2425:. These experiments resolved the predicted signatures of localized Majorana bound states â zero energy modes â at the ends of ferromagnetic (iron) chains on the surface of a superconductor (lead) with strong spin-orbit coupling. Follow up experiments at lower temperatures probed these end states with higher energy resolution and showed their robustness when the chains are buried by layers of lead. Experiments with spin-polarized STM tips have also been used, in 2017, to distinguish these end modes from trivial zero energy modes that can form due to magnetic defects in a superconductor, providing important evidence (beyond zero bias peaks) for the interpretation of the zero energy mode at the end of the chains as a Majorana bound state. More experiments finding evidence for Majorana bound states in chains have also been carried out with other types of magnetic chains, particularly chains manipulated atom-by-atom to make a spin helix on the surface of a superconductor.
55:
2410:. However, it was also pointed out that some other trivial non-topological bounded states could highly mimic the zero voltage conductance peak of Majorana bound state. The subtle relation between those trivial bound states and Majorana bound states was reported by the researchers in Niels Bohr Institute, who can directly "watch" coalescing Andreev bound states evolving into Majorana bound states, thanks to a much cleaner semiconductor-superconductor hybrid system.
7186:
2079:
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nanowires connected to a circuit with a gold contact at one end and a slice of superconductor at the other. When exposed to a moderately strong magnetic field the apparatus showed a peak electrical conductance at zero voltage that is consistent with the formation of a pair of
Majorana bound states,
2363:
and superconductors. Many proposals of a similar spirit soon followed, where it was shown that
Majorana bound states can appear even without any topological insulator. An intense search to provide experimental evidence of Majorana bound states in superconductors first produced some positive results
2515:
on the superconducting Dirac surface state of the iron-based superconductor. It was the first time that indications of
Majorana particles were observed in a bulk of pure substance. However, more recent experimental studies in iron-based superconductors show that topologically trivial Caroliâde
5878:
Dvir, Tom; Wang, Guanzhong; van Loo, Nick; Liu, Chun-Xiao; Mazur, Grzegorz P.; Bordin, Alberto; ten Haaf, Sebastiaan L. D.; Wang, Ji-Yin; van Driel, David; Zatelli, Francesco; Li, Xiang; Malinowski, Filip K.; Gazibegovic, Sasa; Badawy, Ghada; Bakkers, Erik P. A. M. (15 February 2023).
2397:
nanowires connected to two superconducting contacts and subjected to a moderate magnetic field, another signature of
Majorana bound states. Bound state with zero energy was soon detected by several other groups in similar hybrid devices, and fractional Josephson effect was observed in
2491:
conductance edge current. Subsequent experiments by other groups, however, could not reproduce these findings. In
November 2022, the article by He et al. was retracted by the editors, because "analysis of the raw and published data revealed serious irregularities and discrepancies".
2516:
GennesâMatricon states and YuâShibaâRusinov states can exhibit qualitative and quantitative features similar to those
Majorana zero modes would make. In 2020 similar results were reported for a platform consisting of europium sulfide and gold films grown on vanadium.
4092:
Churchill, H.O.H.; Fatemi, V.; Grove-Rasmussen, K.; Deng, M.T.; Caroff, P.; Xu, H.Q.; Marcus, C.M. (6 June 2013). "Superconductor-nanowire devices from tunneling to the multichannel regime: Zero-bias oscillations and magnetoconductance crossover".
2332:: interchanging them changes the state of the system in a way that depends only on the order in which the exchange was performed. The non-abelian statistics that Majorana bound states possess allows them to be used as a building block for a
1070:
1263:
987:
4956:
He, Qing Lin; Pan, Lei; Stern, Alexander L.; Burks, Edward C.; Che, Xiaoyu; Yin, Gen; et al. (21 July 2017). "Chiral
Majorana fermion modes in a quantum anomalous Hall insulatorâsuperconductor structure".
1871:
5070:
Kayyalha, Morteza; Xiao, Di; Zhang, Ruoxi; Shin, Jaeho; Jiang, Jue; Wang, Fei; et al. (3 January 2020). "Absence of evidence for chiral
Majorana modes in quantum anomalous Hall-superconductor devices".
2405:
The aforementioned experiments mark possible verifications of independent 2010 theoretical proposals from two groups predicting the solid state manifestation of
Majorana bound states in semiconducting wires
4408:
Lee, E.J.H.; Jiang, X.; Houzet, M.; Aguado, R.; Lieber, C.M.; Franceschi, S.D. (15 December 2013). "Spin-resolved
Andreev levels and parity crossings in hybrid superconductorâsemiconductor nanostructures".
4038:
Das, A.; Ronen, Y.; Most, Y.; Oreg, Y.; Heiblum, M.; Shtrikman, H. (11 November 2012). "Zero-bias peaks and splitting in an Al-InAs nanowire topological superconductor as a signature of Majorana fermions".
4531:
Nadj-Perge, Stevan; Drozdov, Ilya K.; Li, Jian; Chen, Hua; Jeon, Sangjun; Seo, Jungpil; et al. (2 October 2014). "Observation of Majorana fermions in ferromagnetic atomic chains on a superconductor".
1498:
1185:
1690:
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Mourik, V.; Zuo, K.; Frolov, S.M.; Plissard, S.R.; Bakkers, E.P.A.M.; Kouwenhoven, L.P. (12 April 2012). "Signatures of Majorana fermions in hybrid superconductor-semiconductor nanowire devices".
508:
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2120:
The seesaw mechanism is appealing because it would naturally explain why the observed neutrino masses are so small. However, if the neutrinos are Majorana then they violate the conservation of
1425:
5186:
A 2017 report of the discovery of a particular kind of Majorana fermion â the chiral Majorana fermion, referred to as the 'angel particle' â is likely a false alarm, according to new research.
1985:
1995:
Because particles and antiparticles have opposite conserved charges, Majorana fermions have zero charge, hence among the fundamental particles, the only fermions that could be Majorana are
1377:
1318:
2061:
2532:
which carry unpaired Majorana modes. The Majoranas are then "braided" by being physically moved around each other in 2D sheets or networks of nanowires. This braiding process forms a
2295:
2113:) and the other three expected to have very low masses (below 1 eV). If right-handed neutrinos exist but do not have a Majorana mass, the neutrinos would instead behave as three
784:
701:
5217:
Wang, Dongfei; Kong, Lingyuan; Fan, Peng; Chen, Hui; Zhu, Shiyu; Liu, Wenyao; et al. (16 August 2018). "Evidence for Majorana bound states in an iron-based superconductor".
4470:
Deng, M.T.; VaitiekÄnas, S.; Hansen, E.B.; Danon, J.; Leijnse, M.; Flensberg, K.; et al. (2016). "Majorana bound state in a coupled quantum-dot hybrid-nanowire system".
70:
2324:. This name is more appropriate than Majorana fermion (although the distinction is not always made in the literature), because the statistics of these objects is no longer
3359:
Read, N.; Green, Dmitry (2000). "Paired states of fermions in two dimensions with breaking of parity and time-reversal symmetries and the fractional quantum Hall effect".
858:
1618:
1568:
912:
885:
811:
752:
2234:
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Deng, M.T.; Yu, C.L.; Huang, G.Y.; Larsson, M.; Caroff, P.; Xu, H.Q. (28 November 2012). "Anomalous zero-bias conductance peak in a Nb-InSb nanowire-Nb hybrid device".
501:
4282:
Lutchyn, Roman M.; Sau, Jay D.; Das Sarma, S. (August 2010). "Majorana Fermions and a Topological Phase Transition in Semiconductor-Superconductor Heterostructures".
2551:. Though the codes typically have no Hamiltonian to provide suppression of errors, fault-tolerance would be provided by the underlying quantum error correcting code.
1112:
2852:
Tello, Vladimir; NemevĆĄek, Miha; Nesti, Fabrizio; SenjanoviÄ, Goran; Vissani, Francesco (2011). "Left-right symmetry: From LHC to neutrinoless double beta decay".
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148:
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1942:
1914:
1894:
1541:
831:
721:
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Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven H.; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Sarma, Sankar Das (27 March 2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation".
