159:
as well tolerated when compared with atovaquone-proguanil. There is low-quality evidence suggesting that mefloquine and doxycycline are similar with regards to the number of people who discontinue treatments due to minor side effects. People who take mefloquine may be more likely to experience minor side effects such as sleep disturbances, depressed mood, and an increase in abnormal dreams. There is very low quality evidence indicating that doxycycline use may be associated with an increased risk of indigestion,
188:
64:, which is considered to have high levels of toxicity by World Health Organization (WHO). Further additions to preventive care are sanctions on blood transfusions. Once the malaria parasite enters the erythrocytic stage, it can adversely affect blood cells, making it possible to contract the parasite through infected blood.
403:
Malaria is one of the oldest known pathogens, and began having a major impact on human survival about 10,000 years ago with the birth of agriculture. The development of virulence in the parasite has been demonstrated using genomic mapping of samples from this period, confirming the emergence of genes
154:
are suppressive prophylactics. This means that they are only effective at killing the malaria parasite once it has entered the erythrocytic stage (blood stage) of its life cycle, and therefore have no effect until the liver stage is complete. That is why these prophylactics must continue to be taken
59:
Recent improvements in malaria prevention strategies have further enhanced its effectiveness in combating areas highly infected with the malaria parasite. Additional bite prevention measures include mosquito and insect repellents that can be directly applied to skin. This form of mosquito repellent
158:
Mefloquine, doxycycline, and atovaquone-proguanil appear to be equally effective at reducing the risk of malaria for short-term travelers and are similar with regard to their risk of serious side effects. Mefloquine is sometimes preferred due to its once a week dose, however mefloquine is not always
434:
in 1633. Seven years later the drug had reached Europe and was being used widely with the name 'the Jesuit's bark'. From this point onwards the use of
Quinine and the public interest in malaria increased, although the compound was not isolated and identified as the active ingredient until 1820. By
278:
What regimen is appropriate depends on the person who is to take the medication as well as the country or region travelled to. This information is available from the UK HPA, WHO or CDC (links are given below). Doses depend also on what is available (e.g., in the US, mefloquine tablets contain
395:(resistance); the resistance reduces with time, and such adults may become susceptible to severe malaria if they have spent a significant amount of time in non-endemic areas. They are strongly recommended to take full precautions if they return to an endemic area.
827:
website hosts constantly updated country-specific information on malaria. The advice on this website is less detailed, is very cautious and may not be appropriate for all areas within a given country. This is the preferred site for travellers from the
491:
Some of the factors in deciding whether to use chemotherapy as malaria pre-exposure prophylaxis include the specific itinerary, length of trip, cost of drug, previous adverse reactions to antimalarials, drug allergies, and current medical history.
355:
reported that it provided modest protection against both clinical and severe malaria in young infants. The efficacy was about 30% in infants 6 to 12 weeks of age and about 50% in infants 5 to 17 months of age in the first year of the trial.
481:. This was successful in much of Brazil, the US and Egypt but ultimately failed elsewhere. Efforts to control malaria are still continuing, with the development of drug-resistant parasites presenting increasingly difficult problems.
33:
For pregnant women who are living in malaria endemic areas, routine malaria chemoprevention is recommended. It improves anemia and parasite level in the blood for the pregnant women and the birthweight in their infants.
171:
Causal prophylactics target not only the blood stages of malaria, but the initial liver stage as well. This means that the user can stop taking the drug seven days after leaving the area of risk.
979:
1047:
430:
tree. Originally it was used by the tribes of
Ecuador and Peru for treating fevers. Its role in treating malaria was recognised and recorded first by an Augustine monk from
306:
30 mg once daily (started the day before travel, and continuing for seven days after returning): this regimen is not routinely recommended because of the need for
131:
were used to interrupt calcium signalling between PfRH1 (an RH protein), EBL protein EBA175 and the host cell. This disruption completely stopped the binding process.
