502:
511:
38:
295:). The continued presence of existing members was ensured by stipulating that the present members, or those who had been members during the previous four years, would remain members if they gathered a minimum threshold of 12 votes in the Council of Forty, effectively guaranteeing that all of them would be accepted. In addition, limits on the size of the Great Council were removed, and a law allowed for additional candidates for membership to be submitted by three sitting members, confirmed by the Doge and the Minor Council, and approved by the Council of Forty. Several old-established Venetian commoner families became permanent members of the Council in this way, along with about a dozen families fleeing the
208:
319:
and were allowed to become members already at 20. In 1323, membership was restricted only to men with ancestors who had held high office, effectively making it hereditary. Regardless of their previous patrician or common origins, the now permanent and hereditary members of the Great
Council henceforth constituted the nobility of Venice. This new ruling class numbered almost 200 families and monopolized the higher levels of power in the Republic. Deserving men who distinguished themselves were still admitted in later years, but this was a very rare occasion. To provide for social mobility for ambitious families of wealth and distinction, a new class, the 'citizens' (
484:
1263:
350:
468:
493:
153:, which was convened only to ratify laws and elect a new Doge. Its role was to elect all magistracies, approve laws, as well as exercise judicial functions including the granting of pardons. However, as the Great Council itself was too large and unwieldy, numbering some 300–400 members already in the 13th century, the actual deliberation and decision-making of government took place in smaller councils, more capable of action. In the 13th century, the most important of these was the
50:
417:, however, that the new hall of the Great Council started being used by it. The hall was destroyed in the fire of 20 December 1577, in which the Doge's Palace suffered so much damage that for a time it was considered to tear it down and rebuild it to a new design. In the end, it was decided to restore the building, and during this time, until 30 September 1578, the Great Council met in a storage shed in the
341:
the Great
Council members were guaranteed a share in power and thus less easy to manipulate. The relatively large number of families participating in this oligarchic elite was also a peculiar feature of the Venetian state, making it both more representative, and ensuring that any rivalry between two families could be kept in check, and did not affect the nobility as a whole.
363:, which was formally abolished in 1423. The Great Council retained its legislative authority, but many of its powers were delegated to other, smaller bodies, more capable of action. Soon, however, most of the chief functions of government, such as nominating military commanders or receiving ambassadors, were taken over by the
340:
as "the death of the
Venetian republican system and the birth of a closed oligarchy", but in actual fact, the effects of these reforms were broadly beneficial, and spared Venice the bitter factional rivalries that consumed the other Italian cities. Unlike the volatile general assembly of the people,
318:
Over the following years, the entry of new members was limited by additional laws that raised the necessary number of votes in the Forty to a majority, 25, and finally 30. In 1319, membership became automatic at the 25th year of age—except for thirty who were chosen by lot on the day of St. Barbara,
219:
While the names of noble families predominate during the 13th century, commoners were still included in the rolls. But even among the nobility there were dissensions. A rising population and wealth meant that more and more citizens sought admission to the Great
Council, but the traditional patrician
178:
These electors chose one hundred members to be nominated for election to the next year's Great
Council, but since there was no alternate slate of candidates, the names chosen were also elected. The "somewhat haphazard" election process placed enormous power on the hands of the very few electors, who
374:
The rules of admission to the Great
Council were further elaborated over time. Men born to women of lower status were banned, as were, from 1498 on, nobles who followed an ecclesiastical career. The process culminated in the establishment, in 1506 and 1526, of records of births and marriages of the
215:
As the Great
Council elected people to the various offices of the Venetian government, it "had become the gatekeeper for power and prestige in Venice". During the 13th century, this gave rise to a political struggle between reformers, who wanted to open membership to the Great Council, and thus to
270:
This was a critical moment: had the mob prevailed, the trajectory of politics in Venice might have followed that of other
Italian city-states, where dynastic rule or populist autocrats backed by mob violence were the norm. Following his election, Gradenigo devoted considerable effort into pushing
263:, as had been convened in earlier times, demanding the election of admiral Giacomo Tiepolo the son and grandson of Doges, as the new Doge. The Great Council vacillated and suspended its own election process, but Tiepolo refused the nomination, and the Great Council proceeded with the election of
174:
In its early days, the Great
Council was a relatively open and democratic institution, its membership being in theory open to the entire body of free citizens. Members were nominated by three electors, though it is unclear how these were chosen; they were selected partly by lot and partly by
455:
and dissolve the aristocratic assembly: despite lacking the required quorum of 600 members, the board voted overwhelmingly (512 votes in favor, 30 against, 5 abstentions) the end of the
Venetian Republic and the transfer of powers to an indefinite provisional government.
