1765:
113:
4410:
4420:
36:
1342:
1608:(1949, p. 60) tried to confine the Iranian presence in Mannea to its periphery, pointing out that both Daiukku (cf. Schmitt, 1973) and Bagdatti were active in the periphery of Mannea, but this is imprecise, as the names of two early Mannean rulers, viz. Udaki and Azā, are explicable in Old Iranian terms.
1520:
texts, the
Mannaeans, or at least their rulers, spoke a non-Semitic and non-Indo-European language related to Urartian, with no modern language connections. However, after assessing the genetics of individuals found at Hasanlu Tepe, recent scholarship has suggested the possibility of the presence of
1716:
The
Mannaean king Ahsheri, who ruled until the 650s BC, continued to enlarge the territory of Mannaea, although paying tribute to Assyria. However, Mannaea suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the Assyrians around 660 BC, and subsequently an internal revolt broke out, continuing until
1701:
in "the midst of Mannai" around this time. The
Cimmerians first appear in the annals in the year 714 BC, when they apparently helped the Assyrians to defeat Urartu. Urartu chose to submit to the Assyrians, and together the two defeated the Cimmerians and thus kept them out of the
1478:. However, the chronicle does not mention any march or taxation on the state of Mannaea. It is possible that the Assyrians either failed to conquer Mannaea, or advanced only to the border of Mannaea, and then changed course and marched on the neighboring country of Allarabia.
1889:
Missionary
Researches in Armenia: Including a Journey Through Asia Minor, and Into Georgia and Persia, with a Visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oormiah and Sarmas, Smith, Eli; Conder, Josiah and Dwight, Harrison Gray Otis,
1748:
in 627 BC. The upheavals in
Assyria allowed the Medes to free themselves from Assyrian vassalage and make themselves the major power in Iran. At the battle of Qablin in 616 BC, the Assyrian and Mannaean forces were defeated by
1667:. In the mid-8th century BC, during the open conflict between the Assyrians and the Urartians, Mannaea seized the opportunity to enlarge its holdings. The Mannaean kingdom reached the height of its power during the reign of
1513:, this is probably the same Minni from the Assyrian inscriptions, corresponding to Mannea. The name "Armenia" has been theorized by some scholars as possibly deriving from "ḪAR Minni," meaning, the “mountains of Minni.”
2912:
1632:
After examining the genetics of individuals associated with
Hasanlu Tepe during the Bronze and Iron Ages, Iosif Lazaridis et al. (2022) concluded the inhabitants of Hasanlu may have spoken a language related to
2014:
There are a number of unexcavated tells, or mounds, on the plain of Mahābād in this part of the
Azerbaijan region. The region was the centre of the Mannaeans, who flourished in the early 1st millennium
2902:
1645:
The
Mannaean kingdom began to flourish around 850 BC. The Mannaeans were mainly a settled people, practicing irrigation and breeding cattle and horses. The capital was a fortified city called
1678:
of
Assyria moved against Mannaea, where the ruler Mannaea, Aza, the son of Iranzu, had been deposed by Ullusunu with the help of the Urartians. Sargon took Izirtu, and stationed troops in
1682:(Parsua was distinct from Parsumash located further southeast in what is today known as Fars province in Iran.). The Assyrians thereafter used the area to breed, train and trade horses.
1485:(Jeremiah 51:27), Mannaea is called "Minni", and is mentioned with Ararat and Ashkenaz as some of the future destroyers of neo-Babylon. The Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), identified
1656:
By the 820s BC, Manneaea had expanded to become a large state. By this time they had a prominent aristocracy as a ruling class, which somewhat limited the power of the king.
2924:
1854:
Jewish
Encyclopedia, Leopold Zunz, Moritz Steinschneider, Solomon Schechter, Wilhelm Bacher, J.L. Rapoport, David Zvi Hoffman, Heinrich Graetz, etc; Funk and Wagnalls, 1906;
4071:
4177:
1706:. The Cimmerians again rebelled against Sargon by 705 BC, and he was killed while driving them out. By 679 BC the Cimmierians migrated to the east and west of Mannaea.
2036:
Archaeology at the north-east Anatolian frontier, I.: an historical geography and a field survey of the Bayburt Province by A. G. Sagona, Claudia Sagona, pages 41-48,
3591:
3582:
3326:
2838:
2823:
3114:
291:
2892:
3260:
2776:
1370:
1474:
Describing the march of Salmanasar III in the 16th year (843 BC), it was reported that the king reached the land of Munna, occupying the interior of
2811:
1264:
3436:
3287:
3050:
4459:
3782:
3612:
3557:
3426:
3292:
2190:
1906:
Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, and ecclesiastical literature Volume 1, John McClintock, James Strong; (orig. 1923, 2010), Nabu Press,
1721:, who had already raided Urartu and been repelled by the Assyrians. This defeat contributed to the further break-up of the Mannaean kingdom.
