1776:
124:
4421:
4431:
47:
1353:
1619:(1949, p. 60) tried to confine the Iranian presence in Mannea to its periphery, pointing out that both Daiukku (cf. Schmitt, 1973) and Bagdatti were active in the periphery of Mannea, but this is imprecise, as the names of two early Mannean rulers, viz. Udaki and Azā, are explicable in Old Iranian terms.
1531:
texts, the
Mannaeans, or at least their rulers, spoke a non-Semitic and non-Indo-European language related to Urartian, with no modern language connections. However, after assessing the genetics of individuals found at Hasanlu Tepe, recent scholarship has suggested the possibility of the presence of
1727:
The
Mannaean king Ahsheri, who ruled until the 650s BC, continued to enlarge the territory of Mannaea, although paying tribute to Assyria. However, Mannaea suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the Assyrians around 660 BC, and subsequently an internal revolt broke out, continuing until
1712:
in "the midst of Mannai" around this time. The
Cimmerians first appear in the annals in the year 714 BC, when they apparently helped the Assyrians to defeat Urartu. Urartu chose to submit to the Assyrians, and together the two defeated the Cimmerians and thus kept them out of the
1489:. However, the chronicle does not mention any march or taxation on the state of Mannaea. It is possible that the Assyrians either failed to conquer Mannaea, or advanced only to the border of Mannaea, and then changed course and marched on the neighboring country of Allarabia.
1900:
Missionary
Researches in Armenia: Including a Journey Through Asia Minor, and Into Georgia and Persia, with a Visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oormiah and Sarmas, Smith, Eli; Conder, Josiah and Dwight, Harrison Gray Otis,
1759:
in 627 BC. The upheavals in
Assyria allowed the Medes to free themselves from Assyrian vassalage and make themselves the major power in Iran. At the battle of Qablin in 616 BC, the Assyrian and Mannaean forces were defeated by
1678:. In the mid-8th century BC, during the open conflict between the Assyrians and the Urartians, Mannaea seized the opportunity to enlarge its holdings. The Mannaean kingdom reached the height of its power during the reign of
1524:, this is probably the same Minni from the Assyrian inscriptions, corresponding to Mannea. The name "Armenia" has been theorized by some scholars as possibly deriving from "ḪAR Minni," meaning, the “mountains of Minni.”
2923:
1643:
After examining the genetics of individuals associated with
Hasanlu Tepe during the Bronze and Iron Ages, Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2022) concluded the inhabitants of Hasanlu may have spoken a language related to
2025:
There are a number of unexcavated tells, or mounds, on the plain of Mahābād in this part of the
Azerbaijan region. The region was the centre of the Mannaeans, who flourished in the early 1st millennium
2913:
1656:
The
Mannaean kingdom began to flourish around 850 BC. The Mannaeans were mainly a settled people, practicing irrigation and breeding cattle and horses. The capital was a fortified city called
1689:
of
Assyria moved against Mannaea, where the ruler Mannaea, Aza, the son of Iranzu, had been deposed by Ullusunu with the help of the Urartians. Sargon took Izirtu, and stationed troops in
1693:(Parsua was distinct from Parsumash located further southeast in what is today known as Fars province in Iran.). The Assyrians thereafter used the area to breed, train and trade horses.
1496:(Jeremiah 51:27), Mannaea is called "Minni", and is mentioned with Ararat and Ashkenaz as some of the future destroyers of neo-Babylon. The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), identified
1667:
By the 820s BC, Manneaea had expanded to become a large state. By this time they had a prominent aristocracy as a ruling class, which somewhat limited the power of the king.
2935:
1865:
Jewish
Encyclopedia, Leopold Zunz, Moritz Steinschneider, Solomon Schechter, Wilhelm Bacher, J.L. Rapoport, David Zvi Hoffman, Heinrich Graetz, etc; Funk and Wagnalls, 1906;
4082:
4188:
1717:. The Cimmerians again rebelled against Sargon by 705 BC, and he was killed while driving them out. By 679 BC the Cimmierians migrated to the east and west of Mannaea.
2047:
Archaeology at the north-east Anatolian frontier, I.: an historical geography and a field survey of the Bayburt Province by A. G. Sagona, Claudia Sagona, pages 41-48,
3602:
3593:
3337:
2849:
2834:
3125:
302:
2903:
3271:
2787:
1381:
1485:
Describing the march of Salmanasar III in the 16th year (843 BC), it was reported that the king reached the land of Munna, occupying the interior of
2822:
1275:
3447:
3298:
3061:
4470:
3793:
3623:
3568:
3437:
3303:
2201:
1917:
Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature Volume 1, John McClintock, James Strong; (orig. 1923, 2010), Nabu Press,
1732:, who had already raided Urartu and been repelled by the Assyrians. This defeat contributed to the further break-up of the Mannaean kingdom.
