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man, you must not marry any woman. If you keep to this promise, she brings money every time she visits you. Sometimes she will enter the room in the form of a snake, then change herself into a beautiful white woman. They say sex must take place between you. Then you will become wealthy. People will say: 'This man used to be a poor man, now he's wealthy. The only thing is he will never marry. He may have women living in his house but none will ever sleep in his bedroom'.
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time. I think they are using the power to collect our money away, or how? So we started to befriend the
Indians to know their secret about the pictures. From there the Africans also tried to join some of their societies in India and all over the world to know much about the pictures. Reading some of their books, I could understand what they mean.
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years, Mami Wati has therefore become "a primary target of a widespread and growing religious movement led by evangelical (Pentacostal) Christians and fundamentalist
Muslims who seek to denigrate and demonize indigenous African faiths." To these groups, Mami Wati personifies "immortality, sin, and damnation".
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Substantial evidence suggests that the concept of Mami Wata has its origins in the first encounters of
Africans and Europeans in the fifteenth century. Her first representations were probably derived from European images of mermaids and marine sculptures. As an Afro-Portuguese ivory shows, an African
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in some
Christian and Muslim communities in Africa. The figure's popularity spread from the colonial period onward and over time her worship became increasingly syncretic with imagery and customs from Christianity with a heavy European influence. In 2012, Duwel writes that over the previous 20 to 30
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They say Mammy Water sits on top of rocks by the water side. If you see her and she has interest in you, you will see her every now and then. I f she has interest to really help you, to give you money, then you will see her in dreams and you and she will have to make a certain compact. If you are a
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If you ever come across Mammy Water sitting down a rock combing her hair, you should yell at her. If you yell while she is combing her hair, she might drop her golden comb. You pick it up and take the golden comb home with you. Mammy Water will come after you for a bit but you must not give her the
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Writing from research conducted from 1965-1966 at the
Catherine Mills Rehabilitation Center in Liberia, at the time the only psychiatric center in Liberia, former director Ronald Wintrob recorded beliefs among individuals who venerated Mami Wata in the region. Wintrob records that "beliefs in Mammy
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Historically, Mami Wata is conceived of as an exotic female entity, often a white woman, from Europe or elsewhere with a particular interest with objects foreign to West
African, items that can be found at her shrines. In the mid-19th century, Mami Wata’s iconography becomes particularly influenced
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Mammy Water is believed to be a water spirit of extraordinary power, who is generally described as a beautiful light-skinned woman with very long, light-coloured hair. She is usually conceptualized as a white woman. Sometimes the description stipulates that her lower half resembles a fish, mermaid
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formerly, during the colonial period, we had the pictures , but we didn't know their meaning. People just liked them to put them in their rooms. But then
Africans started to study them too - about what is the meaning of these pictures that they are putting lights, candles, and incense there every
84:. Historically, scholars trace her origins to early encounters between Europeans and West Africans in the 15th century, where Mami Wata developed from depictions of European mermaids. Mami Wata subsequently joined native pantheons of deities and spirits in parts of Africa.
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Mammy Water may also gift extra-sensory perception, including foresight and the ability to see that which others cannot, or especially swift travels. Some groups believe that Mammy Water does not contact everyone but rather that the ability to contact her is inherited.
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style. Her hair is thought to be her proudest attribute. People believe that she lives in a mansion under the water, from which she some times ventures on to the shore to comb out her long hair with a golden comb. This comb is thought to be her most valued possession.
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In the 1940s to the 1950s Hindu religious imagery from Indian merchants and films began to strongly influence Mami Wata imagery on particular the Ghana-Nigeria coast. Drewal records the following account from a male Yoruba Mami Wata devotee who sells Hindu prints in
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sculptor (probably Sapi, on the coast of Sierra Leone) was commissioned to create a mermaid image for his patrons as early as 1490-1530. And an eighteenth- or nineteenth-century ship’s figurehead now in Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria, is called Mami Wata by its owners.