175:
rotation. In 1230, the electoral process was altered for unknown reasons, with seven electors serving between 29 September and 29 March, and three during the other six months. However, it appears that the number of electors fluctuated, and could be as small as four.
394:
The effect of the provisions of the Serrata had increased dramatically the number of members. In the sixteenth century, it was common for up to 2095 patricians to have the right to sit in the Ducal Palace. There was an obvious difficulty in managing such a body.
406:. As the Council continued to increase in size in the early 14th century, and other magistracies were added to the government, it was decided that a new wing of the Doge's Palace be built alongside the Molo in order to house them. Due to the arrival of the
440:). The latter may have gradually or suddenly lost their wealth, but continued to maintain the hereditary right to sit in the Great Council. This often took the two sides of the nobility to clash in council and opened the possibility to cases of
85:
between 1172 and 1797. It was the chief political assembly, responsible for electing many of the other political offices and the senior councils that ran the Republic, passing laws, and exercising judicial oversight. Following the lockout
249:, and by the Great Council itself. This proposal failed to pass, as did another, which proposed the election of new members be approved by a majority of the sitting Great Council. Matters came to a head in 1289, when Doge
435:
Another peculiarity was the creation over time of a division within the nobility itself, that is, families who were able in time to keep intact or to increase their economic capacity, and the poor ones (the so-called
187:
puts it, "one can say that the Great Council contained all the most important people who were available in Venice and a sprinkling of others named to it because someone thought they were potentially important".
467:
302:
This widening of the ruling class appears to have broadly satisfied ambitious men and calmed matters, although at least one commoner who thought that he should have been admitted to the Council, a certain
398:
The enlargement of the body also led to the need for a larger meeting space. This need was identified already by Pietro Gradenigo, and a hall was enlarged for this purpose in the buildings lining the
1849:
424:
In some rare cases, facing severe economic difficulties and dangers, access to the Great Council was open to new families. By means of lavish gifts to the state, this was the case at the time of the
501:
371:
legislative body, with, the Great Council reduced to discussing or approving measures already decided upon in the Senate, but it retained its judicial power and the authority to elect officials.
245:
proposed that only those whose ancestors had been members would automatically have the right to be considered for membership, and that all others would have to be approved by the Doge, the
1854:
179:
were constrained only by force of custom to not abuse their position. In addition, certain office-holders, such as the ducal councillors or members of the Council of Forty, were members
1157:
1063:
L'Archivio di Stato di Venezia. Indice Generale, Storico, Descrittivo ed Analitico. Tomo I: Archivi dell' Amministrazione Centrale della Repubblica Veneta e Archivi Notarili
1587:
299:
in 1291. In this way, the Great Council was more than doubled in size to over 1100 members by 1300, or about 1 percent of the total Venetian population at the time.
1839:
510:
1816:
1619:
37:
1624:
1582:
117:
The exact origins of the Great Council are unclear. Tradition places its establishment in 1172, but it likely has its origin in a 'Council of Wise Men' (
1061:
1755:
1150:
207:
109:
The Great Council was unique at the time in its usage of lottery to select nominators for proposal of candidates, who were thereafter voted upon.
1844:
157:, which not only served as the supreme judicial body, but also prepared legislation to be submitted to the Great Council. Its three heads (the
1202:
1566:
1126:
1019:
1318:
1556:
1188:
1143:
483:
410:, the membership of the Council declined, but building of the new hall continued, with decoration starting in 1365. It was not until
238:
in the Levant in the late 13th century. These men were counted as Venetian citizens, but were culturally foreign to the mother city.