2955:
2945:
4153:
4103:
3829:
3363:
1881:
1878:
The Biblical Geography off Central Asia: With a General Introduction to the Study of Sacred Geography, including the Antediluvian Period
3378:
3367:
3312:
3260:
3115:
2918:
1922:
1889:
1508:
According to the Peshiṭta and Targum Onkelos, the "Minni" of the Bible (Jer. li. 27) is Armenia—or rather a part of that country, as
3808:
3752:
3732:
3548:
3523:
3419:
3343:
3245:
2875:
2717:
1906:
1478:
The name of Mannaea and its earliest recorded ruler Udaki were first mentioned in an inscription from the 30th year of the rule of
1482:(828 BC). The Assyrians usually called Manna the "land of the Mannites", Manash, while the Urartians called it the land of Manna.
4460:
4273:
3839:
2893:
3783:
3323:
3159:
3154:
2520:
2038:
The Cambridge history of Iran, Volume 2 by William Bayne Fisher, Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yar-Shater, Peter Avery, pages 256-257
742:
46:
4021:
2960:
2950:
2930:
4388:
4213:
4093:
4077:
3563:
3498:
3399:
3348:
3120:
3071:
3056:
2722:
2381:
1309:
484:
2792:
2732:
1764:'s troops. This defeat laid open the frontiers of Mannaea, which fell under the control of Media between 615 BC and 611 BC.
4247:
3688:
3671:
3578:
3553:
3409:
3317:
3307:
1374:
4017:
1823:
Hassanzadeh and Mollasalehi. "New Evidence for Mannean Art: An Assessment of Three Glazed Tiles from Qalaichi (Izirtu)."
4251:
4087:
3803:
3543:
3533:
3281:
3137:
2737:
2156:
1942:
Iranian Identity in Ancient Times Richard N. Frye Iranian Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1/2 (Winter - Spring, 1993), pp. 143-146
173:
4042:
4036:
3987:
3798:
3628:
3507:
3132:
1836:
1346:
1334:
1755:, which had dominated the region for three hundred years, began to unravel, consumed by civil war after the death of
4465:
4257:
3718:
3583:
3051:
2829:
2727:
1304:
1265:
1837:
William Bayne Fisher,Ilya Gershevitch,Ehsan Yar-Shater,Peter Avery – The Cambridge history of Iran, Том 2, page 74
4361:
3952:
3722:
3503:
3429:
3291:
3266:
3189:
2940:
2839:
2782:
2194:
1724:
of Assyria in 676 BC, when they attempted to interrupt the horse trade between Assyria and its colony of Parsua.
4072:
3862:
3742:
3693:
3665:
3528:
3066:
2980:
2709:
1367:
1329:
1324:
1314:
103:
2258:
229:
4303:
4277:
4268:
4138:
4098:
3702:
3638:
3598:
3333:
3184:
3041:
3000:
1615:) penetration. Boehmer's analysis of several anthroponyms and toponyms needs modification and augmentation.
892:
2898:
4393:
4032:
3773:
3728:
3642:
3452:
3414:
3142:
712:
186:
3681:
3633:
3608:
3328:
3076:
2854:
2772:
2389:
2346:
1603:
admixture. It is unlikely that there was any ethnolinguistic unity in Mannea. Like other peoples of the
590:
510:
448:
1556:, once thought to be a potential Mannaean site. More recently, another branch of Ziwiyeh, the site of
4232:
4134:
4027:
3967:
3942:
3921:
3901:
3874:
3676:
3618:
3513:
3276:
3241:
3005:
2187:
2113:
1965:
1612:
1319:
3972:
3661:
3394:
3286:
2885:
2880:
2844:
2777:
2626:
2314:
1752:
1616:
1052:
922:
351:
147:
4430:
1775:
123:
4455:
4336:
4298:
4243:
4238:
4143:
4058:
3698:
3558:
3518:
3358:
3353:
3251:
3236:
2995:
2797:
2618:
2587:
2480:
2237:
1255:
1042:
662:
133:
2867:
4475:
4346:
4263:
4169:
4159:
4068:
3977:
3962:
3957:
3926:
3916:
3906:
3896:
3883:
3738:
3442:
3256:
3194:
3169:
3149:
3099:
3019:
2496:
2488:
2413:
2365:
2139:
1991:
1918:
1902:
1885:
1735:
Ahsheri's successor, Ualli, as an ally of Assyria, took the side of the Assyrians against the
1645:
1533:
1528:
1431:
1082:
982:
972:
682:
672:
630:
530:
474:
4317:
4308:
4218:
4208:
4164:
4004:
3992:
3946:
3891:
3708:
3573:
3404:
3373:
3218:
3199:
2908:
2528:
2129:
2121:
1981:
1973:
1714:
1400:
1112:
802:
772:
1661:
4351:
4288:
4223:
4198:
4183:
4122:
3911:
3763:
3653:
3475:
3174:
3110:
3014:
2862:
2764:
2536:
2512:
2448:
2429:
2421:
2397:
2282:
2224:
1866:
1789:
1608:
1479:
1439:
1246:
1209:
1150:
992:
942:
842:
812:
752:
692:
648:
610:
580:
550:
520:
409:
315:
220:
160:
112:
80:
2172:
2134:
2117:
2102:"A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia"
