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people willing to be photographed, partly due to local religious and cultural concerns about photography, and this applied particularly to women. As a woman, Lydie is said to have been a more acceptable photographer for Middle
Eastern women. As the region was thought to be too dangerous for Lydie to take photographs outside of the studio, her work was likely limited to studio portraits. However, there is may be evidence that she was responsible for some landscape photographs, as English clergyman Samuel Manning cites "Madame Bonfils of Beyrout" as a photographic source for the illustrations of Palestine in his 1874 book.
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325:). While Bonfils produced the vast majority of his work, his wife, Lydie, and son Adrien were also involved in photography produced by the studio. As few are signed, it is difficult to identify who is responsible for individual photographs. Lydie is thought to have taken some of the studio portraits, especially those of Middle Eastern women, who were more inclined to pose for a female photographer. Adrien became more involved in the landscape photography at age 17, when Félix returned to Alès to have compiled collections of their photographs published and then to open a
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124:. He had become, according to some researchers, a co-owner of the studio and one of its main photographers since 1909. As single owner, starting from 1918, he continued to work both as a photographer, and as a publisher of albums and postcards using the classical old Bonfils images. He ran the business at least until the end of 1932, perhaps even until 1938, which places the Bonfils-Guiragossian photographic company among the longest surviving ones in the area of the former Ottoman Empire.
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81:), producing the vast majority of his work, while his wife and son were also involved in photography produced by the studio. As few are signed, it is difficult to identify who is responsible for individual photographs. Lydie is thought to have taken some of the studio portraits, especially those of Middle Eastern women, who were more inclined to pose for a female photographer. In 1876, Félix returned to Alès to have compiled collections of their photographs published.
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1069:. She was evacuated with her family to Cairo, where she died and was buried in 1918. After Lydie's death, Guiragossian purchased Maison Bonfils and the Bonfils' archives. Lydie's connection to the studio remained, however, as he signed his photographs, "Lydie Bonfils photographe, Beyrouth (Syrie) successeur A. Guiragossian."
336:, a photographic colour printing technique, developed in 1880. Maison Bonfils was one of the most prolific studios in the Middle East in the late 19th-century. After FĂ©lix's death, the studio continued to produce photographs by the Bonfils family, first under Adrien's management, then Lydie's, until her death in 1918.
1008:, it was thought that a change in climate would cause him to improve. So, it was decided that Lydie would take Adrien to Beirut to recover, due to FĂ©lix's fond memories of Lebanon and Lydie's desire to see the area. The trip was a great success and, in 1867, the whole family moved from France to Beirut.
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Lydie ran the studio in Félix's absence when he returned to Alès in 1876 to publish compilations of his photographs. In 1878, the name of the studio was changed to "F. Bonfils et Cie". Adrien, now back in Beirut after completing his studies in France, took more responsibility for photography during
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In 1878, when the name of the studio was changed to "F. Bonfils et Cie", Adrien was back in Beirut after completing his studies in France and took more responsibility for photography, including landscape. Félix again travelled to Alès to establish a collotype printing factory in 1880, and died
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Maison
Bonfils was one of the most prolific studios in the Middle East in the late 19th century. After FĂ©lix's death, the studio continued to produce photographs by the Bonfils family, first under Adrien's management, then Lydie's, until her death in 1918. Lydie expanded the business, opening
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Although the early photographs from Maison
Bonfils have been generally attributed to FĂ©lix alone, the involvement of Lydie and Adrien in the photography side of the business is now recognised. They also had an unidentified number of assistants. Photographers in the area found it difficult to find
296:
Maison
Bonfils produced thousands of photographs of the Middle East. Bonfils worked with both his wife and his son. Their studio became "F. Bonfils et Cie" in 1878. They photographed landscapes, portraits, posed scenes with subjects dressed up in Middle Eastern regalia, and also stories from the
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1036:. This involved separating the egg white from the yolk, which could be a lengthy and unpleasant process. According to Adrien's son, Roger Bonfils, when she was boarding the evacuation ship to leave Beirut in 1916, Lydie exclaimed, "I don't want to smell another egg again!".