494:
144:
6859:
3698:
2508:
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In 2008, Fu and Kane provided a groundbreaking development by theoretically predicting that Majorana bound states can appear at the interface between
993:
7097:
3204:
Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven H.; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Das Sarma, Sankar (2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation".
2708:
2347:
at the end points of superconducting wires or line defects are an alternative, purely electrical, source. An altogether different source uses the
595:
temperature), and none are Majorana fermions. The nature of neutrinos is not settled â they may turn out to be either Dirac or Majorana fermions.
4893:
Banerjee, A.; Bridges, C.A.; Yan, J.-Q.; et al. (4 April 2016). "Proximate Kitaev quantum spin liquid behaviour in a honeycomb magnet".
2646:
2109:, the neutrino fields would naturally behave as six Majorana fields, with three of them expected to have very high masses (comparable to the
1191:
3578:
Fu, Liang; Kane, Charles L. (2009). "Josephson current and noise at a superconductor/quantum-spin-Hall-insulator/superconductor junction".
2560:
2407:
3867:
Rokhinson, L.P.; Liu, X.; Furdyna, J.K. (2012). "Observation of the fractional ac Josephson effect: the signature of Majorana particles".
920:
3515:
Fu, Liang; Kane, Charles L. (2008). "Superconducting proximity effect and Majorana fermions at the surface of a topological insulatorn".
1701:
6139:
4763:
Kim, Howon; Palacio-Morales, Alexandra; Posske, Thore; RĂłzsa, Levente; PalotĂĄs, KrisztiĂĄn; Szunyogh, LĂĄszlĂł; et al. (30 May 2018).
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events whose resultant antineutrinos immediately annihilate each other, and is only possible if neutrinos are their own antiparticles.
6995:
1434:
174:
5694:
Zheng, Huaixiu; Dua, Arpit; Jiang, Liang (2015). "Demonstrating non-Abelian statistics of Majorana fermions using twist defects".
2503:, which many alternative trivial explanations cannot account for, was reported by Ding's and Gao's teams at Institute of Physics,
1120:
656:), and would therefore be identical to their antiparticle, because the wave functions of particle and antiparticle are related by
7076:
2200:
in condensed matter physics. Its existence becomes possible because a quasiparticle in a superconductor is its own antiparticle.
71:
4148:"Parity independence of the zero-bias conductance peak in a nanowire based topological superconductor-quantum dot hybrid device"
3924:
2512:
2320:. Majorana fermions can be bound to a defect at zero energy, and then the combined objects are called Majorana bound states or
1630:
2621:
Majorana, Ettore; Maiani, Luciano (2006). "A symmetric theory of electrons and positrons". In Bassani, Giuseppe Franco (ed.).
3635:
2369:
2365:
2348:
2131:
5772:
Barkeshli, Maissam; Jian, Chao-Ming; Qi, Xiao-Liang (2013). "Twist defects and projective non-Abelian braiding statistics".
4623:
Feldman, Benjamin E.; Randeria, Mallika T.; Li, Jian; Jeon, Sangjun; Xie, Yonglong; Wang, Zhijun; et al. (March 2017).
2141:
The high-energy analog of the neutrinoless double beta decay process is the production of same-sign charged lepton pairs in
813:
are distinct, whereas for a Majorana fermion they are identical. The ordinary fermionic annihilation and creation operators
2815:
Keung, Wai-Yee; SenjanoviÄ, Goran (1983). "Majorana neutrinos and the production of the right-handed charged gauge boson".
7215:
5181:
3050:
Pospelov, Maxim; ter Veldhuis, Tonnis (2000). "Direct and indirect limits on the electro-magnetic form factors of WIMPs".
2433:
2418:
2102:
592:
470:
118:
74:
69:
4345:
Oreg, Yuval; Refael, Gil; von Oppen, Felix (October 2010). "Helical Liquids and Majorana Bound States in Quantum Wires".
3005:
Boudjema, F.; Hamzaoui, C.; Rahal, V.; Ren, H.C. (1989). "Electromagnetic Properties of Generalized Majorana Particles".
7092:
2559:
In February 2023 a study reported the realization of a "poor man's" Majorana that is a Majorana bound state that is not
2446:
2333:
2117:
and their antiparticles with masses coming directly from the Higgs interaction, like the other Standard Model fermions.
1385:
355:
5825:
Hastings, M.B.; Geller, A. (2015). "Reduced space-time and time costs using dislocation codes and arbitrary ancillas".
3922:
Kwon, H.-J.; Sengupta, K.; Yakovenko, V. M. (2004). "Fractional ac Josephson effect in p- and d-wave superconductors".
6071:
4765:"Toward tailoring Majorana bound states in artificially constructed magnetic atom chains on elemental superconductors"
2504:
649:
75:
72:
1947:
64:
3259:
Kopnin, N.B.; Salomaa, M.M. (1991). "Mutual friction in superfluid He: Effects of bound states in the vortex core".
2161:, there is a deep connection between these processes. In the currently most-favored explanation of the smallness of
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82:
73:
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3419:
2604:
80:
65:
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6580:
4595:
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Kayser, Boris; Goldhaber, Alfred S. (1983). "CPT and CP properties of Majorana particles, and the consequences".
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2500:
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one at either end of the region of the nanowire in contact with the superconductor. Simultaneously, a group from
1274:
81:
2343:
in certain superconductors or superfluids can trap midgap states, which is one source of Majorana bound states.
2018:
613:, they are the collective movement of several individual particles (themselves composite) which are governed by
4213:
Wiedenmann, J.; Bocquillon, E.; Deacon, R.S.; Hartinger, S.; Herrmann, O.; Klapwijk, T.M.; et al. (2016).
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435:
365:
62:
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59:
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annihilates it (or, equivalently, creates the corresponding antiparticle). For a Dirac fermion the operators
7136:
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6132:
4690:
Jeon, Sangjun; Xie, Yonglong; Li, Jian; Wang, Zhijun; Bernevig, B. Andrei; Yazdani, Ali (10 November 2017).
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4284:
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674:
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The difference between Majorana fermions and Dirac fermions can be expressed mathematically in terms of the
136:
63:
7071:
6408:
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2072:
385:
270:
210:
140:
60:
7158:
5436:
Manna, Sujit; Wei, Peng; Xie, Yingming; Tuen Law, Kam; Lee, Patrick; Moodera, Jagadeesh (6 April 2020).
4219:
2399:
2154:
2150:
1917:
260:
2436:, working in collaboration with Max Planck Institute and University of Cambridge on 4 April 2016.
67:
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4713:
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4112:
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3996:
3943:
3888:
3825:
3751:
Reich, Eugenie Samuel (28 February 2012). "Quest for quirky quantum particles may have struck gold".
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610:
170:
110:
58:
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3633:
Alicea, Jason (2012). "New directions in the pursuit of Majorana fermions in solid state systems".
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405:
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5642:
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Bombin, H. (14 July 2010). "Topological Order with a Twist: Ising Anyons from an Abelian Model".
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2443:/superconductor hybrid device. In this system, Majorana fermions edge mode will give a rise to a
1573:
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890:
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295:
66:
2210:
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2011:: Even the Standard Model's left-handed neutrinos and right-handed antineutrinos have non-zero
79:
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Deng, M.T.; Yu, C.L.; Huang, G.Y.; Larsson, Marcus; Caroff, P.; Xu, H.Q. (11 November 2014).
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On 16 August 2018, a strong evidence for the existence of Majorana bound states (or Majorana
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2176:. Such minimal interaction with electromagnetic fields makes them potential candidates for
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6207:
4830:"Detecting and distinguishing Majorana zero modes with the scanning tunnelling microscope"
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with the state arising when the rate of both processes match confirming a prediction of
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5371:"Spatially dispersing Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states in the unconventional superconductor FeTe
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5499:
5174:"The case of the elusive Majorana: The so-called 'angel particle' is still a mystery"
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and therefore only stable for a very small range of parameters. It was obtained in a
2524:
One of the causes of interest in Majorana bound states is that they could be used in
2439:
Chiral Majorana fermions were claimed to be detected in 2017 by Q.L. He et al., in a
2204:
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2121:
2114:
2098:
2008:
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375:
340:
195:
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5747:
5288:"Discrete energy levels of Caroli-de Gennes-Matricon states in quantum limit in FeTe
5272:
4749:
4676:
4596:"Majorana fermion: Physicists observe elusive particle that is its own antiparticle"
4394:
4215:"4-pi-periodic Josephson supercurrent in HgTe-based topological Josephson junctions"
3853:
3737:
3619:
3146:
3091:
2901:
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2656:
2134:
has not (yet) been observed, but if it does exist, it can be viewed as two ordinary
7126:
6676:
6666:
6656:
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6368:
6310:
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5664:
5438:"Signature of a pair of Majorana zero modes in superconducting gold surface states"
5355:
5012:
4942:
4517:
4456:
4378:
4331:
4315:
3696:
Beenakker, C.W.J. (April 2013). "Search for Majorana fermions in superconductors".
