169:
154:
38:
318:
2769:
2791:
278:, but have since not drastically changed). At the time, the availability of online documentation through the manual page system was regarded as a great advance. To this day, virtually every Unix command line application comes with a man page, and many Unix users perceive a program's lack of man pages as a sign of low quality; indeed, some projects, such as
799:
Some sections are further subdivided by means of a suffix; for example, in some systems, section 3C is for C library calls, 3M is for the math library, and so on. A consequence of this is that section 8 (system administration commands) is sometimes relegated to the 1M subsection of the main commands
183:), documentation was printed pages, available on the premises to users (staff, students...), organized into steel binders, locked together in one monolithic steel reading rack, bolted to a table or counter, with pages organized for modular information updates, replacement, errata, and addenda.
957:
does emit them as requested when it detects a supporting terminal. The BSD mandoc however only supports bold and underlined (as a replacement for italics) text via the typewriter backspace-then-overstrike sequence, which needs to be translated into ECMA-48 by
949:, this distinction is usually moot because man pages are viewed in the terminal (TTY) instead of laid out on paper. As a result, the "small font" macro is seldom used. On the other hand, bold and italic text is supported by the terminal via
973:
output and some additional content to generate a manual page. The manual would be barely more useful than the said output, but for GNU programs this is not an issue as texinfo is the main documentation system. A number of tools, including
896:
Other sections may be present, but these are not well standardized across man pages. Common examples include: OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ENVIRONMENT, BUGS, FILES, AUTHOR, REPORTING BUGS, HISTORY and COPYRIGHT.
456:. The section refers to different ways the topic might be referenced - for example, as a system call, or a shell (command line) command or package, or a package's configuration file, or as a coding construct / header.
929:
language is more semantic in nature, and contains specialized macros for most standard sections such as program name, synopsis, function names, and the name of the authors. This information can be used to implement a
873:
In the case of a command, a formal description of how to run it and what command line options it takes. For program functions, a list of the parameters the function takes and which header file contains its
938:. Although it also includes directives to directly control the styling, it is expected that the specialized macros will cover most of the use-cases. Both the mandoc and the groff projects consider
1282:
1418:
719:
APIs are present in both sections 2 and 3, where section 2 contains APIs that are implemented as system calls and section 3 contains APIs that are implemented as library routines.
1334:
1308:
1360:
432:
For Linux, a man7.org service has been set up to serve manuals specific to the system. A ManKier service provides a wider selection, and integrates the TLDR pages too.
2027:
363:
command, which enables users to browse their man pages using an HTML browser. Systems with groff and man-db should use the higher-quality native HTML output (
306:
224:), and others more detailed descriptions of operating system features. The printed version of the manual initially fit into a single binder, but as of
1450:
925:
functions, with directives for the title line, section headers, (bold, small or italic) fonts, paragraphs and adding/reducing indentation. The newer
2157:
1681:
1278:
180:
1811:
2088:
2005:
1982:
1387:
1843:
1410:
301:
in the man-db version of the man command that would cause the command to return "gimme gimme gimme" when run at 00:30 (a reference to the
1952:
1150:
1873:
1710:
1330:
1304:
994:
has an inbuilt man(7) converter – of appalling quality, according to mandoc's author who wrote a separate mdoc(7) converter.
2817:
1651:
239:
Later versions of the documentation imitated the first man pages' terseness. Ritchie added a "How to get started" section to the
2822:
2782:
2777:
1356:
1252:
421:
service launched, which unified and shortened access to the man.cgi scripts of the major modern BSD projects through a unique
402:, and the terminal. It is meant to only support a subset of troff used in manual pages, specifically those using mdoc macros.
2827:
283:
1507:
1221:
1189:
997:
Man pages are usually written in
English, but translations into other languages may be available on the system. The GNU
2124:
2150:
1084:
1922:
708:
965:
Some tools have been used to convert documents in a less contrived format to manual pages. Examples include GNU's
2754:
2724:
753:
2739:
1047:
349:
329:
217:
2132:, freebsd.org – has also man pages for Darwin, Debian, HP-UX, IRIS, NetBSD, OpenBSD, NextSTEP, SunOS and more
1619:
1536:
1441:
255:
Editions. Versions of the software were named after the revision of the manual; the seventh edition of the
2795:
2500:
2169:
2143:
2135:
62:
503:. The syntax for accessing the non-default manual section varies between different man implementations.