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46:. Maison Bonfils produced thousands of photographs of the Middle East. Bonfils worked with both his wife and his son. They photographed landscapes, portraits, posed scenes with subjects dressed up in Middle Eastern regalia, and also stories from the Bible.
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Catalogue général des vues photographiques de l'Orient : Basse et Haute Egypte, Nubie, Palestine, Phénicie, Moab, Syrie, Côte d'Asie, les Sept églises d'Asie, Caramanie, Anatolie, îles de Chypre, de Rhodes, de
Pathmos, de Syra, Athènes, Macédoine,
41:
FĂ©lix
Bonfils, a French photographer, married Marie-Lydie Cabanis in 1857. The couple, together with their son Adrien, moved to Beirut in 1867 where they opened a photographic studio called "Maison Bonfils", on what later became rue
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studios in Cairo and Alexandria, with connections to a New York agency. The
Bonfils also employed an unknown number of assistants. When the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War on the side of the
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Once in Beirut, the
Bonfils opened a photographic studio, "Maison Bonfils", located on the rue George Picot. Maison Bonfils produced studio portraits, staged biblical scenes, landscapes, and panoramic photographs.
1055:. With the assistance of fellow photographer Abraham Guiragossian, Lydie continued to manage the studio after the departure of Adrien. In 1907, Lydie published a collection of photographs from the studio in the
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28:". The Bonfils ran the first and, in their time, most successful photographic studio in the city. Maison Bonfils produced studio portraits, staged biblical scenes, landscapes, and panoramic photographs.
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242:. He was one of the first commercial photographers to produce images of the Middle East on a large scale and amongst the first to employ a new method of colour photography, developed in 1880.
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After Lydie
Bonfils' death, Guiragossian purchased the company and its archives, henceforth signing his photographs "Lydie Bonfils photographe, Beyrouth (Syrie) successeur A. Guiragossian."
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24:
was a French family-run company producing and selling photography and photographic products from Beirut (then in
Ottoman Syria, now in Lebanon) from 1867 until 1918, from 1878 on renamed "
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of Constantinople and Damascus. His work became well known among tourists that travelled to those countries because they bought photographs as souvenirs. In 1872 he published the album
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On 11 May 2017, the heirs of the Bonfils-SaalmĂĽller family donated a number of archives with historical photographs by FĂ©lix, Marie-Lydie and Adrien Bonfils to the library of
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2308:"The Fouad Debbas Collection: assessment and digitisation of a precious private collection. Photographs from Maison Bonfils (1867-1910s), Beirut, Lebanon (EAP644)"
1757:"The Fouad Debbas Collection: assessment and digitisation of a precious private collection. Photographs from Maison Bonfils (1867-1910s), Beirut, Lebanon (EAP644)"
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Adrien remained at the studio until the early 1900s, when he left to open a hotel in Brummana. With the assistance of fellow photographer Abraham
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97:, Lydie continued to manage the studio after the departure of Adrien. In 1907, she published a collection of photographs in the
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in the Middle East, he was a part of the military expedition. Lydie was enamoured by the tales of Lebanon FĂ©lix told on his return.
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989:. Their children, Félicité-Sophie and Paul Félix Adrien (known as Adrien), were born in 1858 and 1861 respectively in
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and sent him there to recover, accompanied by his mother. The family moved to Beirut in 1867 where they opened a
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L'Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918). Les archives Bonfils de la bibliothèque d'égyptologie du Collège de France
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L'Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918). Les archives Bonfils de la bibliothèque d'égyptologie du Collège de France
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L’Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918). Les archives Bonfils de la bibliothèque d’égyptologie du Collège de France
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and opened a printing office in Alès in 1864. Soon after returning from Lebanon, he became a photographer.
