449:. In terms of non-infectious occurrence, the same study found it on less than 1% of healthy populations. This yeast has been isolated from a number of areas of the human body such as the blood, lungs, eyes, ears, skin and genitals. The number of human infections is not clear and it is possible that they are only transient, with humans (often pet owners) acting as carriers. Infections are most often found on premature or IV-fed neonates as well as immunocompromised adults. Premature or IV-fed neonates seem to be particularly susceptible to infection. These low-birthweight infants are routinely fed lipid solutions from
37:
424:
is most commonly isolated from areas of the skin and ears with higher pH levels. Therefore canine colonization may occur more readily due to the skins increased alkalinity. Samples have been collected from the ears, skin, vagina, and anal sacs. Canine infection often co-occurs with atopy and other
412:
was first discovered by Dufait in 1975 and may be characterized by symptoms ranging from dandruff to scaly lesions. At infection sites sebaceous secretions are increased. Differences to susceptibility can be seen across breeds for example, increased infection among the
353:
and have been found to contribute to its virulence by inducing pores into host cell membranes, which eventually lead to their loss of function. For this reason it has been suggested that these enzymes may also serve a function in the pathogenicity of
403:
in 1955 by Benght A. Gustafson, this yeast has since become an important pathogen especially in the study of small animal medicine. Symptoms include excessive scratching, head shaking, odour, and reddish-brown waxy deposits within the ear canal.
294:. Colonies are cream or yellowish in colour, smooth to wrinkled and convex with a margin possessing a slightly lobed appearance. Cells are ovoidal in shape and range in size from 3.0β6.5 x 2.5
507:
may be used to treat infections. The former functions by weakening the fungal cell wall, while the latter two disrupt permeability of the plasma membrane. In canine infection causing
480:
or culturing techniques, however, under-diagnoses may occur due to an increase in the number of days culture may require to develop and discrepancies in laboratory techniques.
1452:
1491:
1374:
487:
is routinely detected by swabbing of external areas of canine ears, its presence within the deeper portions of the ear canal is associated with infection.
1426:
420:
Low pH environments have been associated with antimicrobial activity and dogs have among the highest skin pH levels of any domesticated animal.
461:. Initial exposure in these intensive care nurseries have been attributed to pet-owning health care workers who act as vectors for the fungus.
895:
760:
1547:
927:
1246:
species isolated from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor and normal subjects".
476:. Cotton ear swabs, adhesive tape methods, skin scrapings, and biopsy can be used to collect samples that are analysed via
1478:
315:. Although it is not lipid-dependent, its growth is enhanced by the presence of lipids. Its DNA is characterized by a 56%
305:
Optimal growth occurs at 30β37 Β°C (86β99 Β°F) with maturation occurring in five days. It is the only species of
1365:
691:
Coutinho, S.D.; Paula, C.R. (2000). "Proteinase, phospholipase, hyaluronidase and chondroitin-sulphatase production by
414:
358:. However, pathogenicity in this species has yet to be associated with any specific genotypic and phenotypic traits.
36:
445:
Infections are relatively rare in humans, with some studies reporting only about 2% prevalence on individuals with
1496:
273:
under special circumstances and has been seen to cause skin and ear infections, most often occurring in canines.
1113:
Mauldin, Elizabeth A.; Morris, Daniel O.; Goldschmidt, Michael H. (2002). "Retrospective study: the presence of
511:
the ear canal may be cleaned using an ear cleansing solution often paired with the removal of surrounding hair.
1057:
Guillot, Jacques; Petit, T; Degorce-Rubiales, F; Gueho, E; Chermette R (21 March 1998). "Dermatitis caused by
1552:
391:
is an important pathogen in veterinary medicine. It has been known to become pathogenic to its host causing
1542:
1327:
409:
396:
270:
131:
581:
Guillot, Jacques; Gueho, Evelyn; Chermette, Rene (1995). "Confirmation of the nomenclatural status of
1506:
1418:
1400:
514:
Separation of biotypes as well as treatment has proven successful using killer yeast strains such as
796:
Bond, R; Rose, J.F.; Ellis, J.W.; Lloyd, D.H. (1995). "Comparison of two shampoos for treatment of
752:
373:
1090:
770:
610:
157:
31:
562:
1457:
1514:
1387:
1308:
1263:
1224:
1188:
1134:
1082:
1039:
983:
923:
891:
863:
817:
756:
712:
664:
602:
450:
254:
231:
1519:
1298:
1281:
Chang, Huan J.; Miller, H; Watkins, N; Arduino, M; Ashford, D; et al. (12 March 1998).