2101:
1986:
1969:
1954:"A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia"
1953:
4193:
3713:
3538:
3026:
2990:
2653:
2571:
2504:
2330:
1549:
1102:
782:
762:
702:
338:
249:
4449:
4424:
4328:
4313:
4283:
4228:
4108:
4063:
4012:
3982:
2685:
2579:
2544:
2266:
1181:
1170:
912:
832:
792:
239:
199:
4356:
4341:
4293:
4202:
3747:
3613:
3036:
2985:
2693:
2677:
2661:
2603:
1761:
1756:
1743:), who were at this point still based to the east along the southwest shore of the
1728:
Ahsheri's death. Also in the 7th century BC, Mannaea was defeated by the advancing
1604:
1299:
1228:
1191:
1159:
1122:
1012:
852:
418:
1092:
1516:
It can also relate to one of the regions of ancient Armenia, such as Manavasean (
4434:
4398:
4149:
3834:
3757:
3588:
1781:
1744:
1527:
According to examinations of the place and personal names found in Assyrian and
1357:
1002:
962:
722:
600:
2057:
2010:
3788:
3179:
2701:
2669:
2595:
2563:
2373:
1771:
1721:
1697:
1636:
1545:
1451:
1218:
1132:
952:
932:
902:
862:
822:
654:
620:
540:
494:
139:
70:
2634:
2611:
2405:
2338:
2306:
2125:
1977:
1729:
1686:
1628:
1062:
1032:
1022:
732:
570:
428:
2143:
1995:
1512:
is also mentioned (Isa. xxxvii. 38; II Kings xix. 37) as a part of Armenia.
1571:
and Assyrians, the remnants of the Mannaean populace were absorbed by the
3824:
3164:
3046:
2298:
1748:
1632:
1557:
1521:
882:
872:
438:
325:
2071:
4367:
2290:
1794:
1675:
1600:
1596:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1501:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1072:
560:
391:
381:
289:
262:
17:
4173:
3493:
2914:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
2322:
1799:
1690:
1679:
1671:
1657:
1509:
1459:
458:
361:
60:
1670:
Beginning around 800 BC, the region became contested ground between
1635:
of northern Mesopotamia, were settled on the southeastern shore of
1627:
The Mannaeans, a little known people related linguistically to the
3031:
1804:
1736:
1580:
1561:
1493:
1486:
266:
2811:
2274:
2210:
1462:, as well as other small buffer states between the two, such as
1447:
279:
90:
3860:
3473:
3216:
3097:
2222:
2183:
2179:
1415:
1674:, which built several forts on the territory of Mannaea, and
1418:
1406:
1548:. Excavations that began in 1956 succeeded in uncovering
3789:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
1747:
and revolting against Assyrian domination. The Medes and
1446:, (מנּי)) was an ancient kingdom located in northwestern
1532:
Indo-Europeans, who perhaps spoke a language related to
1867:
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1787-Armenia
1567:
After suffering several defeats at the hands of both
1454:, around the 10th to 7th centuries BC. It neighbored
1412:
1933:
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia s.v. Minni
1607:, the Manneans were subjected to an ever increasing
4381:
4327:
4121:
4051:
4003:
3935:
3882:
3873:
3817:
3772:
3652:
3486:
3428:
3387:
3229:
2973:
2809:
2757:
2750:
2646:
2556:
2473:
2464:
2441:
2358:
2251:
2244:
1409:
1403:
86:
76:
66:
56:
32:
1544:Their kingdom was situated east and south of the
2100:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (26 August 2022).
1952:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (26 August 2022).
1720:The Mannaeans are recorded as rebelling against
51:The historical territory of the state of Mannaea
2850:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
1704:) originally went forth from their homeland of
1625:
1593:
1506:
2936:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
2835:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
1639:and southward into the mountain area of Urmia.
2718:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
2195:
1375:
8:
3794:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
1560:has been linked to the Mannaeans based on a
2904:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
1696:According to one Assyrian inscription, the
1648:, or perhaps a non-Indo-European language.