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Lydie was heavily involved in administrative duties, which expanded when the business opened studios in
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in Mount Lebanon and Damascus. On his return to France, it is thought that Bonfils was taught the
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1891:"Scène naar het bijbelverhaal over de barmhartige Samaritaan, Nablus, Palestina (1867–1883)"
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in Paris. These photographs and accompanying art historical text were published in 2022 as
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1129:. In addition to the commercial print version of 865 pages with 461 black-and-white or
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238:(8 March 1831 – 1885) was a French photographer and writer who was active in the
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Adrien remained at the studio until the early 1900s, when he left to open a hotel in
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Guiragossian had arrived in Beirut in 1888 and studied there under the photographer
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1931:"Click Click: The Repetition of Photo-Graphic Subject Matter in the 19th Century"
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2532:
The Image of the East: Nineteenth-Century Near-Eastern Photographs by Bonfils,
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1114:
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2538:
Arnaudiès, Alain; Elsa Rickal; Thomas Lebée; Sépideh Qahéri-Paquette (2022).
2233:"Tyr., Vue générale, Palestine, Félix Bonfils ^ Minneapolis Institute of Art"
2070:
Arnaudiès, Alain; Elsa Rickal; Thomas Lebée; Sépideh Qahéri-Paquette (2022).
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285:. When his son, Adrien, fell ill, Bonfils remembered the green hills around
1133:, this book was also made available for free download as a contribution to
368:. He later re-opened a studio in Alès (France) from which he would publish
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Bonfils was amongst the first photographers to employ the new technique of
1426:, with digital copies of this collection held in the Jafet Library of the
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In 2013, the Bonfils' archive has been digitised in a project between the
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993:. FĂ©lix was originally a bookbinder but, when France intervened in the
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2410:"Charette transportant des femmes arabes (Primary Title) – (2014.220)"
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in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries. Lydie and her husband,
109:, Lydie was evacuated with her family to Cairo, where she later died.
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953:, (1837–1918) was the first professional woman photographer in the
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More digitised images are available online in connection with the
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262:, organised by France following the massacre of Christians in the
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364:(by Ducher press) after presenting some of his pictures to the
254:. As a young man he worked as a bookbinder. In 1860, he joined
2385:"Photograph | Felix Bonfils | V&A Explore The Collections"
1984:"Those Holy Fields": Palestine, Illustrated by Pen and Pencil
1504:, Lusadaran Armenian Photography Foundation Yerevan with the
1279:
Bedouin mothers carrying their children, photochrom, 1880s
2471:
Images by Bonfils (thumbs) at artandarchitecture.org.uk,
2449:, British Library, at American University of Beirut site.
356:
After settling in the Near East, FĂ©lix Bonfils took some
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1827:
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Architecture antique : Égypte, Grèce, Asie Mineure,
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this time. Félix again travelled to Alès to establish a
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Bonfils was born in Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort and died in
99:"Catalogue général des vues photographiques de l’Orient"
2461:, Jan. 2022, Soleb, Paris, 868 pages, downloadable PDF.
1369:
Select list of institutions holding works by F. Bonfils
1057:
Catalogue général des vues photographiques de l’Orient.
1862:
Des pionniers de la photographie, Souvenirs de Famille
329:
printing factory. Félix died in Alès on 9 April 1855.
2258:"Central aisle of the hypostyle hall, Karnak, Egypt"
2208:"Félix Bonfils (French, 1831 – 1885) (Getty Museum)"
2033:"Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East"
1961:"Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East"
1810:"Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East"
1787:"Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East"
1732:"Collections Search Center, Smithsonian Institution"
1646:"Bonfils and the early photography of the Near East"
3019:
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2891:
2805:
2714:
2658:
2632:
2611:
2595:
2534:, Chicago/London. University of Chicago Press, 1982
2389:
Victoria and Albert Museum: Explore the Collections
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1879:(1st ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 174.
1780:
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1363:Partially excavated Sphinx, between 1867 and 1899
1101:Photographs of the Middle East, circa 1860s–1900s
1048:printing factory in 1880 and died there in 1885.
985:Lydie married FĂ©lix Bonfils on 27 August 1857 in
282:
1864:. Beirut, Lebanon: The Fouad Debbas Collection.
1099:Bonfils, F. (with Adrien & Lydie Bonfils),
1917:Catalogue des vues photographiques de l'Orient
1877:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
1690:Barjesteh, Meeuwes & Company, 1996, p. 163
1573:British Library: Endangered Archives Programme
1533:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography
1506:Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Armenia
1502:Database of Armenian Photo-Media Practitioners
1087:Catalogue de vues photographiques de l'Orient,
2575:
2312:British Library Endangered Archives Programme
1986:. London: Religious Tract Society. p. 6.
