375:. Slaves were generally recruited where hereditary authority was weak, such as in the case of the Deccan, where a deadly and violent struggle between the two dominant and antagonistic factions within the Bahmani Sultanate, the Deccanis (Indian Muslims) and the Westerners (Persian migrants from the Gulf), caused a chronically unstable environment which created a market for culturally alien military labor. The interdependent relationship between the Deccanis and the Habshis engendered bonds of mutual trust, as the Deccanis had both kin and inherited authority, but lacked sufficient numbers, while the Habshis were able to provide support while lacking kin and inherited authority. This explained why high ranking army commanders were willing to entrust their most important official duties to their Habshi slaves. As the Habshi slaves became freemen on the death of their masters, continuing the military careers as freelancers, they generally allied themselves politically and culturally with the Deccani class in their rivalry against the Persians, embracing the Deccani Muslim identity and language.
579:
respect to any
African legacy. Others agree more with historians like Richard Eaton. He cites Ambar's military prowess as the reason he rose to such influence during his life, but claims that a string of decisive defeats at the end of his career instigated distrust and resentment amongst those in his close administration. Eaton and his proponents claim Ambar's journey is an impressive story of success, and gave Africans representation in India for a short while, but also believe his lack of positive leadership in the final years of his tenure prevented him from solidifying his influence, as his successors quickly worked to reverse many of Ambar's policies. Regardless of his posthumous impact on the Deccan, and Indian states generally, it cannot be disputed Ambar was an avid supporter of education and a patron of the arts. Historians Joseph E. Harris and Chand cite Ambar's patronship of the arts and learning as a shining achievement of his tenure as Malik of Deccan.
384:
33:
490:
448:, who had ambitions of seating her son-in-law on the throne. Malik Ambar had also restored some credibility to the Sultans of Ahmadnagar, who had been subdued by the earlier Mughals (Akbar had annexed Ahmadnagar). However, he was defeated later when Shah Jahan led a massive army against the dwindling Ahmednagar. Later Malik Ambar offered full control of Berar and Ahmadnagar to the Mughal as a sign of surrender.
206:, Malik was sold from place to place by many slave merchants and eventually brought to India, where he was bought by his last owner, the Peshwa of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Ambar rose through the ranks at Ahmadnagar, where he created a mercenary force numbering greater than 50,000 men. It was based in the Deccan region and was hired by local kings. Malik became a popular Prime Minister of the
422:'s attempts to take over the kingdom. Jahangir considered Malik Ambar his arch-nemesis and had publicly expressed his anger towards him. He criticized Ambar as "the ill-starred" and "the black fated". Abu'l Hasan, a chief painter at Emperor Jahangir's court, has created a painting, under Jahangir's commission in 1615, depicting Jahangir shooting arrows at the severed head of Ambar.
587:. In his memoirs, he never mentions his name without prefixing epithets like wretch, cursed fellow, Habshi, Ambar Siyari, black Ambar, and Ambar Badakhtur. Some historians believe that those words came out of frustration as Malik Ambar had resisted the powerful Mughals and kept them away from Deccan.
417:
and raised a large army. He raised a cavalry which grew from 150 to 7000 in a short period of time and revitalized the
Ahmadnagar sultanate by appointing puppet sultans to repel Mughal attacks from the North. By 1610, his army grew to include 10,000 Habshis and 40,000 Deccanis. Over the course of the
578:
There are conflicting perspectives on Ambar's long-term impact in Deccan, and its surrounding Indian states. Western historians have tried to project him as symbolic of Africa, even though his life had little to do with Africa. There was little impact he left in India and certainly zero impact with
265:
stated that Malik Ambar's "origin (is) in the
Kambata region of southern Ethiopia". Eaton also wrote that "Kambata, the region from which Malik Ambar appears to have come" might have influenced the names of places such as "Cumbala Hill a quarter in modern Mumbai whose name is probably derived from
651:
The canal was an impressive engineering feat as it consisted of a 7 feet (2.1 m) deep tunnel large enough for a man to walk through. The canal had 140 manholes and it worked efficiently without the need for any maintenance or cleaning for 321 years until it finally needed cleaning in 1931.