2944:
2934:
4142:
4092:
3818:
3352:
1870:
1867:
The Biblical Geography off Central Asia: With a General Introduction to the Study of Sacred Geography, including the Antediluvian Period
3367:
3356:
3301:
3249:
3104:
2907:
1911:
1878:
1497:
According to the Peshiṭta and Targum Onkelos, the "Minni" of the Bible (Jer. li. 27) is Armenia—or rather a part of that country, as
3797:
3741:
3721:
3537:
3512:
3408:
3332:
3234:
2864:
2706:
1895:
1467:
The name of Mannaea and its earliest recorded ruler Udaki were first mentioned in an inscription from the 30th year of the rule of
1471:(828 BC). The Assyrians usually called Manna the "land of the Mannites", Manash, while the Urartians called it the land of Manna.
4449:
4262:
3828:
2882:
3772:
3312:
3148:
3143:
2509:
2027:
The Cambridge history of Iran, Volume 2 by William Bayne Fisher, Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yar-Shater, Peter Avery, pages 256-257
731:
35:
4010:
2949:
2939:
2919:
4377:
4202:
4082:
4066:
3552:
3487:
3388:
3337:
3109:
3060:
3045:
2711:
2370:
1298:
473:
2781:
2721:
1753:'s troops. This defeat laid open the frontiers of Mannaea, which fell under the control of Media between 615 BC and 611 BC.
4236:
3677:
3660:
3567:
3542:
3398:
3306:
3296:
1363:
4006:
1812:
Hassanzadeh and Mollasalehi. "New Evidence for Mannean Art: An Assessment of Three Glazed Tiles from Qalaichi (Izirtu)."
4240:
4076:
3792:
3532:
3522:
3270:
3126:
2726:
2145:
1931:
Iranian Identity in Ancient Times Richard N. Frye Iranian Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1/2 (Winter - Spring, 1993), pp. 143-146
162:
4031:
4025:
3976:
3787:
3617:
3496:
3121:
1825:
1335:
1323:
1744:, which had dominated the region for three hundred years, began to unravel, consumed by civil war after the death of
4454:
4246:
3707:
3572:
3040:
2818:
2716:
1293:
1254:
1826:
William Bayne Fisher,Ilya Gershevitch,Ehsan Yar-Shater,Peter Avery – The Cambridge history of Iran, Том 2, page 74
4350:
3941:
3711:
3492:
3418:
3280:
3255:
3178:
2929:
2828:
2771:
2183:
1713:
of Assyria in 676 BC, when they attempted to interrupt the horse trade between Assyria and its colony of Parsua.
4061:
3851:
3731:
3682:
3654:
3517:
3055:
2969:
2698:
1356:
1318:
1313:
1303:
92:
2247:
218:
4292:
4266:
4257:
4127:
4087:
3691:
3627:
3587:
3322:
3173:
3030:
2989:
1604:) penetration. Boehmer's analysis of several anthroponyms and toponyms needs modification and augmentation.
881:
2887:
4382:
4021:
3762:
3717:
3631:
3441:
3403:
3131:
701:
175:
3670:
3622:
3597:
3317:
3065:
2843:
2761:
2378:
2335:
1592:
admixture. It is unlikely that there was any ethnolinguistic unity in Mannea. Like other peoples of the
579:
499:
437:
1545:, once thought to be a potential Mannaean site. More recently, another branch of Ziwiyeh, the site of
4221:
4123:
4016:
3956:
3931:
3910:
3890:
3863:
3665:
3607:
3502:
3265:
3230:
2994:
2176:
2102:
1954:
1601:
1308:
3961:
3650:
3383:
3275:
2874:
2869:
2833:
2766:
2615:
2303:
1741:
1605:
1041:
911:
340:
136:
4419:
1764:
112:
4444:
4325:
4287:
4232:
4227:
4132:
4047:
3687:
3547:
3507:
3347:
3342:
3240:
3225:
2984:
2786:
2607:
2576:
2469:
2226:
1244:
1031:
651:
122:
2856:
4464:
4335:
4252:
4158:
4148:
4057:
3966:
3951:
3946:
3915:
3905:
3895:
3885:
3872:
3727:
3431:
3245:
3183:
3158:
3138:
3088:
3008:
2485:
2477:
2402:
2354:
2128:
1980:
1907:
1891:
1874:
1724:
Ahsheri's successor, Ualli, as an ally of Assyria, took the side of the Assyrians against the
1634:
1522:
1517:
1420:
1071:
971:
961:
671:
661:
619:
519:
463:
4306:
4297:
4207:
4197:
4153:
3993:
3981:
3935:
3880:
3697:
3562:
3393:
3362:
3207:
3188:
2897:
2517:
2118:
2110:
1970:
1962:
1703:
1389:
1101:
791:
761:
1650:
4340:
4277:
4212:
4187:
4172:
4111:
3900:
3752:
3642:
3464:
3163:
3099:
3003:
2851:
2753:
2525:
2501:
2437:
2418:
2410:
2386:
2271:
2213:
1855:
1778:
1597:
1468:
1428:
1235:
1198:
1139:
981:
931:
831:
801:
741:
681:
637:
599:
569:
539:
509:
398:
304:
209:
149:
101:
69:
2161:
2123:
2106:
2091:"A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia"
2090:
1975:
1958:
1943:"A genetic probe into the ancient and medieval history of Southern Europe and West Asia"
1942:
4182:
3702:
3527:
3015:
2979:
2642:
2560:
2493:
2319:
1538:
1091:
771:
751:
691:
327:
238:
4438:
4413:
4317:
4302:
4272:
4217:
4097:
4052:
4001:
3971:
2674:
2568:
2533:
2255:
1170:
1159:
901:
821:
781:
228:
188:
4345:
4330:
4282:
4191:
3736:
3602:
3025:
2974:
2682:
2666:
2650:
2592:
1750:
1745:
1732:), who were at this point still based to the east along the southwest shore of the
1717:
Ahsheri's death. Also in the 7th century BC, Mannaea was defeated by the advancing
1593:
1288:
1217:
1180:
1148:
1111:
1001:
841:
407:
1081:
1505:
It can also relate to one of the regions of ancient Armenia, such as Manavasean (
4423:
4387:
4138:
3823:
3746:
3577:
1770:
1733:
1516:
According to examinations of the place and personal names found in Assyrian and
1346:
991:
951:
711:
589:
2046:
1999:
3777:
3168:
2690:
2658:
2584:
2552:
2362:
1760:
1710:
1686:
1625:
1534:
1440:
1207:
1121:
941:
921:
891:
851:
811:
643:
609:
529:
483:
128:
59:
2623:
2600:
2394:
2327:
2295:
2114:
1966:
1718:
1675:
1617:
1051:
1021:
1011:
721:
559:
417:
2132:
1984:
1501:
is also mentioned (Isa. xxxvii. 38; II Kings xix. 37) as a part of Armenia.
1560:
and Assyrians, the remnants of the Mannaean populace were absorbed by the
3813:
3153:
3035:
2287:
1737:
1621:
1546:
1510:
871:
861:
427:
314:
2060:
4356:
2279:
1783:
1664:
1589:
1585:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1542:
1490:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1061:
549:
380:
370:
278:
251:
4162:
3482:
2903:
International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)
2311:
1788:
1679:
1668:
1660:
1646:
1498:
1448:
447:
350:
49:
1659:
Beginning around 800 BC, the region became contested ground between
1624:
of northern Mesopotamia, were settled on the southeastern shore of
1616:
The Mannaeans, a little known people related linguistically to the
3020:
1793:
1725:
1569:
1550:
1482:
1475:
255:
2800:
2263:
2199:
1451:, as well as other small buffer states between the two, such as
1436:
268:
79:
3849:
3462:
3205:
3086:
2211:
2172:
2168:
1404:
1663:, which built several forts on the territory of Mannaea, and
1407:
1395:
1537:. Excavations that began in 1956 succeeded in uncovering
3778:
Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)
1736:
and revolting against Assyrian domination. The Medes and
1435:, (מנּי)) was an ancient kingdom located in northwestern
1521:
Indo-Europeans, who perhaps spoke a language related to
1856:
http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1787-Armenia
1556:
After suffering several defeats at the hands of both
1443:, around the 10th to 7th centuries BC. It neighbored
1401:
1922:
International Standard Bible Encyclopedia s.v. Minni
1596:, the Manneans were subjected to an ever increasing
4370:
4316:
4110:
4040:
3992:
3924:
3871:
3862:
3806:
3761:
3641:
3475:
3417:
3376:
3218:
2962:
2798:
2746:
2739:
2635:
2545:
2462:
2453:
2430:
2347:
2240:
2233:
1398:
1392:
75:
65:
55:
45:
21:
1533:Their kingdom was situated east and south of the
2089:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (26 August 2022).
1941:Lazaridis, Iosif; et al. (26 August 2022).
1709:The Mannaeans are recorded as rebelling against
40:The historical territory of the state of Mannaea
2839:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum
1693:) originally went forth from their homeland of
1614:
1582:
1495:
2925:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests
2824:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum
1628:and southward into the mountain area of Urmia.
