553:
Skeeter, who has also been raised by a Black nanny. During the movie, Skeeter convinces several Black maids to share their stories and grievances, which causes an uproar. The movie came under criticism for several reasons. One being that both the novel and film were written and executed by white people, whose portrayals of Black maids were derived from the limited perspectives of people who did not share the life experiences of the people being depicted. The
Association of Black Historians released a statement saying, "The Help distorts, ignores and trivializes the experiences of black domestic workers." When asked about her role in the movie, Viola Davis expressed her concern with playing the role because of the stereotype. However, she argued that the mammy remains a caricature because she is never humanized in the writings or portrayals. Davis' mother and grandmother also worked as maids, so she was familiar with the experience and lives of black women within domestic work. Davis also challenged filmmakers to explore the lives of these women outside of the kitchen and to not limit their identity to that of maids.
775:
inequality – and are class specific. Working class Black women are depicted as the “Bad Black Mother”/”Welfare Queen” and the “Bitch” (materialistic and hyper sexual Black women within “hip-hop” culture), Middle class Black women are depicted as “Black Ladies” with allegedly un-restrainable sexual desire, and an educated Black woman is often depicted as an “Educated Black Bitch” who is portrayed as manipulative and controlling. Black women in positions of power are often seen as the “Modern-day Mammy”, now which refers to a well-educated and successful Black woman within the upper/upper middle class who “uphold white-dominated structures, institutions, or bosses at the expense of personal .” This is a derivative of the original “Mammy” stereotype in which the Black woman was not only subservient but often happy to serve her white master.
36:
397:
682:, who later left the series due to not wanting to portray the mammy stereotype any longer. McDaniel took over the role for the second season, filming a total of six episodes before becoming ill. McDaniel has been noted to have chosen to play these mammy roles time and time again as they were the only accessible roles for black actress during this time. Similar to how she was given the role on the radio, McDaniel was the epitome of what a mammy looked like as well as being big in size, large mouth, and dark skin that contrasts from white teeth and big eyes. The role on television was also portrayed by
762:. In an episode titled "Mammy Dearest", the mammy stereotype was discussed. The episode centered on an exhibition planned by the character Whitley Gilbert. In the exhibition, Gilbert included images of a "mammy". The character of Charnele Brown is upset and wants it removed from the exhibition. Gilbert and others argue that they must reclaim the image and separate it from its racist history. Later in the episode Brown reveals a childhood story in which she dressed up a Nubian princess for a costume contest at school. When she won, she was referred to as "
129:
540:. In the movie Martin Lawrence plays an FBI agent, Malcolm Turner, who goes undercover as "Big Momma" Hattie Mae Pierce, who exhibits the stereotypical mannerisms and appearance of a mammy caricature. The character of Big Momma is a plus-size older black matriarch and homemaker with overtly religious beliefs and a nurturing demeanor. Another mammy stereotype that the movie displays is the one of midwifery and domestic work. This originates from the history of older Black women serving as midwives on plantations.
331:(2008): A large dark body, a round smiling face, a deeply sonorous and effortlessly soothing voice, a raucous laugh. Her personal attributes include infinite patience, self-deprecating wit, an implicit understanding and acceptance of her own inferiority, and her devotion to whites. The mammy was also large-breasted, desexualized, and potentially hostile towards black men. Many of these characteristics were denied to African-American female slaves but were generally attributed to the mammy.
379:
owner's family, thus relieving the mistress of the house of all the drudgery work that is associated with child care. When the children have grown up and were able to take care of themselves properly, the mammy's main role is to help the mistress with household tasks. As her years of service with the family increase, the mammy's sphere of influence increases as well. She is next to the mistress in authority and has the ability to give orders to everybody in the house.
620:
dolls had similar effects as the false representations created by minstrel shows. These figurines often had exaggerated features and tried to falsely portray
African Americans as "docile, dumb and animated". Despite their racist meaning, these items have been passed down and seen as memorabilia. Although these mammy dolls and ceramics dehumanize Black people, some of them are still valued and sold for hundreds of dollars.
27:
588:
457:
370:
care for the owner's children. In many cases mammies choose to even have their own children taken away because they need to be able to fully provide nutrition to their owner's children, and there is a fear that if they are feeding their own children as well there may not be enough milk for the owner's children.
