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passage of text that students must read beforehand and facilitate dialogue. Sometimes, a facilitator will structure two concentric circles of students: an outer circle and an inner circle. The inner circle focuses on exploring and analysing the text through the act of questioning and answering. During this phase, the outer circle remains silent. Students in the outer circle are much like scientific observers watching and listening to the conversation of the inner circle. When the text has been fully discussed and the inner circle is finished talking, the outer circle provides feedback on the dialogue that took place. This process alternates with the inner circle students going to the outer circle for the next meeting and vice versa. The length of this process varies depending on the text used for the discussion. The teacher may decide to alternate groups within one meeting, or they may alternate at each separate meeting.
2056:: Students are arranged in multiple small groups and placed as far as possible from each other. Following the guidelines of the Socratic seminar, students engage in small group discussions. Simultaneous seminars are typically done with experienced students who need little guidance and can engage in a discussion without assistance from a teacher/facilitator. According to the literature, this type of seminar is beneficial for teachers who want students to explore a variety of texts around a main issue or topic. Each small group may have a different text to read/view and discuss. A larger Socratic seminar can then occur as a discussion about how each text corresponds with one another. Simultaneous Seminars can also be used for a particularly difficult text. Students can work through different issues and key passages from the text.
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1877:, as presented by Socrates; it is not the only dialogue in which theories normally expounded by Plato's Socrates are broken down through dialectic. Instead of arriving at answers, the method breaks down the theories we hold, to go "beyond" the axioms and postulates we take for granted. Therefore, myth and the Socratic method are not meant by Plato to be incompatible; they have different purposes, and are often described as the "left hand" and "right hand" paths to good and wisdom.
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1980:, did believe that knowledge was possible, but believed that the first step to knowledge was recognition of one's ignorance. Guthrie writes, " was accustomed to say that he did not himself know anything, and that the only way in which he was wiser than other men was that he was conscious of his own ignorance, while they were not. The essence of the Socratic method is to convince the interlocutor that whereas he thought he knew something, in fact he does not."
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1854:. In view of such inadequacies, Socrates himself professed ignorance. Socrates said that his awareness of his ignorance made him wiser than those who, though ignorant, still claimed knowledge. This claim was based on a reported Delphic oracular pronouncement that no man was wiser than Socrates. While this belief seems paradoxical at first glance, in fact it allowed Socrates to discover his own errors.
2045:: Students are arranged so that each participant (called a "pilot") in the inner circle has two "co-pilots" sitting behind them on either side. Pilots are the speakers because they are in the inner circle; co-pilots are in the outer circle and only speak during consultation. The seminar proceeds as any other seminar. At a point in the seminar, the
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members can switch seats and one of the co-pilots can sit in the pilot's seat. Only during that time is the switching of seats allowed. This structure allows for students to speak, who may not yet have the confidence to speak in the large group. This type of seminar involves all students instead of just the students in the inner and outer circles.
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2115:: The text must be approachable from a variety of different perspectives, including perspectives that seem mutually exclusive, thus provoking critical thinking and raising important questions. The absence of right and wrong answers promotes a variety of discussion and encourages individual contributions.
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This approach is based on the belief that participants seek and gain deeper understanding of concepts in the text through thoughtful dialogue rather than memorizing information that has been provided for them. While
Socratic seminars can differ in structure, and even in name, they typically involve a
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describes his method as a form of "midwifery" because it is employed to help his interlocutors develop their understanding in a way analogous to a child developing in the womb. The
Socratic method begins with commonly held beliefs and scrutinizes them by way of questioning to determine their internal
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as opposed to making judgements. The students on the outside keep track of topics they would like to discuss as part of the debrief. Participants in the outer circle can use an observation checklist or notes form to monitor the participants in the inner circle. These tools will provide structure for
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can bring the participants back to the text if they begin to digress. Furthermore, the seminar text enables the participants to create a level playing field – ensuring that the dialogical tone within the classroom remains consistent and pure to the subject or topic at hand. Some practitioners argue
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pauses the discussion and instructs the triad to talk to each other. Conversation will be about topics that need more in-depth discussion or a question posed by the leader. Sometimes triads will be asked by the facilitator to come up with a new question. Any time during a triad conversation, group
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Subject area, which can draw from print or non-print artifacts. As examples, language arts can be approached through poems, history through written or oral historical speeches, science through policies on environmental issues, math through mathematical proofs, health through nutrition labels, and
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The exact nature of the elenchus is subject to a great deal of debate, in particular concerning whether it is a positive method, leading to knowledge, or a negative method used solely to refute false claims to knowledge. Some qualitative research shows that the use of the
Socratic method within a
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approach to understand information in a text. Its systematic procedure is used to examine a text through questions and answers founded on the beliefs that all new knowledge is connected to prior knowledge, that all thinking comes from asking questions, and that asking one question should lead to
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Some have countered this thought by stating that the humiliation and ridicule is not caused by the method, rather it is due to the lack of knowledge of the student. Boghossian mentions that even though the questions may be perplexing, they are not originally meant for it, in fact such questions
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The most significant difference between this activity and most typical classroom activities involves the role of the teacher. In
Socratic seminar, the students lead the discussion and questioning. The teacher's role is to ensure the discussion advances regardless of the particular direction the
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No matter what structure the teacher employs, the basic premise of the seminar/circles is to turn partial control and direction of the classroom over to the students. The seminars encourage students to work together, creating meaning from the text and to stay away from trying to find a correct
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Socrates used this claim of wisdom as the basis of moral exhortation. He claimed that the chief goodness consists in the caring of the soul concerned with moral truth and moral understanding, that "wealth does not bring goodness, but goodness brings wealth and every other blessing, both to the
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The leader keeps the topic focused by asking a variety of questions about the text itself, as well as questions to help clarify positions when arguments become confused. The leader also seeks to coax reluctant participants into the discussion, and to limit contributions from those who tend to
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The participants share the responsibility with the leader to maintain the quality of the
Socratic circle. They listen actively to respond effectively to what others have contributed. This teaches the participants to think and speak persuasively using the discussion to support their position.