344:
man (appearance oriented) or mdoc (semantic oriented). This makes it possible to typeset a man page into
1079:
860:
text display, possibly without any form of highlighting or font control. Sections present may include:
286:
also distribute man pages as one of the primary forms of system documentation (having replaced the old
1673:
2832:
2670:
2618:
309:. It was introduced in 2011 but first restricted and then removed in 2017 after finally being found.
168:
153:
704:
627:
601:
464:
96:
81:
1803:
509:
2343:
2333:
2080:
1997:
1974:
1895:
1383:
631:
298:
46:
459:
The same page name may appear in more than one section of the manual, such as when the names of
1835:
1735:
2056:
1944:
1563:
1142:
451:
37:
1477:
282:, go out of their way to write man pages for programs lacking one. The modern descendants of
2570:
2475:
2470:
89:
77:
73:
2749:
2693:
2598:
2399:
2302:
2077:
1865:
931:
828:
791:
317:
205:
187:
410:
Quite a few websites offer online access to manual pages from various Unix-like systems.
1823:
Concurrent with work on man(7), mdoc(7) will be actively supported and its use promoted.
1702:
867:
The name of the command or function, followed by a one-line description of what it does.
2688:
2623:
2608:
2545:
2505:
2384:
2348:
2242:
1097:
779:
566:
426:
263:
252:
248:
244:
240:
229:
197:
112:
107:
1643:
837:(Section 3 tends to be the exception with the many suffixes for different languages.)
2811:
2729:
2590:
2525:
2297:
2272:
2173:
648:
574:
570:
553:
The manual is generally split into eight numbered sections. Most systems today (e.g.
448:
Pages are traditionally referred to using the notation "name(section)": for example,
233:
856:
All man pages follow a common layout that is optimized for presentation on a simple
274:
macros (which were completely revised between the Sixth and
Seventh Editions of the
196:
was first published on
November 3, 1971. The first actual man pages were written by
2703:
2603:
2520:
2515:
2419:
2328:
2292:
2247:
1176:
644:
390:, a specialised compiler/formatter for man pages with native support for output in
341:
201:
1182:
A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the
Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986
1474:"mdoc.su — Short manual page URLs for FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD and DragonFly BSD"
2639:
2613:
2550:
2540:
2530:
2495:
2485:
2480:
2363:
2353:
2307:
1446:
1217:
1090:
1018:
742:
679:
661:
614:
468:
460:
141:
139:
command does not require internet access, dating back to the times when printed
118:
85:
2118:
1180:
844:
cache the formatted versions of the last several pages viewed. One form is the
2455:
2414:
2217:
2187:
1040:
1032:
986:
format, as
Markdown is not expressive enough to match the semantic content of
946:
675:
391:
345:
1499:
236:, it was split into two volumes with the printed man pages forming Volume 1.
2744:
2698:
2678:
2575:
2555:
2510:
2358:
2282:
2267:
2252:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
1028:
922:
739:
368:
70:
31:
1866:"Italics and colour in manual pages on a nosh user-space virtual terminal"
800:
section. Some subsection suffixes have a general meaning across sections:
2440:
979:
225:
213:
17:
1918:
2465:
2389:
2112:
1901:
1758:
1741:
1569:
1414:
1113:
1023:
991:
950:
379:
322:
172:
2129:
2450:
2192:
1103:
975:
935:
764:
541:
387:
279:
131:
1005:
is known to search for localized manual pages under subdirectories.
880:
A textual description of the functioning of the command or function.
1253:"The Unix Tutorial / Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace"
1039:) that provides simple examples for common use cases, similar to a
88:), formal standards and conventions, and even abstract concepts. A
2683:
2580:
2560:
2490:
2409:
2312:
2287:
2262:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2019:
1787:
1764:
1595:
1121:
1067:
1051:
857:
817:
716:
562:
558:
422:
399:
383:
337:
316:
267:
167:
152:
36:
1611:
375:(from "WithOut man") allows to browse man pages from the editor.