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3548:
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3306:
3138:
2946:
2885:
2706:
Rodejohann, Werner (2011). "Neutrino-less double beta decay and particle physics".
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can emerge as a Majorana fermion (non-fundamental), more commonly referred to as a
2012:
569:
480:
450:
425:
395:
265:
240:
225:
114:
3304:
Volovik, G.E. (1999). "Fermion zero modes on vortices in chiral superconductors".
2528:. This process is done by creating so called 'twist defects' in codes such as the
1427:
is indeed fulfilled. This convention has the advantage that the Majorana operator
17:
3955:
2638:
2543:
Such a realization of Majoranas would allow them to be used to store and process
625:
The concept goes back to Majorana's suggestion in 1937 that electrically neutral
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3753:
2960:
Radescu, E.E. (1985). "On the electromagnetic properties of Majorana fermions".
2838:
2568:
2537:
1065:{\displaystyle f^{\dagger }={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\gamma _{1}-i\gamma _{2})~.}
646:
455:
440:
390:
350:
300:
5914:
5803:
5725:
5544:
5404:
5329:
4863:
4124:
3611:
3237:
3028:
6883:
6777:
6767:
6749:
6639:
6540:
6475:
6192:
3762:
3392:
2739:
2598:
2529:
2417:, evidence of Majorana bound states was also observed using a low-temperature
2172:
Majorana fermions cannot possess intrinsic electric or magnetic moments, only
2135:
2078:
1080:
465:
230:
6044:
5922:
5611:
5256:
4996:
4871:
4796:
4733:
4668:
3282:
2983:
2938:
2791:
2663:
Majorana, Ettore (1937). "Teoria simmetrica dell'elettrone e del positrone".
2125:
591:
fermions are known to behave as Dirac fermions at low energy (lower than the
7025:
7015:
6985:
6878:
6844:
6837:
6714:
6704:
6699:
6671:
6439:
6222:
5472:
5248:
5102:
5023:
4988:
4725:
4565:
4501:
3837:
2207:"symmetry" on the quasiparticle excitations, relating the creation operator
2110:
5930:
5856:
5672:
5491:
5422:
5347:
5264:
5110:
5031:
5004:
4934:
4814:
4788:
4741:
4624:
4573:
4509:
4448:
4440:
4386:
4323:
4268:
4199:
4016:
3845:
3674:
3556:
3036:
2893:
5978:
5953:
3290:
2991:
1083:â superpartners of gauge bosons and Higgs bosons â are Majorana fermions.
7121:
6949:
6904:
6888:
6849:
6822:
6535:
6530:
6510:
6480:
6470:
6465:
6315:
6305:
6295:
6285:
6260:
6255:
6182:
6019:
5602:
5567:
4600:
3938:
3782:
3433:
3375:
3320:
584:
4250:
1920:
matrices. These are identical to the commutation relations for the real
1091:
Another common convention for the normalization of the Majorana fermion
7030:
7020:
6990:
6944:
6939:
6914:
6832:
6817:
6744:
6739:
6644:
6629:
6575:
6550:
6515:
6444:
6426:
6165:
6117:
5566:
Sarma, Sankar Das; Freedman, Michael; Nayak, Chetan (27 October 2015).
3066:
2800:
2684:
1258:{\displaystyle f^{\dagger }={\tfrac {1}{2}}(\gamma _{1}-i\gamma _{2}),}
565:
31:
6102:
4692:"Distinguishing a Majorana zero mode using spin-resolved measurements"
4660:
4181:
4070:
4008:
3900:
3190:
2607:, uploaded 19 April 2013, retrieved 5 October 2014; and also based on
609:
can appear like bound Majorana fermions. However, instead of a single
7010:
7005:
6634:
6621:
6612:
6434:
6348:
6247:
4926:
3337:
1268:
which can be rearranged to obtain the Majorana fermion operators as
982:{\displaystyle f={\tfrac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(\gamma _{1}+i\gamma _{2}),}
5897:
5708:
5584:
5454:
5395:
5312:
5231:
5085:
4971:
4909:
4846:
4708:
4643:
4484:
4233:
1866:{\displaystyle \sum _{ijkl}=4\sum _{ij}\gamma _{i}_{ij}\gamma _{j}}
7035:
6975:
6827:
6686:
6565:
6505:
6460:
6353:
6331:
6174:
6085:
5839:
5786:
5647:
5527:
4548:
4423:
4361:
4298:
4164:
4107:
4053:
3991:
3883:
3820:
3712:
3649:
3594:
3531:
3220:
3121:
2868:
2722:
2496:
2329:
2101:
could have Majorana masses. If they do, then at low energy (after
2077:
2071:" (left-handed antineutrinos and right-handed neutrinos) would be
614:
3105:
Ho, Chiu Man; Scherrer, Robert J. (2013). "Anapole Dark Matter".
580:, which describes fermions that are not their own antiparticles.
6802:
6734:
6694:
6270:
6265:
6121:
5881:"Realization of a minimal Kitaev chain in coupled quantum dots"
4625:"High-resolution studies of the Majorana atomic chain platform"
6069:
Pal, Palash B. (2011) . "Dirac, Majorana, and Weyl fermions".
1493:{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}^{2}=(\gamma _{i}^{\dagger })^{2}=1}
546:
1180:{\displaystyle f={\tfrac {1}{2}}(\gamma _{1}+i\gamma _{2}),}
53:
4828:
JĂ€ck, Berthold; Xie, Yonglong; Yazdani, Ali (August 2021).
2763:"Neutrinoless double-β decay in SU(2) x U(1) theories"
552:
537:
534:
5748:"Why Majoranas are cool: Braiding and quantum computation"
1999:, if they exist. All the other elementary fermions of the
5568:"Majorana zero modes and topological quantum computation"
2571:
in a superconducting nanowire strongly coupled by normal
1685:{\displaystyle \{\gamma _{i},\gamma _{j}\}=2\delta _{ij}}
5369:
Chatzopoulos, Damianos; et al. (12 January 2021).
3417:(2001). "Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires".
2428:
Majorana fermions may also emerge as quasiparticles in
2328:. Instead, the Majorana bound states are an example of
2085:
hypothesised the existence of Majorana fermions in 1937
2067:
quantum number. However, if they exist, the so-called "
576:
in 1937. The term is sometimes used in opposition to a
2463:
2451:
2039:
1209:
1131:
1011:
931:
2600:"Quantum Computation possible with Majorana Fermions"
2449:
2303:
2262:
2242:
2213:
2021:
1950:
1930:
1902:
1882:
1704:
1633:
1576:
1549:
1529:
1506:
1437:
1388:
1327:
1277:
1194:
1123:
1100:
996:
923:
893:
866:
839:
819:
792:
760:
733:
709:
677:
660:, which leaves the Majorana wave equation unchanged.
549:
2372:
in the Netherlands reported an experiment involving
543:
7085:
7049:
6966:
6927:
6897:
6871:
6858:
6790:
6758:
6685:
6620:
6611:
6602:
6498:
6453:
6425:
6416:
6407:
6389:
6367:
6339:
6330:
6246:
6173:
6164:
6155:
5053:"Majorana fermion detected in a quantum layer cake"
3474:"Nonabelions in the fractional quantum Hall effect"
540:
531:
2484:{\displaystyle {\tfrac {1}{2}}{\tfrac {e^{2}}{h}}}
2483:
2312:
2289:
2248:
2228:
2169:, the neutrino is ânaturallyâ a Majorana fermion.