1255:
1180:
1126:
1074:
1029:
1021:
973:
965:
855:
809:
744:
704:
656:
594:
349:
1287:
in an intensive care nursery associated with colonization of health care workers' pet dogs"
782:
533:
secretions which were then exposed to toxin producing killer yeast strains that inhibited
745:
269:
of healthy mammals such as humans, cats and dogs, However, it is capable of acting as an
1413:
1184:
978:
949:
859:
813:
555:
508:
473:
400:
1034:
1005:
660:
1536:
1379:
1130:
344:
336:
332:
221:
68:
1094:
1025:
614:
1392:
259:
239:
225:
1156:
839:
1350:
1483:
1439:
1359:
1303:
1282:
472:
can be distinguished from other species in the genus by its ability to grow on
948:
Morris, Daniel; O'Shea, Kathleen; Shofer, Frances S.; Rankin, Shelley (2005).
477:
446:
434:
380:. It is however most commonly associated with canine ear and skin infections.
365:
340:
328:
316:
312:
307:
295:
290:
285:
266:
244:
108:
98:
88:
78:
504:
496:
364:
in its pathogenic form can be found colonizing a variety of animals such as
148:
48:
1267:
1228:
1192:
1138:
987:
969:
716:
1312:
1211:
Coutinho, Selene D.; Paula, Claudette R. (12 January 1998). "Biotyping of
1086:
1078:
1043:
867:
821:
668:
606:
1465:
1344:
500:
458:
369:
1431:
1242:
Nakabayashi, A; Sei, Y; Guillot, J (February 2000). "Identification of
1157:"A review of the biology of canine skin with respect to the commensals
598:
1444:
1259:
708:
437:
does occur, it is not typically associated with any other conditions.
1470:
516:
392:
327:
Within infected tissues, this yeast produces several enzymes such as
262:
58:
1321:
530:
299:
224:. It was first isolated in 1925 by Fred Weidman, and it was named
217:
230:(Greek for 'thick-skin') after the original sample taken from an
1405:
890:(2nd ed.). Belmont, US: Star Publishing. pp. 168β169.
425:
allergic disorders. In contrast, felines are rarely infected by
1325:
922:. Spain: American Society for Microbiology. pp. 149β150.
377:
1155:
Mason, Ian; Mason, Kenneth; Lloyd, David (September 1996).
1004:
Gueho, E; Pruitt, W.R.; Meyer, S.A.; Ahearn, D.G. (1987).
838:
Bond, R; Saijonmaa-Koulumies, L.E.M.; Lloyd, D.H. (1995).
1117:
in feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study".
800:
associated seborrhoeic dermatitis in basset hounds".
1334:
561:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders. p.
554:
888:Identifying Fungi: A Clinical Laboratory Handbook
881:
879:
877:
647:with special reference to canine skin disease".
457:, in turn causing bloodstream infections called
1206:
1204:
1202:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
417:has been attributed to a genetic abnormality.
1108:
1106:
1104:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
943:
941:
939:
576:
574:
572:
8:
1150:
1148:
999:
997:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
311:capable of growing without the presence of
1322:
913:
911:
909:
907:
844:at skin and mucosal sites on healthy dogs"
833:
831:
347:are also released in infections involving
298:. Colonies grow via unipolar budding, and
20:
1302:
1033:
977:
643:Akerstedt, J.; Vollset, I. (May 1996). "
529:was isolated from canine skin swabs and
284:is a bottle-shaped, non-lipid dependent
545:
252:is most closely related to the species
778:
768:
747:Pathogenic Fungi in Humans and Animals
743:(Edited by) Howard, Dexter H. (2003).