4127:
3879:
3870:
3857:
3483:
3470:
3410:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
3272:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
3226:
3213:
3094:
2788:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
2754:
2470:
2248:
2232:
2219:
2202:
2188:
2180:
1382:
1368:
97:
45:
29:
2919:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
2133:
1985:
1751:were subjugated by Assyria. However, the
2738:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
3524:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2157:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2
1816:
1591:According to the Encyclopædia Iranica:
1552:and its branches the fortified city of
111:
100:
3062:History of democracy in classical Iran
3784:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
3569:Iran and the World Trade Organization
1564:with this toponym found at the site.
7:
2956:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
2946:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
4189:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
3830:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
3804:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
3603:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
3338:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
2072:"Ninth Century Men in Western Iran"
27:Ancient kingdom south of Lake Urmia
2728:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
1623:According to Robert H. Dyson, Jr.
25:
3799:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
3420:Supreme National Security Council
3246:Persian Constitutional Revolution
2876:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
2783:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
2773:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
2173:Mannaean glazed bricks from Bukan
4429:
4420:
4419:
3395:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
1882:Ernst Friedrich Carl Rosenmüller
1774:
1399:
1351:
122:
3594:Military equipment manufactured
3160:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
2924:United States withdrawal (2018)
2845:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
4154:modern / contemporary
3400:Expediency Discernment Council
2723:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
2712:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
1:
3368:state-sponsorship allegations
1579:. It was then annexed by the
1575:and the area became known as
499:
463:
343:
330:
307:
294:
271:
254:
204:
191:
178:
165:
152:
4471:History of Azerbaijan (Iran)
3825:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
3126:twin towns and sister cities
2432:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
2309:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
2285:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
1520:). Together with Ararat and
4104:Water supply and sanitation
3835:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
2894:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
2269:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
4492:
3584:Economy of the Middle East
2961:2021–2022 Iranian protests
2951:2019–2020 Iranian protests
2931:2017–2018 Iranian protests
2392:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
1827:Eisenbrauns. 2011. p. 408.
4415:
4130:
3869:
3856:
3809:National Development Fund
3729:Telecommunications and IT
3723:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
3549:Foreign direct investment
3494:Bonyad (charitable trust)
3482:
3469:
3225:
3212:
3106:
3093:
2840:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
2830:Interim Government (1979)
2235:
2231:
2218:
2009:Encyclopædia Britannica.
44:
3559:International oil bourse
3324:Ministry of Intelligence
2909:Syrian civil war (2011–)
2733:1921 Persian coup d'état
4461:Ancient history of Iran
4083:scientists and scholars
3589:Milad Tower and complex
3379:Women's rights movement
3374:White Revolution (1963)
3042:Peoples of the Caucasus
2384:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
2277:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
2126:10.1126/science.abq0755
2056:"Encyclopedia Iranica,
1978:10.1126/science.abq0755
1426:, sometimes written as
174:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
4394:Anti-Iranian sentiment
4389:Science and technology
4214:Intellectual movements
4094:International rankings
4078:Intellectual movements
3564:International rankings
3057:Heads of state of Iran
2863:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
2424:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
2261:culture (3400–2000 BC)
2070:Dyson, Robert (1964).
1641:
1621:
1514:
713:Masmughans of Damavand
187:Zayandeh River Culture
3682:Shetab Banking System
3672:Banking and insurance
3634:Tehran Stock Exchange
3554:Intellectual property
2899:PJAK conflict (2004–)
2672:Turcomans (1378–1508)
2664:Turcomans (1374–1468)
2613:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
2416:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
591:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
545:3rd-century BC–132 BC
