172:
374:
4147:
4672:
4652:
4623:
4581:
4545:
4516:
4487:
4451:
4409:
4373:
4344:
4315:
4279:
4257:
4221:
4192:
4163:
77:
36:
4704:
3727:
2890:
255:
263:
517:
difference between flaps and stops is that, due to the greater length of stops compared to flaps, a build-up of air pressure occurs behind a stop which does not occur behind a flap. This means that when the stop is released, there is a burst of air as the pressure is relieved, while for flaps there
943:. Here the back of the tongue is used to create a vacuum in the mouth, causing air to rush in when the forward occlusion (tongue or lips) is released. Clicks may be oral or nasal, stop or affricate, central or lateral, voiced or voiceless. They are extremely rare in normal words outside
929:. Here the glottis moves downward, but the lungs may be used simultaneously (to provide voicing), and in some languages no air may actually flow into the mouth. Implosive stops are not uncommon, but implosive affricates and fricatives are rare. Voiceless implosives are also rare.
268:
545:
is the release of airflow at the side of the tongue. This can be combined with other manners, resulting in lateral approximants (such as the pronunciation of the letter L in the
English word "let"), lateral flaps, and lateral fricatives and affricates.
711:, which begins like a stop, but this releases into a fricative rather than having a separate release of its own. The English letters "ch" and "j" represent affricates. Affricates are quite common around the world, though less common than fricatives.
615:, a nasal occlusive, where there is occlusion of the oral tract, but air passes through the nose. The shape and position of the tongue determine the resonant cavity that gives different nasals their characteristic sounds. Examples include English
267:
265:
1236:
1272:
266:
671:
are a type of fricative where the airflow is guided by a groove in the tongue toward the teeth, creating a high-pitched and very distinctive sound. These are by far the most common fricatives. Fricatives at
1246:
521:
Trills involve the vibration of one of the speech organs. Since trilling is a separate parameter from stricture, the two may be combined. Increasing the stricture of a typical trill results in a
1256:
1241:
917:
rather than by the lungs or diaphragm. Stops, affricates, and occasionally fricatives may occur as ejectives. All ejectives are voiceless, or at least transition from voiced to voiceless.
591:). If the consonant is voiced, the voicing is the only sound made during occlusion; if it is voiceless, a stop is completely silent. What we hear as a /p/ or /k/ is the effect that the
1226:
1203:
1193:
201:
509:(also called taps) are similar to very brief stops. However, their articulation and behavior are distinct enough to be considered a separate manner, rather than just
264:
393:. These are prototypically voiceless, but voiced obstruents are extremely common as well. Manners without such obstruction (nasals, liquids, approximants, and also
1188:
4770:
4080:
2137:
1883:
2151:
2144:
1890:
798:, is a type of approximant, pronounced like a vowel but with the tongue closer to the roof of the mouth, so that there is slight turbulence. In English,
87:
2365:
2123:
1869:
1089:
1138:
1039:
3869:
2158:
1855:
49:
3908:
3831:
955:
are generated by striking one organ against another. No standalone percussive occurs in any language, but alveolar clicks may have a sublingual
4042:
3972:
2130:
1876:
3915:
3812:
4713:
4248:
4037:
3736:
2899:
2660:
2567:
1152:
3992:
3929:
3741:
2750:
2642:
2549:
1862:
499:
Sibilants are distinguished from other fricatives by the shape of the tongue and how the airflow is directed over the teeth. Fricatives at
3936:
3882:
3838:
4264:
4085:
3275:
3230:
2737:
2674:
2581:
2032:
1788:
1097:
4065:
3850:
3819:
751:, in which the articulator (usually the tip of the tongue) is held in place, and the airstream causes it to vibrate. The double "r" of
4286:
3241:
3193:
3179:
3121:
3107:
2759:
2667:
2574:
1183:
4014:
3999:
3779:
818:
for vowel-like sounds that are not syllabic, but do not have the increased stricture of approximants. These are found as elements in
480:
often behave as if they were intermediate between stops and fricatives, but phonetically they are sequences of a stop and fricative.