2707:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)
2184:
1364:
8:
3783:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)
1549:has been linked to the Mannaeans based on a
2893:2009 Iranian presidential election protests
1685:According to one Assyrian inscription, the
1637:, or perhaps a non-Indo-European language.
4116:
3868:
3859:
3846:
3472:
3459:
3399:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)
3261:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
3215:
3202:
3083:
2777:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election
2743:
2459:
2237:
2221:
2208:
2191:
2177:
2169:
1371:
1357:
86:
34:
18:
2908:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)
2122:
1974:
1740:were subjugated by Assyria. However, the
2727:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
3513:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2146:The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2
1805:
1580:According to the Encyclopædia Iranica:
1541:and its branches the fortified city of
100:
89:
3051:History of democracy in classical Iran
3773:Defense Industries Organization (DIO)
3558:Iran and the World Trade Organization
1553:with this toponym found at the site.
7:
2945:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
2935:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests
4178:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute
3819:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone
3793:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
3592:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
3327:UN Security Council Resolution 1747
2061:"Ninth Century Men in Western Iran"
16:Ancient kingdom south of Lake Urmia
2717:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)
1612:According to Robert H. Dyson, Jr.
14:
3788:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)
3409:Supreme National Security Council
3235:Persian Constitutional Revolution
2865:Interim Government of Iran (1981)
2772:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)
2762:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)
2162:Mannaean glazed bricks from Bukan
4418:
4409:
4408:
3384:Assembly (or Council) of Experts
1871:Ernst Friedrich Carl Rosenmüller
1763:
1388:
1340:
111:
3583:Military equipment manufactured
3149:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
2913:United States withdrawal (2018)
2834:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)
4143:modern / contemporary
3389:Expediency Discernment Council
2712:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
2701:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)
1:
3357:state-sponsorship allegations
1568:. It was then annexed by the
1564:and the area became known as
488:
452:
332:
319:
296:
283:
260:
243:
193:
180:
167:
154:
141:
4460:History of Azerbaijan (Iran)
3814:Asaluyeh industrial corridor
3115:twin towns and sister cities
2421:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)
2298:Mannai (10th–7th century BC)
2274:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)
1509:). Together with Ararat and
4093:Water supply and sanitation
3824:Kish Island Free Trade Zone
2883:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
2258:civilization (3100–2700 BC)
4481:
3573:Economy of the Middle East
2950:2021–2022 Iranian protests
2940:2019–2020 Iranian protests
2920:2017–2018 Iranian protests
2381:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)
1816:Eisenbrauns. 2011. p. 408.
4404:
4119:
3858:
3845:
3798:National Development Fund
3718:Telecommunications and IT
3712:Anglo-Persian Oil Company
3538:Foreign direct investment
3483:Bonyad (charitable trust)
3471:
3458:
3214:
3201:
3095:
3082:
2829:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
2819:Interim Government (1979)
2224:
2220:
2207:
1998:Encyclopædia Britannica.
33:
3548:International oil bourse
3313:Ministry of Intelligence
2898:Syrian civil war (2011–)
2722:1921 Persian coup d'état
4450:Ancient history of Iran
4072:scientists and scholars
3578:Milad Tower and complex
3368:Women's rights movement
3363:White Revolution (1963)
3031:Peoples of the Caucasus
2373:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)
2266:dynasties (2700–540 BC)
2115:10.1126/science.abq0755
2045:"Encyclopedia Iranica,
1967:10.1126/science.abq0755
1415:, sometimes written as
163:Shulaveri–Shomu culture
4383:Anti-Iranian sentiment
4378:Science and technology
4203:Intellectual movements
4083:International rankings
4067:Intellectual movements
3553:International rankings
3046:Heads of state of Iran
2852:Nojeh coup plot (1980)
2413:Empire (247 BC–AD 224)
2250:culture (3400–2000 BC)
2059:Dyson, Robert (1964).