516:
Fateh Khan succeeded his father as the regent of the Nizam Shahs. However, he did not possess his predecessor's political and military prowess. Through a series of internal struggles within the nobility (which included Fateh Khan assassinating his nephew, Sultan
595:
He founded/inhabited the city of Khirki in 1610. After his death in 1626, the name was changed to
Fatehpur by his son and heir Fateh Khan. When Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor invaded Deccan in the year 1653, he made Fatehpur his capital and renamed it as
647:
water mill which drove the water down the canal from the Kham. The blades of the
Panchakki used to rotate by the water falling on them from that stream and with the aid of a wooden valve turn the flow into that canal for the city.
476:
and town from the
Mughals. But in one of the battles Malik Ambar was defeated by the Mughals and had to surrender the fort of Ahmadnagar. Many Maratha Chiefs and especially Lakhuji Jadhavrao joined the Mughals after this.
582:
Malik Ambar cherished strong love and ability for architecture. Aurangabad was Ambar's architectural achievement and creation. Malik Ambar the founder of the city was always referred to by harsh names by Sultan
508:
of Marwar in 1626 at the age of 77. Dadhiwadiya
Kuldeep was a military commander of the ruler of Marwar who was given the task of eliminating Malik Ambar. Malik Ambar had by his wife, Bibi Karima two sons;
668:
India. After its construction in 1567, the fort was key to the Sidis withstanding various invasion attempts by the
Marathas, Mughals, and Portuguese to capture Janjira.
1446:. Greensboro, NC; Ahmedabad: University of North Carolina Ethiopian and East African Studies Project; Ahmedabad Sidi Heritage and Educational Center. pp. 167–183.
1591:
328:
from traditional religion, educated him, and gave him the name Ambar, after recognizing his superior intellectual qualities. who eventually took him to the
1621:
1333:
Harris, Joseph E. "Malik Ambar: African Regent-Minister in India." The
African Presence in Asia, Northwestern University Press Evanston, 1971, pp. 91–99.
532:. The eldest and youngest daughters respectively were called Shahir Bano and Azija Bano, the latter of whom married a nobleman named Siddi Abdullah.
544:
543:
and received the title Rustam Khan
Bahadur Firauz Jang. He became famous for his involvement in several important military campaigns, such as the
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One of his daughters was married to a prince of the Ahmednagar royal family, who through Malik Ambar's aid was crowned as Sultan
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Once his master died, Malik Ambar was freed by his master's wife. He got married, and after getting freed, Ambar served the
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chiefs had gained great prominence during this period. With the help of these Maratha chiefs, Malik Ambar had captured
887:
640:. This city is situated on the banks of the Kham, a small perennial stream which rises in the neighbouring hills.
1596:
440:
Malik Ambar is said to be one of the proponents of guerrilla warfare in the Deccan region. Malik Ambar assisted
221:
of much of the Deccan, which formed the basis for subsequent settlements. He is a figure of veneration to the
609:
430:
348:
1567:
The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World, Omar H. Ali, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
383:
1631:
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333:
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once again laid a crushing blow to Malik Ambar in one of the battles and further decreased his power.
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406:
395:
218:
207:
192:
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51:
1089:"Malik Ambar: The African slave who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan"
790:
The architecture of a Deccan sultanate: courtly practice and royal authority in late medieval India
493:
775:"Malik Ambar: The African king who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan"
1488:
1295:
915:
Malik Ambar: The African slave who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan
842:
677:
629:
567:
556:
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296:, which were located to the south of their territory. Malik Ambar was among the people who were
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Malik Ambar defeated the Mughal General Khan Khanan many times and often attacked Ahmadnagar.