2075:(assuming no other, unknown gauge charges exist).
2055:
1979:
1936:
1908:
1888:
1865:
1684:
1612:
1562:
1535:
1515:
1492:
1420:{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}=\gamma _{i}^{\dagger }}
1419:
1371:
1312:
1257:
1179:
1106:
1064:
981:
906:
879:
860:can be written in terms of two Majorana operators
852:
825:
805:
778:
746:
727:wave function), whereas the annihilation operator
715:
695:
2520:Majorana bound states in quantum error correction
1980:{\displaystyle \mathrm {Cl} (\mathbb {R} ^{n})}
57:
3472:Moore, Gregory; Read, Nicholas (August 1991).
1372:{\displaystyle \gamma _{2}=i(f^{\dagger }-f).}
6133:
6003:"Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires"
502:
8:
5286:Chen, Mingyang; et al. (6 March 2018).
1660:
1634:
2203:Mathematically, the superconductor imposes
1313:{\displaystyle \gamma _{1}=f^{\dagger }+f,}
6868:
6864:
6617:
6608:
6422:
6413:
6336:
6170:
6161:
6140:
6126:
6118:
2056:{\displaystyle T_{3}=\pm {\tfrac {1}{2}},}
509:
495:
38:
6084:
6018:
5977:
5896:
5838:
5785:
5707:
5646:
5601:
5583:
5526:
5481:
5471:
5453:
5412:
5394:
5337:
5311:
5230:
5149:
5084:
4970:
4908:
4845:
4804:
4707:
4642:
4547:
4483:
4422:
4360:
4297:
4258:
4232:
4189:
4163:
4106:
4052:
3990:
3937:
3882:
3819:
3711:
3699:Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
3648:
3593:
3530:
3499:
3432:
3374:
3319:
3219:
3120:
3065:
2867:
2799:
2721:
2509:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
2469:
2462:
2450:
2448:
2302:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2241:
2212:
2038:
2026:
2020:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1951:
1949:
1929:
1901:
1881:
1857:
1844:
1822:
1809:
1790:
1777:
1767:
1754:
1741:
1731:
1709:
1703:
1673:
1654:
1641:
1632:
1575:
1554:
1548:
1528:
1505:
1500:. Using this convention, a collection of
1478:
1468:
1463:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1411:
1406:
1393:
1387:
1351:
1332:
1326:
1295:
1282:
1276:
1243:
1227:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1165:
1149:
1130:
1122:
1099:
1047:
1031:
1010:
1001:
995:
967:
951:
930:
922:
898:
892:
871:
865:
844:
838:
818:
797:
791:
770:
765:
759:
738:
732:
708:
687:
682:
676:
5954:"Evidence Found for a Majorana "Cousin""
3730:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-030212-184337
2351:as a substitute for the superconductor.
2290:{\displaystyle {\gamma ^{\dagger }(-E)}}
2709:International Journal of Modern Physics
2591:
2145:; it is being searched for by both the
41:
5952:Wright, Katherine (15 February 2023).
2555:Majorana bound states in Kitaev chains
2432:, and were observed by researchers at
779:{\displaystyle \gamma _{j}^{\dagger }}
696:{\displaystyle \gamma _{j}^{\dagger }}
2761:Schechter, J.; Valle, J.W.F. (1982).
2609:the pronunciation of physicist's name
7:
27:Fermion that is its own antiparticle
5827:Quantum Information and Computation
3778:"Majorana particle glimpsed in lab"
2402:HgTe with superconducting contacts
2385:reported observation of fractional
703:creates a fermion in quantum state
665:creation and annihilation operators
5151:10.1126/science.2020.367.6473.twis
2007:, so they cannot have fundamental
1955:
1952:
25:
2625:Ettore Majorana Scientific Papers
175:Physics beyond the Standard Model
7184:
7077:Timeline of particle discoveries
5132:Jelena Stajic (3 January 2020).
3776:Amos, Jonathan (13 April 2012).
2355:Experiments in superconductivity
645:particles can be described by a
527:
6001:Kitaev, A Yu (1 October 2001).
5051:Conover, Emily (20 July 2017).
4604:(Press release). 2 October 2014
3925:The European Physical Journal B
2513:scanning tunneling spectroscopy
2408:proximitized to superconductors
5665:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.030403
5134:"Looking for chiral Majoranas"
5057:Science News (sciencenews.org)
4379:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.177002
4316:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.077001
3636:Reports on Progress in Physics
3549:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.096407
3139:10.1016/j.physletb.2013.04.039
2886:10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.151801
2526:quantum error correcting codes
2370:Delft University of Technology
2366:Kavli Institute of Nanoscience
2349:fractional quantum Hall effect
2283:
2274:
2256:to the annihilation operator
2223:
2217:
2132:Neutrinoless double beta decay
1974:
1959:
1841:
1828:
1796:
1724:
1475:
1456:
1363:
1344:
1249:
1220:
1171:
1142:
1053:
1024:
973:
944:
1:
3667:10.1088/0034-4885/75/7/076501
3084:10.1016/S0370-2693(00)00358-0
2441:quantum anomalous Hall effect
2434:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
2419:scanning tunneling microscope
2103:electroweak symmetry breaking
593:electroweak symmetry breaking
119:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
7093:History of subatomic physics
6037:10.1070/1063-7869/44/10S/S29
3501:10.1016/0550-3213(91)90407-O
3451:10.1070/1063-7869/44/10S/S29
2639:10.1007/978-3-540-48095-2_10
2334:topological quantum computer
853:{\displaystyle f^{\dagger }}
572:. They were hypothesised by
6072:American Journal of Physics
2839:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.1427
2505:Chinese Academy of Sciences
2097:and anomalously small S.M.
1613:{\displaystyle i=1,2,..,2n}
1563:{\displaystyle \gamma _{i}}
907:{\displaystyle \gamma _{2}}
880:{\displaystyle \gamma _{1}}
806:{\displaystyle \gamma _{j}}
747:{\displaystyle \gamma _{j}}
7232:
5915:10.1038/s41586-022-05585-1
5804:10.1103/PhysRevB.87.045130
5726:10.1103/PhysRevB.92.245139
5545:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083
5405:10.1038/s41467-020-20529-x
5330:10.1038/s41467-018-03404-8
4864:10.1038/s42254-021-00328-z
4125:10.1103/PhysRevB.87.241401
3956:10.1140/epjb/e2004-00066-4
3612:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.161408
3420:Physics-Uspekhi Supplement
3238:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083
3029:10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.852
2229:{\displaystyle \gamma (E)}
149:Standard Model mathematics
29:
7182:
6867:
5515:Reviews of Modern Physics
3763:10.1038/nature.2012.10124
3393:10.1103/PhysRevB.61.10267
3207:Reviews of Modern Physics
2740:10.1142/S0218301311020186
2534:projective representation
2501:iron-based superconductor
2364:in 2012. A team from the
2190:superconducting materials
560:), also referred to as a
7110:mathematical formulation
6705:Eta and eta prime mesons
5198:"Editorial Retraction".
3283:10.1103/PhysRevB.44.9667
2984:10.1103/PhysRevD.32.1266
2939:10.1103/PhysRevD.28.2341
2792:10.1103/PhysRevD.25.2951
2383:University of Notre Dame
2198:Bogoliubov quasiparticle
671:: The creation operator
600:condensed matter physics
30:Not to be confused with
6772:Double-charm tetraquark
5635:Physical Review Letters
5572:npj Quantum Information
5473:10.1073/pnas.1919753117
5249:10.1126/science.aao1797
5103:10.1126/science.aax6361
5024:10.1126/science.adf7575
4989:10.1126/science.aag2792
4726:10.1126/science.aan3670
4566:10.1126/science.1259327
4502:10.1126/science.aaf3961
4348:Physical Review Letters
4285:Physical Review Letters
3838:10.1126/science.1222360
3518:Physical Review Letters
3160:Wilczek, Frank (2009).