686:. Aside from the actress that portrayed her, Beulah, as a character, had all the characteristics of a mammy. She always made sure her "family", the family she worked for, was well taken care of. Helping them at any cost and putting their needs above her own can be seen in multiple episodes of the show. The
619:
Mammy imagery can be found in the form of several objects including dolls, ceramics, cookie jars, salt and pepper shakers, and other household items. The mammy caricature was part of post Civil War propaganda that spread negative and false stereotypes about
African Americans. These mammy ceramics and
387:
to them, such as addressing the elders on the plantation as "aunt" or "uncle", as well as what was best to say on a particular occasion and what was not. The mammy is able to discipline her charges whenever they do something undesirable, and is able to retain their respect towards her, even after the
382:
The mammy is often considered to be part of the slaveholding family as much as its blood members were considered. Although she is considered of a lower status, she is still included in the inner circle. She has often been referred to as a "unique type of foster motherhood". Aside from just tending to
71:
slave-holding households. The mammy caricature was used to create a narrative of black women being happy within slavery or within a role of servitude. The mammy stereotype associates black women with domestic roles and it has been argued that it, combined with segregation and discrimination, limited
735:
When other contemporary mammies emerged, they usually retained their occupation as domestic workers and exhibited these physical feature changes; however, their emotional qualities remained the same. These contemporary mammies continued to be quick-witted and remained highly opinionated. A new twist
627:
that was founded in 1940. The building is shaped like a mammy caricature along with a head-wrap and long red skirt. Similar to Aunt Jemima, Mammy's
Cupboard uses the imagery and the stereotype of Black women to promote a business. The restaurant's use of a mammy caricature to portray Black servitude
522:
in 1939. In 1940, shortly after the win, the NAACP scrutinized McDaniel's role, and criticized
Hollywood for the lack of diverse Black roles and characters outside of servitude. McDaniel responded to backlash by saying, "Why should I complain about making $ 7,000 playing a maid? If I didn't, I'd be
378:
The fictional role of the mammy in plantation households grows out of the roles of enslaved
African-Americans on the plantation. African-American slaves played vital roles in the plantation household. For the mammy, the majority of these duties generally are related to caring for the children of the
361:
Although her duties are far less tiring and strenuous than those of the other slaves, her hours are often long, leaving little time for her own leisure. Not until the mammy becomes too old for these duties does she enjoy any home life of her own, since she is always preoccupied with the home life of
339:
The dress often reflects the status of her owner. The mammy is usually neat and clean and wears attire that is suitable for her domestic duties. Sometimes a mammy considers herself to be dressed up, but that is usually just an addition of a bonnet and a silk velvet mantle, which probably belonged to
294:
to white authority. On occasion, the mammy is also depicted as a sassy woman. She is devoted to her owners/employers and her primary goal in life is to care for their needs. In some portrayals, the mammy has a family of her own. But her caregiving duties always come first, leading to the mammy being
369:
The mammy, unlike other slaves, is usually not up for sale, and the children of the mammy are kept in the same family for as long as possible, retaining the same relationships that the mammy has with the owner. There are oftentimes when a mammy is forced to leave her own children behind in order to
357:
When the mammy does not stay in the house of her owner or is not busy attending to the needs of the owner's children, she usually lives with her husband and children in a cabin that is distinguished from the cabins of the other enslaved people in either size or structure. Her cabin stands near the
774:
Nowadays, stereotypical or controlling images of Black women reflect the economic, legal, and social changes that have occurred to Black people over the past 50-60 years. The images are also reflective of a society as a whole – a global economy, unprecedented media reach and transitional racial
552:
about Black maids of white families in
Jackson, Mississippi during the 1960s. The novel and film center around the experience of Black domestic workers, influenced by the writer and director both having Black nannies growing up. The story is positive from the perspective of the main character
677:
was given the role on the radio version in 1947, as she was famous for her multiple other award-winning performances portraying the mammy stereotype. The radio show was taken to television in the early 1950s and went on to run for three seasons. The first of season of the show starred
305:(2011) by summarizing that "Mammy was not a protector or defender of black children or communities. She represented a maternal ideal, but not in caring for her own children. Her love, doting, advice, correction, and supervision were reserved exclusively for white women and children."
348:
The stereotypical mammy is often illiterate, though intelligent in her own way. However, as intelligent as she is, most of her intelligence is a result of past experiences and conflicts. In particular, a mammy of an aristocratic family can be identified by her air of refinement.
171:. The proposed statue would have been dedicated to "The Black Mammy of the South". The bill received a standing ovation in the Senate, where it passed with bipartisan consensus, but died in committee in the House following written protests from thousands of black women.
693:
Over time, the image of the mammy was given a contemporary makeover. Some of the more contemporary features that the mammy received were that her head rag was removed and she became smaller, as well as lighter in complexion. In addition, her owner was not always white.
366:, even though there is a possibility that she can perform either of these tasks. In some of the wealthier households, the fictional mammy has assistants who would help her take care of the household's children. These women are often much younger than the mammy herself.
62:
depicting black women, usually enslaved, who did domestic work, including nursing children. The fictionalized mammy character is often visualized as a dark-skinned woman with a motherly personality. The origin of the mammy figure stereotype is rooted in the history of
437:(the 1950s). One of the founders of Aunt Jemima came up with the name and branding after hearing a minstrel song called "Old Aunt Jemima". Subsequently, other companies who profited from using images of black caricatures received criticism as well.
420:
came under criticism for its branding after receiving public criticism about the company using a mammy caricature as its logo. The character of Aunt Jemima was not a real person and was portrayed by several people, beginning with freed slave
249:
has led to the mammy figure being less prevalent in the 21st-century culture, but the mammy archetype still influences the portrayal of
African-American women in fiction, as good caretakers, nurturing, selfless, strong, and supportive, the
199:, which reimagined the powerless, coerced slave girls as soothing, comfortable, and consenting women. This contradicts other historically accurate accounts of enslaved women fearing for their lives at the hands of abusive masters. In 1981,
1691:
84:
The mammy caricature was first seen in the 1830s in antebellum proslavery literature as a way to oppose the description of slavery given by abolitionists. One of the earliest fictionalized versions of the mammy figure is Aunt Chloe in
713:
was made, where Rolle's character became the center of the series; the show focused on her family, which lived generally happy lives in a low-income housing project. Other television series that featured mammies as characters include
605:
3184:
661:
did not become common in US household until around the mid to late 1940s, making radio shows popular forms of entertainment for the
American family. In 1939, Beulah Brown debuted as a character on the radio show
30:
Mauma Mollie. She died in the 1850s at her master's family home in
Florida. A family member described her as nursing "nearly all of the children in the family" and said that they loved her as a "second
673:. The character was well taken to and added to several other radio shows. Over time, the creators and producers of these shows wanted to have an actual Black woman as the voice of the character.
3177:
497:
named "Ask Aunt Ada". Black women were often the faces of these food or housekeeping columns because of the stereotypes like the mammy which associated them with servant and domestic roles.
