Islam now they are calling himself sheikh Mali khel, basically they are hindki peoples after convert to islam they descendants as
1292:
180:, in its development the Government is taking keen interest but a case has been filed in the court which made it disputed. Most of the population play
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north-northeast, Beesak lies in its northeast, Gadoon-Amazai Industries lies in its east and the Gadoon Afghan Refugee Camp lies in its southeast.
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Ghundhery resides in the center of the village, looks like an ancient stupa, and is a low hill now covered by modern houses on all the sides.
614:
in the nearby regions of river Indus. And the pious Ashoka sent his missions into this part of Gandhara for the propagation of his dhamma.
990:
416:
being National language is also spoken and understood. People mainly belong to the Utman tribe of Mandanr, the specific branch/lineage of
1200:
1034:
258:
622:
The short-lived occupation of Mauryans lasted for a century which did not completely wipe out Greek influence. The occupation of
449:
1024:
270:. All these mountains are Piedmont zones and a tentative division between lesser Himalayas and the Hindu-Kush (Dani 2001: 13).
557:
The historical profile of this land can be traced back to the time of Achaemenians (Persians of 6th to 4th century B.C). The
243:. On the three sides Maini is bounded by hills while the southern plain gap provides a flowing route to one hill-torrent (
501:
210:
1236:
1224:
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1212:
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stated: "Last year I was a Julaha (weaver); this year I am a sheikh; next year, if the crops are good, I shall be a
657:
Buddhist establishments in a state of decay. Most of the archaeological sites of Maini were then left unpopulated.
380:. Whereas, some of the modern writers are of the view that the term Maini may be taken from the name of a group of
236:
235:
city and 2 kilometers west of Gadoon Amazai Industrial Zone. The main Swabi-Topi road provides a connection near
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417:
347:
47:
1111:
648:) and Muslim dynasties in the nearby mounds which produces a ray of hope that they have ruled this valley.
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17:
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65:
489:
708:
764:, who claimed to descend from Abu Ayub Al-Ansari. The butcher castes claimed to descend from the
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696:
645:
169:
153:
70:
812:
1060:
1030:
882:"Archaeological Discoveries at Maini, District Swabi, Northern Pakistan: A Preliminary Report"
852:"Archaeological Discoveries at Maini, District Swabi, Northern Pakistan: A Preliminary Report"
720:
558:
679:
northern fields of Ṭopi belong to Maini which means that the war was fought in Maini valley.
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area. These can be approached through Karpa route, Poray Kaly and Tor-batai route.
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and about the territory reforms of the Pakhtoon valley (Nawaz, 1987: 249-253).
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267:
145:
477:
General View of Maini, Kundal River and Cheeno Sports Ground from Muradu Dheri
192:
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lies in its east and Shah-kot Baba fort (on Mahābaṇ top) lies in its north.
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393:
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Maini is located 17 kilometers east of Swabi city, 5 kilometers north of
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255:) that are running through its heart and irrigate the southern fields.
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392:. However, a thorough research is needed to search the term Maini in
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clan. Whereas the religious background of the whole population is
389:
346:
257:
217:
209:
783:
A famous saying which attests to the flexibility of the title of
719:, who settled in Maini, Swabi. His descendants are known as the
687:
Sheikh Mali Baba (originally named as ""Siekh Ādam"" belonged to
756:
was given to recent converts and not those of Arab descent. The
385:
273:
232:
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varna, although use of the title was flexible. In the former
703:
language, He was a pious man who wrote a book, Daftar, about
285:
Maini village comprises numerous subdivisions locally called
995:(4 ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 149.
594:
have entered Maini when chasing his Persian counterparts.
412:
Pashto is the main language spoken in a specific dialect.
440:
community, who were known as the business class Hindus.
1266:
Kabaddi (A local game played at the arrival of winter)
262:
Map of District Swabi (showing Maini in yellow colour)
108:
1026:
Muslim backward classes: a sociological perspective
573:extended its horizons up to the western borders of
103:
86:
76:
64:
54:
28:
376:dynasty who ruled during 10th/11th century A.D in
1278:Katawa (A local food, mainly served at occasions)
1082:"Rani Ghat Swabi (Buddhism Archaeological Site)"
505:General View of Banr Dheri and Parts of Ajumair
577:and enfolded in its wings the regions between
214:Cheeno Sports Ground (seen from Muradu Dherai)
207:is also played only at the arrival of summer.
1254:Jabba (The Natural Spring or Stream at Maini)
1179:Football Team Players (Games played at Maini)
8:
436:community was living side by side with the
222:Makha or Mukha (local game played at Maini)
1167:Cheeno Sports Ground on the bank of Kundal
732:who converted to Islam and took the title
25:
424:Muslim. However, before the partition of
351:General View of Maini from Rahima Dherai
1145:
1076:
1074:
842:
368:by the locals). History mentions Queen
102:
85:
53:
44:
23:Village in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
723:, and are highly respected for their
75:
63:
7:
1048:
1046:
984:
982:
850:Khan, Zafar Hayat (1 January 2009).