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suggest that although the method improves creative and critical thinking, there is a flip side to the method. He states that the teachers who use this method wait for the students to make mistakes, thus creating negative feelings in the class, exposing the student to possible ridicule and
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A Socratic seminar text is a tangible document that creates a thought-provoking discussion. The text ought to be appropriate for the participants' current level of intellectual and social development. It provides the anchor for dialogue whereby the
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Teachers use
Socratic seminar in different ways. The structure it takes may look different in each classroom. While this is not an exhaustive list, teachers may use one of the following structures to administer Socratic seminar:
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asking further questions. A Socratic seminar is not a debate. The goal of this activity is to have participants work together to construct meaning and arrive at an answer, not for one student or one group to "win the argument".
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dominate. She or he prompts participants to elaborate on their responses and to build on what others have said. The leader guides participants to deepen, clarify, and paraphrase, and to synthesize a variety of different views.
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sees it as an error to regard the
Socratic method as a means by which one seeks the answer to a problem, or knowledge. Guthrie claims that the Socratic method actually aims to demonstrate one's ignorance. Socrates, unlike the
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of
Socratic questions is open-ended, focusing on broad, general ideas rather than specific, factual information. The questioning technique emphasizes a level of questioning and thinking where there is no single right answer.
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Socratic seminars generally start with an open-ended question proposed either by the leader or by another participant. There is no designated first speaker; as individuals participate in
Socratic dialogue, they gain
2030:: Students need to be arranged in inner and outer circles. The inner circle engages in discussion about the text. The outer circle observes the inner circle, while taking notes. The outer circle shares their
2101:: The text must be rich in ideas and complexity and open to interpretation. Ideally it should require multiple readings, but should be neither far above the participants' intellectual level nor very long.
2095:: The text must introduce ideas and values that are complex and difficult to summarize. Powerful discussions arise from personal connections to abstract ideas and from implications to personal values.
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Questions can be created individually or in small groups. All participants are given the opportunity to take part in the discussion. Socratic circles specify three types of questions to prepare:
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to entertain, impress, or persuade an audience to accept the speaker's point of view. Socrates promoted an alternative method of teaching, which came to be called the
Socratic method.
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Socrates then argues, and the interlocutor agrees, these further premises imply the contrary of the original thesis; in this case, it leads to: "courage is not endurance of the soul".
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nature of the early dialogues. Having shown a proposed thesis is false is insufficient to conclude some other competing thesis must be true. Rather, the interlocutors have reached
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1850:. Such an examination challenged the implicit moral beliefs of the interlocutors, bringing out inadequacies and inconsistencies in their beliefs, and usually resulting in
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One elenctic examination can lead to a new, more refined, examination of the concept being considered, in this case it invites an examination of the claim: "Courage is
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listening and give the outside members specific details to discuss later in the seminar. The teacher may also sit in the circle but at the same height as the students.
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Guiding questions help deepen and elaborate the discussion, keeping contributions on topic and encouraging a positive atmosphere and consideration for others.
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or refutation; cross-examining, testing, scrutiny esp. for purposes of refutation') is the central technique of the Socratic method. The Latin form
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Socrates secures his interlocutor's agreement to further premises, for example "Courage is a fine thing" and "Ignorant endurance is not a fine thing".
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style in prose—presenting Socrates as the curious questioner of some prominent Athenian interlocutor—in some of his early dialogues, such as
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Socratic seminars are based upon the interaction of peers. The focus is to explore multiple perspectives on a given issue or topic.
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that "texts" do not have to be confined to printed texts, but can include artifacts such as objects, physical spaces, and the like.
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In Plato's early dialogues, the elenchus is the technique Socrates uses to investigate, for example, the nature or definition of
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Socrates rarely used the method to actually develop consistent theories, and he even made frequent use of creative myths and
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Print texts (e.g., short stories, poems, and essays) and non-print texts (e.g. photographs, sculptures, and maps); and
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Gose, Michael (January 2009). "When Socratic Dialogue is Flagging: Questions and Strategies for Engaging Students".
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Closing questions lead participants to summarize their thoughts and learning and personalize what they've discussed.
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Participants must demonstrate respect for different ideas, thoughts and values, and must not interrupt each other.
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Gose, Michael (2009). "When Socratic Dialogue Is Flagging; Questions and Strategies for Engaging Students".
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Socratic seminar texts are able to challenge participants' thinking skills by having these characteristics:
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Opening questions generate discussion at the beginning of the seminar in order to elicit dominant themes.
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493:) is used in English as the technical philosophical term. The most common adjectival form in English is
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and questions the inner circle with guidance from the teacher/facilitator. Students use constructive
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Socrates (as depicted by Plato) generally applied his method of examination to concepts such as the
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consistency and their coherence with other beliefs and so to bring everyone closer to the truth.
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Socrates then claims he has shown his interlocutor's thesis is false and its negation is true.
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Chorzempa, Barbara; Lapidus, Laurie (January 2009). "To Find Yourself, Think For Yourself".
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individual and to the state", and that "life without examination is not worth living".
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Socratic Circles: Fostering Critical and Creative Thinking in Middle and High School
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The Socratic method has also recently inspired a new form of applied philosophy:
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Mangrum, Jennifer (April 2010). "Sharing Practice Through Socratic Seminars".
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In modified forms, it is employed today in a variety of pedagogical contexts.
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Ting Chowning, Jeanne (October 2009). "Socratic Seminars in Science Class".
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are also current. This was also very important in Plato's early dialogues.
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points out Vlastos' conclusion in step No. 5 above makes nonsense of the
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provoke the students and can be countered by employing counterexamples.
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Socrates decides whether the thesis is false and targets for refutation.
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endurance of the soul". Most Socratic inquiries consist of a series of
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that enables them to be effective in this role of initial questioner.