192:
2734:
2708:
2644:
2565:
2460:
2445:
2404:
2394:
2338:
2166:
1781:
1589:
1528:
1117:
1108:
1059:
1058:
development environments) now provide end-user documentation in
482:
474:
395:
356:
302:
221:
66:
2139:
1066:
for reading the help within the application. An HTML system in
945:
Although man pages are, to troff, text laid out using 10-point
259:, for example, came with the 7th Edition or Version 7 of Unix.
2535:
2435:
2379:
2277:
1055:
775:
722:
On some systems some of the following sections are available:
554:
414:
161:
1017:
have enjoyed much popularity, with the possible exception of
2081:"Re: [Groff] man pages (tangential to Future Redux)"
1908:. "Font styles are applied by using back-spaced encoding..."
506:
On
Solaris and illumos, for example, the syntax for reading
498:
490:
2257:
525:
On Linux and BSD derivatives the same invocation would be:
440:
To read a manual page for a Unix command, a user can type:
2020:"command line - Linux man pages in different languages"
1384:"WoMan: Browse Unix Manual Pages "W.O. (without) Man""
175:
section 8 intro man page, displaying in a text console
1411:"FreeBSD Quarterly Status Report, January-March 2013"
1331:"GIT commit b225d9e76fbb0a6a4539c0992fba88c83f0bd37e"
1305:"GIT commit 84bde8d8a9a357bd372793d25746ac6b49480525"
1279:"GIT commit 002a6339b1fe8f83f4808022a17e1aa379756d99"
1031:
system. There is also a third-party effort known as
352:, and various other formats for viewing or printing.
212:
also accumulated a set of short papers, some of them
1357:""Why does man print "gimme gimme gimme" at 00:30?""
247:
provided the "Purple Card" pocket reference for the
2717:
2669:
2653:
2632:
2589:
2428:
2372:
2321:
2180:
2048:
1994:– for specific complaints by the author, see
1002:
998:
987:
983:
970:
966:
959:
954:
939:
926:
918:
914:
910:
906:
1998:"Re: Groff man pages (tangential to Future Redux)"
1473:
418:
1050:applications (particularly those built using the
135:form of software documentation, even though the
2115:for a primary-source history of UNIX man pages.
1612:"Manual Pages for Research Unix Eighth Edition"
266:Edition the man pages were formatted using the
1218:"UNIX Evolution: 1975-1984 Part I - Diversity"
905:Manual pages can be written either in the old
2151:
2121:with nearly 300,000 well formatted man pages.
8:
1472:Murenin, Constantine A. (23 February 2013).
1442:"announcing mdoc.su, short manual page URLs"
1440:Murenin, Constantine A. (19 February 2013).
1211:
1209:
978:, ronn, and md2man support conversion from
647:(usually devices, those found in /dev) and
569:11.4) inherit the numbering scheme used by
307:Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)
2790:
2158:
2144:
2136:
1188:(Technical report). CSTR. Bell Labs. 139.
1062:and include embedded HTML viewers such as
982:to manual pages. All these tools emit the
1729:
1727:
1644:"Unix Programmer's Manual - Introduction"
848:, simply piped to the pager for display.
1975:"New mandoc -mdoc -T markdown converter"
1171:
1169:
1167:
942:the preferred format for new documents.
892:A list of related commands or functions.
802:
724:
579:
220:programming language, and tools such as
2125:What do the numbers in a man page mean?
1638:
1636:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1134:
208:in 1971. Aside from the man pages, the
630:functions, covering in particular the
386:for formatting man pages in favour of
125:Man pages are often referred to as an
1846:from the original on 24 December 2019
1583:
1581:
1480:from the original on 17 December 2014
1421:from the original on 22 December 2014
1390:from the original on 11 November 2020
1363:from the original on 21 November 2017
1311:from the original on 5 September 2018
92:may invoke a man page by issuing the
7:
1337:from the original on 9 November 2020
1285:from the original on 4 December 2017
164:application for viewing manual pages
1070:is also slated to replace texinfo.