511:Kingdom of Cappadocia
467: 6th century BC
449:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3643:Technology start-ups
3544:Environmental issues
3534:Economic Reform Plan
3448:Provincial governors
3138:Environmental issues
2886:Iran Air Flight 655
2627:Jalayirid Sultanate
2499:Caliphate (750–1258)
2341:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
1884:, 2011, Nabu Press,
1599:group with a slight
4043:Freedom of religion
3629:Supreme Audit Court
3508:Automotive industry
3155:Iranian Balochistan
2881:1987 Mecca incident
2778:Iran crisis of 1946
2767:dynasty (1925–1979)
2696:Dynasty (1751–1794)
2637:dynasty (1338–1357)
2629:dynasty (1335–1432)
2621:dynasty (1314–1393)
2606:dynasty (1244–1381)
2590:dynasty (1077–1231)
2574:dynasty (1011–1215)
2491:Caliphate (661–750)
2483:Caliphate (632–661)
2451:Empire (AD 224–651)
2368:Empire (550–330 BC)
2349:Empire (626–539 BC)
2333:Empire (678–549 BC)
2317:Empire (911–609 BC)
2118:2022Sci...377..940L
1970:2022Sci...377..940L
1753:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1247:Contemporary period
1151:Early modern period
1053:Jalayirid Sultanate
923:Khwarazmian dynasty
352:Neo-Assyrian Empire
230:Kura–Araxes culture
148:Baradostian culture
4174:Persian New Year (
3579:Main economic laws
3150:Iranian Azerbaijan
3052:Monarchs of Persia
2996:Persianate society
2704:Empire (1789–1925)
2688:Empire (1736–1796)
2680:Empire (1501–1736)
2656:Empire (1370–1507)
2582:Empire (1037–1194)
2547:dynasty (934–1062)
2539:dynasty (931–1090)
2531:dynasty (861–1003)
2400:Empire (312–63 BC)
2301:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
1266:Interim Government
1256:Iranian Revolution
1043:Muzaffarid dynasty
747:864 – 14th century
737:791 – 11th century
663:Rashidun Caliphate
485:Kingdom of Armenia
134:Prehistoric period
34:Kingdom of Mannaea
4466:Ancient Near East
4443:
4442:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4377:
4376:
4284:Opium consumption
4117:
4116:
3953:Ethnic minorities
3927:Iranian languages
3852:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3344:Political parties
3282:Children's rights
3267:Foreign relations
3261:2009 presidential
3208:
3207:
3170:Iranian Kurdistan
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
2969:
2968:
2941:COVID-19 pandemic
2800:Revolution (1979)
2746:
2745:
2566:Empire (977–1186)
2523:dynasty (864–928)
2515:dynasty (821–873)
2507:dynasty (819–999)
2460:
2459:
2376:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
2112:(6609): 940–951.
1964:(6609): 940–951.
1847:ARAB, I, 637, 739
1682:(c. 725–720 BC).
1583:in about 609 BC.
1474:Etymology of name
1392:
1391:
1284:
1283:
1237:
1236:
1200:
1199:
1141:
1140:
1083:Afrasiyab dynasty
983:Khorshidi dynasty
973:Pishkinid dynasty
863:Ghaznavid dynasty
683:Abbasid Caliphate
673:Umayyad Caliphate
639:
638:
635:550s–11th century
531:Kingdom of Pontus
475:Achaemenid Empire
439:Anshanite Kingdom
400:
399:
303:Oxus Civilization
211:
210:
96:
95:
16:(Redirected from
4483:
4433:
4423:
4422:
4274:National symbols
4128:
3943:Iranian citizens
3880:
3871:
3858:
3840:Research centers
3529:Economic history
3484:
3471:
3405:Guardian Council
3227:
3214:
3095:
3072:Electric history
3067:Military history
2981:Ancient Persians
2889:
2888:shootdown (1988)
2871:
2858:
2855:Iranian Embassy
2825:
2814:
2812:Islamic Republic
2801:
2793:1953 coup d'état
2768:
2755:
2713:
2710:Khanates of the
2705:
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2500:
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2159: : page 122
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2030:
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2021:
2019:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
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1898:
1892:
1875:
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1863:
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1854:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1825:Elam and Persia.
1821:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1715:Fertile Crescent
1685:In 716 BC, king
1595:Manneans were a
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1325:Military history
1315:Economic history
1293:Related articles
1276:Islamic Republic
1252:
1251:
1215:
1214:
1156:
1155:
1113:Kar-Kiya dynasty
1033:Chobanid dynasty
1023:Ilkhanate Empire
803:Sallarid dynasty
773:Saffarid dynasty
659:
658:
504:
501:
469:–11th century AD
468:
465:
429:Scythian Kingdom
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4352:Rap and hip-hop
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4304:Public holidays
4289:Persian gardens
4278:Imperial Anthem
4269:National Jewels
4224:Iranian studies
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4047:
3999:
3931:
3892:Persian (Farsi)
3865:
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3703:Pharmaceuticals
3648:
3639:Venture capital
3614:Rial (currency)
3599:Nuclear program
3478:
3457:
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3383:
3334:Nuclear program
3299:Judicial system
3221:
3204:
3175:Iranian plateau