3008:Physical Review Letters
2855:Physical Review Letters
2818:Physical Review Letters
2561:topologically protected
2157:. In theories based on
2073:truly neutral particles
1429:squares to the identity
1382:It is easy to see that
1107:{\displaystyle \gamma }
137:Electroweak interaction
5857:10.26421/QIC15.11-12-6
4834:Nature Reviews Physics
4789:10.1126/sciadv.aar5251
4441:10.1038/nnano.2013.267
2485:
2361:topological insulators
2314:
2291:
2250:
2230:
2093:introduced to explain
2086:
2057:
1981:
1938:
1910:
1890:
1867:
1686:
1614:
1564:
1537:
1517:
1494:
1421:
1373:
1314:
1259:
1181:
1108:
1066:
983:
908:
881:
854:
827:
807:
780:
748:
717:
697:
615:non-Abelian statistics
583:With the exception of
141:Quantum chromodynamics
85:
7169:Waveâparticle duality
7159:Relativistic particle
6296:Electron antineutrino
5979:10.1103/Physics.16.24
5383:Nature Communications
5300:Nature Communications
5018:(Retracted, see
4411:Nature Nanotechnology
4220:Nature Communications
2486:
2400:topological insulator
2393:by a factor of 2) in
2315:
2292:
2251:
2231:
2184:Majorana bound states
2155:Large Hadron Collider
2081:
2058:
1982:
1939:
1911:
1891:
1868:
1687:
1620:) obey the following
1615:
1565:
1538:
1518:
1495:
1422:
1374:
1315:
1260:
1182:
1109:
1067:
984:
909:
882:
855:
828:
808:
781:
749:
718:
698:
171:Neutrino oscillations
91:of the Standard Model
84:
7216:Quantum field theory
6399:FaddeevâPopov ghosts
6149:Particles in physics
5833:(11â12): 0962â0986.
5603:10.1038/npjqi.2015.1
2447:
2430:quantum spin liquids
2423:Princeton University
2301:
2260:
2240:
2211:
2095:neutrino oscillation
2019:
1991:Elementary particles
1948:
1928:
1900:
1880:
1702:
1631:
1574:
1547:
1543:ordinary fermions),
1527:
1504:
1435:
1386:
1325:
1275:
1192:
1121:
1098:
994:
921:
891:
864:
837:
817:
790:
758:
731:
707:
675:
611:fundamental particle
111:Quantum field theory
89:Elementary particles
7174:Particle chauvinism
7117:Subatomic particles
6095:2011AmJPh..79..485P
6029:2001PhyU...44..131K
5970:2023PhyOJ..16...24W
5907:2023Natur.614..445D
5849:2014arXiv1408.3379H
5796:2013PhRvB..87d5130B
5718:2015PhRvB..92x5139Z
5657:2010PhRvL.105c0403B
5594:2015npjQI...115001S
5537:2008RvMP...80.1083N
5464:2020PNAS..117.8775M
5322:2018NatCo...9..970C
5241:2018Sci...362..333W
5095:2020Sci...367...64K
4981:2017Sci...357..294H
4919:2016NatMa..15..733B
4856:2021NatRP...3..541J
4781:2018SciA....4.5251K
4718:2017Sci...358..772J
4653:2017NatPh..13..286F
4558:2014Sci...346..602N
4494:2016Sci...354.1557D
4478:(6319): 1557â1562.
4433:2014NatNa...9...79L
4371:2010PhRvL.105q7002O
4308:2010PhRvL.105g7001L
4251:10.1038/ncomms10303
4243:2016NatCo...710303W
4174:2014NatSR...4E7261D
4117:2013PhRvB..87x1401C
4063:2012NatPh...8..887D
4001:2012NanoL..12.6414D
3948:2004EPJB...37..349K
3893:2012NatPh...8..795R
3830:2012Sci...336.1003M
3814:(6084): 1003â1007.
3722:2013ARCMP...4..113B
3659:2012RPPh...75g6501A
3604:2009PhRvB..79p1408F
3541:2008PhRvL.100i6407F
3492:1991NuPhB.360..362M
3443:2001PhyU...44..131K
3385:2000PhRvB..6110267R
3369:(15): 10267â10297.
3330:1999JETPL..70..609V
3275:1991PhRvB..44.9667K
3230:2008RvMP...80.1083N
3183:2009NatPh...5..614W
3131:2013PhLB..722..341H
3076:2000PhLB..480..181P
3021:1989PhRvL..62..852B
2976:1985PhRvD..32.1266R
2931:1983PhRvD..28.2341K
2878:2011PhRvL.106o1801T
2831:1983PhRvL..50.1427K
2784:1982PhRvD..25.2951S
2732:2011IJMPE..20.1833R
2677:1937NCim...14..171M
2549:quantum computation
2545:quantum information
2421:, by scientists at
2391:Josephson frequency
2322:Majorana zero modes
2159:leftâright symmetry
2153:experiments at the
1523:Majorana fermions (
1473:
1452:
1416:
775:
692:
669:second quantization
658:complex conjugation
5184:. 3 January 2020.
4152:Scientific Reports
3162:"Majorana returns"
2685:10.1007/bf02961314
2567:consisting of two
2481:
2479:
2460:
2330:non-abelian anyons
2313:{\displaystyle -E}
2310:
2287:
2246:
2226:
2087:
2053:
2048:
1977:
1934:
1906:
1886:
1863:
1817:
1723:
1682:
1610:
1560:
1533:
1516:{\displaystyle 2n}
1513:
1490:
1459:
1438:
1417:
1402:
1369:
1310:
1255:
1218:
1177:
1140:
1104:
1062:
1022:
979:
942:
904:
877:
850:
823:
803:
776:
761:
744:
713:
693:
678:
86:
18:Majorana particles
7198:
7197:
7154:Massless particle
6962:
6961:
6958:
6957:
6923:
6922:
6786:
6785:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6546:Magnetic monopole
6494:
6493:
6385:
6384:
6326:
6325:
6306:Muon antineutrino
6291:Electron neutrino
6103:10.1119/1.3549729
5891:(7948): 445â450.
5774:Physical Review B
5696:Physical Review B
5448:(16): 8775â8782.
5225:(6412): 333â335.
5180:(Press release).
4965:(6348): 294â299.
4702:(6364): 772â776.
4661:10.1038/nphys3947
4542:(6209): 602â607.
4182:10.1038/srep07261
4101:(24): 241401(R).
4095:Physical Review B
4071:10.1038/nphys2479
4009:10.1021/nl303758w
3985:(12): 6414â6419.
3901:10.1038/nphys2429
3581:Physical Review B
3479:Nuclear Physics B
3362:Physical Review B
3269:(17): 9667â9677.
3262:Physical Review B
3191:10.1038/nphys1380
3108:Physics Letters B
3053:Physics Letters B
2963:Physical Review D
2918:Physical Review D
2825:(19): 1427â1430.
2778:(11): 2951â2954.
2771:Physical Review D
2661:Translated from:
2648:978-3-540-48091-4
2577:Andreev tunneling
2511:, when they used
2478:
2459:
2395:indium antimonide
2389:(decrease of the
2379:Purdue University
2374:indium antimonide
2249:{\displaystyle E}
2091:sterile neutrinos
2069:sterile neutrinos
2047:
1997:sterile neutrinos
1937:{\displaystyle n}
1909:{\displaystyle B}
1889:{\displaystyle A}
1805:
1705:
1536:{\displaystyle n}
1217:
1139:
1058:
1021:
1020:
941:
940:
826:{\displaystyle f}
716:{\displaystyle j}
654:Majorana equation
562:Majorana particle
519:
518:
167:Hierarchy problem
163:Strong CP problem
16:(Redirected from
7223:
7188:
7164:Virtual particle
6935:Mesonic molecule
6869:
6865:
6710:Bottom eta meson
6618:
6609:
6581:WâČ and ZâČ bosons
6571:Sterile neutrino
6556:Majorana fermion
6423:
6414:
6337:
6316:Tau antineutrino
6171:
6162:
6142:
6135:
6128:
6119:
6114:
6088:
6057:
6056:
6022:
6020:cond-mat/0010440
6013:(10S): 131â136.
5998:
5992:
5991:
5981:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5900:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5842:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5789:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5744:
5738:
5737:
5711:
5691:
5685:
5684:
5650:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5605:
5587:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5530:
5521:(3): 1083â1159.