336:The default format of man pages is
270:typesetting package and its set of
204:at the insistence of their manager
2119:UNIX and Linux Man Page Repository
1996:Ingo Schwarze (28 February 2014).
1945:"Man Pages (GNU Coding Standards)"
1453:from the original on 7 August 2014
913:macros, or a combination of both (
216:(e.g. for general Unix usage, the
25:
1925:from the original on 6 March 2023
1654:from the original on June 1, 2020
1224:from the original on 17 July 2012
2789:
2768:
2767:
2008:from the original on 2023-03-05.
1804:"Groff Mission Statement - 2014"
1409:Pali, Gabor, ed. (12 May 2013).
1216:Darwin, Ian; Collyer, Geoffrey.
934:for manuals by programs such as
756:routines (FreeBSD, SVR4, Linux)
429:service for the *BSD man pages.
417:community saw a new open source
190:, no documentation existed. The
2091:from the original on 2023-03-05
2059:from the original on 2020-04-27
2030:from the original on 2023-03-11
1985:from the original on 2023-03-05
1955:from the original on 2023-03-05
1876:from the original on 2021-01-28
1814:from the original on 2020-12-03
1713:from the original on 2023-03-11
1684:from the original on 2020-08-03
1622:from the original on 2020-06-30
1539:from the original on 2020-04-25
1510:from the original on 2020-05-07
1195:from the original on 2017-11-11
1153:from the original on 2023-01-30
1147:FreeBSD General Commands Manual
545:in section 3 of the man pages.
359:systems have a package for the
1703:"lapack (l) - Linux Man Pages"
1251:Fiedler, Ryan (October 1983).
1027:" system, an early and simple
886:Some examples of common usage.
186:In the first two years of the
1:
1674:"System V release 4 manuals"
45:utility, as seen in various
1919:"help2man Reference Manual"
1678:bitsavers.trailing-edge.com
1085:List of Plan 9 applications
921:macro set provides minimal
27:Unix software documentation
2849:
2098:– via lists.gnu.org.
1744:Miscellaneous Information
328:manual page, typeset into
29:
2763:
76:. Topics covered include
2113:History of UNIX Manpages
1500:"Linux man pages online"
1234:Originally published in
577:uses a different order:
527:
516:
444:man<command_name>
442:
257:Unix Programmer's Manual
193:Unix Programmer's Manual
30:Not to be confused with
2818:Technical communication
1046:In addition, some Unix
471:coincide. Examples are
145:manuals were the norm.
122:to display its output.
2823:Unix SUS2008 utilities
2783:Unix SUS2008 utilities
2778:Standard Unix programs
2170:command-line interface
703:System administration
413:In February 2013, the
333:
290:macros with the newer
176:
165:
63:software documentation
50:
2828:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
1124:graphical man utility
1080:List of Unix commands
425:-based deterministic
320:
171:
156:
41:The man page for the
40:
2671:Software development
2130:FreeBSD Manual Pages
1840:The GNU Troff Manual
1707:www.systutorials.com
1650:. November 3, 1971.
1241:(11), November 1984.
1013:Few alternatives to
1382:Wright, Francis J.
539:which searches for
297:There was a hidden
210:Programmer's Manual
179:Before Unix (e.g.,
65:usually found on a
47:Linux distributions
767:library functions
632:C standard library
340:, with either the
334:
243:introduction, and
177:
166:
51:
2805:
2804:
1904:General Commands
1648:www.bell-labs.com
1598:General Commands
1572:General Commands
840:Some versions of
835:
834:
797:
796:
714:
713:
106:typically uses a
78:computer programs
16:(Redirected from
2840:
2793:
2792:
2771:
2770:
2373:User environment
2160:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2087:(Mailing list).
2078:Raymond, Eric S.
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2004:(Mailing list).
1993:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1963:
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1960:
1941:
1935:
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1930:
1915:
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1515:
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1458:
1449:(Mailing list).