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2824:History (1979–)
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2293:(c.2300–675 BC)
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2017:
2015:
2008:
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2003:
1951:
1950:
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1790:History of Iran
1780:
1773:
1770:
1654:
1605:Iranian plateau
1589:
1542:
1480:Shalmaneser III
1476:
1440:Biblical Hebrew
1402:
1398:
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1358:Iran portal
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1330:Women's history
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993:Qutlugh-Khanids
943:Atabegs of Yazd
843:Rawadid dynasty
813:Ziyarid dynasty
753:Tahirid dynasty
651:
649:Medieval period
641:
640:
625:6th century–785
611:Sasanian Empire
581:Kings of Persis
551:Parthian Empire
521:Seleucid Empire
502:
466:
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410:Imperial period
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316:Akkadian Empire
263:Lullubi Kingdom
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161:Zarzian culture
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3453:Supreme Leader
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3415:Local councils
3412:
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3326:
3321:
3315:
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3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3292:Women's rights
3289:
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3254:
3249:
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3222:
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3147:
3146:
3145:
3143:Climate change
3135:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3087:
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3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3027:Jiroft culture
3024:
3023:
3022:
3015:Iranic peoples
3012:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3003:
2991:Persianization
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
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2659:
2650:
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2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2624:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2598:(1135/36-1225)
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2419:
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2408:(c.295–220 BC)
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2344:
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2267:Proto-Elamite
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2215:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2199:
2192:
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2176:
2175:
2168:
2167:External links
2165:
2162:
2161:
2149:
2092:
2062:
2060:, by R. Zadok"
2049:
2040:
2031:
2001:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1923:978-1177267625
1910:
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1890:978-1245629010
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787:pre-879 – 1215
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783:Ghurid dynasty
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763:Samanid Empire
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4029:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
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4008:
4006:
4002:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
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3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
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3941:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3925:
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3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
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3881:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3841:
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3833:
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3828:
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3823:
3822:
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3800:
3797:
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3792:
3790:
3787:
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3765:
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3740:
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3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:Privatization
3607:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
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3537:
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3532:
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3527:
3525:
3522:
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3517:
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3512:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3078:
3077:Years in Iran
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3007:
3004:
3002:
3001:Turco-Persian
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2870:War (1980–88)