1761:British Library Endangered Archives Programme
1498:Abraham Guiragossian (1871–1956 | 1880–1930s)
1251:Well of St. Mary, Nazareth, 1880s, F. Bonfils
390:
8:
1382:
1157:. The collection is available online at the
1118:
1199:Guardian of the Tomb and his family, c.1880
1137:and for wide consultation on the Internet.
2582:
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2514:Presentation of FĂ©lix Bonfils and his work
1995:
1993:
1562:
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2457:by Alain Arnaudiès, Études d’égyptologie
2334:"Exchange|Search: artist:"Felix Bonfils""
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932:FĂ©lix Adrien Bonfils (m. 1857; died 1885)
2544:(in French). Paris: Soleb. p. 865.
2112:Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA).
1621:Szegedy-Maszak, Andrew (May–June 2001).
1303:Woman from Nablus, between 1867 and 1885
1174:Selected photographs from Maison Bonfils
1004:When Adrien became dangerously ill with
1489:
1177:
49:FĂ©lix Bonfils took photographs in
16:French photography business (1867–1918)
1919:. Beyrouth (Syrie) & Alais (Gard).
1591:
1589:
1153:and the Jafet Memorial Library of the
2468:, cited 6 February 2006, at Getty.edu
2183:"Middle East and Islamic Photographs"
2076:(in French). Paris: Soleb. p. 4.
1616:
1614:
1291:Chief of the Bedouin shepherds, 1880s
1159:Endangered Archives Programme website
7:
2487:The Bonfils Story: A Legacy Of Light
1441:University of Michigan Museum of Art
1404:Harvard University Fine Arts Library
3063:Photographers in Palestine (region)
2691:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey
2359:"Karnak Ruines du temples Amonphis"
1940:. 3 November 2017 – 5 February 2018
506:Joseph-Philibert Girault de Prangey
297:Bible. Bonfils took photographs in
2508:Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library
2464:Union List of Artists Names, s.v.
1446:University of Tennessee, Knoxville
1393:Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
970:
14:
2590:19th-century French photographers
2059:. Baalbek: Agencies in Jerusalem.
1835:"Aerial Panoramic View of Beirut"
1597:"Aerial Panoramic View of Beirut"
1567:Chemali, Yasmine (7 March 2014).
1061:Lydie's career was halted by the
405:19th-century French photographers
366:Société française de photographie
2490:. Article by Will H. Rocket for
2454:L’Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918)
2438:Works by or about Maison Bonfils
2212:The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles
1860:Bonfils, Roger (December 1979).
1677:Paris bibliothèques, 2009, p. 41
1379:Canadian Centre for Architecture
1356:
1344:
1323:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1167:L’Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918)
1108:L’Orient des Bonfils (1867–1918)
2904:Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour
2498:Collection of photos by Bonfils
1338:Mougins Museum of Classical Art
1187:Bedouin violin players, c. 1880
719:Étienne-Prosper Berne-Bellecour
2686:Jean Louis Marie Eugène Durieu
2681:Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne
2506:on the Digital collections of
2414:Virginia Museum of Fine Arts |
1569:"The Good Woman named Bonfils"
1141:Digitisation and online access
965:and neighbouring areas of the
501:Jean Louis Marie Eugène Durieu
496:Guillaume Duchenne de Boulogne
1:
2676:Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard
2383:Museum, Victoria and Albert.
2283:"The Fouad Debbas Collection"
2054:Bonfils, Marie-Lydie (1907).
1623:"The Genius of FĂ©lix Bonfils"
1599:. World Digital Library. 1867
1435:Endangered Archives Programme
1428:American University of Beirut
1414:Minneapolis Institute of Arts
1155:American University of Beirut
1151:Endangered Archives Programme
924:early Middle East photography
491:Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard
218:early Middle East photography
77:and Constantinople (now
2924:Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron
2752:André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri
2136:FAMSF Search the Collections
2031:Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978).
2000:Rockett, William H. (1983).
1959:Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978).
1895:Netherlands Museum Catalogue
1808:Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978).
1785:Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978).