7:
1507:9ec5c724-f865-4d0d-993d-2fd802febe7c
751:. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp.
453:but these lines may be colonised by
1291:The New England Journal of Medicine
1217:Revista Iberoamericana de MicologΓa
1010:with systemic infections of humans"
840:"Population sizes and frequency of
1215:strains using the killer system".
1185:10.1111/j.1365-3164.1996.tb00237.x
860:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1995.tb02865.x
814:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1995.tb02840.x
14:
1131:10.1046/j.0959-4493.2001.00279.x
1014:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
848:Journal of Small Animal Practice
802:Journal of Small Animal Practice
35:
1026:10.1128/jcm.25.9.1789-1790.1987
521:. In these studies by Coutinho
495:Antifungal medications such as
399:. First associated with canine
1:
661:10.1016/s0007-1935(96)80100-x
265:, it can be found within the
958:Emerging Infectious Diseases
886:Summerbell, Richard (2011).
339:and chondroitin-sulphatase.
302:are rarely seen in culture.
1304:10.1056/NEJM199803123381102
415:West Highland White Terrier
1569:
1159:Staphylococcus intermedius
1061:in a California sea lion (
649:British Veterinary Journal
175:Cryptococcus pachydermatis
167:Pityrosporum pachydermatis
199:Pityrosporum rhinocerosum
163:
156:
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1366:Malassezia pachydermatis
1336:Malassezia pachydermatis
1285:Malassezia pachydermatis
1213:Malassezia pachydermatis
1167:Malassezia pachydermatis
1059:Malassezia pachydermatis
1008:Malassezia pachydermatis
952:Malassezia pachydermatis
842:Malassezia pachydermatis
693:Malassezia pachydermatis
645:Malassezia pachydermatis
583:Malassezia pachydermatis
470:Malassezia pachydermatis
422:Malassezia pachydermatis
406:Malassezia pachydermatis
389:Malessezia pachydermatis
362:Malassezia pachydermatis
317:guanine-cytosine content
282:Malassezia pachydermatis
213:Malassezia pachydermatis
191:Torulopsis pachydermatis
141:Malassezia pachydermatis
25:Malassezia pachydermatis
1548:Fungi described in 1925
954:carriage in dog owners"
920:Atlas of Clinical Fungi
798:Malassezia pachydematis
587:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
1173:Veterinary Dermatology
1119:Veterinary Dermatology
1063:Zalophus californianus
970:10.3201/eid1101.040882
918:de Hoog, G.S. (2000).
410:seborrhoeic dermatitis
397:seborrhoeic dermatitis
271:opportunistic pathogen
240:exfoliative dermatitis
236:Rhinocerosus unicornis
1079:10.1136/vr.142.12.311
1067:The Veterinary Record
553:Rippon, J.W. (1988).
535:M. pachydermatis
527:M. pachydermatis
497:imidazole derivatives
485:M. pachydermatis
427:M. pachydermatis
356:M. pachydermatis
250:M. pachydermatis
123:M. pachydermatis
288:yeast in the genus
242:. Within the genus
781:has generic name (
599:10.1007/bf00871211
451:arterial catheters
183:Pityrosporum canis
1530:
1529:
1515:Open Tree of Life
1328:Taxon identifiers
1260:10.1080/714030958
709:10.1080/714030882
376:and domesticated
232:Indian rhinoceros
209:
208:
203:
195:
187:
179:
171:
79:Malasseziomycetes
16:Species of fungus
1560:
1523:
1522:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1499:
1487:
1486:
1484:NHMSYS0001488818
1474:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1434:
1422:
1421:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1382:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1306:
1283:"An epidemic of
1278:
1272:
1271:
1248:Medical Mycology
1239:
1233:
1232:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1110:
1099:
1098:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1037:
1020:(9): 1789β1790.