366:
277:
214:
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936:
1492:
1279:
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states gathered many of their slaves from non-Abrahamic communities inhabiting regions like
273:
262:
1355:
Jogindra Narji Chowdhuri, Malik Ambar, A Biography Based on original sources, 1940, page 70
32:
489:
473:
465:
258:
600:. In 2023 the city was renamed Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. Two former imperial capitals -
343:
Malik Ambar was then purchased by Chengiz Khan, a former Habshi slave who served as the
1517:
1496:
469:
461:
457:
329:
250:
119:
1312:
The African Presence in Asia, Northwestern University Press Evanston, 1971, pp. 91–99.
539:
Commander of the Ahmednagar army, Muqarrab Khan, who later became a general under the
1575:
1299:
846:
661:
522:
324:
and again in Baghdad to Mir Qasim al-Baghdadi. Bahdadi eventually converted Chapu to
230:
1140:
305:
823:"From Africa to India: Music of the Sidis and the Indian Ocean Diaspora (review)"
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807:
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from 1600 to 1626. During this period he increased the strength and power of
312:, where he was sold again for 20 ducats and was taken to the slave market in
644:
563:
510:
497:
445:
434:
425:
Malik Ambar changed the capital of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate from Paranda to
157:
135:
88:
187:(1548 – 13 May 1626) was a military leader and statesman who served as the
838:
584:
419:
371:
203:
1465:
Kainthla, Anita (August 2011). "The Invincible Fort of Murud Janjira".
1451:
601:
313:
300:, and later dispatched abroad to serve as a warrior. According to the
285:
226:
1425:
Pakistan Historical Society.Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
822:
938:
Tourism Potential in Aurangabad: With Ajanta, Ellora, Daulatabad Fort
636:
within fifteen months, spending a nominal sum of two and a half lakh
632:
of the city of Khadki (modern Aurangabad). Malik Ambar completed the
505:
426:
281:
188:
47:
1219:"The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times"
1194:"The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times"
1519:
A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : Eight Indian Lives
304:, Malik Ambar was sold into slavery by his parents. He ended up in
761:"Malik Ambar: The Ethiopian slave who became a kingmaker in India"
399:
382:
361:
337:
325:
321:
309:
293:
246:
222:
115:
317:
1561:
1270:
Sohoni, Pushkar (1 April 2018). "Imbrication and Implication".
418:
next decade, Malik Ambar would fight and defeat Mughal emperor
1182:"Malik Ambar: Power and Slavery Across the Indian Ocean, p.44"
429:
and founded a new city, Khadki, which was later on renamed to
1562:
The Tribune, Chandigarh, 13 August 2006, India Online edition
1423:
Salahuddin, Mirza (April 2012). "MALIK AMBAR AND HIS CANAL".
1021:"Malik Ambar: The Legacy of an Ethiopian Ruler in India"
869:
Vol. I:7), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999,
696:
Sheikh Chand, Malik Ambar,"Ehde Afreen; Hyderabad; 1929
18:
Military leader of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate (1548–1626)
37:
Portrait of Malik Ambar by Mughal court artist in 1620
1516:
Eaton, Richard M. (2008). "Malik Ambar (1548–1626)".
1392:
Aurangabad with Daulatabad, Khuldabad, and Ahmadnagar
660:
Malik Ambar is credited with the construction of the
365:, were recruited in the Deccan since the rule of the
889:
Military Manpower, Armies and Warfare in South Asia
170:
165:
153:
145:
125:
103:
98:
82:
68:
46:
23:
257:. Early sources claim he was from the now extinct
217:in the region. He is credited with carrying out a
719:
717:
715:
1160:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 112–113.
1442:Sohoni, Pushkar (2020). "The Fort of Janjira".
1205:
1075:
985:
643:Water was supplied to the city from the famous
504:He died in a dual battle against a Dadhiwadiya
369:, founded by North Indian Muslims known as the
1009:E. V. Donzel, "Slave-Trade in Ethiopia," p.185
755:
753:
1137:"The Indomitable Marathas by Neria H. Hebbar"
941:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. 1999. p. 6.
861:Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates
559:during the Mughal War of succession in 1658.
237:and raised the low status of the Nizam Shah.
8:
444:wrestle power in Delhi from his stepmother,
1557:Malik Ambar: A remarkable life B.N. Goswamy
1522:. Bloomington: Cambridge University Press.