145:
4763:
4335:
3255:
2777:
2688:
2649:
2595:
2556:
2313:
1073:
241:
223:
63:
3765:
117:
4507:
3248:
2904:
2831:
2768:
2681:
2588:
2095:
2039:
2004:
1795:
1760:
5020:
3875:
3857:
5437:
5427:
4794:
4572:
4351:
4306:
2813:
2081:
1837:
1147:
660:
4993:
3785:
124:
4523:
4478:
4364:
3731:
3726:
3158:
3086:
2894:
2889:
2695:
2602:
2248:
2207:
1943:
1610:
947:. However, English has a click in its "tsk tsk" (or "tut tut") sound, and another is often used to say "giddy up" to a horse.
102:
4988:
3793:
1346:
755:"perro" is a trill. Trills and flaps, where there are one or more brief occlusions, constitute a class of consonant called
4536:
4322:
4183:
3682:
3542:
3510:
2838:
2102:
2018:
2011:
1774:
1767:
1596:
412:
5000:
4983:
3771:
4975:
4756:
4643:
4494:
4380:
4075:
3673:
3662:
3574:
3186:
3114:
2820:
2278:
2088:
2067:
1990:
1844:
1823:
1746:
1231:
1131:
131:
5015:
5010:
3888:
1111:
184:
4552:
4199:
4154:
3689:
3172:
3151:
3100:
2847:
2265:
2221:
2214:
2165:
1957:
1950:
1901:
1646:
1617:
1466:
1299:
1014:
723:, is a momentary closure of the oral cavity. The "tt" of "utter" and the "dd" of "udder" are pronounced as a flap in
55:
5005:
3799:
739:, but there is no consensus on what the difference might be. No language relies on such a difference. There are also
693:
are a rare type of fricative, where the frication occurs on one or both sides of the edge of the tongue. The "ll" of
194:
188:
180:
5280:
4708:
4703:
4614:
4212:
3703:
3625:
2507:
2400:
2287:
2193:
2109:
2025:
1929:
1781:
1628:
1603:
1582:
113:
4117:
4927:
4872:
4663:
4400:
4170:
4070:
3696:
3616:
3605:
3207:
3165:
3135:
3093:
2471:
2179:
2074:
1997:
1915:
1830:
1753:
1660:
1511:
1482:
205:
5038:
4857:
4790:
4630:
4442:
4228:
3754:
3632:
3200:
3128:
2856:
2453:
2427:
2376:
2296:
2228:
2172:
1908:
1688:
1653:
1493:
1473:
1452:
956:
514:
387:
Manners of articulation with substantial obstruction of the airflow (stops, fricatives, affricates) are called
676:(front of tongue) places of articulation are usually, though not always, sibilants. English sibilants include
430:
resonants (that is, nasals and liquids, but not vowels or semi-vowels). Another common distinction is between
5241:
5236:
5147:
4679:
4592:
4416:
3646:
3042:
2514:
2347:
2338:
2321:
2200:
2116:
1936:
1674:
1635:
1589:
1525:
1124:
536:, but nasalized fricatives, taps, and approximants are also found. When a sound is not nasal, it is called
5258:
4867:
4842:
4786:
4458:
3639:
3403:
3341:
3033:
3022:
2967:
2933:
2493:
2478:
2358:
2186:
1922:
1667:
1553:
1518:
1409:
1394:
994:
864:
847:
843:
835:
831:
811:
807:
803:
799:
774:
770:
724:
681:
677:
656:
652:
648:
616:
584:
576:
283:
528:
Nasal airflow may be added as an independent parameter to any speech sound. It is most commonly found in
4847:
4824:
4802:
3465:
3392:
3372:
3330:
3310:
3049:
2946:
2460:
2434:
2409:
2383:
1695:
1539:
1500:
1459:
1389:
1350:
1198:
1034:
1029:
999:
765:
350:
342:
522:
5285:
5248:
4960:
3921:
3454:
3434:
3412:
3350:
3063:
3002:
2329:
1681:
1532:
1434:
950:
381:
403:
because they are nearly always voiced. Voiceless sonorants are uncommon, but are found in Welsh and
138:
5356:
5226:
5203:
4952:
4905:
4877:
4718:
3985:
3596:
3483:
3474:
3383:
3321:
3070:
3056:
2974:
2500:
1560:
1414:
1371:
989:
921:
897:
889:
707:
631:
624:
596:
483:
Over time, sounds in a language may move along the cline toward less stricture in a process called
461:
329:, although the movement of the articulators will also greatly alter the resonant properties of the
319:
302:
that is, how closely the speech organs approach one another. Others include those involved in the
5432:
5221:
5054:
4862:
4819:
4008:
3445:
3011:
2960:
2939:
1702:
1546:
1404:
1384:
1342:
939:
905:
893:
728:
667:
620:
510:
353:, which have the same place of articulation, may have different manners of articulation. Often
5343:
5300:
5177:
5142:
4965:
4932:
4900:
4834:
4429:
3964:
3366:
3217:
2981:
2912:
2526:
1439:
1419:
1361:
1251:
1069:
1019:
854:
688:
673:
556:
542:
500:
416:
358:
1094:
5368:
5361:
5216:
5172:
5167:
5030:
4942:
4919:
4895:
4852:
4811:
4239:
3758:
3304:
2995:
2953:
1429:
1399:
1366:
1356:
974:
960:
873:
757:
752:
573:
408:
373:
303:
5333:
5231:
5211:
5152:
5120:
4937:
4563:
4297:
3295:
2988:
2421:
1424:
1294:
1116:
1101:
1057:
968:
944:
933:
747:
694:
644:
611:
529:
404:
380:
showing a typical classification of sounds (in IPA) and their manners of articulation and
362:
311:
896:, meaning that the air flows outward, and is powered by the lungs (actually the ribs and
503:
places of articulation may be sibilant or non-sibilant, sibilants being the more common.
979:
consonants, which are clicks released into either a pulmonic or ejective stop/fricative.
871:, which have similar behavior in many languages, these form a class of consonant called
607:
cavity that gives different stops their characteristic sounds. All languages have stops.
5305:
4469:
900:). Other airstream mechanisms are possible. Sounds that rely on some of these include:
715:
599:
burst and its effect on the following vowel. The shape and position of the tongue (the
506:
453:
307:
17:
94:
5421:
5391:
5351:
5328:
5295:
5268:
4128:
3656:
3498:
2916:
1106:
1061:
698:
377:
291:
273:
5401:
5320:
5310:
5290:
3978:
1711:
354:
349:
or voicing are considered separately from manner, as being independent parameters.
295:
963:, where after the click is pronounced, the tongue strikes the floor of the mouth.
777:. In some languages, such as Spanish, there are sounds that seem to fall between
5406:
5396:
5386:
5273:
5130:
4726:
4140:
4123:
3901:
3428:
2236:
1309:
1287:
1044:
1009:
569:
533:
465:
330:
76:
254:
5189:
4605:
4133:
1446:
1304:
426:, and some linguists prefer that term, restricting the word 'sonorant' to non-
619:. Nearly all languages have nasals, the only exceptions being in the area of
5378:
5184:
5135:
5095:
5090:
5077:
4391:
3897:
3145:
3078:
1968:
1724:
1332:
1024:
863:, are a type of approximant pronounced with the side of the tongue. English
819:
790:
604:
588:
580:
572:, and no nasal air flow, so the air flow stops completely. Examples include
488:
477:
473:
432:
389:
346:
326:
27:
Configuration and interaction of the articulators when making a speech sound
448:
From greatest to least stricture, speech sounds may be classified along a
5112:
5100:
4697:
4032:
3954:
3948:
3720:
2883:
1721:
1112:
Interactive Flash website for
American English, Spanish and German sounds
484:
399:
315:
655:(voiced), etc. Most languages have fricatives, though many have only an
5085:
3805:
3016:
1576:
1282:
1004:
914:
334:
449:
427:
337:
structure of speech sounds that is crucial for the identification of
769:, where there is very little obstruction. Examples include English
464:(with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow),
5125:
4108:
1277:
469:
394:
372:
338:
261:
253:
913:. That is, the airstream is powered by an upward movement of the
966:
Combinations of these, in some analyses, in a single consonant:
830:, being used to indicate an essential quality of sounds such as
647:
airflow) at the place of articulation. Examples include
English
4752:
4748:
4106:
1330:
1165:
1120:
822:. The word may also be used to cover both concepts. The term
165:
70:
29:
888:
All of these manners of articulation are pronounced with an
595:
of the occlusion has on the preceding vowel, as well as the
325:
The concept of manner is mainly used in the discussion of
290:
is the configuration and interaction of the articulators (
663:
are almost completely devoid of fricatives of any kind.
