40:
211:
89:
64:
31:
569:, and the squacco heron. The largest colony of the Malagasy pond heron on record was around 500 pairs in Imerimanjaka Cyperus marsh, near Antananarivo. These 500 pairs were also mixed with 1,500 pairs of squacco herons, resulting in the largest breeding colony of African herons in 1940. Unfortunately, current day pairs usually never exceed 10.
532:
An equally dangerous threat to their survival is competition with the squacco heron, which is spreading vigorously and seems to be more adaptable to man-made structures and icons that encroach on their habitat. This form of heron greatly outnumbers the
Malagasy pond heron in Madagascar and appears to
346:
As they often hide in trees and shrubs at the sight of a human disturbance, distinguishing calls between species is often difficult. The
Malagasy pond heron possesses two calls: a flight call and a burr call. The flight call has a duration of 0.5 s and is used at 5 second intervals as a means to keep
596:
Successful breeding usually results from appropriate courtship displays, which include features such as aerial chases, duets, and crest raising. The incubation period is similar across all the breeding ranges and lasts anywhere from 21–25 days. Normal young possess a green down which can be observed
528:
The main threat for survival of this species is the continual loss of habitat due to the clearing, drainage, and conversion of their wetland environments to rice fields. Moreover, the exploitation of eggs and young is prevalent at many of the breeding sites poses generational problems. As a result,
463:
In terms of interaction, this species is very territorial and communication with other rival birds is limited. As such, they will remain at least 10 m (30 ft) apart if nesting or in flight due to their inconspicuous nature. One observation found two
Malagasy pond herons fighting, grasping
592:
of
Aldabra, breeding increases markedly when the rains arrive during November and December. Whilst the Malagasy pond heron has a large range of habitat, it will only breed in Madagascar and the aforementioned Aldabra. In Madagascar, the area to the west near Antananarivo is the preferred breeding
467:
Nesting tends to be done along the coast and foraging for food is performed well inland, away from the nests. In fact, the closest that an individual heron will get to another apart from breeding is during roosting in their nests. Habitat degradation has resulted in closer roosting and has become
545:
The breeding of the
Malagasy pond heron is colonial, meaning that a large congregation occurs at a particular location for mating. However, both colony size and location numbers have dwindled over the past thirty years. Colony size has dropped from 700 individuals to around 50 whilst breeding
333:
Prior to adulthood, the
Malagasy pond heron will possess a juvenile plumage just before leaving the nest, lasting a few weeks. The juvenile differs from the adult in having a dull orange bill and pale green eyes. The one distinguishing feature of the chick is its thick buff yellow
329:
The primary difference of appearance in the breeding stage is the dominance of a snow white colour over the body a bill of a deep azure blue. When coming out of breeding, an intermediate plumage emerges on the back, and dense plumes sprouting on areas such as the neck and breast.
459:
pattern. It migrates from
Madagascar to the eastern mainland of Africa in May and journeys back to its breeding range in October. Those that have not matured into adult life remain in the non-breeding areas, as there is no benefit in travelling to the breeding zone.
298:
Malagasy pond herons grow to 45–50 cm (18–20 in) in height and anywhere from 250–350 g (9–12 oz) in weight. There is not a large variation in weight between the sexes as they are quite similar in bone body structure.
581:, should they grow large enough. To ward off ground threats, the breeding nests are built 1 to 4 metres above the ground. Should the population colony be mixed with other avian species, they will always occupy the higher nests.
572:
Like many other bird species, the
Malagasy pond heron faces an abundance of predators and as such must nest in trees and bushes in hard-to-access ponds and marshes. The main predator of this heron include the various species of
1489:
529:
their population has declined dramatically over the last 50 years. However, a recently established resource management process labelled GELOSE has helped significantly decrease activity in this species habitat.
484:
There is very limited knowledge on the feeding habits of the
Madagascan pond heron, but it is thought to feed mostly on fishes, aquatic insects and small invertebrates. They may opportunistically eat
557:, papyrus and Cyprus stands with coastal islands also being of extreme importance. Moreover, breeding in Madagascar has resulted in a mixed colony of heron species that include the
314:
and the posterior are a colour mixture of buff and black with brown prominent over the other parts of the body. The bill is predominately green with a black tip whilst the
1013:
Wilmé, Lucienne; Jacquet, Cyril (29 December 2002). "Census of waterbirds and herons nesting at
Tsarasaotra (Alarobia), Antananarivo, during the second semester of 2001".