1750:
1655:
1183:
1104:
968:
611:
357:
For the remainder of the Republic's history, the Great Council was the supreme body of the state, replacing the virtually defunct
1859:
1009:
1262:
1787:
1252:
554:
1531:
1217:
544:
274:
202:
95:
89:
1740:
1614:
1536:
349:
1521:
1809:
1491:
1526:
1650:
1609:
1546:
1486:
1442:
1704:
1247:
1212:
447:
It was the Great Council, on 12 May 1797, that declared the end of the Republic of Venice, by deciding - upon the
1770:
1561:
1541:
1516:
1427:
234:, or Venetian expatriate families returning to the metropolis after decades of absence, due to the fall of the
577:
noble families and presents the alphabetically arranged list with dates of their admission to Great Council.
216:
the political elite, up to newcomers, and conservatives, who wished to preserve the patriciate's dominance.
1760:
1735:
325:) was instituted as a middle class between the closed nobility and the broad mass of the common people (the
1476:
492:
1471:
1075:
1765:
1551:
1511:
378:
1745:
1501:
1333:
1293:
1775:
307:, was hanged in 1300 for plotting to kill Gradenigo. It is notable that the reform passed during a
271:
through a commonly acceptable reform. This was achieved on 28 February 1297, an event known as the
1792:
1415:
1410:
1400:
1376:
1166:
574:
534:
391:) of the Venetian nobility. At this point, the council reached its maximum size of 2746 members.
168:
123:) that is attested in 1141. That was a council established to limit and control the power of the
82:
226:
to the Council. Likewise complicated was the issue of foreigners, nobles from Venice's nascent
1459:
1437:
1390:
1328:
1308:
1286:
1122:
1100:
1067:
1048:
1015:
964:
607:
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418:
312:
164:
128:
103:
74:
1604:
1466:
1420:
1313:
1230:
1114:
1090:
595:
529:
403:
264:
250:
242:
184:
154:
66:
31:
49:
1665:
1449:
1323:
1303:
539:
425:
399:
364:
235:
1298:
1692:
1684:
1677:
1672:
1454:
1365:
1235:
1207:
452:
386:
308:
304:
124:
99:
42:
432:, when, to support the enormous cost of the wars, new wealthy families were admitted.
183:, and they outnumbered the elected members by a considerable margin. As the historian
1833:
1709:
1660:
1599:
1594:
1395:
1196:
1038:
596:
570:
524:
429:
246:
222:
1697:
1405:
1240:
1225:
473:
Behind the Doge’s throne, is occupied by the longest canvas painting in the world,
296:
227:
1014:, vol. four volumes, American Philosophical Society, 1976–1984, p. 329,
1094:
1042:
474:
441:
407:
241:
There were proposals for reform, notably in October 1286, when the heads of the
94:) of 1297, its membership was established on hereditary right, exclusive to the
437:
1071:
1052:
17:
1782:
1370:
448:
231:
1384:
1281:
1135:
142:
139:
The Great Council superseded the general assembly of the people (the
353:
The Great Council in a voting session in the Doge's Palace, 1648/50
348:
206:
48:
36:
315:, and that the common people made no serious move to oppose it.
1139:
367:. Over the 15th and 16th centuries, the Senate also became the
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1099:. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
704:
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978:
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220:
families of the Rialto resisted the addition of these
1850:
12th-century establishments in the Republic of Venice
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
666:
664:
662:
660:
1724:
1639:
1575:
1355:
1348:
1270:
1176:
53:
The governmental structure of the Venetian Republic
602:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
345:From the 14th century to the fall of the Republic
27:Chief political assembly of the Venetian republic
1855:1797 disestablishments in the Republic of Venice
1066:(in Italian). Rome: Biblioteca d'arte editrice.
1151:
384:
376:
358:
335:
326:
320:
272:
258:
192:
158:
148:
140:
87:
8:
451:- to accept the abdication of the last Doge
334:Traditional historiography has lamented the
598:The Principles of Representative Government
280:
118:
1728:
1643:
1352:
1274:
1158:
1144:
1136:
1509: Administrative magistracies
882:
689:
639:
1047:. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.