1630:
1610:
1503:
702:Masmughans of Damavand
176:Zayandeh River Culture
3671:Shetab Banking System
3661:Banking and insurance
3623:Tehran Stock Exchange
3543:Intellectual property
2888:PJAK conflict (2004–)
2661:Turcomans (1378–1508)
2653:Turcomans (1374–1468)
2602:Ilkhanate (1256–1335)
2405:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)
580:Indo-Parthian Kingdom
534:3rd-century BC–132 BC
500:Kingdom of Cappadocia
456: 6th century BC
438:Neo-Babylonian Empire
3632:Technology start-ups
3533:Environmental issues
3523:Economic Reform Plan
3437:Provincial governors
3127:Environmental issues
2875:Iran Air Flight 655
2616:Jalayirid Sultanate
2488:Caliphate (750–1258)
2330:Kingdom (652–625 BC)
1873:, 2011, Nabu Press,
1588:group with a slight
4032:Freedom of religion
3618:Supreme Audit Court
3497:Automotive industry
3144:Iranian Balochistan
2870:1987 Mecca incident
2767:Iran crisis of 1946
2756:dynasty (1925–1979)
2685:Dynasty (1751–1794)
2626:dynasty (1338–1357)
2618:dynasty (1335–1432)
2610:dynasty (1314–1393)
2595:dynasty (1244–1381)
2579:dynasty (1077–1231)
2563:dynasty (1011–1215)
2480:Caliphate (661–750)
2472:Caliphate (632–661)
2440:Empire (AD 224–651)
2357:Empire (550–330 BC)
2338:Empire (626–539 BC)
2322:Empire (678–549 BC)
2306:Empire (911–609 BC)
2107:2022Sci...377..940L
1959:2022Sci...377..940L
1742:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1236:Contemporary period
1140:Early modern period
1042:Jalayirid Sultanate
912:Khwarazmian dynasty
341:Neo-Assyrian Empire
219:Kura–Araxes culture
137:Baradostian culture
4163:Persian New Year (
3568:Main economic laws
3139:Iranian Azerbaijan
3041:Monarchs of Persia
2985:Persianate society
2693:Empire (1789–1925)
2677:Empire (1736–1796)
2669:Empire (1501–1736)
2645:Empire (1370–1507)
2571:Empire (1037–1194)
2536:dynasty (934–1062)
2528:dynasty (931–1090)
2520:dynasty (861–1003)
2389:Empire (312–63 BC)
2290:(c.1595–c.1155 BC)
1255:Interim Government
1245:Iranian Revolution
1032:Muzaffarid dynasty
736:864 – 14th century
726:791 – 11th century
652:Rashidun Caliphate
474:Kingdom of Armenia
123:Prehistoric period
23:Kingdom of Mannaea
4455:Ancient Near East
4432:
4431:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4366:
4365:
4273:Opium consumption
4106:
4105:
3942:Ethnic minorities
3916:Iranian languages
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3333:Political parties
3271:Children's rights
3256:Foreign relations
3250:2009 presidential
3197:
3196:
3159:Iranian Kurdistan
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
2958:
2957:
2930:COVID-19 pandemic
2789:Revolution (1979)
2735:
2734:
2555:Empire (977–1186)
2512:dynasty (864–928)
2504:dynasty (821–873)
2496:dynasty (819–999)
2449:
2448:
2365:(c.323 BC–AD 226)
2101:(6609): 940–951.
1953:(6609): 940–951.
1836:ARAB, I, 637, 739
1671:(c. 725–720 BC).
1572:in about 609 BC.
1463:Etymology of name
1381:
1380:
1273:
1272:
1226:
1225:
1189:
1188:
1130:
1129:
1072:Afrasiyab dynasty
972:Khorshidi dynasty
962:Pishkinid dynasty
852:Ghaznavid dynasty
672:Abbasid Caliphate
662:Umayyad Caliphate
628:
627:
624:550s–11th century
520:Kingdom of Pontus
464:Achaemenid Empire
428:Anshanite Kingdom
389:
388:
292:Oxus Civilization
200:
199:
85:
84:
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4263:National symbols
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3932:Iranian citizens
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3847:
3829:Research centers
3518:Economic history
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3394:Guardian Council
3216:
3203:
3084:
3061:Electric history
3056:Military history
2970:Ancient Persians
2878:
2877:shootdown (1988)
2860:
2847:
2844:Iranian Embassy
2814:
2803:
2801:Islamic Republic
2790:
2782:1953 coup d'état
2757:
2744:
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2699:Khanates of the
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2148: : page 122
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2025:
2019:
2018:
2010:
2008:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1938:
1932:
1929:
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1881:
1864:
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1834:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1814:Elam and Persia.