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2001:) is a pedagogical approach based on the Socratic method and uses a
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is used to help students apply the activity to their learning. The
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interpretation. The emphasis is on critical and creative thinking.
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asserts a thesis, for example "Courage is endurance of the soul".
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using the Socratic method to point out the flaws in the Platonic
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between individuals, based on asking and answering questions.
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30:"The Socratic Method" redirects here. For the TV episode, see
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Socrates began to engage in such discussions with his fellow
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On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates
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from the original on 19 May 2023 – via ResearchGate.
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Michael Frede, "Plato's Arguments and the Dialogue Form",
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Socratic texts can be divided into two main categories:
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Rereading the Sophists: Classical Rhetoric Refigured
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were teachers who specialized in using the tools of
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4443:
4217:
4195:
4150:
4092:
4044:
3998:
3989:
3952:
3823:
3688:
3635:
3626:
3576:
3500:
3472:
3429:
3381:
3338:
3291:
3263:
3215:
3187:
3114:
3025:– 'The Socratic Method' by Elizabeth Garrett (1998)
2907:
Lukas, Elisabeth, Logotherapy Textbook, 2000, p. 86
2248:has also proposed another variant of the practice.
2441:"Methods of Interpreting Plato and his Dialogues"
2430:, Supplementary Volume 1992, Oxford 1992, 201–19.
1889:concepts such as justice or virtue. According to
2873:Delic, Haris; Becirovic, Senad (November 2016).
2810:"Facing History and Ourselves: Socratic Seminar"
2084:Pertinent elements of an effective Socratic text
2981:, 2nd edition (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1953).
2868:
2866:
2499:The Greek Philosophers from Thales to Aristotle
2324:"Understanding the Socratic Method of Teaching"
2132:physical education through fitness guidelines.
5173:
3077:
2959:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOverholser1993 (
2940:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOverholser1993 (
2921:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOverholser1993 (
2244:is probably the best known practitioner, and
1807:
296:
8:
2875:"Socratic Method as an Approach to Teaching"
2724:
2722:
2720:
2286: – 1973 film based on a 1971
427:issues. But in his later dialogues, such as
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
1928:
1448:A Dialogue Concerning Oratorical Partitions
488:
482:
5536:
5371:
5180:
5166:
5158:
4846:
4837:
4820:
4516:
4223:
3995:
3632:
3573:
3562:
3111:
3100:
3084:
3070:
3062:
2954:
2935:
2916:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2537:
2535:
2413:Gregory Vlastos, "The Socratic Elenchus",
2370:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSprague1972 (
1814:
1800:
507:
358:In the second half of the 5th century BC,
303:
289:
53:
27:Type of cooperative argumentative dialogue
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
1927:and typically end in puzzlement known as
3029:Teaching by Asking Instead of by Telling
1538:Copia: Foundations of the Abundant Style
5305:The unexamined life is not worth living
2365:
2315:
519:
204:
166:
115:
95:The unexamined life is not worth living
65:
2804:
2802:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2415:Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy I
2398:Webster's New World College Dictionary
2334:from the original on 21 September 2020
2018:Various approaches to Socratic seminar
2643:National Science Teachers Association
2555:from the original on 19 February 2018
2105:Relevance to participants' curriculum
1741:Rhetoric of social intervention model
7:
3040:Project Gutenberg: Works by Xenophon
2991:Ch. 3: Elenchus: Direct and Indirect
2464:Klein, Reuven Chaim (1 March 2024).
2428:Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy
2205:The Socratic method, in the form of
2705:from the original on 15 August 2012
2120:Two different ways to select a text
48:Alcibiades Being Taught by Socrates
5504:Serenade after Plato's "Symposium"
5383:Double Herm of Socrates and Seneca
3046:Project Gutenberg: Works by Cicero
1960:setting helps students succeed in
25:
3035:Project Gutenberg: Works by Plato
2816:from the original on 13 July 2012
2612:from the original on 14 June 2013
2219:rational emotive behavior therapy
403:famously formalized the Socratic
5936:
5935:
5234:
5141:
5140:
5127:
2211:classical Adlerian psychotherapy
527:
397:invented the "Socratic" method.
274:
273:
73:
3031:, an example from Rick Garlikov
3014:Socratic Method Research Portal
3057:Socratic and Scientific Method
3042:(includes some Socratic works)
3018:How to Use the Socratic Method
2028:Inner/outer circle or fishbowl
1893:, it has the following steps:
1:
6000:Group problem solving methods
3000:– 'Tips on Starting your own
2731:Teaching Exceptional Children
2501:, page 74, London: Routledge.
1711:List of feminist rhetoricians
377:after his friend from youth,
327:) is a form of argumentative
4613:Ordinary language philosophy
2184:Challenges and disadvantages
1701:Glossary of rhetorical terms
466:
5970:Education in ancient Greece
4663:Contemporary utilitarianism
4578:Internalism and externalism
1548:Language as Symbolic Action
32:The Socratic Method (House)
6021:
5298:I know that I know nothing
3927:Svatantrika and Prasangika
2785:10.1177/003172171009100708
2743:10.1177/004005990904100306
2600:"Furman: Socratic Seminar"
2528:. Portland, ME: Stenhouse.
2452:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
2384:Liddell, Scott and Jones,
2328:Abraham Lincoln University
455:
86:I know that I know nothing
29:
5995:Philosophical methodology
5933:
5485:The Plot to Save Socrates
5232:
5195:
5121:
4836:
4819:
4226:
3572:
3561:
3149:Philosophy of mathematics
3139:Philosophy of information
3110:
3099:
2979:Plato's Earlier Dialectic
2446:12 September 2016 at the
2402:Oxford English Dictionary
1458:De Optimo Genere Oratorum
5261:Socratic intellectualism
2891:10.13187/er.2016.111.511
2238:philosophical counseling
2099:Complexity and challenge
134:Socratic intellectualism
5386:(3rd-century sculpture)
4618:Postanalytic philosophy
4559:Experimental philosophy
2849:10.3200/CTCH.57.1.45-50
2670:10.3200/CTCH.57.1.45-50
2524:Copeland, Matt (2010).