1006:"Association of
1001:
992:
991:
981:
945:
934:
933:
915:
902:
901:
897:978-08986-3311-5
883:
872:
871:
835:
826:
825:
793:
787:
786:
780:
776:
774:
766:
750:
740:
721:
720:
697:Medical Mycology
688:
673:
672:
640:
619:
618:
578:
567:
566:
560:
557:Medical Mycology
550:
384:Canine infection
350:Candida albicans
220:in the division
201:
193:
186:Gustafson (1955)
185:
177:
169:
143:
40:
39:
21:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1490:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1330:
1320:
1297:(11): 706β711.
1280:
1279:
1275:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1210:
1209:
1200:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1112:
1111:
1102:
1073:(12): 311β312.
1056:
1055:
1051:
1003:
1002:
995:
947:
946:
937:
930:
917:
916:
905:
898:
885:
884:
875:
837:
836:
829:
795:
794:
790:
777:
767:
763:
742:
741:
724:
690:
689:
676:
642:
641:
622:
580:
579:
570:
552:
551:
547:
543:
493:
467:
455:M.pachydermatis
443:
441:Human infection
386:
325:
279:
216:is a zoophilic
152:
145:
139:
126:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1566:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1553:Fungus species
1550:
1545:
1535:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1511:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1356:
1340:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1273:
1254:(5): 337β341.
1234:
1198:
1179:(3): 119β132.
1144:
1100:
1049:
993:
935:
928:
903:
896:
873:
854:(4): 147β150.
827:
788:
761:
722:
674:
655:(3): 269β281.
620:
593:(2): 173β176.
568:
544:
542:
539:
509:otitis externa
492:
489:
474:Sabouraud agar
466:
463:
442:
439:
408:caused canine
401:otitis externa
385:
382:
324:
321:
278:
275:
255:M. furfur
238:) with severe
207:
206:
205:
204:
196:
188:
180:
172:
170:Weidman (1925)
161:
160:
154:
153:
146:
135:
134:
128:
127:
120:
118:
114:
113:
106:
102:
101:
99:Malasseziaceae
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1565:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:Basidiomycota
1541:
1540:
1538:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:Demodex canis
1160:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
953:
944:
942:
940:
936:
931:
925:
921:
914:
912:
910:
908:
904:
899:
893:
889:
882:
880:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
843:
834:
832:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:(3): 99β104.
807:
803:
799:
792:
789:
784:
772:
764:
762:0-8247-0683-8
758:
754:
749:
748:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
564:
559:
558:
549:
546:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
488:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
464:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
440:
438:
436:
432:
428:
423:
418:
416:
411:
407:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
357:
352:
351:
346:
345:phospholipase
342:
338:
337:hyaluronidase
334:
333:phospholipase
330:
323:Pathogenicity
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
309:
303:
301:
297:
293:
292:
287:
283:
276:
274:
272:
268:
264:
261:
257:
256:
251:
247:
246:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:
227:pachydermatis
223:
222:Basidiomycota
219:
215:
214:
200:
197:
192:
189:
184:
181:
176:
173:
168:
165:
164:
162:
159:
155:
150:
144:
142:
136:
133:
132:Binomial name
129:
125:
124:
119:
116:
115:
112:
111:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:Malasseziales
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:Basidiomycota
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1335:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1276:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1223:(2): 85β87.
1220:
1216:
1212:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1052:
1017:
1013:
1007:
964:(1): 83β88.
961:
957:
951:
919:
887:
851:
847:
841:
805:
801:
797:
791:
746:
703:(1): 73β76.
700:
696:
692:
652:
648:
644:
590:
586:
582:
556:
548:
534:
526:
522:
515:
513:
494:
484:
482:
469:
468:
454:
444:
430:
426:
421:
419:
405:
388:
387:
366:rhinoceroses
361:
360:
355:
348:
326:
306:
304:
289:
281:
280:
253:
249:
243:
235:
226:
212:
211:
210:
198:
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541:References
478:microscopy
447:dermatitis
435:dermatitis
431:Malassezia
341:Proteinase
329:proteinase
308:Malassezia
291:Malassezia
286:lipophilic
267:microflora
245:Malassezia
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465:Detection
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