419:. As a result, their estimated area of occurrence is 553,000 km (214,000 sq mi). They occupy a broad range of Madagascan habitats that include small grassy
1541:
1593:
266:, and spend the non-breeding season in eastern mainland Africa. The population is estimated to number only 1,300–4,000 adults and the species is considered
488:, frogs, toads, mollusks (snails, slugs, etc.), worms, caterpillars (and other larval insects), and even terrestrial reptiles, such as pygmy or juvenile
464:
at each other's bills in the motion of flight. In Africa, instances such as this are scarce as there is rarely more than two on the same body of water.
1699:
1515:
1554:
605:
The conservation status of the Malagasy pond heron has changed dramatically over the last few decades. In 1988, this species was classified as
1619:
1365:
1334:
1261:
1189:
997:
865:
829:
737:
707:
326:
are loosely structured and elongated. Moreover, the lower foreneck feathers are split into fine elongated tips which cover the upper breast.
1080:
Hustler, K.; Marshall, B. E. (1 March 1996). "The Abundance and Food Consumption of Piscivorous Birds on Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe-Zambia".
537:
has declined. Although they are vastly outnumbered, the Malagasy pond heron is presumed to dominate in the interspecific interactions.
1355:
1139:
39:
1724:
1658:
913:
68:
310:
The adults appearance can be split into the non-breeding plumage and the breeding stage. When the species is not breeding, the
1559:
1327:
Waterbirds Around the World: A Global Overview of the Conservation, Management and Research of the World's Waterbird Flyways
621:. The main threats are collection of eggs and young at their breeding colonies and degradation of their wetland habitats.
1580:
500:. A small study, of a single Malagasy heron in Madagascar, showed a varied diet that included fish, crustaceans, frogs,
1714:
1184:. BirdLife Conservation Series. Cambridge; Washington, D.C: BirdLife International and Smithsonian Institution Press.
1598:
584:
Breeding usually starts in the month of October and can extend through to March should the heron be able to lay two
407:. In Madagascar, some of the locations where commonly observed include Lake Alarobia and Tsimbazaza Park (both near
1719:
558:
1158:
210:
88:
886:
Salvan, J. (1972). "Statut, recensement, reproduction des oiseaux dulçaquicoles aux environs de Tananarive".
593:
location whereas the nature conservation sites of Ile aux Aigrettes and Ile aux Cedres of Aldabra are used.
1453:
1380:
183:
322:
are clearly seen in flight and for the most part are white. The feathers on the lower mantle and upper
673:
1663:
1445:
1427:
1089:
943:
769:
1037:
Burger, Joanna; Gochfeld, Michael (1990). "Vertical Nest Stratification in a Herony in Madagascar".
347:
distances between other birds in flight. The burr call is used when rival herons approach the nest.
53:
1650:
1224:
1062:
967:
793:
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614:
267:
83:
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shores. It can be found from sea level to elevation levels up to 1,800 metres (6,000 ft).
412:
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1704:
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951:
777:
668:
1458:
1282:"Distribution, seasonality and habitat preferences of the endangered Madagascar Pond-heron
1709:
1606:
606:
534:
311:
307:
colour are determined by life stage (chick, juvenile, and adult) and reproductive status.
279:
278:
The Malagasy pond heron was first described in 1860 by German physician and ornithologist
200:
546:
locations are limited to only a few colony sites. In Madagascar, colonies are located in
1093:
947:
936:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
773:
650:
456:
319:
140:
1693:
1567:
1432:
915:
International Single Species Action Plan for the Madagascar Pond-heron (Ardeola idae)
659:
585:
473:
73:
597:
about 2 weeks after hatching, which is when they leave the nest for the first time.
797:
562:
469:
408:
335:
1481:
1468:
1101:
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1412:
613:'s red list, but continued pressure on the population resulted in a move to the
589:
566:
509:
501:
485:
1676:
1671:
1494:
547:
489:
436:
404:
367:. During the non-breeding season, they migrate to eastern mainland Africa, in
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789:
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323:
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100:
955:
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One of the key behavioural habits of the Malagasy pond heron is its yearly
30:
1611:
1397:
550:
400:
388:
372:
251:
120:
1520:
1440:
1354:
Hoyo, Josep Del; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi; Cabot, Jose (1992).