1810:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1704:Fertile Crescent
1674:In 716 BC, king
1584:Manneans were a
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1345:
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1343:
1314:Military history
1304:Economic history
1282:Related articles
1265:Islamic Republic
1241:
1240:
1204:
1203:
1145:
1144:
1102:Kar-Kiya dynasty
1022:Chobanid dynasty
1012:Ilkhanate Empire
792:Sallarid dynasty
762:Saffarid dynasty
648:
647:
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458:–11th century AD
457:
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418:Scythian Kingdom
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4341:Rap and hip-hop
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4293:Public holidays
4278:Persian gardens
4267:Imperial Anthem
4258:National Jewels
4213:Iranian studies
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4036:
3988:
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3881:Persian (Farsi)
3854:
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3692:Pharmaceuticals
3637:
3628:Venture capital
3603:Rial (currency)
3588:Nuclear program
3467:
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3323:Nuclear program
3288:Judicial system
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3164:Iranian plateau
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2813:History (1979–)
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1779:History of Iran
1769:
1762:
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1594:Iranian plateau
1578:
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1469:Shalmaneser III
1465:
1429:Biblical Hebrew
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1347:Iran portal
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1319:Women's history
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982:Qutlugh-Khanids
932:Atabegs of Yazd
832:Rawadid dynasty
802:Ziyarid dynasty
742:Tahirid dynasty
640:
638:Medieval period
630:
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614:6th century–785
600:Sasanian Empire
570:Kings of Persis
540:Parthian Empire
510:Seleucid Empire
491:
455:
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399:Imperial period
391:
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305:Akkadian Empire
252:Lullubi Kingdom
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150:Zarzian culture
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3442:Supreme Leader
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3404:Local councils
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3284:
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3281:Women's rights
3278:
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3132:Climate change
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3018:
3016:Jiroft culture
3013:
3012:
3011:
3004:Iranic peoples
3001:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2980:Persianization
2977:
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2587:(1135/36-1225)
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2256:Proto-Elamite
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2156:External links
2154:
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2138:
2081:
2051:
2049:, by R. Zadok"
2038:
2029:
2020:
1990:
1933:
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1915:
1912:978-1177267625
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1879:978-1245629010
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3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
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3968:
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3601:
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3598:Privatization
3596:
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3425:
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3410:
3407:
3405:
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3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
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3379:
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3331:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
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3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3085:
3081:
3067:
3066:Years in Iran
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Turco-Persian
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2951:
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2918:
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2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2859:War (1980–88)
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:Qara Qoyunlu
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2361:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:550 BC–AD 224
2346:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2304:Neo-Assyrian
2302:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1896:9781147547535
1893:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1799:
1795:
1794:Median Empire
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1602:Indo-European
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1385:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1199:Modern period
1195:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:Afsharid Iran
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:Hotak dynasty
1157:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
993:
990:
989:
985:
983:
980:
979:
975:
973:
970:
969:
965:
963:
960:
959:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
943:
940:
939:
935:
933:
930:
929:
925:
923:
920:
919:
915:
913:
910:
909:
905:
903:
902:Seljuk Empire
900:
899:
895:
893:
890:
889:
885:
883:
880:
879:
875:
873:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
859:
855:
853:
850:
849:
845:
843:
840:
839:
835:
833:
830:
829:
825:
823:
822:Buyid dynasty
820:
819:
815:
813:
810:
809:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
782:Sajid dynasty
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
673:
670:
669:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
639:
634:
633:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
597:
593:
591:
588:
587:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:132 BC–224 AD
573:
571:
568:
567:
564:141 BC–222 AD
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:147 BC–224 AD
553:
551:
548:
547:
544:247 BC–224 AD
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
531:
528:
527:
523:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
504:320s BC–17 AD
503:
501:
498:
497:
492: 323 BC
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:331 BC–428 AD
477:
475:
472:
471:
468:550 BC–330 BC
467:
465:
462:
461:
451:
449:
446:
445:
442:626 BC–539 BC
441:
439:
436:
435:
432:635 BC–550 BC
431:
429:
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
409:
408:Median Empire
406:
405:
400:
395:
394:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
362:
359:
358:
354:
352:
349:
348:
344:
342:
339:
338:
331:
329:
326:
325:
318:
316:
313:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
295:
293:
290:
289:
282:
280:
277:
276:
272:
270:
267:
266:
259:
257:
253:
250:
249:
242:
240:
237:
236:
232:
230:
229:Proto-Elamite
227:
226:
222:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
205:
192:
190:
189:Dalma culture
187:
186:
179:
177:
174:
173:
166:
164:
161:
160:
157:20,000–10,000
153:
151:
148:
147:
144:36,000–18,000
140:
138:
135:
134:
131:
130:
124:
119:
118:
114:
110:
109:
106:
99:
94:
88:
81:
78:
76:Today part of
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
20:
4371:Other topics
4355:
4283:Persian name
4222:Islamization
4164:
4124:Architecture
4077:universities
4022:Zoroastrians
4017:Christianity
4007:Baháʼí Faith
3957:Azerbaijanis
3864:Demographics
3678:Construction
3666:Central Bank
3608:Space Agency
3503:Child labour
3338:Principlists
3318:Cyberwarfare
3266:Human rights
3231:Constitution
3026:Azerbaijanis
2995:Indo-Persian
2975:Greater Iran
2846:siege (1980)
2805:1979–present
2456:early modern
2454:Medieval and
2248:Kura-Araxes
2166:
2141:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2068:
2064:
2054:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2013:
2012:
2005:. Retrieved
2000:
1993:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1902:
1885:
1869:, Volume 2,
1866:
1862:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1751:Nabopolassar
1746:Ashurbanipal
1729:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1673:
1658:
1655:
1644:
1631:
1615:
1611:
1606:Melikishvili
1583:
1579:
1555:
1532:
1515:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1383:
1382:
1309:LGBT history
1269:1979–present
1218:Pahlavi Iran
1181:Zand dynasty
1149:Safavid Iran
1112:Qara Qoyunlu
1002:Kurt dynasty
842:Hasanwayhids
642:
620:Qarinvandids
524:281 BC–62 BC
514:312 BC–63 BC
360:
127:
4388:Tehrangeles
4351:Traditional
4088:Nationality
4026:persecution
4011:persecution
3962:Circassians
3911:Neo-Aramaic
3891:Azerbaijani
3763:State-owned
3688:Health care
3651:Agriculture
3488:Brain drain
3427:Ambassadors
3122:Earthquakes
2659:Aq Qoyunlu
2608:Muzaffarid
2585:Eldiguzids
2577:Anushtegin
2403:Kingdom of
2379:Kingdom of
2371:Kingdom of
2363:Atropatene
2355:Achaemenid
2296:Kingdom of
2241:3400–539 BC
2065:Archaeology
1771:Asia portal
1734:Caspian Sea
1439:, south of
992:Mihrabanids
952:Hazaraspids
712:Baduspanids
590:Paratarajas
584:19 AD–224/5
102:History of
4439:Categories
4288:Philosophy
4247:newspapers
4228:Literature
4133:architects
4128:Achaemenid
4048:Corruption
3508:Corruption
3348:Reformists
3343:Propaganda
3241:Corruption
3226:Censorship
3169:Lake Urmia
2857:Iran–Iraq
2553:Ghaznavid
2431:AD 224–651
2395:Frataraka
2227:Prehistory
2075:2024-05-01
1800:References
1711:Esarhaddon
1687:Cimmerians
1626:Lake Urmia
1535:Lake Urmia
1441:Lake Urmia
1208:Qajar Iran
1122:Aq Qoyunlu
1106:1370s–1592
942:Salghurids
922:Eldiguzids
892:Shabankara
866:990/1–1117
610:Zarmihrids
530:Fratarakas
484:Atropatene
422:652–625 BC
412:678–550 BC
60:polytheism
4445:Mannaeans
4253:Mythology
4159:Calendars