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Water are held by the vast majority of
Liberians". Wintrob recorded that "confirmed that some ten per cent of male patients requiring in-patient treatment for psychotic disorders, revealed a system of delusions relating to possession by Mammy Water".
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169:. However, Mami Wata has no children nor family of any kind. She is typically represented as free of any kind of social bonds and as a foreign entity, and "broadly identified with Europeans rather than any African ethnic group or ancestors".
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Mami Wata is especially venerated in parts of Africa and in the
Atlantic diaspora. She has been demonized in African Christian and Islamic communities. Mami Wata has appeared in a variety of media depictions and in literary works.
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Chromolithograph of a snake charmer, inspired by the performer
Maladamatjaute (Nala Damajanti). Printed in the 1880s by the Adolph Friedlander Company in Hamburg, the poster gave rise to a common image of Mami
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Scholars trace the origins of Mami Wata to encounters to depictions of European mermaids witnessed by West Africans as early as the 1400s and 1500s. As summarized by scholar and adherent Henry John Drewal:
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Drewal, Henry John. 2013. "Local Transformations, Global Inspirations: The Visual Histories and Cultures of Mami Wata Arts in Africa" in Gitti Salami and Monica Blackmun VisonĂ . Editors.
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Wintrob records that this was not always the case: in some instances folk belief dictated that Mammy Water's contact need not be celibate with her and could in fact have a large family.
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Wintrob records that in Liberian Mammy Water folk belief, anyone who has contact with her will become wealthy and gain good luck. One of his informants, a man from the
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A secondary development of Mami Wata in some traditions is Papi Wata, a male entity associated with Mami Wata. In parts of West Africa, Hindu depictions of
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A second version of the mermaid from European folklore with two tails also likely influenced depictions of Mami Wata localized especially to the
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spreading from Europe. This snake charmer print soon overtook Mami Wata’s earlier mermaid iconography in popularity in some parts of Africa.
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comb until you have gotten your wish. Even then you should keep on wishing for something more. When you ask her for money you will get rich.
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Mammy Water was typically believed to visit people in their sleep at night. According to another informant, a man from the
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from Europe became popular associated with imagery around Mami Wata, likely originating in Hamburg, Germany.
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Drewal, Henry John. 2002. “Mami Wata and Santa Marta” in Deborah D. Kaspin and Paul Landau. Editors.
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501:. Center for World Catholicism & Intercultural Theology (CWCIT). DePaul University. YouTube.
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Fowler Museum at UCLA to present Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas
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Wintrob, Ronald M. 1970. "Mammy Water: Folk Beliefs and Psychotic Elaborations in Liberia" in
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Wintrob summarizes the conceptualization of Mammy Water in Liberia at the time as follows:
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kingdom. Scholars trace this motif to the influence of Portuguese depictions of mermaids.
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imagery from Indian merchants have influenced depictions of Mamim Wata in some areas.