566:, near the shrine of the famous Sufi saint
1232:"The Cambridge History of India, Volume 1"
821:Maciszewski, Amelia (Winter–Spring 2005).
31:
20:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
628:Malik Ambar is especially famous for the
535:His youngest daughter was married to the
340:from Abyssinia with a stern Roman face."
332:. He was described by the Dutch merchant
269:Between the 14th and 17th centuries, the
199:ruler from 1600 until his death in 1626.
724:Kenneth X. Robbins; John McLeod (2006).
488:
792:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. xx–xxv.
689:
1394:. Mumbai: Deccan Heritage Foundation.
859:Michell, George & Mark Zebrowski.
1321:
1063:
997:
973:
961:
7:
1444:African Rulers and Generals in India
1123:The Chronicle of an African Diaspora
1052:India Moving: A History of Migration
513:and Changiz Khan and two daughters.
398:as an officer and gained the title "
213:He is also regarded as a pioneer in
1592:People from Aurangabad, Maharashtra
616:, are located within the limits of
525:within ten years of Ambar's death.
316:, and was sold a third time to the
202:Originally a slave from modern day
1622:Indian people of Ethiopian descent
1431:(2): 101–102 – via ProQuest.
866:The New Cambridge History of India
788:Sohoni, Pushkar (30 August 2018).
405:Malik Ambar was the regent of the
210:, showing administrative acumen.
14:
664:in the Murud Area of present-day
229:. He challenged the might of the
1473:(5): 56–57 – via ProQuest.
1344:Tourism Potential in Aurangabad,
1116:"The Siddhis of India – Part II"
245:Malik Ambar was born in 1548 in
1498:Slavery and South Asian History
1367:Tourism Potential in Aurangabad
1:
1602:Early modern history of India
892:. Routledge. 6 October 2015.
612:, the capital of Yadavas and
521:), the sultanate fell to the
1501:. Indiana University Press.
1369:. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan.
452:Second conflict with Mughals
1206:Chatterjee & Eaton 2006
1076:Chatterjee & Eaton 2006
986:Chatterjee & Eaton 2006
562:Malik Ambar's tomb lies in
1658:
1243:John Cadgwan Powell Price,
1154:Richards, John F. (1995).
551:. He was killed by Prince
1627:People from Harari Region
1607:Military history of India
468:, Ranoji Wable and other
347:or chief minister of the
261:tribe. However historian
178:
94:
57:
42:
30:
1390:Sohoni, Pushkar (2015).
1365:Qureshi, Dulari (1999).
1284:10.1215/00666637-4342393
608:(2nd BC to 3rd AD), and
591:Foundation of Aurangabad
191:(Prime Minister) of the
174:Nizam Shah of Ahmednagar
726:African Elites in India
624:Aurangabad canal system
359:Muslim slaves known as
349:Sultanate of Ahmadnagar
1617:People from Marathwada
501:
391:
334:Pieter van den Broecke
1272:Archives of Asian Art
839:10.1353/amu.2005.0008
728:. Mapin. p. 50.
530:Murtaza Nizam Shah II
519:Burhan Nizam Shah III
492:
415:Murtaza Nizam Shah II
389:Murtaza Nizam Shah II
386:
302:Futuhat-i `Adil Shahi
235:Adil Shahs of Bijapur
77:Burhan Nizam Shah III
73:Murtaza Nizam Shah II
1612:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1245:"A History of India"
1019:Ali, Omar H (2011).
614:Muhammad bin Tughluq
549:Shah Abbas of Persia
355:Political background
208:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
193:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
140:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
52:Ahmadnagar Sultanate
1642:17th-century slaves
1637:16th-century slaves
1552:Mentioned on page 9
1489:Chatterjee, Indrani
1324:, pp. 104–130.
988:, pp. 115–116.
618:Aurangabad District
253:. He was known as
1093:The Indian Express
678:Neher water system
630:Neher water system
557:Battle of Samugarh
502:
494:Malik Ambar's Tomb
407:Nizamshahi dynasty
392:
298:converted to Islam
271:Orthodox Christian
219:revenue settlement
1493:Eaton, Richard M.