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2662:Qara Qoyunlu
2660:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2359:550 BC–AD 224
2357:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:Neo-Assyrian
2313:
2311:
2305:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:9781147547535
1904:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1805:Median Empire
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:Indo-European
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1396:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1210:Modern period
1206:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1182:Afsharid Iran
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1171:Hotak dynasty
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
991:
990:
986:
984:
981:
980:
976:
974:
971:
970:
966:
964:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
950:
946:
944:
941:
940:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
924:
921:
920:
916:
914:
913:Seljuk Empire
911:
910:
906:
904:
901:
900:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
884:
881:
880:
876:
874:
871:
870:
866:
864:
861:
860:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
844:
841:
840:
836:
834:
833:Buyid dynasty
831:
830:
826:
824:
821:
820:
816:
814:
811:
810:
806:
804:
801:
800:
796:
794:
793:Sajid dynasty
791:
790:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
761:
760:
756:
754:
751:
750:
746:
744:
741:
740:
736:
734:
731:
730:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
694:
691:
690:
686:
684:
681:
680:
676:
674:
671:
670:
666:
664:
661:
660:
657:
656:
650:
645:
644:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:132 BC–224 AD
584:
582:
579:
578:
575:141 BC–222 AD
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:147 BC–224 AD
564:
562:
559:
558:
555:247 BC–224 AD
554:
552:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:320s BC–17 AD
514:
512:
509:
508:
503: 323 BC
498:
496:
493:
492:
489:331 BC–428 AD
488:
486:
483:
482:
479:550 BC–330 BC
478:
476:
473:
472:
462:
460:
457:
456:
453:626 BC–539 BC
452:
450:
447:
446:
443:635 BC–550 BC
442:
440:
437:
436:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
419:Median Empire
417:
416:
411:
406:
405:
395:
393:
390:
389:
385:
383:
380:
379:
375:
373:
370:
369:
365:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
350:
349:
342:
340:
337:
336:
329:
327:
324:
323:
319:
317:
314:
313:
306:
304:
301:
300:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
281:
278:
277:
270:
268:
264:
261:
260:
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:
241:
240:Proto-Elamite
238:
237:
233:
231:
228:
227:
222:
217:
216:
203:
201:
200:Dalma culture
198:
197:
190:
188:
185:
184:
177:
175:
172:
171:
168:20,000–10,000
164:
162:
159:
158:
155:36,000–18,000
151:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
135:
130:
129:
125:
121:
120:
117:
110:
105:
99:
92:
89:
87:Today part of
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
48:
43:
31:
19:
4382:Other topics
4366:
4294:Persian name
4233:Islamization
4175:
4135:Architecture
4088:universities
4033:Zoroastrians
4028:Christianity
4018:Baháʼí Faith
3968:Azerbaijanis
3875:Demographics
3689:Construction
3677:Central Bank
3619:Space Agency
3514:Child labour
3349:Principlists
3329:Cyberwarfare
3277:Human rights
3242:Constitution
3037:Azerbaijanis
3006:Indo-Persian
2986:Greater Iran
2857:siege (1980)
2816:1979–present
2467:early modern
2465:Medieval and
2259:Kura-Araxes
2177:
2152:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2084:. Retrieved
2079:
2075:
2065:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2016:. Retrieved
2011:
2004:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1913:
1896:
1880:, Volume 2,
1877:
1873:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1832:
1824:
1819:
1762:Nabopolassar
1757:Ashurbanipal
1740:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1684:
1669:
1666:
1655:
1642:
1626:
1622:
1617:Melikishvili
1594:
1590:
1566:
1543:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1443:
1435:
1427:
1394:
1393:
1320:LGBT history
1280:1979–present
1229:Pahlavi Iran
1192:Zand dynasty
1160:Safavid Iran
1123:Qara Qoyunlu
1013:Kurt dynasty
853:Hasanwayhids
653:
631:Qarinvandids
535:281 BC–62 BC
525:312 BC–63 BC
371:
138:
4399:Tehrangeles
4362:Traditional
4099:Nationality
4037:persecution
4022:persecution
3973:Circassians
3922:Neo-Aramaic
3902:Azerbaijani
3774:State-owned
3699:Health care
3662:Agriculture
3499:Brain drain
3438:Ambassadors
3133:Earthquakes
2670:Aq Qoyunlu
2619:Muzaffarid
2596:Eldiguzids
2588:Anushtegin
2414:Kingdom of
2390:Kingdom of
2382:Kingdom of
2374:Atropatene
2366:Achaemenid
2307:Kingdom of
2252:3400–539 BC
2076:Archaeology
1782:Asia portal
1745:Caspian Sea
1450:, south of
1003:Mihrabanids
963:Hazaraspids
723:Baduspanids
601:Paratarajas
595:19 AD–224/5
113:History of
4450:Categories
4299:Philosophy
4258:newspapers
4239:Literature
4144:architects
4139:Achaemenid
4059:Corruption
3519:Corruption
3359:Reformists
3354:Propaganda
3252:Corruption
3237:Censorship
3180:Lake Urmia
2868:Iran–Iraq
2564:Ghaznavid