526:
Some of the contemporary media portrayals of the mammy caricature have been acted out by black men (Henson, 2013). A contemporary portrayal of the mammy caricature is seen in the film
453:, the owners of the Aunt Jemima brand, decided to rebrand it as The Pearl Milling Company and changed its logo from the mammy caricature to an image of a traditional milling building.
226:(2008), Kimberly Wallace-Sanders argued that the mammy's stereotypical attributes point to the source of her inspiration: "a long lasting and troubled marriage of racial and gender
3170:
295:
portrayed as a neglectful parent or grandparent. And while the mammy is devoted to her white family, she often treats her own family poorly. Moreover, she has no black friends.
489:
was a mammy caricature who was the stereotypical good southern cook who spoke in a broken and exaggerated dialect. The alias of Aunt Priscilla was actually a white woman named
1461:"African American Midwifery in the South: Dialogues of Birth, Race, and Memory. By Gertrude Jacinta Fraser (Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press, 1998) 287 pp. $ 39.95"
114:
households. Their duties included preparing meals, cleaning homes, and nursing and rearing their owners' children. Out of these circumstances arose the image of the mammy.
915:"Melanie Klein and the Black Mammy: An Exploration of the Influence of the Mammy Stereotype on Klein's Maternal and Its Contribution to the "Whiteness" of Psychoanalysis"
1249:
3404:
1325:
500:
Images such as Aunt Jemima and Aunt Priscilla were mammy caricatures that created a negative and limiting representation as servant roles for white families.
160:
and racial oppression. The mammy image became especially prominent in the era of racial segregation, and reproductions of it persisted into the 21st century.
35:
3429:
1564:
1591:
3399:
1952:
3419:
513:
3237:
2643:
396:
669:, as a character, was highly stereotypical and was the quintessential mammy figure auditorily. The character was originally played by white actor
290:. She is an idealized figure of a caregiver: amiable, loyal, maternal, non-threatening, obedient, and submissive. The mammy figure demonstrates
3414:
1701:
1370:
1064:
613:
153:
3424:
3359:
1657:
963:
164:
1859:
1097:
1881:
1667:
1387:
3434:
3199:
804:
1900:
416:
The mammy caricature has been used as advertisements for corporations, especially within the food industry. In 2020, the brand
3439:
3147:
1945:
1732:"The Modern Mammy and the Angry Black Man: African American Professionals' Experiences with Gendered Racism in the Workplace"
1216:
133:
1440:
Henson, Ukiya C. “THE MAMMY RELOADED: African American Men Portraying The Updated Caricature In Contemporary Films.” (2013).
231:
362:
her owner. There is a flexibility about the mammy's duties that distinguishes her from just being an ordinary nurse or a
666:
568:
99:
64:
493:. Purcell also released several cookbooks under the alias. Purcell also took up the person of Aunt Ada in a column for
2840:
2535:
2395:
994:
477:
3102:
2891:
2226:
1841:
183:
of the mammy figure is questionable. Historical accounts point to the identity of most female domestic servants as
1409:
1938:
518:
48:
1449:
Big Momma's House. Film. Directed by Raja Gosnell. Beverly Hills, CA: 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment, 2000.
3242:
2208:
1972:
690:, did not like the image of African-American women the show represented, as it supported the mammy stereotype.
3364:
1532:
3222:
320:
figure, "devoid of any personal desires that might tempt her to sin". This helps the mammy serve as both a
241:
The romanticized mammy image survives in the popular imagination of the modern United States. Psychologist
128:
3061:
2567:
2390:
2259:
1837:
967:
434:
242:
149:
20:
3267:
3092:
2671:
1772:
1354:
839:
577:
430:
246:
86:
728:
442:
3444:
2525:
1041:
914:
528:
298:
251:
192:
91:
44:
2781:
2679:
2149:
624:
40:
26:
3377:
3066:
3056:
2856:
2768:
2550:
1782:
Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, & Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films
1743:
1638:
1488:
1300:
1194:
1151:
1143:
942:
309:
145:
1611:"Mammies and Matriarchs: Tracing Images of the Black Female in Popular Culture 1950s to Present"
316:. The mammy is occasionally depicted as a religious woman. More often than not, the mammy is an
3162:
1925:
1717:
3283:
3212:
3036:
2987:
2876:
2385:
2216:
2047:
1855:
1697:
1663:
1630:
1540:
1480:
1417:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1275:
1224:
1186:
1093:
1070:
1060:
1002:
934:
794:
750:
716:
699:
267:
1126:
Parkhurst, Jessie W. (July 1938). "The Role of the Black Mammy in the Plantation Household".
971:
3298:
3232:
3082:
3071:
2960:
2704:
2694:
2438:
2365:
2329:
2301:
2254:
2132:
1912:
1622:
1472:
1178:
1135:
926:
784:
103:
3409:
2906:
2896:
2727:
2712:
2595:
2221:
1961:
1803:
From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of US Social Policy
1659:
From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of US Social Policy
674:
629:
543:
537:
509:
490:
196:
107:
144:
While originating in the slavery period, the mammy figure rose to prominence during the
3344:
3207:
3132:
3107:
2684:
2615:
2530:
2443:
1851:
738:
722:
683:
637:
486:
461:
446:
438:
263:
259:
123:
111:
1388:"Op-Ed: I don't like 'Gone With the Wind,' but I hate to see Hattie McDaniel canceled"
3393:
3262:
3247:
3142:
3087:
2919:
2881:
2866:
2827:
2342:
2141:
2111:
2037:
2022:
1787:
Camacho, Roseanne V., "Race, Region, and Gender in a Reassessment of Lillian Smith."