5510:
5504:
5503:
5485:
5475:
5457:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5416:
5398:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5341:
5315:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5234:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5195:
5189:
5188:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5153:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5088:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5048:
5042:
5041:
5037:Retraction Watch
5016:
4974:
4953:
4947:
4946:
4927:10.1038/nmat4604
4912:
4896:Nature Materials
4890:
4884:
4883:
4849:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4769:Science Advances
4760:
4754:
4753:
4711:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4646:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4551:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4487:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4426:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4364:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4301:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4262:
4236:
4210:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4167:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4110:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4056:
4035:
4029:
4028:
3994:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3941:
3939:cond-mat/0210148
3919:
3913:
3912:
3886:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3823:
3801:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3715:
3706:(113): 113â136.
3693:
3687:
3686:
3652:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3597:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3534:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3486:(2â3): 362â396.
3469:
3463:
3462:
3436:
3434:cond-mat/0010440
3427:(131): 131â136.
3411:
3405:
3404:
3378:
3376:cond-mat/9906453
3356:
3350:
3349:
3338:10.1134/1.568223
3323:
3321:cond-mat/9909426
3301:
3295:
3294:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3223:
3214:(3): 1083â1159.
3201:
3195:
3194:
3166:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3124:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3069:
3060:(1â2): 181â186.
3047:
3041:
3040:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2970:(5): 1266â1268.
2957:
2951:
2950:
2925:(9): 2341â2344.
2912:
2906:
2905:
2871:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2767:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2725:
2716:(9): 1833â1930.
2703:
2697:
2696:
2665:Il Nuovo Cimento
2660:
2628:
2618:
2612:
2601:
2596:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2464:
2461:
2452:
2387:Josephson effect
2319:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2273:
2272:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2178:cold dark matter
2174:toroidal moments
2167:seesaw mechanism
2143:hadron colliders
2107:seesaw mechanism
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2030:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1958:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1922:Clifford algebra
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1851:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1771:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1736:
1735:
1722:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1659:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1472:
1467:
1451:
1446:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1398:
1397:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1337:
1336:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1287:
1286:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1132:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1036:
1035:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1006:
1005:
988:
986:
985:
980:
972:
971:
956:
955:
943:
936:
932:
913:
911:
910:
905:
903:
902:
886:
884:
883:
878:
876:
875:
859:
857:
856:
851:
849:
848:
832:
830:
829:
824:
812:
810:
809:
804:
802:
801:
785:
783:
782:
777:
774:
769:
753:
751:
750:
745:
743:
742:
723:(described by a
722:
720:
719:
714:
702:
700:
699:
694:
691:
686:
644:
642:
641:
638:
635:
568:that is its own
559:
558:
555:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
523:Majorana fermion
511:
504:
497:
103:Particle physics
56:
47:particle physics
39:
21:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7220:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7194:
7178:
7132:Nuclear physics
7081:
7045:
6981:Davydov soliton
6954:
6919:
6893:
6854:
6782:
6754:
6681:
6590:
6490:
6449:
6403:
6381:
6363:
6322:
6242:
6151:
6146:
6068:
6065:
6063:Further reading
6060:
6007:Physics-Uspekhi
6000:
5999:
5995:
5951:
5950:
5946:
5877:
5876:
5872:
5824:
5823:
5819:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5754:
5752:topocondmat.org
5746:
5745:
5741:
5693:
5692:
5688:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5363:
5295:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5172:
5171:
5167:
5144:(6473): 36â38.
5131:
5130:
5126:
5079:(6473): 64â67.
5069:
5068:
5064:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5017:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4775:(5): eaar5251.
4762:
4761:
4757:
4689:
4688:
4684:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4091:
4090:
4086:
4047:(12): 887â895.
4037:
4036:
4032:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3877:(11): 795â799.
3866:
3865:
3861:
3803:
3802:
3798:
3788:
3786:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3695:
3694:
3690:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2662:
2649:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2557:
2522:
2465:
2445:
2444:
2357:
2345:Shockley states
2299:
2298:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2238:
2237:
2209:
2208:
2186:
2099:neutrino masses
2083:Ettore Majorana
2022:
2017:
2016:
2009:Majorana masses
1993:
1962:
1946:
1945:
1926:
1925:
1898:
1897:
1878:
1877:
1853:
1840:
1818:
1786:
1773:
1763:
1750:
1737:
1727:
1700:
1699:
1669:
1650:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1622:anticommutation
1572:
1571:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1525:
1524:
1502:
1501:
1474:
1433:
1432:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1347:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1291:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1239:
1223:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1161:
1145:
1119:
1118:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1043:
1027:
997:
992:
991:
963:
947:
919:
918:
894:
889:
888:
867:
862:
861:
840:
835:
834:
815:
814:
793:
788:
787:
756:
755:
734:
729:
728:
705:
704:
673:
672:
639:
636:
633:
632:
630:
623:
574:Ettore Majorana
530:
526:
515:
486:
485:
186:
178:
177:
173:
169:
165:
160:
152:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
126:
125:
123:Higgs mechanism
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
100:
92:
83:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7229:
7227:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7203:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7191:Physics portal
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7145:
7144:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7105:Standard Model
7102:
7101:
7100:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7072:Quasiparticles
7069:
7064:
7059:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6968:Quasiparticles
6964:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6924:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6875:
6873:
6862:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6764:
6762:
6760:Exotic hadrons
6756:
6755:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6691:
6689:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6626:
6624:
6615:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6589:
6588:
6586:X and Y bosons
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6502:
6500:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6420:
6411:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6395:
6393:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6373:
6371:
6365:
6364:
6362:
6361:
6359:W and Z bosons
6356:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6334:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6252:
6250:
6244:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6213:Strange (quark
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6179:
6177:
6168:
6159:
6153:
6152:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6079:(5): 485â498.
6064:
6061:
6059:
6058:
5993:
5944:
5870:
5817:
5764:
5739:
5702:(24): 245139.
5686:
5625:
5558:
5505:
5428:
5376:
5372:
5361:
5293:
5289:
5278:
5209:
5190:
5165:
5124:
5062:
5043:
4948:
4903:(7): 733â740.
4885:
4840:(8): 541â554.
4820:
4755:
4682:
4637:(3): 286â291.
4630:Nature Physics
4615:
4587:
4523:
4462:
4400:
4355:(17): 177002.
4337:
4274:
4205:
4138:
4084:
4041:Nature Physics
4030:
3969:
3932:(3): 349â361.
3914:
3870:Nature Physics
3859:
3796:
3768:
3743:
3688:
3625:
3588:(16): 161408.
3570:
3507:
3464:
3406:
3351:
3314:(9): 609â614.
3296:
3251:
3196:
3177:(9): 614â618.
3170:Nature Physics
3152:
3115:(8): 341â346.
3097:
3067:hep-ph/0003010
3042:
3015:(8): 852â854.
2997:
2952:
2907:
2862:(15): 151801.
2844:
2807:
2753:
2698:
2671:(4): 171â184.
2667:(in Italian).
2647:
2613:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2556:
2553:
2521:
2518:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2356:
2353:
2341:quantum vortex
2309:
2306:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2245:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2185:
2182:
2115:Dirac fermions
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2001:Standard Model
1992:
1989:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1933:
1905:
1885:
1874:
1873:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1693:
1692:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1557:
1553:
1532:
1512:
1509:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1320:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1266:
1265:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1187:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1126:
1103:
1088:
1085:
1073:
1072:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1000:
989:
978:
975:
970:
966:
962:
959:
954:
950:
946:
939:
935:
929:
926:
901:
897:
874:
870:
847:
843:
822:
800:
796:
773:
768:
764:
741:
737:
712:
690:
685:
681:
622:
619:
589:Standard Model
517:
516:
514:
513:
506:
499:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
107:Standard Model
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
87:
50:
49:
43:Standard Model
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7228:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7149:Exotic matter
7147:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7138:
7137:Eightfold way
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7127:Antiparticles
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7095:
7094:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7058:
7055:
7054:
7052:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6932:
6930:
6926:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6798:Atomic nuclei
6796:
6795:
6793:
6789:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6730:Upsilon meson
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6662:Lambda baryon
6660:
6658:
6655:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6521:Dual graviton
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6418:Superpartners
6415:
6412:
6410:
6406:
6400:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6301:Muon neutrino
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6253:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6233:Bottom (quark
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6138:
6136:
6131:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6067:
6066:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5948:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5874:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5780:(4): 045130.