4149:Astronomy
4058:Education
3967:Georgians
3952:Assyrians
3947:Armenians
3873:Languages
3765:companies
3728:Transport
3708:Petroleum
3493:Companies
3432:President
3419:Officials
3353:Terrorism
3302:Air Force
3246:Elections
3184:Provinces
3179:Mountains
3089:Geography
3009:languages
2747:1925–1979
2675:Afsharid
2636:1370–1925
2624:Chobanid
2518:Saffarid
2470:Rashidun
2438:Sasanian
2419:Kings of
2411:Parthian
2387:Seleucid
2328:Scythian
2288:Kassites
2272:Akkadian
2071:(1): 3–11
1719:Scythians
1676:Sargon II
1618:Urartians
1576:Ethnicity
1558:Scythians
1222:1925–1979
1212:1789–1925
1185:1751–1794
1175:1736–1796
1165:1722–1729
1153:1501–1736
1126:1468–1508
1116:1406–1468
1096:1370–1507
1086:1359–1596
1082:Mar'ashis
1076:1349–1504
1066:1335–1357
1056:1337–1376
1052:Sarbadars
1046:1337–1376
1036:1335–1393
1026:1335–1357
1016:1256–1335
1006:1244–1396
996:1236–1537
986:1223-1306
976:1184-1597
966:1155–1231
956:1155–1424
946:1148–1282
936:1141–1319
926:1135–1225
916:1077–1231
906:1037–1194
896:1030–1355
886:1029–1236
876:1008–1141
722:Justanids
692:Bavandids
560:Characene
322:1500–1155
309:2400–2150
299:2400–1700
286:2550-2020
246:3100–2200
233:3200–2700
223:3400–2000
170:6000–5000
70:Antiquity
56:Religion
4465:Hurrians
4414:Category
4307:football
4298:Scouting
4208:Iranians
4198:Folklore
3994:Religion
3906:Georgian
3886:Armenian
3747:shipping
3742:railways
3732:airlines
3698:Industry
3563:Taxation
3377:Councils
3293:Military
3208:Politics
3189:Wildlife
3154:Caucasus
3036:Persians
2963:See also
2787:Iranian
2754:Pahlavi
2667:Safavid
2643:Timurid
2546:977–1432
2526:Ziyarid
2502:Tahirid
2494:Samanid
2486:Abbasid
2478:Umayyad
2463:632–1090
2280:Lullubi
2264:Elamite
2133:36007020
2124:10019558
2047:"Mannea"
1985:36007020
1976:10019558
1757:See also
1738:Persians
1699:Uishdish
1635:Armenian
1622:Hurrians
1620:and the
1547:Qalaichi
1529:Location
1523:Armenian
1518:Urartian
1511:Ashkenaz
1421:Akkadian
1336:Timeline
1294:Monarchs
872:Kakuyids
862:Annazids
856:977–1186
846:959–1095
836:955–1070
826:934–1062
812:Ilyasids
806:930–1090
796:919–1062
766:861–1003
716:665–1598
696:651–1349
682:Dabuyids
676:750–1258
335:1500–500
315:Kassites
273:2700–539
263:3100-675
129:BCE / BC
93:a series
91:Part of
4357:Ey Iran
4305: (
4265: (
4241:student
4239: (
4235: (
4220: (
4188:Cuisine
4173:Fashion
4161: (
4141: (
4126: (
4112:Culture
4060: (
4024: (
4009: (
3982:Turkmen
3934: (
3925:Peoples
3896:Kurdish
3852:Society
3753:Tourism
3730: (
3720: (
3710: (
3690: (
3683:Defense
3653: (
3643:Sectors
3630: (
3590: (
3495: (
3476:General
3465:Economy
3355: (
3325: (
3295: (
3248: (
3233: (
3219:General
3174:Islands
3110:largest
3100:Borders
2569:Seljuk
2561:Ghurid
2510:Alavid
2320:Median
2312:Urartu
2234:Ancient
2214:History
2103:Bibcode
2095:Science
2001:Mahābād
1955:Bibcode
1947:Science
1845:UKN №28
1784:Assyria
1691:Gimirru
1665:Assyria
1641:History
1598:Iranian
1590:Kassite
1586:Hurrian
1566:Matiene
1562:Matieni
1543:Hasanlu
1539:Ziwiyeh
1491:Armenia
1481:In the
1457:Zikirta
1453:Musasir
1445:Assyria
1384:Mannaea
1062:Injuids
816:932–968
786:889–929
756:819–999
746:821–873
706:651–760
686:642–760
666:661–750
656:632-661
644:CE / AD
604:224–651
594:125–300
550:Elymais
494:–226 AD
385:720-670
381:Saparda
375:750-521
371:Zikirti
365:850–616
361:Mannaea
355:860–590
345:911–609
279:Marhaši
46:Capital
27:Mannaea
4424:Portal
4183:Cinema
4165:Nowruz
4062:higher
3936:abroad
3901:Hebrew
3807:Places
3703:Mining
3528:Energy
3105:Cities
3021:Aryans
2740:Modern
2691:Qajar
2534:Buyid
2202:topics
2131:
2121:
2007:Oct 3,
1983:
1973:
1910:
1894:
1877:
1789:Urartu
1680:Parsua
1669:Iranzu
1661:Urartu
1647:Izirtu
1600:(i.e.
1507:Minyas
1499:Ararat
1449:Urartu
1425:Mannai
1417:Mannea
448:Sogdia
351:Urartu
95:on the
50:Izirtu
4318:Music
4303:Sport
4233:Media
4218:Islam
4154:Blogs
4098:Women
4053:Crime
4041:Other
4002:Islam
3972:Kurds
3737:metro
3655:fruit
3613:Setad
2683:Zand
2593:Kart
1730:Madai
1726:Medes
1695:Gamir
1651:Zirta
1570:Medes
1551:stela
1489:with
1487:Minni
1483:Bible
1476:Zamua
1433:Minni
256:Zamua
4346:Rock
4331:Jazz
4326:Folk
4192:wine
3977:Jews
3307:Navy
3297:Army
3276:LGBT
2200:Iran
2129:PMID
2009:2011
1981:PMID
1908:ISBN
1892:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1455:and
1447:and
1437:Iran
1324:Wars
1289:Name
1259:1979
1249:1979
269:Elam
104:Iran
80:Iran
4336:Pop
4139:Art
3722:TCI
2119:PMC
2111:doi
2099:377
2015:BC.
1971:PMC
1963:doi
1951:377
1697:or
1653:).
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2127:.
2117:.
2109:.
2097:.
2093:.
2069:17
2067:.
2063:.
2011:.
1979:.
1969:.
1961:.
1949:.
1945:.
1525:.
1493::
1459:.
1431::
1427:,
1423::
1419:;
1405:iː
489:c.
453:c.
333:c.
320:c.
297:c.
284:c.
261:c.
244:c.
194:c.
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155:c.
142:c.
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4249:)
4243:)
4224:)
4194:)
4190:(
4169:)
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4079:)
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2105::
2078:.
1987:.
1965::
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