1398:De Sophisticis Elenchis
5975:Educational psychology
5426:Der geduldige Socrates
4751:Social constructionism
3763:Hellenistic philosophy
3179:Theoretical philosophy
3154:Philosophy of religion
3144:Philosophy of language
2288:novel of the same name
2070:Socratic seminar texts
1973:The Greek Philosophers
1929:
1922:
1518:De doctrina Christiana
1508:Dialogus de oratoribus
1428:Rhetorica ad Herennium
654:Captatio benevolentiae
489:
483:
393:, however, wrote that
51:
5391:The Death of Socrates
5134:Philosophy portal
4653:Scientific skepticism
4633:Reformed epistemology
3159:Philosophy of science
2543:"The Socratic Circle"
2417:, Oxford 1983, 27–58.
2386:Greek-English Lexicon
2054:Simultaneous seminars
1686:Communication studies
1528:De vulgari eloquentia
1388:Rhetoric to Alexander
42:
5980:History of education
5925:Religious skepticism
5281:Socratic questioning
4554:Critical rationalism
4261:Edo neo-Confucianism
4105:Acintya bheda abheda
4084:Renaissance humanism
3795:School of the Sextii
3169:Practical philosophy
3164:Political philosophy
3006:Christopher Phillips
2330:. 10 February 2020.
2299:Socratic questioning
2207:Socratic questioning
2143:Socratic questioning
159:Socratic questioning
44:Marcello Bacciarelli
5472:(1st-century essay)
5205:Cultural depictions
4125:Nimbarka Sampradaya
4036:Korean Confucianism
3783:Academic Skepticism
2977:Robinson, Richard,
2879:European Researcher
2634:The Science Teacher
2137:Questioning methods
1984:Modern applications
1867:Parmenides dialogue
1691:Composition studies
1622:Health and medicine
1488:Institutio Oratoria
695:Eloquentia perfecta
228:Cultural depictions
213:Academic skepticism
5512:Barefoot in Athens
4746:Post-structuralism
4648:Scientific realism
4603:Quinean naturalism
4583:Logical positivism
4539:Analytical Marxism
3758:Peripatetic school
3670:Chinese naturalism
3197:Aesthetic response
3124:Applied philosophy
3012:Socraticmethod.net
3008:, Cecilia Phillips
2957:, p. 283-292.
2938:, p. 286-293.
2482:10.17613/b462-fp41
2439:Stephen Salkever,
2352:Jarratt, Susan C.
2014:discussion takes.
1776:Terministic screen
1558:A General Rhetoric
1088:Resignation speech
625:Studia humanitatis
607:Byzantine rhetoric
421:Socratic dialogues
321:method of Elenchus
116:Eponymous concepts
52:
5947:
5946:
5908:Euthyphro dilemma
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5772:Second Alcibiades
5469:De genio Socratis
5450:Socrates on Trial
5256:Socratic dialogue
5221:Trial of Socrates
5155:
5154:
5117:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4534:Analytic feminism
4506:
4505:
4468:Kierkegaardianism
4430:Transcendentalism
4390:Neo-scholasticism
4236:Classical Realism
4213:
4212:
3985:
3984:
3800:Neopythagoreanism
3557:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3174:Social philosophy
3052:The Socratic Club
2242:Gerd B. Achenbach
2234:Socratic dialogue
2223:cognitive therapy
2188:Scholars such as
1997:(also known as a
1824:
1823:
1751:Rogerian argument
1498:Panegyrici Latini
590:The age of Cicero
477:'argument of
476:
464:
391:Diogenes Laërtius
313:
312:
124:Socratic dialogue
108:Trial of Socrates
16:(Redirected from
6012:
5939:
5938:
5913:Form of the Good
5884:Socratic Letters
5632:First Alcibiades
5537:
5402:(1950 sculpture)
5372:
5276:Socratic paradox
5238:
5226:Socratic problem
5182:
5175:
5168:
5159:
5144:
5143:
5132:
5131:
5130:
4847:
4838:
4821:
4711:Frankfurt School
4658:Transactionalism
4608:Normative ethics
4588:Legal positivism
4564:Falsificationism
4549:Consequentialism
4544:Communitarianism
4517:
4385:New Confucianism
4224:
4031:Neo-Confucianism
3996:
3805:Second Sophistic
3790:Middle Platonism
3633:
3574:
3563:
3406:Epiphenomenalism
3273:Consequentialism
3207:Institutionalism
3112:
3101:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3063:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2919:, p. 75–85.