5779:
5775:
5768:
5765:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5687:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5641:(3): 030403.
5640:
5636:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5506:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5432:
5429:
5424:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5365:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5282:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5213:
5210:
5205:
5201:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5169:
5166:
5161:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5066:
5063:
5058:
5054:
5047:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4952:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4889:
4886:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4756:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4619:
4616:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4466:
4463:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4341:
4338:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4292:(7): 077001.
4291:
4287:
4286:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4216:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4142:
4139:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3797:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3643:(7): 076501.
3642:
3638:
3637:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3525:(9): 096407.
3524:
3520:
3519:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3415:Kitaev, A. Yu
3410:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3308:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3208:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3001:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2953:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2819:
2811:
2808:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2581:Alexei Kitaev
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2456:
2453:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2307:
2304:
2280:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2243:
2220:
2214:
2206:
2205:electron hole
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:quasiparticle
2191:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:neutrino mass
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2122:lepton number
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2023:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:gauge charges
2002:
1998:
1990:
1988:
1969:
1931:
1923:
1919:
1918:antisymmetric
1903:
1883:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1555:
1551:
1530:
1510:
1507:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1412:
1407:
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1115:
1101:
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1082:
1078:
1077:supersymmetry
1059:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1017:
1013:
1007:
1002:
998:
990:
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960:
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726:
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683:
679:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
650:wave equation
648:
628:
620:
618:
616:
612:
608:
605:
604:quasiparticle
601:
596:
594:
590:
587:, all of the
586:
581:
579:
578:Dirac fermion
575:
571:
567:
563:
557:
524:
512:
507:
505:
500:
498:
493:
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490:
489:
482:
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7189:
6860:Hypothetical
6808:Exotic atoms
6677:Omega baryon
6667:Sigma baryon
6657:Delta baryon
6555:
6409:Hypothetical
6391:Ghost fields
6377:Higgs boson
6311:Tau neutrino
6203:Charm (quark
6076:
6070:
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6006:
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5961:
5957:
5947:
5888:
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5830:
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5767:
5755:. Retrieved
5751:
5742:
5699:
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5638:
5634:
5628:
5578:(1): 15001.
5575:
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5299:
5281:
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5206:(6621): 718.
5203:
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5178:ScienceDaily
5177:
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5076:
5072:
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4833:
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4618:
4606:. Retrieved
4599:
4590:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4417:(1): 79â84.
4414:
4410:
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4098:
4094:
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4044:
4040:
4033:
3982:
3979:Nano Letters
3978:
3972:
3929:
3923:
3917:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3811:
3805:
3799:
3787:. Retrieved
3781:
3771:
3752:
3746:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3585:
3579:
3573:
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3510:
3483:
3477:
3467:
3424:
3418:
3409:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3311:
3307:JETP Letters
3305:
3299:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3174:
3168:
3155:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3012:
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3000:
2967:
2961:
2955:
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2853:
2847:
2822:
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2775:
2769:
2756:
2713:
2707:
2701:
2668:
2664:
2624:
2616:
2594:
2569:quantum dots
2565:Kitaev chain
2558:
2542:
2523:
2494:
2438:
2427:
2412:
2404:
2358:
2338:
2321:
2202:
2187:
2171:
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2130:
2124:and even of
2119:
2088:
2013:weak isospin
1994:
1944:dimensions (
1875:
1694:
1381:
1267:
1090:
1074:
724:
662:
624:
597:
582:
570:antiparticle
561:
522:
520:
133:Constituents
115:Gauge theory
36:
7142:Quark model
6910:Theta meson
6813:Positronium
6725:Omega meson
6720:J/psi meson
6650:Antineutron
6561:Dark photon
6526:Graviphoton
6485:Stop squark
6193:Down (quark
3754:Nature News
2801:10550/47205
2629:. pp.
2538:braid group
2065:charge-like
1624:identities
1081:neutralinos
647:real-valued
607:excitations
311:Chamberlain
159:Limitations
7205:Categories
6884:Heptaquark
6845:Superatoms
6778:Pentaquark
6768:Tetraquark
6750:Quarkonium
6640:Antiproton
6541:Leptoquark
6476:Neutralino
6238:antiquark)
6228:antiquark)
6223:Top (quark
6218:antiquark)
6208:antiquark)
6198:antiquark)
6188:antiquark)
6157:Elementary
5898:2206.08045
5709:1508.04166
5585:1501.02813
5455:1911.03802
5396:2006.12840
5313:1706.06074
5232:1706.06074
5182:Penn State
5086:1904.06463
4972:1606.05712
4910:1504.08037
4847:2103.13210
4709:1710.04662
4644:1611.02707
4485:1612.07989
4234:1503.05591
2587:References
2530:toric code
2297:at energy
2236:at energy
2136:beta decay
2105:), by the
1087:Identities
281:Iliopoulos
191:Rutherford
185:Scientists
145:CKM matrix
99:Background
7122:Particles
7067:Particles
7026:Polariton
7016:Plasmaron
6986:Dropleton
6879:Hexaquark
6850:Molecules
6838:Protonium
6715:Phi meson
6700:Rho meson
6672:Xi baryon
6604:Composite
6440:Gravitino
6183:Up (quark
6111:118685467
6086:1006.1718
6053:250872768
6045:1468-4780
5988:257616165
5939:249712114
5923:1476-4687
5840:1408.3379
5787:1208.4834
5757:7 October
5734:118701510
5648:1004.1838
5620:116918566
5612:2056-6387
5553:119628297
5528:0707.1889
5500:207852777
5257:0036-8075
5160:240657983
5119:209677626
4997:0036-8075
4880:232335790
4872:2522-5820
4797:2375-2548
4734:0036-8075
4669:1745-2473
4608:3 October
4582:206561257
4549:1410.0682
4424:1302.2611
4362:1003.1145
4299:1002.4033
4227:: 10303.
4165:1406.4435
4133:118487534
4108:1303.2407
4079:119297473
4054:1205.7073
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3992:1204.4130
3964:119549172
3909:119104344
3884:1204.4212
3821:1204.2792
3713:1112.1950
3683:206021454
3650:1202.1293
3595:0804.4469
3532:0707.1692
3401:119427877
3346:118970615
3246:119628297
3221:0707.1889
3122:1211.0503
2869:1011.3522
2748:119102859
2723:1106.1334
2573:tunneling
2547:within a
2326:fermionic
2305:−
2278:−
2270:†
2266:γ
2215:γ
2111:GUT scale
2036:±
1855:γ
1820:γ
1807:∑
1788:γ
1765:γ
1752:γ
1729:γ
1707:∑
1671:δ
1652:γ
1639:γ
1552:γ
1470:†
1461:γ
1440:γ
1413:†
1404:γ
1391:γ
1358:−
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1330:γ
1297:†
1280:γ
1241:γ
1234:−
1225:γ
1201:†
1163:γ
1147:γ
1102:γ
1045:γ
1038:−
1029:γ
1003:†
965:γ
949:γ
896:γ
869:γ
846:†
795:γ
772:†
763:γ
736:γ
689:†
680:γ
585:neutrinos
471:de Mayolo
416:Schwinger
356:Kobayashi
246:Gell-Mann
211:Sudarshan
7211:Fermions
7098:timeline
6950:R-hadron
6905:Glueball
6889:Skyrmion
6823:Tauonium
6536:Inflaton
6531:Graviton
6511:Curvaton
6481:Sfermion
6471:Higgsino
6466:Chargino
6427:Gauginos
6286:Neutrino
6271:Antimuon
6261:Positron
6256:Electron
6166:Fermions
5931:36792741
5865:36122810
5812:96451256
5673:20867748
5492:32253317
5423:33436594
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5265:30115743
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5032:36395244
5005:28729508
4935:27043779
4815:29756034
4750:29851188
4742:29025997
4677:85510646
4601:Phys.org
4574:25278507
4510:28008065
4449:24336403
4395:14736864
4387:21231073
4324:20868069
4269:26792013
4200:25434375
4158:: 7261.