231:
infection. HPA and WHO advice are broadly in line with each other (although there are some differences). CDC guidance frequently contradicts HPA and WHO guidance.
744:
296:
12.5 mg once weekly (available as a combination tablet called
Maloprim or Deltaprim): this combination is not routinely recommended because of the risk of
110:
between the parasite and the host cell. Erythrocyte-binding-like proteins (EBLs) and reticulocyte-binding protein homologues (RHs) are both used by specialized
1040:
1009:
485:
375:, which is produced in yeast cells. It also contains a chemical adjuvant to boost the immune system response. The vaccine is being developed by PATH and
224:
253:(Malarone) 1 tablet daily (started one day before travel, and continued for one week after returning). Can also be used for therapy in some cases.
1033:
785:
1712:
643:
740:
323:
sulfate 300 to 325 mg once daily: this regimen is effective but not routinely used because of the unpleasant side effects of quinine.
98:
In choosing the agent, it is important to weigh the risk of infection against the risks and side effects associated with the medications.
1001:
1355:
380:
307:
1025:
1584:
879:
RTS, S Clinical Trials
Partnership, Agnandji ST, Lell B, Fernandes JF, Abossolo BP, Methogo BG, et al. (December 2012).
1148:
404:
conferring a reduced risk of developing the malaria infection. References to the disease can be found in manuscripts from
478:
1729:
279:
228 mg base, but 250 mg base in the UK). The data is constantly changing and no general advice is possible.
391:
Most adults from endemic areas have a degree of long-term infection, which tends to recur, and also possess partial
46:
Bite prevention—clothes that cover as much skin as possible, insect repellent, insecticide-impregnated bed nets and
247:
250 mg once weekly (started two and a half weeks before travel, and continued for four weeks after returning);
160:
527:"Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women in endemic areas: any drug regimen versus placebo or no treatment"
1428:
474:
216:
802:
220:
61:
47:
333:
requires a different approach given the long liver stage of this parasite. This is a highly specialist area.
274:
400 mg once weekly (started one to two weeks before travel and continued for four weeks after returning)
1717:
1579:
1556:
1323:
70:
may be used where the parasite is still sensitive, however many malaria parasite strains are now resistant.
488:
publishes recommendations for travels advising about the risk of contracting malaria in various countries.
1567:
1443:
1399:
1573:
128:
106:
An experimental approach involves preventing the parasite from binding with red blood cells by blocking
435:
the mid-1880s the Dutch had grown vast plantations of cinchona trees and monopolised the world market.
268:
200 mg once daily (started one week before travel, and continued for four weeks after returning);
1493:
696:
250:
241:
100 mg once daily (started one day before travel, and continued for four weeks after returning);
83:
782:
1060:
633:
416:, illustrating its wide geographical distribution. The first treatment identified is thought to be
379:(GSK), which has spent about $ 300 million on the project, plus about $ 200 million more from the
1473:
1255:
921:
501:
392:
271:
107:
1124:
748:
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1204:
1115:
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913:
861:
722:
639:
614:
552:
470:
1756:
1262:
1241:
952:
903:
895:
851:
712:
704:
669:
604:
596:
542:
534:
506:
459:
455:
438:
Quinine remained the only available treatment for malaria until the early 1920s. During the
413:
409:
329:
792:
website as a PDF file and includes detailed country-specific information for UK travellers.
789:
439:
376:
348:
342:
297:
163:, vomiting, and yeast infections, when compared with mefloquine and atovaquone-proguanil.
27:
525:
Radeva-Petrova, D; Kayentao, K; ter Kuile, FO; Sinclair, D; Garner, P (10 October 2014).
908:
700:
1723:
1694:
1382:
1233:
1064:
717:
684:
609:
584:
547:
526:
685:"Triggers of key calcium signals during erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium falciparum"
1750:
1698:
1666:
1363:
1166:
1158:
1056:
405:
293:
228:
925:
1684:
1670:
1519:
1499:
1332:
1318:
1195:
1171:
1140:
1129:
1105:
1068:
600:
538:
956:
125:
to bind with the host cell. Disrupting the binding process can stop the parasite.