1642:
1610:
1492:
1326:"Out of the Shadow of Aunt Jemima: The Real Black Chefs Who Taught Americans to Cook"
1198:
1155:
946:
799:
426:
168:
68:
1875:
766:". The incident was traumatic for her because she felt that was how people saw her.
3117:
3051:
3000:
2950:
2940:
2835:
2656:
2628:
2605:
2560:
2405:
2380:
2347:
2309:
2236:
2169:
2116:
2080:
2062:
1831:
Ceramic Uncles & Celluloid Mammies: Black Images and Their Influence on Culture
704:
679:
533:
227:
212:
73:
1182:
930:
1808:
Parkhurst, Jessie W., "The Role of the Black Mammy in the Plantation Household",
383:
the needs of the children, the mammy is also responsible for teaching the proper
3349:
3288:
3257:
2935:
2914:
2871:
2817:
2689:
2651:
2623:
2600:
2545:
2467:
2154:
2090:
2042:
2017:
1460:
763:
743:
670:
633:
450:
422:
417:
401:
313:
255:
208:
200:
184:
180:
1476:
358:
owner's house, but at a distance from the cabins of the other enslaved people.
3370:
3334:
3313:
3227:
3127:
3076:
2776:
2758:
2540:
2520:
2461:
2433:
2375:
2370:
2290:
2231:
2193:
1626:
1169:
Musser, Amber Jamilla (2018-07-03). "Mammy's Milk and Absent Black Children".
709:
658:
321:
317:
283:
59:
1634:
1544:
1506:
1484:
1421:
1228:
1190:
1074:
1006:
938:
3354:
3303:
3293:
3217:
3137:
3041:
2975:
2804:
2795:
2750:
2735:
2457:
2428:
2337:
2319:
2314:
2185:
2181:
2159:
2106:
2085:
2057:
2032:
1977:
1878:". Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Ferris State University, Michigan.
1774:
Racial Innocence: Performing American Childhood from Slavery to Civil Rights
1254:
809:
587:
456:
384:
363:
301:
describes the relationship between the mammy and other African Americans in
291:
287:
235:
3339:
3308:
3122:
3112:
3097:
2886:
2633:
2585:
2505:
2072:
2027:
609:
549:
508:
In the early 20th century, the mammy character was common in many films.
409:
324:
and a moral guide to her young charges, capable of keeping them in line.
216:
137:
1747:
1731:
327:
Kimberly Wallace-Sanders includes other characteristics of the mammy in
2995:
2945:
2812:
2717:
2555:
2453:
2357:
2282:
2273:
2197:
2189:
2052:
1217:"Aunt Jemima Has a New Name After 131 Years: The Pearl Milling Company"
1147:
628:
is reminiscent of how it was portrayed in the Old South. The character
465:
279:
157:
67:, as slave women were often tasked with domestic and childcare work in
1565:""Mammy's Cupboard" in "Burgers in Blackface" on Manifold @uminnpress"
895:
3318:
2661:
2423:
2400:
1901:"Southern Memory, Southern Monuments, and the Subversive Black Mammy"
1822:
Thurber, Cheryl, "The Development of the Mammy Image and Mythology."
1410:"Is The Help helping? Domestic servants on film in today's Hollywood"
755:
207:
series, alongside other mythological and folklore characters such as
1917:
1139:
1057:
Sister citizen : shame, stereotypes, and Black women in America
697:
Some contemporary television sitcoms which featured mammies include
1930:
1777:(New York: New York University Press, 2011), 157, 174–176, 180–181.
1250:"Fact check: Aunt Jemima model Nancy Green didn't create the brand"
834:
604:
195:
has argued that the mammy was a creation of the imagination of the
3046:
2861:
2590:
2448:
2177:
789:
687:
603:
586:
455:
395:
188:
127:
34:
25:
2968:
2002:
995:"Opinion: When White Women Wanted a Monument to Black 'Mammies'"
759:
736:
in the outlook of the contemporary mammy occurred in the sitcom
312:, which depicts younger African-American women as conniving and
3166:
3025:
2493:
1990:
1934:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
623:
In Natchez, Mississippi, there is a roadside restaurant called
98:
Some scholars see the mammy figure as rooted in the history of
2577:
1693:
Icons of African American Literature: The Black Literary World
303:
Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America
1533:"Mammy Jars Mock Black People. Why Are They Still Collected?"
707:, worked as a domestic for a white family. A spin-off titled
1926:
https://shadesofnoir.org.uk/a-different-world-mammy-dearest/
1791:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992. p. 168.
1826:, Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992. p. 96.
640:. This character was sold as a doll and featured in books.
1092:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 3, 6.
449:
are some of the companies that were spotlighted. In 2021,
1847:
Too Heavy a Yoke: Black Women and the Burden of Strength
1656:
Jewell, K. Sue; Staff, Jewell K. S. (January 21, 1993).
1796:
The Plantation Mistress: Woman's World in the Old South
958:
956:
156:
efforts to reinterpret and legitimize their legacy of
1090:
Mammy: A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory
329:
Mammy. A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory
224:
Mammy: A Century of Race, Gender, and Southern Memory
425:
from 1893 to 1923, and followed by others including
3327:
3276:
3198:
2986:
2959:
2928:
2905:
2849:
2826:
2803:
2794:
2767:
2749:
2726:
2703:
2670:
2642:
2614:
2576:
2513:
2504:
2416:
2356:
2328:
2299:
2281:
2272:
2247:
2207:
2168:
2140:
2131:
2099:
2071:
2010:
2001:
1882:Mammy Dearest: African-American House Servants in
1736:Jean Ait Belkhir, Race, Gender & Class Journal
890:
888:
1586:
1584:
1301:"Christmas Delights In Aunt Priscilla's Cookbook"
746:, works for an affluent African-American family.