2442:AD 224–651
2406:Frataraka
2238:Prehistory
2086:2024-05-01
1811:References
1722:Esarhaddon
1698:Cimmerians
1637:Lake Urmia
1546:Lake Urmia
1452:Lake Urmia
1219:Qajar Iran
1133:Aq Qoyunlu
1117:1370s–1592
953:Salghurids
933:Eldiguzids
903:Shabankara
877:990/1–1117
621:Zarmihrids
541:Fratarakas
495:Atropatene
433:652–625 BC
423:678–550 BC
71:polytheism
4456:Mannaeans
4264:Mythology
4170:Calendars
4160:Astronomy
4069:Education
3978:Georgians
3963:Assyrians
3958:Armenians
3884:Languages
3776:companies
3739:Transport
3719:Petroleum
3504:Companies
3443:President
3430:Officials
3364:Terrorism
3313:Air Force
3257:Elections
3195:Provinces
3190:Mountains
3100:Geography
3020:languages
2758:1925–1979
2686:Afsharid
2647:1370–1925
2635:Chobanid
2529:Saffarid
2481:Rashidun
2449:Sasanian
2430:Kings of
2422:Parthian
2398:Seleucid
2339:Scythian
2299:Kassites
2283:Akkadian
2082:(1): 3–11
1730:Scythians
1687:Sargon II
1629:Urartians
1587:Ethnicity
1569:Scythians
1233:1925–1979
1223:1789–1925
1196:1751–1794
1186:1736–1796
1176:1722–1729
1164:1501–1736
1137:1468–1508
1127:1406–1468
1107:1370–1507
1097:1359–1596
1093:Mar'ashis
1087:1349–1504
1077:1335–1357
1067:1337–1376
1063:Sarbadars
1057:1337–1376
1047:1335–1393
1037:1335–1357
1027:1256–1335
1017:1244–1396
1007:1236–1537
997:1223-1306
987:1184-1597
977:1155–1231
967:1155–1424
957:1148–1282
947:1141–1319
937:1135–1225
927:1077–1231
917:1037–1194
907:1030–1355
897:1029–1236
887:1008–1141
733:Justanids
703:Bavandids
571:Characene
333:1500–1155
320:2400–2150
310:2400–1700
297:2550-2020
257:3100–2200
244:3200–2700
234:3400–2000
181:6000–5000
81:Antiquity
67:Religion
4476:Hurrians
4425:Category
4318:football
4309:Scouting
4219:Iranians
4209:Folklore
4005:Religion
3917:Georgian
3897:Armenian
3758:shipping
3753:railways
3743:airlines
3709:Industry
3574:Taxation
3388:Councils
3304:Military
3219:Politics
3200:Wildlife
3165:Caucasus
3047:Persians
2974:See also
2798:Iranian
2765:Pahlavi
2678:Safavid
2654:Timurid
2557:977–1432
2537:Ziyarid
2513:Tahirid
2505:Samanid
2497:Abbasid
2489:Umayyad
2474:632–1090
2291:Lullubi
2275:Elamite
2144:36007020
2135:10019558
2058:"Mannea"
1996:36007020
1987:10019558
1768:See also
1749:Persians
1710:Uishdish
1646:Armenian
1633:Hurrians
1631:and the
1558:Qalaichi
1540:Location
1534:Armenian
1529:Urartian
1522:Ashkenaz
1432:Akkadian
1347:Timeline
1305:Monarchs
883:Kakuyids
873:Annazids
867:977–1186
857:959–1095
847:955–1070
837:934–1062
823:Ilyasids
817:930–1090
807:919–1062
777:861–1003
727:665–1598
707:651–1349
693:Dabuyids
687:750–1258
346:1500–500
326:Kassites
284:2700–539
274:3100-675
140:BCE / BC
104:a series
102:Part of
4368:Ey Iran
4316: (
4276: (
4252:student
4250: (
4246: (
4231: (
4199:Cuisine
4184:Fashion
4172: (
4152: (
4137: (
4123:Culture
4071: (
4035: (
4020: (
3993:Turkmen
3945: (
3936:Peoples
3907:Kurdish
3863:Society
3764:Tourism
3741: (
3731: (
3721: (
3701: (
3694:Defense
3664: (
3654:Sectors
3641: (
3601: (
3506: (
3487:General
3476:Economy
3366: (
3336: (
3306: (
3259: (
3244: (
3230:General
3185:Islands
3121:largest
3111:Borders
2580:Seljuk
2572:Ghurid
2521:Alavid
2331:Median
2323:Urartu
2245:Ancient
2225:History
2114:Bibcode
2106:Science
2012:Mahābād
1966:Bibcode
1958:Science
1856:UKN №28
1795:Assyria
1702:Gimirru
1676:Assyria
1652:History
1609:Iranian
1601:Kassite
1597:Hurrian
1577:Matiene
1573:Matieni
1554:Hasanlu
1550:Ziwiyeh
1502:Armenia
1492:In the
1468:Zikirta
1464:Musasir
1456:Assyria
1395:Mannaea
1073:Injuids
827:932–968
797:889–929
767:819–999
757:821–873
717:651–760
697:642–760
677:661–750
667:632-661
655:CE / AD
615:224–651
605:125–300
561:Elymais
505:–226 AD
396:720-670
392:Saparda
386:750-521
382:Zikirti
376:850–616
372:Mannaea
366:860–590
356:911–609
290:Marhaši
57:Capital
38:Mannaea
4435:Portal
4194:Cinema
4176:Nowruz
4073:higher
3947:abroad
3912:Hebrew
3818:Places
3714:Mining
3539:Energy
3116:Cities
3032:Aryans
2751:Modern
2702:Qajar
2545:Buyid
2213:topics
2142:
2132:
2018:Oct 3,
1994:
1984:
1921:
1905:
1888:
1800:Urartu
1691:Parsua
1680:Iranzu
1672:Urartu
1658:Izirtu
1611:(i.e.
1518:Minyas
1510:Ararat
1460:Urartu
1436:Mannai
1428:Mannea
459:Sogdia
362:Urartu
106:on the
61:Izirtu
18:Mannae
4329:Music
4314:Sport
4244:Media
4229:Islam
4165:Blogs
4109:Women
4064:Crime
4052:Other
4013:Islam
3983:Kurds
3748:metro
3666:fruit
3624:Setad
2694:Zand
2604:Kart
1741:Madai
1737:Medes
1706:Gamir
1662:Zirta
1581:Medes
1562:stela
1500:with
1498:Minni
1494:Bible
1487:Zamua
1444:Minni
267:Zamua
4357:Rock
4342:Jazz
4337:Folk
4203:wine
3988:Jews
3318:Navy
3308:Army
3287:LGBT
2211:Iran
2140:PMID
2020:2011
1992:PMID
1919:ISBN
1903:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1466:and
1458:and
1448:Iran
1335:Wars
1300:Name
1270:1979
1260:1979
280:Elam
115:Iran
91:Iran
4347:Pop
4150:Art
3733:TCI
2130:PMC
2122:doi
2110:377
2026:BC.
1982:PMC
1974:doi
1962:377
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1664:).
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2078:.
2074:.
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1990:.
1980:.
1972:.
1960:.
1956:.
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