4017:23181691
3854:18447180
3846:22499805
3789:15 April
3783:BBC News
3738:54577113
3675:22790778
3620:15398390
3557:18352737
3147:15472526
3092:14251522
3037:10040354
2902:42414212
2894:21568545
2693:18973190
2657:17529013
2499:) in an
1093:operator
1079:models,
461:Guralnik
406:Politzer
381:'t Hooft
336:Weinberg
331:Majorana
321:Schwartz
286:Lederman
271:Anderson
261:Friedman
221:Anderson
216:Davis Jr
201:Chadwick
7086:Related
7057:Baryons
7031:Polaron
7021:Plasmon
6996:Fracton
6991:Exciton
6945:Diquark
6940:Pomeron
6915:T meson
6872:Baryons
6833:Pionium
6818:Muonium
6745:D meson
6740:B meson
6645:Neutron
6630:Nucleon
6622:Baryons
6613:Hadrons
6576:Tachyon
6551:Majoron
6516:Dilaton
6445:Photino
6281:Antitau
6248:Leptons
6091:Bibcode
6025:Bibcode
5966:Bibcode
5958:Physics
5903:Bibcode
5845:Bibcode
5792:Bibcode
5714:Bibcode
5681:5285193
5653:Bibcode
5590:Bibcode
5533:Bibcode
5483:7183215
5460:Bibcode
5414:7804303
5356:3706042
5339:5840178
5318:Bibcode
5237:Bibcode
5219:Science
5200:Science
5138:Science
5091:Bibcode
5073:Science
5013:3904085
4977:Bibcode
4959:Science
4943:3406627
4915:Bibcode
4852:Bibcode
4806:5947976
4777:Bibcode
4714:Bibcode
4696:Science
4649:Bibcode
4554:Bibcode
4535:Science
4518:5219260
4490:Bibcode
4472:Science
4457:9579343
4429:Bibcode
4367:Bibcode
4332:8863469
4304:Bibcode
4260:4735757
4239:Bibcode
4191:4248274
4170:Bibcode
4113:Bibcode
4059:Bibcode
3997:Bibcode
3944:Bibcode
3889:Bibcode
3826:Bibcode
3807:Science
3718:Bibcode
3655:Bibcode
3600:Bibcode
3565:7618062
3537:Bibcode
3488:Bibcode
3459:9458459
3439:Bibcode
3381:Bibcode
3326:Bibcode
3291:9998953
3271:Bibcode
3226:Bibcode
3179:Bibcode
3127:Bibcode
3072:Bibcode
3017:Bibcode
2992:9956279
2972:Bibcode
2947:1935565
2927:Bibcode
2874:Bibcode
2827:Bibcode
2780:Bibcode
2728:Bibcode
2673:Bibcode
2605:YouTube
2536:of the
1431:, i.e.
643:
631:
566:fermion
564:, is a
446:Englert
421:Wilczek
386:Veltman
361:Maskawa
316:Cabibbo
276:Glashow
251:Kendall
236:Feynman
196:Thomson
32:Majoron
7062:Mesons
7011:Phonon
7006:Magnon
6928:Others
6898:Mesons
6791:Others
6687:Mesons
6635:Proton
6499:Others
6454:Others
6435:Gluino
6369:Scalar
6349:Photon
6332:Bosons
6175:Quarks
6109:
6051:
6043:
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5964:: 24.
5937:
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5885:Nature
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2633:â233.
2497:anyons
2165:, the
1876:where
1057:
621:Theory
476:Lattes
466:Kibble
426:Cronin
411:Reines
376:Yukawa
291:Maiani
266:Powell
256:Taylor
241:Rubbia
7050:Lists
7041:Trion
7036:Roton
6976:Anyon
6803:Atoms
6566:Preon
6506:Axion
6461:Axino
6354:Gluon
6341:Gauge
6107:S2CID
6081:arXiv
6049:S2CID
6015:arXiv
5984:S2CID
5935:S2CID
5893:arXiv
5861:S2CID
5835:arXiv
5808:S2CID
5782:arXiv
5730:S2CID
5704:arXiv
5677:S2CID
5643:arXiv
5616:S2CID
5580:arXiv
5549:S2CID
5523:arXiv
5496:S2CID
5450:arXiv
5391:arXiv
5352:S2CID
5308:arXiv
5269:S2CID
5227:arXiv
5156:S2CID
5115:S2CID
5081:arXiv
5009:S2CID
4967:arXiv
4939:S2CID
4905:arXiv
4876:S2CID
4842:arXiv
4746:S2CID
4704:arXiv
4673:S2CID
4639:arXiv
4578:S2CID
4544:arXiv
4514:S2CID
4480:arXiv
4453:S2CID
4419:arXiv
4391:S2CID
4357:arXiv
4328:S2CID
4294:arXiv
4229:arXiv
4160:arXiv
4129:S2CID
4103:arXiv
4075:S2CID
4049:arXiv
4021:S2CID
3987:arXiv
3960:S2CID
3934:arXiv
3905:S2CID
3879:arXiv
3850:S2CID
3816:arXiv
3734:S2CID
3708:arXiv
3679:S2CID
3645:arXiv
3616:S2CID
3590:arXiv
3561:S2CID
3527:arXiv
3455:S2CID
3429:arXiv
3397:S2CID
3371:arXiv
3342:S2CID
3316:arXiv
3242:S2CID
3216:arXiv
3165:(PDF)
3143:S2CID
3117:arXiv
3088:S2CID
3062:arXiv
2943:S2CID
2898:S2CID
2864:arXiv
2766:(PDF)
2744:S2CID
2718:arXiv
2689:S2CID
2653:S2CID
2147:ATLAS
2126:B â L
2003:have
652:(the
481:Zweig
456:Hagen
451:Brout
441:Higgs
436:Vleck
431:Fitch
401:Pauli
391:Gross
366:Mills
351:Salam
306:Nambu
301:Cowan
231:Dirac
226:Fermi
7001:Hole
6828:Onia
6735:Kaon
6695:Pion
6266:Muon
6041:ISSN
5927:PMID
5919:ISSN
5759:2021
5669:PMID
5608:ISSN
5488:PMID
5442:PNAS
5419:PMID
5377:0.45
5373:0.55
5344:PMID
5294:0.45
5290:0.55
5261:PMID
5253:ISSN
5107:PMID
5028:PMID
5001:PMID
4993:ISSN
4931:PMID
4868:ISSN
4811:PMID
4793:ISSN
4738:PMID
4730:ISSN
4665:ISSN
4610:2014
4570:PMID
4506:PMID
4445:PMID
4383:PMID
4320:PMID
4265:PMID
4196:PMID
4013:PMID
3842:PMID
3791:2012
3671:PMID
3553:PMID
3287:PMID
3033:PMID
2988:PMID
2890:PMID
2643:ISBN
2575:and
2507:and
2415:2014
2381:and
2192:, a
2149:and
2089:The
1916:are
1896:and
1695:and
887:and
833:and
786:and
725:real
627:spin
396:Pais
371:Yang
346:Ward
326:Perl
296:Meer
206:Bose
6276:Tau
6099:doi
6033:doi
5974:doi
5911:doi
5889:614
5853:doi
5800:doi
5722:doi
5661:doi
5639:105
5598:doi
5541:doi
5478:PMC
5468:doi
5446:117
5409:PMC
5401:doi
5334:PMC
5326:doi
5245:doi
5223:362
5204:378
5146:doi
5142:367
5099:doi
5077:367
5020:doi
4985:doi
4963:357
4923:doi
4860:doi
4801:PMC
4785:doi
4722:doi
4700:358
4657:doi
4562:doi
4540:346
4498:doi
4476:354
4437:doi
4375:doi
4353:105
4312:doi
4290:105
4255:PMC
4247:doi
4186:PMC
4178:doi
4121:doi
4067:doi
4005:doi
3952:doi
3897:doi
3834:doi
3812:336
3759:doi
3726:doi
3663:doi
3608:doi
3545:doi
3496:doi
3484:360
3447:doi
3389:doi
3334:doi
3279:doi
3234:doi
3187:doi
3135:doi
3113:722
3080:doi
3058:480
3025:doi
2980:doi
2935:doi
2882:doi
2860:106
2835:doi
2796:hdl
2788:doi
2736:doi
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