586:
463:
947:
901:
861:
811:
778:
708:
253:died, and a mob formed itself into an
720:
383:, this was the famous 'Golden Book' (
375:nobility. Kept and maintained by the
7:
1840:Government of the Republic of Venice
1011:The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571
996:
984:
932:
913:
844:
823:
799:
757:
745:
670:
651:
1484: Judicial magistracies
1557:Riformatori dello studio di Padova
135:Early history of the Great Council
25:
1522:Provveditori sopra beni communali
1499: Fiscal magistracies
1261:
963:, Electa, Milano 2001, pag. 11.
509:
500:
491:
482:
466:
167:, and the Doge, constituted the
1527:Provveditori sopra beni inculti
402:, the embankment alongside the
81:) was a political organ of the
1363: Principal organs
555:Seven Noble Houses of Brussels
311:with Venice's main rival, the
1:
1845:1172 establishments in Europe
1532:Esecutori contro la bestemmia
1218:Serrata del Maggior Consiglio
573:describes the origins of the
545:Serrata del Maggior Consiglio
411:
203:Serrata del Maggior Consiglio
1705:Venetian commercial shipping
1615:Provveditore Generale da Mar
211:Chamber of the Great Council
45:addressing the Great Council
30:Not to be confused with the
1222:Wars of expansion in Italy
1096:Venice, A Maritime Republic
1876:
1610:Captain General of the Sea
1547:Cinque savi alla mercanzia
1121:. New York: Viking Press.
309:nearly disastrous conflict
200:
29:
1805:
1771:Accademia degli Incogniti
1731:
1646:
1428:Procurators of Saint Mark
1277:
1259:
1060:Da Mosto, Andrea (1937).
567:Annali Veneti e del Mondo
98:families enrolled in the
1860:Historical legislatures
1736:Scuole Grandi of Venice
594:Manin, Bernard (1997).
127:, and dominated by the
78:
1562:Magistrato alla SanitĂ
1517:Provveditori all'Armar
959:Alessandra Fregolent,
385:
377:
359:
354:
336:
327:
321:
273:
259:
212:
193:
163:), along with the six
159:
149:
141:
119:
88:
70:
54:
46:
1588:Conflicts and battles
1552:Magistrato alle pompe
1512:Magistrato alle acque
1477:Correttori alle Leggi
1248:Ottoman–Venetian wars
1213:Venetian–Genoese wars
1119:Venice: A New History
1091:Lane, Frederic Chapin
352:
210:
52:
40:
1746:Venetian Renaissance
1502:Camerlenghi di Comun
1294:Domini di Terraferma
565:The first volume of
230:in the East or from
197:of the Great Council
120:Consilium Sapientium
34:of medieval England.
1776:Accademia Veneziana
1741:Gothic architecture
1472:Avogadoria de ComĂąn
916:, pp. 113–114.
826:, pp. 112–113.
814:, pp. 147–149.
760:, pp. 96, 111.
449:Napoleonic invasion
1793:Carnival of Venice
1492:Lords of the Night
1416:Savi di Terraferma
1411:Savi del Consiglio
1401:Signoria of Venice
1377:promissione ducale
1203:Chrysobull of 1082
1168:Republic of Venice
535:Signoria of Venice
379:Avogadori de ComĂąn
355:
213:
169:Signoria of Venice
83:Republic of Venice
55:
47:
1827:
1826:
1801:
1800:
1720:
1719:
1635:
1634:
1460:State Inquisitors
1391:Commune of Venice
1344:
1343:
1128:978-1-101-60113-6
1115:Madden, Thomas F.
1039:Brown, Horatio F.
1021:978-0-87169-114-9
654:, pp. 95–96.