2914:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2870:
2861:
2860:
2837:College Teaching
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2806:
2797:
2796:
2768:
2755:
2754:
2726:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2682:
2681:
2658:College Teaching
2653:
2647:
2646:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2604:
2596:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2502:
2495:W. K. C. Guthrie
2492:
2486:
2485:
2461:
2455:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2411:
2405:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2320:
2261:Devil's advocate
2190:Peter Boghossian
2093:Ideas and values
1995:Socratic seminar
1989:Socratic seminar
1969:W. K. C. Guthrie
1934:
1881:Scholarly debate
1816:
1809:
1802:
1716:List of speeches
1563:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1413:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1373:
1363:
1167:Neo-Aristotelian
734:Figure of speech
595:Second Sophistic
531:
508:
492:
486:
471:
469:
459:
457:
383:Oracle of Delphi
305:
298:
291:
277:
276:
154:Socratic problem
149:Socratic paradox
129:Socratic fallacy
77:
54:
21:
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6011:
6010:
6009:
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5929:
5888:
5865:
5826:
5526:
5507:(1954 serenade)
5491:
5456:
5445:(1919 oratorio)
5405:
5394:(1787 painting)
5367:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5310:
5285:
5271:Socratic method
5239:
5230:
5209:
5191:
5186:
5156:
5151:
5128:
5126:
5105:
5069:
4969:
4931:
4878:
4832:
4831:
4803:
4792:Russian cosmism
4765:
4761:Western Marxism
4726:New Historicism
4691:Critical theory
4677:
4673:Wittgensteinian
4569:Foundationalism
4502:
4439:
4420:Social contract
4276:Foundationalism
4209:
4191:
4175:Illuminationism
4160:Aristotelianism
4146:
4135:Vishishtadvaita
4088:
4040:
3981:
3948:
3819:
3748:Megarian school
3743:Eretrian school
3684:
3645:Agriculturalism
3622:
3568:
3549:
3496:
3468:
3425:
3377:
3334:
3318:Incompatibilism
3287:
3259:
3211:
3183:
3106:
3095:
3090:
2998:Philosopher.org
2985:Ch. 2: Elenchus
2974:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2955:Overholser 1993
2953:
2949:
2939:
2936:Overholser 1993
2934:
2930:
2920:
2917:Overholser 1993
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2872:
2871:
2864:
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2819:
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2800:
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2708:
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2697:
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2615:
2613:
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2556:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2523:
2522:
2505:
2493:
2489:
2470:The Law Teacher
2463:
2462:
2458:
2448:Wayback Machine
2438:
2434:
2425:
2421:
2412:
2408:
2400:, 4th Edition;
2396:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2283:The Paper Chase
2257:
2251:
2227:reality therapy
2203:
2186:
2139:
2122:
2086:
2072:
2067:
2020:
1999:Socratic circle
1991:
1986:
1891:Gregory Vlastos
1883:
1875:theory of forms
1820:
1791:
1790:
1736:Public rhetoric
1674:
1673:
1664:
1663:
1612:Native American
1577:
1576:
1567:
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1521:
1511:
1501:
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1481:
1471:
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1451:
1441:
1431:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1371:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1342:
1341:
1182:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1102:
993:Funeral oration
983:Farewell speech
940:Socratic method
896:
895:
886:
885:
648:
647:
638:
637:
543:
542:
445:
425:epistemological
356:
325:Socratic debate
319:(also known as
317:Socratic method
309:
218:Aristotelianism
144:Socratic method
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6018:
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5842:
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5827:
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5810:
5803:
5796:
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5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
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5733:
5726:
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5705:
5698:
5691:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5663:
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5607:
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5534:
5528:
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5516:
5508:
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5349:
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5331:
5325:
5318:
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5311:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5266:Socratic irony
5263:
5258:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5202:
5196:
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5185:
5184:
5177:
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5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4977:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4937:Middle Eastern
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
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4805:
4804:
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4801:
4794:
4789:
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4779:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4701:Existentialism
4698:
4696:Deconstruction
4693:
4687:
4685:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
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4615:
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4605:
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4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4529:Applied ethics
4525:
4523:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4493:Nietzscheanism
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4447:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4435:Utilitarianism
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4333:Transcendental
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:Existentialism
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4211:
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4137:
4132:
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4112:
4107:
4096:
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4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Augustinianism
4056:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4002:
4000:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3972:Zoroastrianism
3969:
3964:
3958:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3829:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3815:Church Fathers
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3697:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3330:Libertarianism
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Metaphilosophy
3131:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3108:
3107:
3104:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3015:
3009:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2973:
2972:External links
2970:
2967:
2966:
2947:
2928:
2909:
2900:
2862:
2827:
2798:
2756:
2716:
2683:
2648:
2623:
2566:
2531:
2503:
2487:
2476:(1): 111–130.
2456:
2432:
2419:
2406:
2390:
2388:, 9th Edition.
2377:
2358:
2345:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2304:Socratic irony
2301:
2296:
2291:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2266:Harkness table
2263:
2256:
2253:
2236:, also called
2202:
2199:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2082:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2065:Text selection
2063:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2040:
2019:
2016:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1882:
1879:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1680:Ars dictaminis
1675:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1478:On the Sublime
1474:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1414:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1374:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:Lightning talk
1024:
1023:
1022:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1005:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
974:
973:
968:
956:
951:
944:
943:
942:
932:
927:
922:
921:
920:
908:
903:
897:
893:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
876:
869:
868:
867:
857:
852:
851:
850:
843:
836:
824:
819:
814:
812:Method of loci
809:
802:
795:
790:
789:
788:
781:
774:
767:
760:
748:
747:
746:
741:
731:
730:
729:
719:
712:
707:
700:
699:
698:
686:
681:
674:
667:
662:
657:
649:
645:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
630:
629:
628:
616:
615:
614:
609:
599:
598:
597:
592:
582:
577:
576:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
548:Ancient Greece
544:
538:
537:
536:
533:
532:
524:
523:
517:
516:
504:
500:
496:
444:
441:
381:, visited the
355:
352:
311:
310:
308:
307:
300:
293:
285:
282:
281:
270:
269:
268:
267:
262:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
207:
206:
205:Related topics
202:
201:
200:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
171:
170:
164:
163:
162:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
139:Socratic irony
136:
131:
126:
118:
117:
113:
112:
111:
110:
105:
99:
98:
90:
89:
79:
78:
70:
69:
63:
62:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6017:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5942:
5932:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5879:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5811:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5769:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5699:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5660:Hippias Minor
5657:
5655:
5654:
5653:Hippias Major
5650:
5648:
5647:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5636:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5615:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5580:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5529:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:(1841 thesis)
5479:
5478:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5421:(423 BC play)
5420:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5360:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5313:
5306:
5302:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5251:Social gadfly
5249:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5237:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5183:
5178:
5176:
5171:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5160:
5148:
5147:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:Miscellaneous
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:Miscellaneous
4768:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4756:Structuralism
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4741:Postmodernism
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4731:Phenomenology
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4668:Vienna Circle
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Moral realism
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Phenomenology
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Individualism
4338:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4205:Judeo-Islamic
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4181:ʿIlm al-Kalām
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:Shuddhadvaita
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Scholasticism
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3515:Conceptualism
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3471:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Particularism
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Functionalism
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3396:Eliminativism
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Compatibilism
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:Particularism
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3003:
3002:Socrates Cafe
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2962:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2748:
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2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2704:
2700:
2694:
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2690:
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2679:
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2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2649:
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2640:
2636:
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2627:
2624:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2593:
2591:
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2587:
2585:
2583:
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2579:
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2573:
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2567:
2551:
2544:
2538:
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2532:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Socrates Cafe
2292:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:Marva Collins
2270:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:Psychotherapy
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:humiliation.