1401:978-81-8495-702-0
1230:Edward J. Rapson,
1217:Shanti Sadiq Ali,
1192:Shanti Sadiq Ali,
1167:978-0-521-56603-2
1157:The Mughal Empire
948:978-81-86050-44-6
899:978-1-317-32127-9
799:978-1-83860-927-6
604:, the capital of
458:Lakhuji Jadhavrao
396:Sultan of Bijapur
367:Bahmani Sultanate
278:Solomonic dynasty
215:guerrilla warfare
182:
181:
133:(aged 77–78)
1649:
1597:African warriors
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1143:on 20 July 2012.
1139:. Archived from
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387:Malik Ambar and
274:Ethiopian Empire
263:Richard M. Eaton
166:Military service
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99:Personal details
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723:
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707:Plus Supplement
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474:Ahmednagar Fort
466:Shahaji Bhosale
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280:) and adjacent
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1278:(1): 33–46.
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1180:Omar H. Ali,
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1141:the original
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1097:. Retrieved
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1054:(2019), p.29
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1027:. Retrieved
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662:Janjira Fort
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276:(led by the
268:
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212:
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183:
161:Changiz Khan
131:(1626-05-13)
84:Succeeded by
59:
15:
1587:1626 deaths
1582:1549 births
1258:"Aurangzeb"
1029:7 September
827:Asian Music
666:Maharashtra
606:Satavahanas
602:Pratisthana
553:Murad Baksh
185:Malik Ambar
149:Bibi Karima
129:13 May 1626
25:Malik Ambar
1576:Categories
1452:B08J4JLQG6
1322:Eaton 2008
1064:Eaton 2008
998:Eaton 2008
974:Eaton 2008
962:Eaton 2008
808:1090743377
684:References
598:Aurangabad
537:Circassian
511:Fateh Khan
479:Shah Jahan
442:Shah Jahan
431:Aurangabad
411:Ahmednagar
266:Kambata."
241:Early life
171:Allegiance
158:Fateh Khan
1538:226973152
1410:907272072
1300:194963690
1292:0066-6637
1256:Muni Lal,
877:, p.11-12
847:191611760
744:701823920
645:Panchakki
564:Khuldabad
498:Khuldabad
446:Nur Jahan
435:Aurangzeb
136:Khuldabad
89:Fath Khan
64:1600–1626
60:In office
1495:(2006).
672:See also
638:Rupiyahs
610:Devagiri
585:Jahangir
547:against
420:Jahangir
372:Deccanis
306:al-Mukha
204:Ethiopia
197:de facto
195:and its
154:Children
69:Monarchs
1482:Sources
1099:30 June
555:in the
500:in 2022
470:Maratha
314:Baghdad
286:Kambata
231:Mughals
227:Gujarat
50:of the
1536:
1526:
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1164:
945:
922:15 May
896:
873:
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806:
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742:
732:
574:Legacy
506:Charan
427:Junnar
379:Career
362:habshi
345:peshwa
282:Muslim
223:Siddis
189:Peshwa
146:Spouse
48:Peshwa
1296:S2CID
1247:p.313
1234:p.189
1221:p.104
1119:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
843:S2CID
634:Neher
485:Death
400:Malik
338:kafir
326:Islam
322:Mecca
310:Yemen
294:Hadya
290:Damot
255:Chapu
247:Harar
116:Harar
110:Chapu
1534:OCLC
1524:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1448:ASIN
1406:OCLC
1396:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1288:ISSN
1260:p.93
1196:p.99
1162:ISBN
1101:2021
1031:2016
943:ISBN
924:2020
894:ISBN
871:ISBN
804:OCLC
794:ISBN
740:OCLC
730:ISBN
292:and
259:Maya
233:and
126:Died
113:1548
108:Wako
104:Born
1346:p.6
1280:doi
835:doi
496:at
433:by
409:of
320:of
308:in
225:of
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1429:60
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1276:68
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752:^
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863:(
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837::
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763:.
746:.
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