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1158:
1139:
1100:
1093:
1065:
1038:
1026:
1016:
1004:
1000:
989:
985:
972:
969:, which takes a
968:
961:
956:
941:
928:
920:
916:
912:
909:macros, the new
908:
843:
803:
725:
664:and conventions
580:
535:
532:
521:
513:
512:
502:
501:
494:
493:
486:
485:
478:
477:
455:
454:
366:
362:
327:
293:
289:
273:
138:
121:
115:
110:program such as
105:
95:
74:operating system
44:
21:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2759:
2713:
2665:
2649:
2628:
2585:
2429:Text processing
2424:
2368:
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2176:
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2109:
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2071:
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2060:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2033:
2031:
2018:
2017:
2013:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1973:Ingo Schwarze.
1972:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1943:
1942:
1938:
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1926:
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1912:
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1471:
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1355:
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1314:
1312:
1303:
1302:
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1288:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1272:
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1260:
1250:
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1245:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1175:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1154:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1096:
1089:
1076:
1063:
1036:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1001:and the mandoc
932:semantic search
903:
854:
841:
829:X Window System
820:specifications
792:X Window System
551:
549:Manual sections
537:
536:
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508:
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1767:File Formats
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1759:groff_tmac(5)
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2093:. Retrieved
2084:
2072:
2061:. Retrieved
2052:
2049:"TLDR pages"
2043:
2032:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
2001:
1987:. Retrieved
1979:undeadly.org
1978:
1968:
1957:. Retrieved
1948:
1939:
1927:. Retrieved
1913:
1905:
1889:
1878:. Retrieved
1869:
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1848:. Retrieved
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1816:. Retrieved
1807:
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1790:Miscellanea
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1715:. Retrieved
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1686:. Retrieved
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1541:. Retrieved
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1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1503:
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1482:. Retrieved
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1445:
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1351:
1341:25 September
1339:. Retrieved
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1256:
1246:
1238:
1236:Microsystems
1235:
1226:. Retrieved
1197:. Retrieved
1181:
1155:. Retrieved
1146:
1137:
1045:
1012:
1009:Alternatives
996:
964:
944:
904:
895:
874:declaration.
855:
845:
839:
836:
809:Description
798:
743:header files
731:Description
721:
715:
680:screensavers
662:File formats
615:System calls
589:Description
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540:
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461:system calls
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321:Part of the
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238:
209:
206:Doug McIlroy
202:Ken Thompson
191:
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178:
157:
140:
130:
126:
124:
102:By default,
101:
86:system calls
58:
54:
52:
2833:Online help
2181:File system
1949:www.gnu.org
1850:31 December
1808:www.gnu.org
1484:25 December
1457:25 December
1425:25 December
1367:22 November
1315:22 November
1289:22 November
1228:22 December
877:DESCRIPTION
806:Subsection
382:deprecated
230:7th Edition
160:, an early
142:out-of-band
80:(including
59:manual page
57:(short for
2812:Categories
2773:Categories
2095:2023-03-05
2063:2020-05-05
2034:2020-05-05
2024:Ask Ubuntu
1989:2023-03-05
1959:2023-03-05
1880:2021-01-21
1818:2021-01-02
1717:2021-05-29
1688:2020-05-06
1626:2020-05-06
1543:2020-05-05
1514:2020-05-05
1263:30 January
1199:2015-02-01
1157:2023-07-15
1129:References
1041:cheatsheet
1033:TLDR pages
947:Roman type
745:(Unix v6)
510:printf(3C)
392:PostScript
365:man --html
346:PostScript
313:Formatting
299:Easter egg
2633:Searching
2322:Processes
1896:mandoc(1)
1029:hypertext
923:rich text
901:Authoring
782:commands
740:C library
586:System V
378:In 2010,
369:GNU Emacs
214:tutorials
71:Unix-like
32:Main Page
18:Man pages
2441:basename
2089:Archived
2057:Archived
2028:Archived
2006:Archived
1983:Archived
1953:Archived
1923:Archived
1874:Archived
1870:jdebp.eu
1844:Archived
1812:Archived
1711:Archived
1682:Archived
1652:Archived
1620:Archived
1537:Archived
1508:Archived
1504:man7.org
1478:Archived
1451:Archived
1419:Archived
1394:3 August
1388:Archived
1361:Archived
1335:Archived
1309:Archived
1283:Archived
1222:Archived
1190:Archived
1179:(1987).