2191:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1939:Michael Frede
1936:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1888:
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1876:
1872:
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1864:
1859:
1855:
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1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Toulmin model
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Talking point
1764:
1762:
1761:Speechwriting
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
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1719:
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1714:
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1709:
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1699:
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1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:Argumentation
1580:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:
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1525:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1418:De Inventione
1415:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1098:War-mongering
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:Progymnasmata
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:Maiden speech
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1001:
1000:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
972:
969:
967:
966:
962:
961:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
949:
945:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
919:
918:
914:
913:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
890:
889:
882:
881:
877:
875:
874:
870:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
853:
849:
848:
844:
842:
841:
837:
835:
834:
830:
829:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:
803:
801:
800:
796:
794:
791:
787:
786:
782:
780:
779:
775:
773:
772:
768:
766:
765:
761:
759:
758:
754:
753:
752:
749:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
728:
725:
724:
723:
720:
718:
717:
713:
711:
708:
706:
705:
701:
697:
696:
692:
691:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
679:
675:
673:
672:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:
651:
650:
642:
641:
634:
633:Modern period
631:
627:
626:
622:
621:
620:
617:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
603:
600:
596:
593:
591:
588:
587:
586:
583:
581:
580:Ancient India
578:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
563:Attic orators
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
549:
546:
545:
541:
535:
534:
530:
526:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
509:
506:
502:
498:
494:
491:
485:
480:
474:
468:
462:
453:
452:Ancient Greek
449:
442:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
411:
406:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
353:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:'s dialogue "
337:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
306:
301:
299:
294:
292:
287:
286:
284:
283:
280:
272:
271:
266:
265:Virtue ethics
263:
261:
260:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
169:
165:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
114:
109:
106:
104:
101:
100:
96:
92:
91:
87:
83:
82:
81:
80:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
60:
56:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5965:Debate types
5917:
5876:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5765:Rival Lovers
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5637:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5609:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5581:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5553:
5546:
5518:
5510:
5502:
5488:(2006 novel)
5483:
5475:
5467:
5448:
5440:
5432:
5429:(1721 opera)
5424:
5416:
5397:
5389:
5381:
5322:Sophroniscus
5270:
5200:Bibliography
5139:
5125:
4796:
4787:Postcritique
4777:Kyoto School
4736:Posthumanism
4716:Hermeneutics
4571: /
4512:Contemporary
4488:Newtonianism
4451:Cartesianism
4410:Reductionism
4246:Conservatism
4241:Collectivism
4179:
3907:Sarvāstivadā
3885:Anekantavada
3810:Neoplatonism
3778:Epicureanism
3711:Pythagoreans
3650:Confucianism
3616:Contemporary
3606:Early modern
3510:Anti-realism
3464:Universalism
3421:Subjectivism
3217:Epistemology
3023:UChicago.edu
2978:
2950:
2931:
2912:
2903:
2882:
2878:
2843:(1): 45–50.
2840:
2836:
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2779:(7): 40–43.
2776:
2772:
2737:(3): 54–59.
2734:
2730:
2707:. Retrieved
2661:
2657:
2651:
2638:
2632:
2626:
2614:. Retrieved
2557:. Retrieved
2525:
2498:
2490:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2435:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2368:, p. 5.
2366:Sprague 1972
2361:
2353:
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2318:
2281:
2250:
2246:Michel Weber
2240:. In Europe
2231:
2204:
2195:
2187:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2140:
2123:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2073:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2032:observations
2027:
2021:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1972:
1966:
1953:traditional
1951:
1937:
1916:
1899:interlocutor
1884:
1860:
1856:
1825:
1706:Glossophobia
1678:
1597:Constitutive
1556:
1546:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1506:
1496:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1436:
1426:
1416:
1406:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1180:Rhetoricians
1093:Stump speech
1010:Invitational
963:
948:Dissoi logoi
946:
939:
925:Deliberative
917:Controversia
915:
878:
871:
845:
838:
831:
804:
797:
785:Pronuntiatio
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
714:
702:
693:
676:
669:
652:
623:
585:Ancient Rome
446:
414:
408:
399:
372:
357:
349:
333:
324:
320:
316:
314:
257:
223:Bibliography
143:
47:
36:
5853:Oeconomicus
5846:Memorabilia
5523:(1971 film)
5515:(1966 film)
5453:(2007 play)
5437:(1759 play)
4782:Objectivism
4721:Neo-Marxism
4683:Continental
4593:Meta-ethics
4573:Coherentism
4478:Hegelianism
4415:Rationalism
4375:Natural law
4355:Materialism
4281:Historicism
4251:Determinism
4142:Navya-Nyāya
3917:Sautrāntika
3912:Pudgalavada
3848:Vaisheshika
3701:Presocratic
3601:Renaissance
3540:Physicalism
3525:Materialism
3431:Normativity
3416:Objectivism
3401:Emergentism
3391:Behaviorism
3340:Metaphysics
3306:Determinism
3245:Rationalism
2885:: 511–517.