550:Venetian nobility
419:Arsenal of Venice
313:Republic of Genoa
165:ducal councillors
129:Venetian nobility
104:Venetian nobility
71:Maggior Consiglio
16:(Redirected from
1867:
1819:
1812:
1729:
1651:Economic history
1644:
1605:Venetian Arsenal
1583:Military history
1567:Grand chancellor
1510:
1500:
1485:
1467:Council of Forty
1421:Savi agli Ordini
1387:(abolished 1423)
1364:
1353:
1314:Venetian Albania
1275:
1265:
1231:Wars in Lombardy
1169:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1137:
1132:
1110:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1074:. Archived from
1056:
1044:Venetian Studies
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265:Pietro Gradenigo
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251:Giovanni Dandolo
243:Council of Forty
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185:Frederic C. Lane
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155:Council of Forty
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93:
32:Magnum Concilium
21:
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1542:Savi all'eresia
1508:
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588:
583:
563:
540:Concio (Venice)
521:
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496:
487:
478:
471:
462:
426:War of Chioggia
414:
347:
292:
289:
286:
283:
236:Crusader states
228:colonial empire
205:
199:
137:
115:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1871:
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1721:
1718:
1717:
1715:
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1712:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1693:Via Argentaria
1687:
1685:Venetian glass
1682:
1681:
1680:
1678:Banco del Giro
1673:Bank of Venice
1670:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1633:
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1464:
1463:
1462:
1455:Council of Ten
1452:
1447:
1446:
1445:
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1430:
1425:
1424:
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1413:
1403:
1398:
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1357:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1319:Ionian Islands
1316:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1236:War of Ferrara
1233:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Fourth Crusade
1205:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1155:
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1140:
1134:
1133:
1127:
1111:
1105:
1087:
1057:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1001:
999:, p. 446.
989:
987:, p. 208.
972:
952:
950:, p. 152.
937:
935:, p. 114.
918:
906:
904:, p. 150.
887:
866:
864:, p. 149.
849:
847:, p. 113.
828:
816:
804:
802:, p. 112.
783:
781:, p. 148.
762:
750:
748:, p. 111.
725:
723:, p. 183.
713:
711:, p. 151.
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305:Marin Bocconio
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79:Mazor Consegio
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1106:0-8018-1445-6
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1078:on 2021-11-13
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884:
883:Da Mosto 1937
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691:
690:Da Mosto 1937
686:
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641:
640:Da Mosto 1937
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613:0-521-45891-9
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571:Stefano Magno
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525:Minor Council
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477:of Tintoretto
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430:War of Candia
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18:Major Council
1751:Architecture
1698:Via de Zenta
1432:
1406:Full College
1375:
1299:Stato da MĂ r
1241:Italian Wars
1226:War of Padua
1195:
1118:
1095:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
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62:
58:
56:
948:Madden 2012
902:Madden 2012
862:Madden 2012
812:Madden 2012
779:Madden 2012
709:Madden 2012
569:written by
475:Il Paradiso
442:vote buying
415: 1420
408:Black Death
387:Libro d'Oro
100:Golden Book
1834:Categories
1438:Patriciate
1356:Government
1082:2021-11-13
721:Brown 1887
581:References
438:Barnabites
181:ex officio
1783:Bucentaur
1756:Humanists
1371:Dogaressa
1271:Geography
1072:772861816
1053:458907462
997:Lane 1973
985:Lane 1973
961:Giorgione
933:Lane 1973
914:Lane 1973
845:Lane 1973
824:Lane 1973
800:Lane 1973
758:Lane 1973
746:Lane 1973
671:Lane 1973
652:Lane 1973
322:cittadini
96:patrician
1811:Category
1766:Painting
1576:Military
1487:Auditors
1349:Politics
1309:Dalmatia
1287:Sestieri
1189:Timeline
1117:(2012).
1093:(1973).
1041:(1887).
575:Venetian
519:See also
428:and the
369:de facto
290:lock-out
232:Dalmatia
75:Venetian
1725:Culture
1656:Coinage
1640:Economy
1537:Censori
1184:History
1177:History
1032:Sources
460:Gallery
337:Serrata
284:
275:Serrata
194:Serrata
113:History
102:of the
90:Serrata
67:Italian
1450:Senate
1385:Concio
1324:Cyprus
1304:Istria
1282:Dogado
1171:
1125:
1103:
1070:
1051:
1018:
967:
610:
365:Senate
360:Concio
328:popolo
260:arengo
255:ad hoc
150:Arengo
143:Concio
1818:Index
1761:Music
1666:Zecca
1620:Ranks
1443:Zonta
1334:Morea
1329:Crete
606:–64.
561:Notes
1788:Flag
1710:Muda
1661:Lira
1366:Doge
1253:Fall
1123:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1068:OCLC
1049:OCLC
1016:ISBN
965:ISBN
608:ISBN
400:Molo
281:lit.
160:capi
57:The
41:The
331:).
147:or
131:.
61:or
1836::
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86:(
65:(
20:)
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