878:
1210:
1208:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
758:that featured students at Hillman, a fictional
191:, not "grandmotherly types" such as the mammy.
167:proposed the erection of a mammy statue on the
2973:
1895:American Studies at the University of Virginia
1403:
1401:
1351:Frankly, My Dear: Gone With the Wind Revisited
481:was a food and recipe column published in the
140:of his proposal for the "mammy memorial", 1923
3178:
1946:
1819:. New York: W.W. Norton, 1949. p. 123-4.
72:job opportunities for black women during the
8:
3193:African-American caricatures and stereotypes
1028:A Black woman's history of the United States
512:became the first African American to win an
1899:Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly (June 15, 2009).
3185:
3171:
3163:
3022:
2800:
2510:
2501:
2490:
2278:
2137:
2007:
1998:
1987:
1953:
1939:
1931:
1798:(New York: Pantheon Books, 1982), 201–202.
118:Segregation era and National Mall monument
1916:
703:, where the character Florida, played by
514:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress
1824:Southern Women: Histories and Identities
1789:Southern Women: Histories and Identities
826:
523:making $ 7 a week actually being one."
3405:African-American-related controversies
1784:(New York: Continuum, 1973/1994), 57.
1690:Page, Yolanda Williams (2011-10-31).
614:Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia
278:The mammy is usually portrayed as an
106:women were tasked with the duties of
7:
1716:Favour, Jonathan (October 1, 2020).
1465:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1842:"Jezebels, Mammies, and Matriarchs"
1833:(New York: Anchor Books, 1994), 44.
1615:Journal of African American Studies
742:, where Florence, a maid played by
516:with her performance as "Mammy" in
308:This stereotype contrasts with the
165:United Daughters of the Confederacy
3430:Stereotypes of working-class women
1718:"A Different World: Mammy Dearest"
1609:Sewell, Christopher J. P. (2013).
1386:Johnston, Pamela (June 12, 2020).
1088:Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly (2008).
14:
3400:African-American gender relations
1055:Harris-Perry, Melissa V. (2011).
1026:Berry, D.R.; Gross, K.N. (2020).
148:. Some scholars feel that in the
3420:Stereotypes of African Americans
1276:"Clipped From The Baltimore Sun"
993:Parker, Alison M. (2020-02-06).
964:"The Mythification of the Mammy"
805:Stereotypes of African Americans
2470:(self styled captain, braggart)
1730:Wingfield, Aida Harvey (2007).
1171:Studies in Gender and Sexuality
919:Studies in Gender and Sexuality
388:children have grown to adults.
882:Walker-Barnes (2014), p. 85-88
649:Beloved Belindy Johnny Gruelle
374:Roles in plantation households
134:Ulric Stonewall Jackson Dunbar
76:, approximately 1877 to 1966.
1:
3415:Blackface minstrel characters
1183:10.1080/15240657.2018.1491456
931:10.1080/15240657.2018.1491454
152:, the mammy played a role in
1810:The Journal of Negro History
1531:Brown, Elisha (2019-03-27).
1128:The Journal of Negro History
100:slavery in the United States
65:slavery in the United States
2974:
2841:Elderly martial arts master
2536:Hooker with a heart of gold
1812:, Vol. 23, No. 3, July 1938
1215:Vigdor, Neil (2021-02-10).
913:Green, Emily (2018-07-03).
550:a novel by Kathryn Stockett
95:, first published in 1852.
3461:
3425:Stereotypes of black women
1477:10.1162/jinh.1999.30.3.547
1459:Reverby, Susan M. (1998).
1408:Brooks, Xan (2011-10-20).
835:"Portrait of Mauma Mollie"
760:historically black college
203:included the mammy in his
121:
18:
16:U.S. historical stereotype
3032:
3021:
2500:
2489:
1997:
1986:
1968:
1679:– via Google Books.
1627:10.1007/s12111-012-9238-x
1059:. Yale University Press.
1042:"Mammy Monument Proposal"
274:Fictional characteristics
49:Adams County, Mississippi
3243:Fried chicken stereotype
1282:. 1963-04-21. p. 33
688:NAACP, and other critics
664:Homeward Unincorporated.
478:Aunt Priscilla's Recipes
258:. She cites as examples
3435:Female stock characters
3223:Black American princess
1838:Walker-Barnes, Chanequa
1349:Haskell, Molly (2010).
900:Ferris State University
400:1909 advertisement for
3360:Black people in comics
2568:Manic Pixie Dream Girl
1992:By ethics and morality
968:University of Virginia
896:"The Mammy Caricature"
616:
596:
473:
435:Ethel Ernestine Harper
413:
412:family at bottom right
243:Chanequa Walker-Barnes
154:historical revisionism
150:Southern United States
141:
51:
32:
3440:Slang terms for women
3365:Colored people's time
3268:Watermelon stereotype
1829:Turner, Patricia A.,
1355:Yale University Press
840:World Digital Library
607:
593:Boots and Her Buddies
590:
578:Boots and Her Buddies
575:Opal, Edgar Martin's
459:
399:
252:supporting characters
247:political correctness
131:
87:Harriet Beecher Stowe
58:is a U.S. historical
38:
29:
1876:The Mammy Caricature
1817:Killers of the Dream
1794:Clinton, Catherine,
1662:. Psychology Press.
1569:Manifold @uminnpress
1353:. Icons of America.