2338:19 November
2215:logotherapy
2077:facilitator
2047:facilitator
1786:Wooden iron
1746:Rhetrickery
1721:Oral skills
1657:Composition
1592:Contrastive
1412:(c. 350 BC)
1402:(c. 350 BC)
1392:(c. 350 BC)
1382:(c. 350 BC)
1372:(c. 370 BC)
1232:Demosthenes
1212:Brueggemann
1147:Ideological
998:Homiletics
911:Declamation
901:Apologetics
751:Five canons
619:Renaissance
602:Middle Ages
354:Development
192:Antisthenes
5954:Categories
5807:Theaetetus
5751:Protagoras
5723:Parmenides
5709:On Justice
5646:Hipparchus
5618:Euthydemus
5461:Literature
5418:The Clouds
5340:Lamprocles
5328:Phaenarete
5081:Amerindian
4988:Australian
4927:Vietnamese
4907:Indonesian
4456:Kantianism
4405:Positivism
4395:Pragmatism
4370:Naturalism
4350:Liberalism
4328:Subjective
4266:Empiricism
4170:Avicennism
4115:Bhedabheda
3999:East Asian
3922:Madhyamaka
3902:Abhidharma
3768:Pyrrhonism
3535:Nominalism
3530:Naturalism
3459:Skepticism
3449:Relativism
3439:Absolutism
3368:Naturalism
3278:Deontology
3250:Skepticism
3235:Naturalism
3225:Empiricism
3189:Aesthetics
3093:Philosophy
2310:References
2156:experience
1962:law school
1897:Socrates'
1871:Parmenides
1863:allegories
1840:temperance
1642:Technology
1632:Procedural
1452:(c. 50 BC)
1438:De Oratore
1302:Quintilian
1297:Protagoras
1152:Metaphoric
1076:Propaganda
959:Epideictic
873:Sotto voce
827:Persuasion
822:Operations
764:Dispositio
660:Chironomia
429:Theaetetus
395:Protagoras
379:Chaerephon
364:philosophy
340:Theaetetus
259:The Clouds
197:Aristippus
5985:Dialectic
5919:Peritrope
5860:Symposium
5800:Symposium
5793:Statesman
5716:On Virtue
5688:Menexenus
5625:Euthyphro
5597:Demodocus
5569:Clitophon
5562:Charmides
5532:Dialogues
5346:Menexenus
5334:Xanthippe
4960:Pakistani
4922:Taiwanese
4869:Ethiopian
4842:By region
4828:By region
4643:Scientism
4638:Systemics
4498:Spinozism
4425:Socialism
4360:Modernism
4323:Objective
4231:Anarchism
4165:Averroism
4054:Christian
4006:Neotaoism
3977:Zurvanism
3967:Mithraism
3962:Mazdakism
3733:Cyrenaics
3660:Logicians
3293:Free will
3255:Solipsism
3202:Formalism
2857:144482413
2793:144053420
2751:146880761
2678:144482413
2664:(1): 46.
2112:Ambiguity
2036:criticism
1958:education
1756:Seduction
1587:Cognitive
1575:Subfields
1502:(100–400)
1257:Isocrates
1197:Augustine
1187:Aristotle
1162:Narrative
1112:Criticism
1057:Philippic
971:Panegyric
954:Elocution
935:Dialectic
855:Situation
716:Facilitas
710:Enthymeme
689:Eloquence
671:Delectare
503:elenchtic
461:romanized
437:dialectic
410:Euthyphro
375:Athenians
248:Platonism
243:Megarians
238:Cyrenaics
187:Aeschines
18:Maieutics
6005:Rhetoric
5960:Socrates
5941:Category
5831:Xenophon
5779:Sisyphus
5758:Republic
5744:Philebus
5737:Phaedrus
5604:Epinomis
5576:Cratylus
5555:Axiochus
5520:Socrates
5434:Socrates
5399:Socrates
5368:Socrates
5330:(mother)
5324:(father)
5244:Concepts
5189:Socrates
5146:Category
5101:Yugoslav
5091:Romanian
4998:Scottish
4983:American
4912:Japanese
4892:Buddhist
4874:Africana
4864:Egyptian
4706:Feminist
4628:Rawlsian
4623:Quietism
4521:Analytic
4473:Krausism
4380:Nihilism
4345:Kokugaku
4308:Absolute
4303:Idealism
4291:Humanism
4079:Occamism
4046:European
3991:Medieval
3937:Yogacara
3897:Buddhist
3890:Syādvāda
3773:Stoicism
3738:Cynicism
3726:Sophists
3721:Atomists
3716:Eleatics
3655:Legalism
3596:Medieval
3520:Idealism
3474:Ontology
3454:Nihilism
3358:Idealism
3116:Branches
3105:Branches
2895:Archived
2814:Archived
2703:Archived
2607:Archived
2550:Archived
2444:Archived
2332:Archived
2277:Pedagogy
2255:See also
2147:pedagogy
2003:dialogic
1978:Sophists
1943:aporetic
1627:Pedagogy
1607:Feminist
1378:Rhetoric
1368:Phaedrus
1362:(380 BC)
1312:Richards
1282:Perelman
1130:Pentadic
1125:Dramatic
1069:Suasoria
1047:Diatribe
988:Forensic
965:Encomium
930:Demagogy
799:Imitatio
771:Elocutio
757:Inventio
727:Informal
646:Concepts
573:Sophists
568:Calliope
558:Atticism
553:Asianism
521:Rhetoric
513:a series
511:Part of
499:elenchic
495:elenctic
487:(plural
484:elenchus
479:disproof
467:elenkhos
448:Elenchus
405:elenctic
368:rhetoric
360:sophists
344:Socrates
329:dialogue
279:Category
253:Stoicism
233:Cynicism
182:Xenophon
67:Socrates
59:a series
57:Part of
5990:Inquiry
5901:Related
5878:Halcyon
5839:Apology
5821:Timaeus
5814:Theages
5786:Sophist
5639:Gorgias
5611:Eryxias
5583:Critias
5548:Apology
5442:Socrate
5366:include
5290:Phrases
5096:Russian
5065:Spanish
5060:Slovene
5050:Maltese
5045:Italian
5025:Finland
4993:British
4975:Western
4965:Turkish
4950:Islamic
4945:Iranian
4897:Chinese
4884:Eastern
4851:African
4798:more...