1700:Rockett, William H. (1983).
1644:Gavin, Carney E. S. (1978).
1456:Virginia Museum of Fine Arts
1398:Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art
908:Lydie Bonfils, Lydia Bonfils
739:Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron
567:André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri
2975:Séraphin-Médéric Mieusement
2757:Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri
2722:Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon
2650:Julien Vallou de Villeneuve
2504:Bonfils Felix – Photography
1508:. Accessed 8 December 2023.
1473:List of Orientalist artists
1419:Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art
1239:Arab man with a pipe, 1880s
1073:Select list of publications
867:Marie-Lydie Cabanis Bonfils
859:Marie-Lydie Cabanis Bonfils
790:Séraphin-Médéric Mieusement
572:Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri
537:Antoine Samuel Adam-Salomon
465:Julien Vallou de Villeneuve
276:Abel Niépce de Saint-Victor
3079:
1451:Victoria and Albert Museum
1332:Temple of Jupiter, Baalbek
1263:Bedouin chief of Palmyra,
1227:Road to Bethlehem, c. 1880
916:Photographer and publisher
202:Photographer and publisher
89:Lydie & Adrien Bonfils
2747:Auguste Hippolyte Collard
1383:
1119:
872:
562:Auguste Hippolyte Collard
293:called "Maison Bonfils".
141:
2645:Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros
2037:Harvard Library Bulletin
1982:Manning, Samuel (1874).
1965:Harvard Library Bulletin
1814:Harvard Library Bulletin
1791:Harvard Library Bulletin
1686:Vogelsang-Eastwood, G.,
1650:Harvard Library Bulletin
1496:Galstyan, Vigen (2018).
1400:, University of Oklahoma
460:Jean-Baptiste-Louis Gros
3058:Pioneers of photography
2792:Alphonse Louis Poitevin
2696:François Fauvel Gouraud
2520:(BnF) site (in English)
2518:French National Library
2494:Magazine, Nov–Dec 1983.
2338:exchange.umma.umich.edu
2237:collections.artsmia.org
1531:Hannavy, John (2013) .
1389:, Library of Egyptology
997:between Christians and
991:Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort
607:Alphonse Louis Poitevin
511:François Fauvel Gouraud
372:; his best-known work.
266:between Christians and
172:Saint-Hippolyte-du-Fort
37:FĂ©lix and Lydie Bonfils
2823:Auguste-Rosalie Bisson
2727:Marie-Alexandre Alophe
1915:F. Bonfils & Cie.
1875:Hannavy, John (2008).
1468:History of Photography
638:Auguste-Rosalie Bisson
542:Marie-Alexandre Alophe
353:
148:Bonfils, self-portrait
2797:Henri Victor Regnault
2556:(free online version)
2510:, University of Haifa
2500:, DiscoverLebanon.com
2262:art.nelson-atkins.org
1839:World Digital Library
1351:Temple at Luxor, 1867
1131:colorized photographs
981:Early and family life
612:Henri Victor Regnault
358:panoramic photographs
352:1878 by FĂ©lix Bonfils
347:
2899:Ernest Eugène Appert
2767:Jean-Baptiste Frénet
2737:Louis-Auguste Bisson
2706:FĂ©lix-Jacques Moulin
2475:11 June 2011 at the
1734:. Collections.si.edu
1409:J. Paul Getty Museum
1215:, Palestine, c. 1880
961:, she was active in
714:Ernest Eugène Appert
582:Jean-Baptiste Frénet
552:Louis-Auguste Bisson
521:FĂ©lix-Jacques Moulin
362:Architecture antique
281:In 1857, he married
274:printing process by
256:General d'Hautpoul's
236:FĂ©lix Adrien Bonfils
158:FĂ©lix Adrien Bonfils
2929:Étienne-Jules Marey
2919:John Beasley Greene
2363:Digital Collections
2138:. 21 September 2018
2002:"The Bonfils Story"
1702:"The Bonfils Story"
1688:For Modesty's Sake?
1535:. pp. 173–174.