1638:
1548:
1524:
1509:
1504:
1458:
1407:
1368:
1276:
1250:
1245:
1176:
1099:
1088:
463:
261:
238:
151:
139:
79:
67:
1630:
1561:
1489:
1468:
1453:
1346:
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1266:
1181:
431:
314:
303:
244:
176:
147:
71:
1514:
1463:
1412:
1387:
1376:
1302:
1271:
1077:
583:
Tickell-Painter M, Maayan N, Saunders R, Pace C, Sinclair D (October 2017).
451:
372:
265:
195: Elevated occurrence of chloroquine- or multi-resistant malaria :
143:
122:
114:
964:
917:
865:
726:
618:
556:
899:
840:"Delayed onset of malaria--implications for chemoprophylaxis in travelers"
1222:
856:
839:
447:
426:
421:
172:
1656:
1297:
708:
443:
417:
364:
320:
289:
118:
23:
442:
German scientists developed the first synthetic antimalarial compound—
347:
In
November 2012, findings from a Phase III trials of an experimental
282:
Doses given are appropriate for adults and children aged 12 and over.
187:
940:
980:"Experimental malaria vaccine protects many children, study shows"
881:"A phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African infants"
585:"Mefloquine for preventing malaria during travel to endemic areas"
360:
352:
285:
Other chemoprophylactic regimens that have been used on occasion:
186:
1029:
824:
769:
632:
McMillan JA, Feigin RD, DeAngelis C, Jones MD (1 April 2006).
458:
compounds. American troops, on capturing
Tunisia during the
838:
Schwartz E, Parise M, Kozarsky P, Cetron M (October 2003).
199: Occurrence of chloroquine-resistant malaria :
772:
provides country-specific advice on malaria prevention.
1002:"Malaria Risk Information and Prophylaxis, by Country"
670:"Shutting the door on Malaria offers new vaccine hope"
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
1683:
1655:
1629:
1593:
1546:
1537:
1482:
1442:
1421:
1398:
1354:
1345:
1311:
1285:
1232:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1157:
1139:
1114:
1098:
1087:
1076:
638:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1348.
179:are the only causal prophylactics in current use.
359:The RTS,S vaccine was engineered using a fusion
939:Casares S, Brumeanu TD, Richie TL (July 2010).
155:for four weeks after leaving the area of risk.
462:, acquired, then altered the drugs to produce
257:In areas where chloroquine remains effective:
1041:
995:
993:
745:US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
683:Gao X, Gunalan K, Yap SS, Preiser PR (2013).
8:
635:Oski's pediatrics: principles & practice
191:Distribution of malaria in the world :
589:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
531:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1543:
1351:
1229:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1111:
1095:
1084:
1048:
1034:
1026:
1010:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
825:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
907:
855:
716:
664:
662:
608:
546:
215:Specific regimens are recommended by the
781:2007 guidelines are available from the
517:
805:. Public Health England. June 19, 2013
803:"Malaria: guidance, data and analysis"
310:testing prior to starting primaquine (
7:
888:The New England Journal of Medicine
844:The New England Journal of Medicine
1000:Tan KR, Mali S, Arguin PM (2010).
479:global malaria eradication program
14:
381:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
207:or chloroquine-resistance :
747:. April 15, 2010. Archived from
1006:Travelers' Health - Yellow Book
22:is the preventive treatment of
1585:piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin
601:10.1002/14651858.CD006491.pub4
539:10.1002/14651858.CD000169.pub3
90:) are frequently recommended.
1:
1149:trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
957:10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.05.033
264:300 mg once weekly, and
55:Rapid diagnosis and treatment
16:Medical prevention of malaria
1547:Fixed-dose (co-formulated)
978:Stein R (18 October 2011).