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Images and Empires: Visuality in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa
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1765:Christianity
1680:Jazz funeral
1566:MarĂa Lionza
1485:Black church
1413:
1379:Congo Square
1158:Kalûnga Line
1121:
878:
859:Maria Lionza
691:Kalunga line
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492:African Arts
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302:Demonization
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72:of parts of
62:water spirit
53:
49:
48:
1819:Fon and Ewe
1770:Catholicism
1730:Voodoo doll
1710:Nine nights
1490:Catholicism
1384:Gullah Jack
1328:Goofer dust
926:Main topics
835:Espiritismo
779:Goofer dust
664:Phulu Bunzi
630:Mbantilanda
626:Mamba Muntu
552:Antonianism
225:Folk belief
173:Development
54:Mammy Water
1877:Categories
1720:Spirituals
1358:Ring shout
1266:Koolakamba
1215:Kimanaueze
1006:Zimbabwean
804:Ring shout
642:Moni-Mambu
607:Kuitikuiti
440:References
244:Vai people
132:Mammy Wata
122:The names
18:Mami Water
1838:Rastafari
1581:Quimbanda
1497:Candomblé
1463:Religions
1122:Mami Wata
964:Religions
820:Candomblé
813:Religions
610:Lubangala
544:Religions
308:demonized
290:Papi Wata
148:mami wata
128:Mami Wota
124:Mami Wata
118:Etymology
104:Papi Wata
64:, and/or
50:Mami Wata
1978:Mermaids
1700:Mojo bag
1586:SanterĂa
1524:Convince
1415:Category
1353:Mojo bag
1301:Religion
1151:Concepts
1096:Nzambici
957:Religion
880:Category
849:Convince
799:Mojo bag
758:Diaspora
678:Elements
657:Nzambici
622:Ma Kiela
596:Dinganga
152:mermaids
70:folklore
1695:Michari
1690:Macumba
1651:Houngan
1606:Umbanda
1551:Judaism
1539:in Cuba
1480:Atheism
1374:Boo hag
1367:Culture
1348:Kumbaya
1225:Mwuetsi
1201:Culture
1137:Shetani
1110:Spirits
1046:Kalumba
1029:Deities
1010:Ndebele
794:Kumbaya
619:Makanga
616:Lusunzi
613:Lusiemo
604:Kimbazi
581:Deities
296:Hanuman
108:Hanuman
68:in the
66:goddess
58:mermaid
1831:Yoruba
1826:Orisha
1735:Zombie
1663:Hoodoo
1571:Maroon
1556:Kumina
1470:Abakuá
1394:Zombie
1333:Hoodoo
1322:Brazil
1281:Obambo
1271:Mbwiri
1220:Mwindo
1188:Zebola
1178:Nganga
1173:Nkondi
1132:Nkondi
1086:Nyambe
1081:Njambe
1066:Mukasa
1061:Mebege
1056:Kibuka
1051:Kianda
1036:Akongo
1012:&
976:Badimo
853:Kumina
784:Hoodoo
766:Hoodoo
744:Nkondi
716:Nlongo
711:Nganga
701:Mfinda
668:Yahweh
648:Ntangu
645:Ngonde
639:Mbumba
633:Mbenza
265:, 1732
167:mother
80:, and
1843:Winti
1807:Bantu
1802:Nkisi
1797:Kongo
1753:Alusi
1715:Obeah
1668:Kongo
1656:Mambo
1646:Bokor
1611:Winti
1546:Islam
1519:Comfa
1502:Bantu
1475:Arará
1261:Eloko
1256:Abada
1230:Nambi
1183:Okuyi
1168:Nkisi
1142:Simbi
1127:Nkisi
1117:Jengu
1101:Nzame
1076:Mwari
1071:Muisa
1041:Bunzi
1014:Shona
1000:Chewa
985:Luhya
830:Comfa
824:Bantu
749:Tumba
739:Nkisi
721:Simbi
661:Nzazi
636:Mboze
600:Jesus
589:Bunzi
557:Kongo
315:Notes
199:Wata.
189:Benin
146:word
140:water
136:mammy
130:, or
100:Hindu
1855:Zemi
1848:Akan
1758:Igbo
1725:Veve
1705:Myal
1576:Palo
1512:Ketu
1507:Jejé
996:Nyau
845:Myal
840:Palo
213:Togo
163:Mami
161:The
144:Krio
138:and
1814:Loa
1792:Ifá
1337:USA
731:Art
1879::
851:,
490:.
405:^
384:^
345:^
158:.
126:,
76:,
60:,
52:,
1448:e
1441:t
1434:v
1339:)
1335:(
1324:)
1320:(
1016:)
1008:(
1002:)
998:(
987:)
983:(
913:e
906:t
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855:)
847:(
826:)
822:(
528:e
521:t
514:v
469:.
331:.
34:.
20:)
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