1066:
971:
517:
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420:
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300:
1302:
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520:, so feeding on them is not necessarily an option in those locations.
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380:
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110:
1533:
1507:
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757:
1502:
1140:"Waterbird Monitoring in the Antsalova Region, Western Madagascar"
578:
554:
493:
368:
247:
150:
1138:
Razafimanjato, G.; Sam, T. S.; Thorstrom, R. (1 September 2007).
934:
Benson, C. W.; Penny, M. J. (1971). "The Land Birds of Aldabra".
439:. Those that populate the Aldabra region are commonly located in
1624:
610:
428:
424:
304:
130:
1378:
1123:
Dodman, T. (2002). "Waterbird population estimates in Africa".
512:. Amphibians are, for the most part, absent on islands such as
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
1325:
Boere, G. C.; Galbraith, Colin A.; Stroud, David A. (2006).
47:
In breeding plumage (top) and non-breeding plumage (bottom)
1180:
Collar, N. J.; Crosby, M. J.; Stattersfield, A. J. (1994).
1159:
10.1675/1524-4695(2007)030[0441:WMITAR]2.0.CO;2
1015:
Working Group on Birds in the Madagascar Region Newsletter
617:
category in 2000. In 2016, it was further upgraded to
820:
Kushlan, James A.; Hancock, James A. (14 July 2005).
1357:
Handbook of the Birds of the World: Ostrich to Ducks
1182:
Birds to Watch 2: The World List of Threatened Birds
988:
Goodman, Steven; Patterson, Bruce (1 January 1996).
1387:
918:. Convention on Migratory Species. Bonn, Germany.
674:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22697143A93601278.en
1247:
1245:
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983:
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1032:
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990:Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar
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8:
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881:
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849:
847:
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843:
841:
751:
749:
698:Kushlan, James; Hafner, Heinz, eds. (2000).
468:integrated with other heron species such as
1225:"Les crabiers de la campagne de Tananarive"
912:Ndang’ang’a, P.K.; Sande, E., eds. (2008).
907:
905:
903:
901:
1375:
209:
62:
38:
29:
20:
1301:
1125:Wetlands International Consultation Draft
857:Birds of Madagascar: A Photographic Guide
723:
721:
719:
672:
630:
860:. Yale University Press. p. 23.
854:Morris, Pete; Hawkins, Frank (1998).
7:
660:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
758:"Hartlaub's "Birds of Madagascar""
355:The Malagasy pond herons breed in
14:
1700:IUCN Red List endangered species
1254:Guide to the Birds of Madagascar
756:Newton, Alfred (November 1877).
577:that inhabit the range and also
87:
1280:Bunbury, Nancy (January 2014).
1209:. Arles, France: Tour du Valat.
730:The Endemic Birds of Madagascar
649:BirdLife International (2016).
1:
1102:10.1080/00306525.1996.9633777
702:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1286:on Aldabra Atoll: 2009-2012"
992:. Vol. 7. Smithsonian.
1741:
1252:Langrand, Olivier (1990).
1329:. The Stationery Office.
1256:. Yale University Press.
559:black-crowned night heron
221:Blue: Non-breeding range
217:
208:
189:
182:
84:Scientific classification
82:
60:
51:
46:
37:
28:
23:
667:: e.T22697143A93601278.
351:Distribution and habitat
244:Madagascar squacco heron
1725:Birds described in 1860
956:10.1098/rstb.1971.0021
218:Yellow: Breeding range
533:have increased while
240:Madagascar pond heron
238:), also known as the
1232:Naturaliste Malgache
1205:Kushlan, J. (2008).
443:, inland pools, and
24:Malagasy pond heron
1715:Birds of Madagascar
1094:1996Ostri..67...23H
1039:Colonial Waterbirds
948:1971RSPTB.260..417B
774:1877Natur..17....9N
732:. Cambridge: ICBP.
728:Dee, T. J. (1988).
601:Conservation status
411:), wetlands around
286:, without distinct
230:Malagasy pond heron
54:Conservation status
1223:Milon, P. (1949).
700:Heron conservation
246:, is a species of
1687:
1686:
1633:Open Tree of Life
1381:Taxon identifiers
1367:978-84-87334-10-8
1360:. Lynx Edicions.