941:"The RTS,S malaria vaccine"
783:UK Health Protection Agency
361:hepatitis B surface protein
1773:
340:
1707:
1429:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
770:World Health Organization
475:World Health Organization
446:and this was followed by
741:"Image Library: Malaria"
367:of the outer protein of
234:These regimens include:
84:atovaquone and proguanil
82:, or the combination of
62:indoor residual spraying
48:indoor residual spraying
1580:artesunate/pyronaridine
1557:artemether/lumefantrine
469:The development of new
135:Suppressive prophylaxis
30:are under development.
1568:artesunate/amodiaquine
317:for more information).
212:
102:Disruptive prophylaxis
1602:artesunate/mefloquine
1574:artesunate/mefloquine
900:10.1056/NEJMoa1208394
689:Nature Communications
477:in 1955 to attempt a
424:from the bark of the
369:Plasmodium falciparum
205:Plasmodium falciparum
190:
129:Monoclonal antibodies
1614:quinine/tetracycline
1286:4-Methanolquinolines
1061:antiprotozoal agents
857:10.1056/NEJMoa021592
327:Prophylaxis against
251:atovaquone/proguanil
60:is slowly replacing
1611:quinine/doxycycline
1608:quinine/clindamycin
1596:(not co-formulated)
701:2013NatCo...4.2862G
672:. 19 December 2013.
20:Malaria prophylaxis
1734:Never to phase III
1594:Other combinations
1474:dihydroartemisinin
1256:hydroxychloroquine
788:2013-09-28 at the
751:on 14 January 2009
709:10.1038/ncomms3862
502:Malaria prevention
471:antimalarial drugs
312:see the article on
272:hydroxychloroquine
227:for prevention of
213:
167:Causal prophylaxis
108:calcium signalling
1744:
1743:
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1646:
1625:
1624:
1621:
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1533:
1532:
1438:
1437:
1341:
1340:
1190:
1189:
1116:Cryptosporidiosis
645:978-0-7817-3894-1
211: No malaria
1764:
1544:
1352:
1230:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1112:
1096:
1085:
1067:antiparasitics (
1050:
1043:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
997:
988:
987:
975:
969:
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810:
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731:
730:
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674:
673:
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657:
656:
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652:
629:
623:
622:
612:
595:(10): CD006491.
580:
561:
560:
550:
533:(10): CD000169.
522:
507:Mosquito control
460:Second World War
456:4-aminoquinoline
330:Plasmodium vivax
292:100 mg and
210:
202:
198:
194:
161:photosensitivity
52:Chemoprophylaxis
28:malaria vaccines
1772:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1724:Clinical trials
1703:
1686:
1675:
1658:
1643:
1617:
1595:
1589:
1539:
1529:
1478:
1445:
1434:
1417:
1394:
1356:DHFR inhibitors
1337:
1307:
1281:
1234:Aminoquinolines
1224:
1214:
1186:
1153:
1135:
1103:
1090:
1079:
1072:
1054:
1024:
1014:
1012:
999:
998:
991:
984:Washington Post
977:
976:
972:
951:(31): 4880–94.
938:
937:
933:
894:(24): 2284–95.
883:
878:
877:
873:
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832:
822:
818:
808:
806:
801:
800:
796:
790:Wayback Machine
780:
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631:
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582:
581:
564:
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519:
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498:
440:First World War
401:
389:
377:GlaxoSmithKline
349:malaria vaccine
345:
343:Malaria vaccine
339:
298:agranulocytosis
208:
200:
196:
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185:
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137:
104:
96:
43:Risk management
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1770:
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1695:Blastocystosis
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1440:
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1433:
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1423:
1422:Co-formulation
1419:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1383:chlorproguanil
1372:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1339:
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1329:
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1120:
1118:
1109:
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1082:
1074:
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1065:Chromalveolata
1057:Antiparasitics
1055:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1022:
989:
970:
931:
871:
850:(16): 1510–6.