564:Bobby's Make-Believe
548:is a movie based on
299:Melissa Harris-Perry
193:Melissa Harris-Perry
175:Historical criticism
45:novelty architecture
19:For other uses, see
2782:Princess and dragon
2680:Princesse lointaine
2180:(servants, clowns:
2150:Gentleman detective
1884:Birth of the Nation
1592:"It's Raggedytime!"
974:on October 13, 2018
404:pancake mix in the
3378:Life as a BlackMan
3238:Criminal black man
3067:Identity formation
2857:American mappillai
2769:Damsel in distress
2551:Magical girlfriend
2456:(wealthy old men,
1888:Gone with the Wind
1771:Bernstein, Robin,
1766:General references
1598:. August 24, 1986.
1596:washingtonpost.com
1537:The New York Times
1221:The New York Times
999:The New York Times
729:What's Happening!!
617:
600:Dolls and ceramics
597:
519:Gone with the Wind
485:during the 1930s.
474:
470:The Baltimore Sun,
443:Mrs. Butterworth's
414:
310:Jezebel stereotype
146:Reconstruction Era
142:
52:
33:
3387:
3386:
3284:Angelfood McSpade
3213:Angry black woman
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3037:Adolescent clique
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3009:
3008:
2790:
2789:
2526:Farmer's daughter
2495:By sex and gender
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2268:
2267:
2127:
2126:
2048:Mythological king
1892:Song of the South
1874:Pilgrim, David. "
1720:. Shades of Noir.
1703:978-0-313-35203-4
1392:Los Angeles Times
1372:978-0-300-16437-4
1330:Collectors Weekly
1280:The Baltimore Sun
1066:978-0-300-16541-8
795:Madame Sul-Te-Wan
751:A Different World
529:Big Momma's House
433:(1948–1966), and
406:New York Tribune,
353:Living conditions
92:Uncle Tom's Cabin
3452:
3299:Coon Chicken Inn
3253:Mammy stereotype
3233:Black matriarchy
3187:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3083:Little green men
3072:Imaginary friend
3023:
2979:
2801:
2741:Mammy stereotype
2695:Yamato nadeshiko
2511:
2502:
2491:
2366:Bug-eyed monster
2330:Social Darwinist
2279:
2255:Good cop/bad cop
2138:
2008:
1999:
1988:
1962:Stock characters
1955:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1864:
1815:Smith, Lillian,
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1742:(1/2): 196–212.
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1248:Fauzia, Miriam.
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1123:
1104:
1103:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
990:
984:
983:
981:
979:
970:. Archived from
960:
951:
950:
910:
904:
903:
892:
883:
880:
853:
852:
850:
848:
831:
821:Inline citations
785:Black matriarchy
632:was designed by
625:Mammy's Cupboard
595:(March 21, 1926)
108:domestic workers
104:African American
41:Mammy's Cupboard
3460:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3383:
3323:
3272:
3194:
3191:
3161:
3152:
3028:
3005:
2982:
2955:
2924:
2907:Prince Charming
2901:
2897:Superfluous man
2892:Nice Jewish boy
2845:
2822:
2786:
2763:
2745:
2728:Lady-in-waiting
2722:
2699:
2666:
2638:
2610:
2596:Fairy godmother
2572:
2496:
2473:
2412:
2352:
2324:
2295:
2264:
2243:
2222:Gentleman thief
2203:
2196: and
2164:
2123:
2095:
2067:
1993:
1982:
1964:
1959:
1918:10.18737/M7PK6W
1905:Southern Spaces
1898:
1871:
1862:
1836:
1801:Jewel, K. Sue,
1780:Bogle, Donald,
1768:
1763:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1507:"Frank O. King"
1505:
1504:
1500:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1426:
1424:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1307:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1231:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1140:10.2307/2714687
1125:
1124:
1107:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1067:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1030:. Beacon Press.
1025:
1024:
1020:
1011:
1009:
992:
991:
987:
977:
975:
962:
961:
954:
912:
911:
907:
894:
893:
886:
881:
856:
846:
844:
833:
832:
828:
823:
818:
781:
772:
675:Hattie McDaniel
656:
646:
630:Beloved Belindy
602:
591:Edgar Martin's
584:
559:
538:Martin Lawrence
510:Hattie McDaniel
506:
495:The Evening Sun
491:Eleanor Purcell
394:
376:
355:
346:
337:
276:
234:, and southern
197:white supremacy
177:
158:chattel slavery
126:
120:
82:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3458:
3456:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3345:Mister Charlie
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3208:Alligator bait
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:Tragic mulatto
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3108:Shoulder angel
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:("The Lovers")
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3026:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2685:Southern belle
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2616:Hawksian woman
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2531:Girl next door
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2451:
2446:
2444:Masked villain
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2005:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1896:
1879:
1870:
1869:External links
1867:
1866:
1865:
1861:978-1620320662
1860:
1852:Wipf and Stock
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1722:
1709:
1702:
1682:
1668:
1648:
1621:(3): 308–326.
1601:
1580:
1556:
1523:
1498:
1471:(3): 547–548.
1451:
1442:
1433:
1397:
1378:
1371:
1341:
1316:
1292:
1267:
1240:
1204:
1177:(3): 188–190.
1161:
1134:(3): 349–369.
1105:
1099:978-0472034017
1098:
1080:
1065:
1047:
1033:
1018:
985:
952:
925:(3): 164–182.
905:
884:
854:
825:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
780:
777:
771:
768:
739:The Jeffersons
723:Gimme a Break!