4483:Marxism
4313:British
4256:Dualism
4152:Islamic
4110:Advaita
4100:Vedanta
4074:Scotism
4069:Thomism
4011:Tiantai
3954:Persian
3942:Tibetan
3932:Śūnyatā
3873:Cārvāka
3863:Ājīvika
3858:Mīmāṃsā
3838:Samkhya
3753:Academy
3706:Ionians
3680:Yangism
3637:Chinese
3628:Ancient
3591:Western
3586:Ancient
3545:Realism
3502:Reality
3492:Process
3373:Realism
3353:Dualism
3348:Atomism
3230:Fideism
2820:16 July
2709:16 July
2616:17 July
2559:17 July
2497:(1968)
1955:Yeshiva
1924:elenchi
1887:ethical
1848:justice
1844:courage
1828:virtues
1672:Related
1647:Therapy
1637:Science
1602:Digital
1482:(c. 50)
1472:(46 BC)
1462:(46 BC)
1442:(55 BC)
1432:(80 BC)
1422:(84 BC)
1358:Gorgias
1327:Toulmin
1322:Tacitus
1272:McLuhan
1247:Gorgias
1242:Erasmus
1237:Derrida
1202:Bakhtin
1192:Aspasia
1157:Mimesis
1120:Cluster
1052:Eristic
1042:Polemic
1037:Oratory
1015:Lecture
778:Memoria
722:Fallacy
665:Decorum
612:Trivium
540:History
490:elenchi
475:
463::
456:ἔλεγχος
433:Sophist
387:paradox
5730:Phaedo
5674:Laches
5354:(wife)
5336:(wife)
5315:Family
5055:Polish
5035:German
5030:French
5015:Danish
5005:Canada
4955:Jewish
4917:Korean
4902:Indian
4444:People
4365:Monism
4318:German
4286:Holism
4219:Modern
4197:Jewish
4120:Dvaita
4093:Indian
4016:Huayan
3868:Ajñana
3825:Indian
3690:Greco-
3675:Taoism
3665:Mohism
3611:Modern
3578:By era
3567:By era
3482:Action
3363:Monism
3283:Virtue
3265:Ethics
2855:
2791:
2773:Kappan
2749:
2676:
1947:aporia
1931:aporia
1869:shows
1865:. The
1852:aporia
1846:, and
1836:wisdom
1731:Pistis
1726:Orator
1652:Visual
1562:(1970)
1552:(1966)
1542:(1521)
1532:(1305)
1468:Orator
1408:Topics
1337:Weaver
1267:Lysias
1262:Lucian
1252:Hobbes
1227:de Man
1222:Cicero
1020:Public
1003:Sermon
978:Eulogy
906:Debate
894:Genres
840:Pathos
806:Kairos
793:Hypsos
739:Scheme
704:Eunoia
684:Device
678:Docere
443:Method
168:Pupils
103:Gadfly
50:(1776)
5870:Other
5702:Minos
5681:Lysis
5590:Crito
5540:Plato
5496:Other
5410:Stage
5362:Works
5352:Myrto
5348:(son)
5342:(son)
5086:Aztec
5040:Greek
5020:Dutch
5010:Czech
4859:Bantu
4296:Anti-
3843:Nyaya
3833:Hindu
3693:Roman
3487:Event
3129:Logic
2853:S2CID
2789:S2CID
2747:S2CID
2674:S2CID
2645:: 38.
2641:(7).
2610:(PDF)
2603:(PDF)
2553:(PDF)
2546:(PDF)
2043:Triad
1967:Yet,
1832:piety
1522:(426)
1512:(102)
1350:Works
1317:Smith
1307:Ramus
1292:Plato
1287:Pizan
1217:Burke
1207:Booth
1142:Genre
1137:Frame
880:Topos
865:Grand
860:Style
847:Logos
833:Ethos
817:Modes
744:Trope
401:Plato
336:Plato
177:Plato
5695:Meno
5364:that
5214:Life
4187:Sufi
4021:Chan
3880:Jain
3853:Yoga
3383:Mind
3323:Hard
3311:Hard
2961:help
2942:help
2923:help
2822:2012
2711:2012
2618:2012
2561:2012
2372:help
2340:2020
2225:and
1919:wise
1696:Doxa
1492:(95)
1332:Vico
1081:Spin
501:and
473:lit.
413:and
366:and
315:The
5667:Ion
5375:Art
4461:Neo
4026:Zen
3004:',
2887:doi
2883:111
2845:doi
2781:doi
2739:doi
2666:doi
2478:doi
1971:in
1830:of
1771:TED
1617:New
1277:Ong
431:or
416:Ion
342:",
334:In
323:or
46:'s
5956::
2893:.
2881:.
2877:.
2865:^
2851:.
2841:57
2839:.
2812:.
2801:^
2787:.
2777:91
2775:.
2759:^
2745:.
2735:41
2733:.
2719:^
2701:.
2686:^
2672:.
2662:57
2660:.
2639:76
2637:.
2605:.
2569:^
2548:.
2534:^
2506:^
2474:58
2472:.
2468:.
2326:.
2221:,
2217:,
2213:,
1993:A
1935:.
1842:,
1838:,
1834:,
515:on
497:;
470:,
458:,
454::
439:.
61:on
5307:"
5303:"
5300:"
5296:"
5181:e
5174:t
5167:v
3085:e
3078:t
3071:v
2987:;
2963:)
2944:)
2925:)
2889::
2859:.
2847::
2824:.
2795:.
2783::
2753:.
2741::
2713:.
2680:.
2668::
2620:.
2563:.
2484:.
2480::
2454:)
2450:(
2404:.
2374:)
2342:.
1815:e
1808:t
1801:v
450:(
304:e
297:t
290:v
97:"
93:"
88:"
84:"
34:.
20:)
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