1151:Archived
1143:"man(1)"
1074:See also
980:Markdown
967:help2man
889:SEE ALSO
883:EXAMPLES
870:SYNOPSIS
846:cat page
728:Section
705:commands
602:commands
600:General
575:System V
573:. While
465:commands
371:program
361:man2html
262:For the
228:and the
226:PWB/UNIX
55:man page
2546:strings
2466:dirname
2390:logname
2339:crontab
2053:tldr.sh
1929:5 March
1902:FreeBSD
1742:FreeBSD
1736:mdoc(7)
1570:FreeBSD
1533:ManKier
1529:"About"
1415:FreeBSD
1386:. GNU.
1114:ManOpen
1098:apropos
992:DocBook
951:ECMA-48
917:). The
709:daemons
649:drivers
628:Library
583:Common
567:Solaris
518:man-s3c
499:exit(3)
491:exit(2)
463:, user
419:mdoc.su
380:OpenBSD
323:FreeBSD
253:Seventh
173:OpenBSD
149:History
127:on-line
97:command
82:library
2526:printf
2451:csplit
2193:chattr
1906:Manual
1792:Manual
1782:man(7)
1769:Manual
1746:Manual
1658:May 6,
1600:Manual
1590:man(1)
1574:Manual
1564:man(1)
1104:README
999:man-db
976:pandoc
971:--help
955:grotty
936:mandoc
915:mandoc
852:Layout
765:LAPACK
754:Kernel
565:, and
542:printf
534:printf
520:printf
483:man(7)
475:man(1)
452:ftp(1)
388:mandoc
332:format
326:man(1)
284:4.4BSD
280:Debian
276:Manual
264:Fourth
132:online
2750:sleep
2704:strip
2684:ctags
2619:unset
2599:alias
2581:xargs
2561:troff
2521:patch
2516:paste
2491:iconv
2420:write
2410:uname
2313:umask
2303:touch
2293:split
2288:rmdir
2263:mkdir
2248:fuser
2213:cksum
2208:chgrp
2203:chown
2198:chmod
2085:groff
2002:Groff
1836:"man"
1788:Linux
1765:Linux
1596:Linux
1193:(PDF)
1186:(PDF)
1122:macOS
1068:Emacs
1052:GNOME
858:ASCII
818:POSIX
717:POSIX
676:Games
563:Linux
559:macOS
487:, or
467:, or
423:nginx
400:XHTML
384:troff
373:WoMan
355:Some
338:troff
305:song
292:-mdoc
268:troff
249:Sixth
2796:List
2735:expr
2709:yacc
2694:make
2645:grep
2640:find
2624:wait
2614:test
2609:echo
2566:uniq
2551:tail
2541:sort
2531:read
2506:more
2496:join
2486:head
2481:fold
2461:diff
2446:comm
2405:tput
2400:talk
2395:mesg
2385:exit
2364:time
2354:nice
2349:kill
2308:type
2243:file
2167:Unix
1931:2023
1852:2019
1660:2020
1486:2014
1459:2014
1427:2014
1396:2020
1369:2017
1343:2018
1317:2017
1291:2017
1265:2015
1257:BYTE
1230:2012
1118:NeXT
1109:RTFM
1091:info
1064:yelp
1060:HTML
1054:and
1037:tldr
1024:info
988:mdoc
960:less
940:mdoc
927:mdoc
864:NAME
790:The
707:and
678:and
514:is:
495:and
479:and
396:HTML
357:Unix
303:ABBA
288:-man
272:-man
251:and
222:Yacc
200:and
181:GCOS
158:xman
119:less
113:more
90:user
84:and
67:Unix
2730:cal
2689:lex
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