1336:978-0-11-497333-9
1303:10.1111/ibi.12110
1263:978-0-300-04310-5
1207:Conserving Herons
1191:978-1-56098-528-0
999:978-1-56098-683-6
867:978-0-300-07755-1
831:978-0-19-854981-9
739:978-0-946888-09-2
709:978-0-12-430130-6
282:. The species is
226:
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1732:
1720:Birds of Mayotte
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942:(836): 417–527.
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565:, cattle egret,
254:. They breed in
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607:near threatened
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535:endemic species
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320:flight feathers
318:is yellow. The
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280:Gustav Hartlaub
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16:Species of bird
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1296:(1): 233–235.
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1153:(3): 441–447.
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824:. OUP Oxford.
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474:squacco herons
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250:of the family
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1234:(in French).
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1677:Ardeola-idae
1495:ardeola-idae
1433:Ardeola_idae
1419:Ardeola idae
1389:Ardeola idae
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563:little egret
544:
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510:grasshoppers
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409:Antananarivo
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193:Ardeola idae
192:
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175:A. idae
174:
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161:
18:
1646:SeaLifeBase
1529:iNaturalist
1413:Wikispecies
680:11 November
590:coral atoll
567:great egret
502:dragonflies
486:crustaceans
437:rice fields
303:, eye, and
294:Description
1694:Categories
1672:Xeno-canto
1348:References
1147:Waterbirds
768:(418): 9.
625:References
619:endangered
615:vulnerable
490:chameleons
405:Mozambique
365:Seychelles
357:Madagascar
288:subspecies
268:endangered
264:Seychelles
256:Madagascar
69:Endangered
1312:0019-1019
1167:1524-4695
1110:0030-6525
1059:0738-6028
964:0080-4622
790:1476-4687
588:. On the
575:crocodile
548:phragmite
457:migratory
451:Behaviour
441:mangroves
413:Ampijoroa
324:scapulars
284:monotypic
169:Species:
107:Kingdom:
101:Eukaryota
1573:22697143
1547:10196211
1459:22697143
1454:BirdLife
1398:Wikidata
1021:: 14–21.
586:clutches
551:reedbeds
541:Breeding
401:Zimbabwe
389:DR Congo
373:Tanzania
363:and the
274:Taxonomy
262:and the
252:Ardeidae
201:Hartlaub
151:Ardeidae
147:Family:
121:Chordata
117:Phylum:
111:Animalia
97:Domain:
74:IUCN 3.1
1705:Ardeola
1638:1031968
1599:1002743
1521:2480903
1508:mapher1
1469:mapher1
1441:Avibase
1404:Q498169
1090:Bibcode
1082:Ostrich
1067:1521583
972:2417073
944:Bibcode
894:: 35–5.
798:4119146
770:Bibcode
524:Threats
518:Mayotte
514:Aldabra
506:beetles
433:streams
421:marshes
417:Berenty
415:and at
385:Burundi
361:RĂ©union
301:feather
260:RĂ©union
203:, 1860)
162:Ardeola
157:Genus:
137:Order:
127:Class:
72: (
1710:Herons
1664:212670
1651:166037
1625:212670
1560:174863
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579:snakes
498:geckos
494:skinks
445:lagoon
435:, and
397:Zambia
393:Malawi
381:Rwanda
377:Uganda
1659:WoRMS
1612:73472
1542:IRMNG
1503:eBird
1466:BOW:
1228:(PDF)
1143:(PDF)
1063:JSTOR
968:JSTOR
794:S2CID
555:typha
429:ponds
425:lakes
369:Kenya
312:crown
248:heron
1620:OBIS
1594:NCBI
1568:IUCN
1555:ITIS
1534:4992
1516:GBIF
1482:GCMK
1362:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1308:ISSN
1290:Ibis
1258:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1163:ISSN
1106:ISSN
1055:ISSN
994:ISBN
960:ISSN
862:ISBN
826:ISBN
786:ISSN
734:ISBN
704:ISBN
682:2021
665:2016
611:IUCN
516:and
508:and
496:and
480:Diet
472:and
403:and
336:down
316:iris
305:bill
228:The
131:Aves
1581:NBN
1490:CMS
1477:CoL
1428:ADW
1298:doi
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