795:1857 War and the War of Independence
141:
133:
1293:Populated places in Swabi District
1053:Delage, Rémy (29 September 2014).
14:
1155:Celebration of Anti-Norcotics Day
1029:. SAGE Publications. p. 22.
493:A View of Muradu Dheri from Sulai
1298:Union Councils of Swabi District
1271:
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1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1199:
1191:People enjoying swimming in the
1184:
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1012:. SAGE Publications. p. 90.
372:as the wife of Manikachandra of
46:
1206:Agricultural Activity at Maini
937:"Sarhad Development Authority"
776:, who claimed to descend from
408:Languages, people and religion
1:
816:Archaeological Sites at Maini
251:river) and a natural spring (
32:
772:record keeper caste became
1314:
989:Nyrop, Richard F. (1983).
880:Khan, Zafar Hayat (2009).
715:saint originally from the
15:
1006:Robinson, Rowena (2004).
699:,they are still speaking
309:Khadhar Khan Khel (Ghari)
45:
38:
992:Pakistan a country study
652:Huns/Ephthalite invasion
540:route and Patya route.
199:, while the local game
148:in the eastern part of
1242:Govt High School Maini
1230:Scenic Beauty of Maini
1193:Pehur High Level Canal
1056:Muslim Castes in India
817:
610:prove the presence of
527:Pehur High Level Canal
521:
506:
494:
478:
352:
263:
223:
215:
18:Maini (disambiguation)
1218:River Kundal at Maini
1127:34.11667°N 72.61667°E
1023:Khanam, Azra (2013).
1009:Sociology of religion
815:
519:
504:
492:
476:
350:
336:Qadarmann Zalmi Chowk
261:
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808:Archaeological sites
760:weaver caste became
736:tended to be of the
520:View of Ajumair Hill
364:(erroneously called
16:For other uses, see
1123: /
670:Arrival of Yusufzai
152:of the province of
1132:34.11667; 72.61667
820:A large number of
818:
778:Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq
717:Upper Dir District
624:Indo Greek kingdom
589:Alexander invasion
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507:
495:
479:
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264:
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170:European countries
154:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
124:(locally known as
71:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
886:Gandhāran Studies
856:Gandhāran Studies
618:Indo-Greek period
559:Achaemenid Empire
450:semi-arid climate
448:Maini features a
306:Khadhar Khan Khel
172:in this respect.
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674:Later on, the
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241:Buner District
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1088:. Swabi Blog
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1130: /
966:Google Maps
916:Google Maps
697:Sheikh-Mali
646:Turk-Shahis
631:Kushan rule
583:Indus River
579:Kabul River
339:Ismail Abad
312:Niki Khedad
268:Tarbela Dam
146:Topi Tehsil
1287:Categories
1092:26 October
1086:Swabi Blog
971:9 December
947:2014-07-11
921:9 December
896:26 October
865:9 December
837:References
330:Gulbahar 2
327:Gulbahar 1
318:Habib Khel
315:UR Ibrahim
245:wuch khwar
193:volleyball
1118:72°37′0″E
1065:2105-3030
774:Siddiques
738:Kshatriya
709:Haji Baba
705:Yousuzais
689:Kshatriya
602:The Rock
432:in 1947,
370:Mainamati
366:Mainawati
362:Mainamati
324:Juna Khel
300:Mani Khel
291:mohallahs
227:Geography
190:badminton
88:Time zone
1115:34°7′0″N
822:Buddhist
770:Kayastha
750:Pakistan
676:Yusufzai
575:Gandhara
571:Buddhism
566:Buddhism
426:Pakistan
418:Yusufzai
394:Sanskrit
321:Arab Zai
158:Pakistan
77:District
66:Province
59:Pakistan
1142:Gallery
892:: 171–2
762:Ansaris
544:History
454:monsoon
444:Climate
398:Prakrit
384:common
197:kabaddi
182:cricket
104:Website
55:Country
40:Village
1063:
1033:
785:shaikh
768:. The
758:Julaha
754:shaikh
746:Punjab
734:shaikh
730:Hindus
725:Sayyid
711:was a
701:Hindko
693:hindki
438:Muslim
378:Bengal
374:Candra
253:Cheena
249:kundal
201:mukhka
186:soccer
178:Cheeno
130:Pashto
111:.maini
826:Hindu
459:knots
434:Hindu
430:India
422:Sunni
402:Maini
390:Mynah
287:tapas
237:Kotha
205:makha
126:Menai
122:Maini
93:UTC+5
81:Swabi
30:Maini
1094:2016
1061:ISSN
1031:ISBN
973:2021
923:2021
898:2016
867:2021
824:and
789:Syed
744:and
713:Syed
581:and
428:and
414:Urdu
396:and
386:Myna
356:Name
274:Topi
233:Topi
195:and
168:and
166:Gulf
142:مینی
138:Urdu
136:and
134:مینئ
33:مینئ
791:."
748:of
606:in
388:or
289:or
156:in
113:.tk
109:www
97:PST
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