717:That's My Mama
684:Louise Beavers
655:
652:
651:
650:
645:
642:
638:Johnny Gruelle
601:
598:
582:
581:
573:
569:Gasoline Alley
558:
555:
505:
502:
487:Aunt Priscilla
462:Aunt Priscilla
447:Cream of Wheat
393:
390:
375:
372:
354:
351:
345:
342:
336:
333:
275:
272:
264:Mercedes Jones
260:Miranda Bailey
176:
173:
124:Mammy memorial
119:
116:
112:white American
81:
78:
47:restaurant in
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3457:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:Welfare queen
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Magical Negro
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3188:
3183:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Village idiot
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3088:Magical Negro
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2920:Knight-errant
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:Little Johnny
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2867:Ivan the Fool
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2828:Father figure
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2644:Woman warrior
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2514:Love interest
2512:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Swamp monster
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2343:Mad scientist
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2142:Lovable rogue
2139:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:Super soldier
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2038:Knight-errant
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Christ figure
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1683:
1671:
1669:9780415087773
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1382:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:
986:
973:
969:
965:
959:
957:
953:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
909:
906:
901:
897:
891:
889:
885:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
855:
842:
841:
836:
830:
827:
820:
815:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Magical Negro
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
778:
776:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
747:
745:
741:
740:
733:
731:
730:
725:
724:
719:
718:
712:
711:
706:
702:
701:
695:
691:
689:
685:
681:
676:
672:
668:
665:
660:
653:
648:
647:
643:
641:
639:
635:
631:
626:
621:
615:
611:
606:
599:
594:
589:
585:
580:
579:
574:
571:
570:
565:
561:
560:
556:
554:
551:
547:
546:
541:
539:
536:and starring
535:
531:
530:
524:
521:
520:
515:
511:
503:
501:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:Baltimore Sun
480:
479:
471:
467:
463:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:(1923–1951),
428:
427:Anna Robinson
424:
419:
411:
407:
403:
398:
391:
389:
386:
380:
373:
371:
367:
365:
359:
352:
350:
343:
341:
334:
332:
330:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
281:
273:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
174:
172:
170:
169:National Mall
166:
163:In 1923, the
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
139:
135:
130:
125:
117:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
93:
88:
79:
77:
75:
70:
66:
61:
57:
50:
46:
42:
37:
28:
22:
3376:
3369:
3252:
3148:White savior
3118:Straight man
3052:Dragonslayer
3001:Black knight
2969:Seme and uke
2951:Mountain man
2941:Noble savage
2836:Wise old man
2740:
2657:Magical girl
2629:Femme fatale
2606:Loathly lady
2561:Monster girl
2406:Nazi zombies
2381:Monster girl
2348:Supervillain
2310:Double agent
2283:Antivillains
2237:Space pirate
2170:Tricky slave
2117:Space marine
2081:Byronic hero
2063:Youngest son
2011:Classic hero
1908:
1904:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1848:
1845:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1751:. Retrieved
1739:
1735:
1725:
1712:
1696:. ABC-CLIO.
1692:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1658:
1651:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1595:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1548:. Retrieved
1536:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1425:. Retrieved
1414:The Guardian
1413:
1391:
1381:
1350:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1319:
1308:. Retrieved
1304:
1295:
1284:. Retrieved
1279:
1270:
1259:. Retrieved
1253:
1243:
1232:. Retrieved
1220:
1174:
1170:
1164:
1131:
1127:
1089:
1083:
1056:
1050:
1036:
1027:
1021:
1010:. Retrieved
998:
988:
976:. Retrieved
972:the original
922:
918:
908:
899:
845:. Retrieved
838:
829:
773:
754:was a 1980s
749:
748:
737:
734:
727:
721:
715:
708:
705:Esther Rolle
698:
696:
692:
680:Ethel Waters
663:
657:
622:
618:
592:
583:
576:
567:
563:
544:
542:
534:Raja Gosnell
532:directed by
527:
525:
517:
507:
499:
494:
482:
476:
475:
469:
464:and text in
431:Edith Wilson
415:
408:featuring a
405:
381:
377:
368:
360:
356:
347:
338:
328:
326:
307:
302:
297:
288:dark skinned
277:
256:protagonists
245:argues that
240:
228:essentialism
223:
221:
213:Mickey Mouse
204:
189:young adults
178:
162:
143:
97:
90:
83:
74:Jim Crow era
55:
53:
3445:Aunt Jemima
3350:House negro
3289:Bigger Hair
3277:Caricatures
3258:Video vixen
3200:Stereotypes
3093:Mole people
2936:Feral child
2818:Scaramouche
2690:Valley girl
2652:Jungle girl
2624:Dragon Lady
2601:La Ruffiana
2546:Loosu ponnu
2468:Il Capitano
2091:Tragic hero
2043:Legacy hero
2018:Action hero
1675:January 21,
1516:January 21,
1511:lambiek.net
1357:. pp.
1324:Hix, Lisa.
978:January 21,
764:Aunt Jemima
744:Marla Gibbs
671:Marlin Hurt
659:Televisions
634:Raggedy Ann
451:Quaker Oats
439:Uncle Ben's
423:Nancy Green
418:Aunt Jemima
402:Aunt Jemima
392:Advertising
340:her owner.