830:
816:
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761:
732:
675:
658:
644:
624:
562:
516:
514:
511:
510:
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420:, one of four
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341:Main article:
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1731:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1722:
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1706:
1700:
1699:metronidazole
1696:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1668:
1667:Balantidiasis
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1605:artesunate/SP
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
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1586:
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1581:
1578:
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1572:
1569:
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1467:
1465:
1462:
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1457:
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1449:
1447:
1444:Sesquiterpene
1441:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
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1386:
1384:
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1380:
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1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:pyrimethamine
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
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1334:
1331:
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1325:
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1202:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:pyrimethamine
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1159:Toxoplasmosis
1156:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:Coccidiostats
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1671:tetracycline
1564:/piperaquine
1520:pyronaridine
1500:tetracycline
1400:Sulfonamides
1375:
1333:halofantrine
1324:+ artemether
1319:lumefantrine
1196:Aconoidasida
1172:sulfadiazine
1141:Isosporiasis
1130:nitazoxanide
1123:
1013:. Retrieved
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1720:from market
1639:clindamycin
1525:piperaquine
1510:clindamycin
1505:doxycycline
1494:+ proguanil
1459:artemisinin
1408:sulfadoxine
1369:cycloguanil
1347:Antifolates
1277:tafenoquine
1251:chloroquine
1246:amodiaquine
1213:Individual
1177:clindamycin
1125:thiazolides
1100:Conoidasida
1015:20 December
651:13 November
464:chloroquine
363:containing
262:chloroquine
239:doxycycline
152:doxycycline
140:Chloroquine
94:Medications
80:doxycycline
68:Chloroquine
1631:Babesiosis
1562:arterolane
1490:atovaquone
1469:artesunate
1454:artemether
1377:biguanides
1293:mefloquine
1267:primaquine
1225:inhibitors
1182:atovaquone
755:2012-05-02
513:References
432:Lima, Peru
315:primaquine
304:Primaquine
245:mefloquine
177:primaquine
148:mefloquine
123:micronemes
115:organelles
72:Mefloquine
38:Strategies
26:. Several
1730:Phase III
1718:Withdrawn
1515:mepacrine
1464:artemotil
1413:sulfalene
1388:proguanil
1303:quinidine
1272:pamaquine
452:sontochin
422:alkaloids
373:sporozite
351:known as
266:proguanil
203: No
144:proguanil
119:rhoptries
117:known as
1751:Category
1685:Stramen-
1446:lactones
1223:Hemozoin
965:20553771
926:13944101
918:23136909
909:10915853
866:14561793
786:Archived
727:24280897
695:: 2862.
619:29083100
557:25300703
496:See also
448:Resochin
427:Cinchona
393:immunity
371:malaria
365:epitopes
337:Vaccines
183:Regimens
173:Malarone
88:Malarone
1757:Malaria
1540:nations
1298:quinine
1205:Malaria
1089:Apicom-
945:Vaccine
718:3868333
697:Bibcode
610:5686653
548:4498495
444:Atabrin
418:quinine
399:History
321:Quinine
290:Dapsone
24:malaria
1713:WHO-EM
1657:Cilio-
1576:(ASMQ)
1570:(ASAQ)
1538:Combi-
1215:agents
1078:Alveo-
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642:
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308:G-6-PD
221:UK HPA
150:, and
76:Lariam
1687:opile
1659:phora
1483:Other
1312:Other
1091:plexa
922:S2CID
884:(PDF)
414:China
410:India
353:RTS,S
1549:ACTs
1431:(SP)
1263:(8-)
1242:(4-)
1080:late
1017:2010
961:PMID
914:PMID
862:PMID
823:the
811:2014
768:The
723:PMID
653:2010
640:ISBN
615:PMID
593:2017
553:PMID
484:The
450:and
412:and
223:and
175:and
121:and
1069:P01
953:doi
904:PMC
896:doi
892:367
852:doi
848:349
828:US.
713:PMC
705:doi
605:PMC
597:doi
543:PMC
535:doi
486:CDC
225:CDC
217:WHO
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