1094:Souvenirs d'Orient,
947:Marie-Lydie Bonfils
744:Étienne-Jules Marey
734:John Beasley Greene
350:Souvenirs d'Orient,
291:photographic studio
283:Marie-Lydie Cabanis
227:Marie-Lydie Cabanis
2447:Bonfils collection
2314:. 6 September 2017
2092:brooklynmuseum.org
2006:Saudi Aramco World
1763:. 6 September 2017
1706:Saudi Aramco World
1135:Digital Humanities
957:. Originally from
370:Souvenirs d'Orient
354:
258:expedition to the
71:Khedivate of Egypt
3040:
3039:
2838:Édouard Delessert
2551:978-2-918157-52-6
2088:"Brooklyn Museum"
1385:Collège de France
1121:Collège de France
944:
943:
855:
854:
653:Édouard Delessert
233:
232:
207:Years active
122:Garabed Krikorian
26:F. Bonfils et Cie
3070:
3027:Hippolyte Arnoux
2965:Gabriel Lippmann
2883:Auguste Salzmann
2873:Georges Penabert
2828:Bruno Braquehais
2818:Edmond Becquerel
2777:Charles Marville
2666:Hippolyte Bayard
2603:Nicéphore Niépce
2584:
2577:
2570:
2561:
2555:
2466:"Bonfils, FĂ©lix"
2442:Internet Archive
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2304:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2254:
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2229:
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2222:
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2218:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2109:
2103:
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2100:
2098:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1805:
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1753:
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1728:
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1717:
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1641:
1635:
1634:
1618:
1609:
1608:
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1604:
1593:
1584:
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1581:
1579:
1564:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1509:
1494:
1388:
1387:
1360:
1348:
1327:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1124:
1123:
905:Other names
877:
863:
842:Hippolyte Arnoux
780:Gabriel Lippmann
698:Auguste Salzmann
688:Georges Penabert
643:Bruno Braquehais
633:Edmond Becquerel
592:Charles Marville
481:Hippolyte Bayard
418:Nicéphore Niépce
399:
392:
385:
376:
186:
167:
165:
146:
132:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3015:
2989:
2980:Louis Rousselet
2943:
2887:
2878:Dominique Roman
2858:Gustave Le Gray
2801:
2782:Auguste Mestral
2710:
2654:
2640:Antoine Claudet
2628:
2607:
2591:
2588:
2552:
2537:
2527:
2525:Further reading
2477:Wayback Machine
2434:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2408:
2407:
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2256:
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2241:
2239:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2187:Harvard Library
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2158:"Felix Bonfils"
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2132:"Felix Bonfils"
2130:
2129:
2125:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1928:
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1914:
1913:
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1600:
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1575:
1566:
1565:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1512:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1464:
1432:British Library
1375:Brooklyn Museum
1371:
1364:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1340:
1328:
1319:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1292:
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1280:
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1249:
1240:
1237:
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1225:
1216:
1209:
1200:
1197:
1188:
1185:
1176:
1147:British Library
1143:
1111:
1075:
1067:First World War
1014:
983:
892:
886:
868:
861:
856:
851:
830:
804:
795:Louis Rousselet
758:
702:
693:Dominique Roman
673:Gustave Le Gray
616:
597:Auguste Mestral
525:
469:
455:Antoine Claudet
443:
422:
406:
403:
342:
248:
246:Life and career
194:
188:
184:
175:
169:
163:
161:
160:
159:
149:
137:
130:
115:
113:A. Guiragossian
91:
85:there in 1885.
39:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Ottoman Empire
3045:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3006:Georges DemenĂż
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2848:Esteban Gonnet
2845:
2843:Maxime Du Camp
2840:
2835:
2833:Étienne Carjat
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Édouard Baldus
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2671:Auguste Belloc
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2619:Louis Daguerre
2615:
2613:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2535:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2483:
2469:
2462:
2450:
2444:
2433:
2432:External links
2430:
2427:
2426:
2401:
2375:
2350:
2325:
2299:
2287:Sursock Museum
2274:
2249:
2224:
2199:
2174:
2149:
2123:
2104:
2079:
2062:
2057:Constantinople
2046:
2023:
1989:
1974:
1951:
1938:Sursock Museum
1922:
1907:
1882:
1867:
1852:
1823:
1800:
1774:
1745:
1723:
1692:
1679:
1675:Farbige Reise,
1667:
1636:
1610:
1585:
1538:
1510:
1488:
1487:
1485:
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1481:
1480:
1475:
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1443:
1438:
1424:Sursock Museum
1421:
1416:
1411:
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1401:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1329:
1322:
1320:
1318:panorama, 1870
1314:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1295:
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1290:
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1217:
1210:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1170:book project.