314:promiscuous
280:older woman
209:Santa Claus
201:Andy Warhol
181:historicity
102:. Enslaved
3394:Categories
3371:Ghettopoly
3335:Black doll
3314:Pickaninny
3228:Black Buck
3128:Town drunk
3077:Innamorati
2777:Final girl
2759:Gamer girl
2462:Il Dottore
2434:Folk devil
2376:Killer toy
2371:Evil clown
2291:False hero
2232:Air pirate
2194:Pulcinella
1574:2021-04-02
1550:2021-04-02
1427:2021-04-01
1335:2021-04-02
1310:2021-04-01
1286:2021-04-01
1261:2021-04-01
1234:2021-04-01
1012:2023-02-06
816:References
710:Good Times
654:Television
322:confidante
284:overweight
122:See also:
60:stereotype
3355:Uncle Tom
3304:Coon song
3294:Blackface
3218:Baby mama
3138:Truck-kun
3042:Barbarian
2976:Otokonoko
2929:Primitive
2805:Harlequin
2796:Masculine
2751:Geek girl
2736:Columbina
2672:Queen bee
2458:Pantalone
2429:Archenemy
2338:Dark lord
2320:Terrorist
2315:Evil twin
2186:Brighella
2182:Harlequin
2160:Trickster
2107:Cyberhero
2086:Man alone
2058:Superhero
2033:Folk hero
1978:Archetype
1643:143092368
1635:1559-1646
1545:0362-4331
1493:142604204
1485:0022-1953
1422:0261-3077
1255:USA Today
1229:0362-4331
1199:149726795
1191:1524-0657
1156:149661079
1075:711045639
1007:0362-4331
947:149684818
939:1524-0657
810:Uncle Tom
610:figurines
460:Image of
385:etiquette
364:wet nurse
344:Education
292:deference
268:Ivy Wentz
254:to white
236:nostalgia
232:mythology
185:teenagers
132:Sculptor
3340:Miss Ann
3309:Golliwog
3123:Tokenism
3113:Sidekick
3103:Redshirt
3098:Pop icon
2915:BishĹŤnen
2887:Nice guy
2634:Tsundere
2586:Cat lady
2506:Feminine
2396:Vampires
2386:Skeleton
2358:Monsters
2274:Villains
2073:Antihero
2028:Everyman
1840:(2014),
1748:41675204
779:See also
636:creator
566:, 1919,
562:Rachel,
545:The Help
410:rag doll
335:Clothing
217:Superman
138:maquette
69:American
43:", 1940
31:mother".
2996:Pachuco
2988:Bad boy
2946:Caveman
2813:Pierrot
2718:Laotong
2713:Class S
2556:Catgirl
2541:Ingénue
2521:BishĹŤjo
2454:Vecchio
2401:Zombies
2217:Bad boy
2198:Pierrot
2192:,
2190:Scapino
2188:,
2184:,
2053:Paladin
1805:, 1993.
1305:NPR.org
1148:2714687
847:June 2,
612:in the
572:, 1921.
466:dialect
318:asexual
136:with a
80:History
3410:Ageism
3319:Rastus
3027:Others
2662:Virago
2424:Alazon
2227:Pirate
2209:Outlaw
2133:Rogues
2003:Heroes
1890:, and
1858:
1746:
1700:
1666:
1641:
1633:
1543:
1491:
1483:
1420:
1369:
1227:
1197:
1189:
1154:
1146:
1096:
1073:
1063:
1005:
945:
937:
843:. 1850
770:Legacy
756:sitcom
667:Beulah
644:Novels
608:Mammy
557:Comics
504:Cinema
445:, and
286:, and
266:, and
215:, and
3328:Other
3057:Donor
3047:Clown
2862:Himbo
2850:Young
2591:Crone
2449:Miser
2417:Other
2248:Other
2178:Zanni
2100:Other
1753:7 May
1744:JSTOR
1639:S2CID
1489:S2CID
1195:S2CID
1152:S2CID
1144:JSTOR
943:S2CID
790:Dinah
700:Maude
468:from
205:Myths
56:mammy
21:Mammy
3062:Fool
2961:LGBT
2877:Jock
2872:Jack
2705:LGBT
2460:and
2439:Igor
2302:mole
2300:The
2260:Rake
2155:Jack
1973:List
1909:2009
1856:ISBN
1755:2023
1698:ISBN
1677:2019
1664:ISBN
1631:ISSN
1541:ISSN
1518:2019
1481:ISSN
1418:ISSN
1367:ISBN
1225:ISSN
1187:ISSN
1094:ISBN
1071:OCLC
1061:ISBN
1003:ISSN
980:2019
935:ISSN
849:2013
726:and
472:1921
187:and
179:The
2578:Hag
1913:doi
1623:doi
1473:doi
1363:214
1359:213
1179:doi
1136:doi
927:doi
238:."
222:In
110:in
89:'s
3396::
1911:.
1907:.
1903:.
1886:,
1854:,
1850:,
1844:,
1740:14
1738:.
1734:.
1637:.
1629:.
1619:17
1617:.
1613:.
1594:.
1583:^
1567:.
1539:.
1535:.
1509:.
1487:.
1479:.
1469:30
1467:.
1463:.
1416:.
1412:.
1400:^
1390:.
1365:.
1328:.
1303:.
1278:.
1252:.
1223:.
1219:.
1207:^
1193:.
1185:.
1175:19
1173:.
1150:.
1142:.
1132:23
1130:.
1108:^
1069:.
1001:.
997:.
966:.
955:^
941:.
933:.
923:19
921:.
917:.
898:.
887:^
857:^
837:.
732:.
720:,
441:,
282:,
270:.
262:,
230:,
219:.
211:,
54:A
3186:e
3179:t
3172:v
2464:)
2200:)
1954:e
1947:t
1940:v
1921:.
1915::
1757:.
1706:.
1645:.
1625::
1577:.
1553:.
1520:.
1495:.
1475::
1430:.
1394:.
1375:.
1361:–
1338:.
1313:.
1289:.
1264:.
1237:.
1201:.
1181::
1158:.
1138::
1102:.
1077:.
1044:.
1015:.
982:.
949:.
929::
902:.
851:.
39:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