1142:
1139:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1074:
1071:
1063:Ottoman Empire
1013:
1010:
1006:whooping cough
995:1860 civil war
982:
979:
967:Ottoman Empire
942:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
926:
925:
922:
921:Known for
918:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
902:
901:
898:
894:
893:
887:
883:
879:
878:
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857:
853:
852:
850:
849:
844:
838:
836:
832:
831:
829:
828:
823:
821:Georges DemenĂż
818:
812:
810:
806:
805:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
766:
764:
760:
759:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
710:
708:
704:
703:
701:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
663:Esteban Gonnet
660:
658:Maxime Du Camp
655:
650:
648:Étienne Carjat
645:
640:
635:
630:
624:
622:
618:
617:
615:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
547:Édouard Baldus
544:
539:
533:
531:
527:
526:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:Auguste Belloc
483:
477:
475:
471:
470:
468:
467:
462:
457:
451:
449:
445:
444:
442:
441:
436:
434:Louis Daguerre
430:
428:
424:
423:
421:
420:
414:
412:
408:
407:
404:
402:
401:
394:
387:
379:
341:
338:
319:Constantinople
264:civil conflict
247:
244:
231:
230:
224:
220:
219:
216:
215:Known for
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
189:
187:(aged 54)
181:
177:
176:
170:
157:
155:
151:
150:
147:
139:
138:
135:
129:
126:
114:
111:
107:Central Powers
90:
87:
38:
35:
33:
32:Studio history
30:
22:Maison Bonfils
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3075:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3011:Constant Puyo
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2985:Eugène Trutat
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:Auguste Maure
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2939:Camille Silvy
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Léon Crémière
2912:
2910:
2909:FĂ©lix Bonfils
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Charles Nègre
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Olympe Aguado
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Henri Le Secq
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Jules Duboscq
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2742:Adolphe Braun
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2624:Horace Vernet
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2585:
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2547:
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2524:
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2515:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
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2470:
2467:
2463:
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2456:
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2431:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2390:
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2364:
2360:
2354:
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2329:
2326:
2313:
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2303:
2300:
2288:
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2278:
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2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2066:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2024:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1978:
1975:
1971:(4): 445–446.
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1911:
1908:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:(4): 460–461.
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
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1779:
1775:
1762:
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1527:
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1499:
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1399:
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1378:
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1317:
1311:
1306:
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1287:
1282:
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1266:
1259:
1254:
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1627:Archaeology
1478:Orientalism
955:Middle East
775:Jules David
602:Eugène Piot
516:Jules Itier
240:Middle East
3047:Categories
3032:Paul Boyer
1738:20 October
1603:21 January
1484:References
1265:photochrom
1115:Egyptology
1026:Alexandria
847:Paul Boyer
334:Photochrom
164:1831-03-08
2118:cca.qc.ca
2043:(4): 461.
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1500:, at the
1211:Women of
1046:collotype
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348:Cover of
327:collotype
307:Palestine
229:(m. 1857)
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2481:original
2473:Archived
2114:"Search"
1656:(4): 461
1462:See also
1430:and the
1053:Brummana
987:Crespian
937:Children
891:, France
323:Istanbul
193:, France
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299:Lebanon
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1944:10 May
1845:10 May
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1716:10 May
1660:10 May
1034:prints
1012:Career
975:Beirut
959:France
949:, née
929:Spouse
315:Greece
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260:Levant
223:Spouse
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2479:from
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1900:7 May
1767:7 May
1578:6 May
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1022:Cairo
999:Druze
678:Nadar
321:(now
311:Syria
303:Egypt
268:Druze
210:1867–
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2546:ISBN
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2018:2021
1969:XXVI
1946:2021
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1740:2013
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1654:XXVI
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340:Work
317:and
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