810:(spelled "y") is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel
361:
are included in manner, but some phoneticians, such as
98:
2921:
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
294:
such as the tongue, lips, and palate) when making a
5377:
5342:
5319:
5257:
5202:
5111:
5076:
5067:
5047:
5029:
4974:
4951:
4918:
4888:
4833:
4810:
4801:
4562:
4390:
4238:
4058:
1377:
1349:
1265:
1219:
1176:
1090:
Movie clip showing the human articulators in action
415:), and the "wh" in those dialects of English that
193:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
487:or towards more stricture in a process called
4764:
4081:Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop
1132:
8:
1095:Interactive place and manner of articulation
103:introducing citations to additional sources
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
5073:
4885:
4807:
4771:
4757:
4749:
4103:
4055:
1327:
1173:
1162:
1139:
1125:
1117:
1194:Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)
802:is the semivowel equivalent of the vowel
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
1040:Source-filter model of speech production
93:Relevant discussion may be found on the
2935:
1376:
564:, is an oral occlusive, where there is
1360:
814:in this usage. Other descriptions use
476:vowels (with full unimpeded airflow).
3595:
3294:
3010:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1370:
1365:
1355:
850:, respectively) to a following vowel.
525:. Trilled affricates are also known.
468:(with only slight turbulence), tense
7:
2968:
4086:Voiceless nasal glottal approximant
2947:
2911:Symbols to the right in a cell are
1066:The Sounds of the World's Languages
436:(stops, nasals and affricates) and
365:, consider them to be independent.
280:
3003:
1184:International Phonetic Association
25:
4678:
4662:
4642:
4629:
4613:
4591:
4571:
4551:
4535:
4522:
4506:
4493:
4477:
4457:
4441:
4428:
4415:
4399:
4379:
4363:
4350:
4334:
4321:
4305:
4285:
4263:
4247:
4227:
4211:
4198:
4182:
4169:
4153:
4013:
3998:
3991:
3971:
3947:
3935:
3928:
3914:
3907:
3881:
3868:
3856:
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3837:
3830:
3818:
3811:
3792:
3778:
3764:
3702:
3695:
3688:
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3672:
3661:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3615:
3604:
3573:
3541:
3509:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3453:
3444:
3433:
3411:
3402:
3391:
3382:
3371:
3349:
3340:
3329:
3320:
3309:
3274:
3254:
3247:
3240:
3229:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3134:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3032:
3021:
2975:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2830:
2819:
2812:
2776:
2767:
2758:
2749:
2736:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2648:
2641:
2601:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2555:
2548:
2513:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2477:
2470:
2459:
2452:
2433:
2426:
2408:
2399:
2382:
2375:
2364:
2357:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2312:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2264:
2247:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1634:
1627:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1499:
1492:
1481:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1435:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
45:This article has multiple issues.
4702:
4670:
4650:
4621:
4579:
4543:
4514:
4485:
4449:
4407:
4371:
4342:
4313:
4277:
4255:
4219:
4190:
4161:
4145:
3725:
2961:
2940:
2888:
1237:Obsolete and nonstandard symbols
867:is a lateral. Together with the
417:distinguish "which" from "witch"
170:
86:relies largely or entirely on a
75:
34:
4795:International Phonetic Alphabet
2982:
1148:International Phonetic Alphabet
842:) from their initial position (
661:Indigenous Australian languages
603:of articulation) determine the
53:or discuss these issues on the
4066:Nasal labial–velar approximant
2996:
2954:
1257:IPA chart for English dialects
1:
2989:
731:. Many linguists distinguish
422:Sonorants may also be called
298:. One parameter of manner is
4076:Voiceless bidental fricative
1199:Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)
838:, which is the movement (or
639:, where there is continuous
1300:Phonetic symbols in Unicode
1015:Index of phonetics articles
884:Other airstream initiations
272:Articulation visualized by
5454:
5163:
4784:
4604:
4468:
4296:
4139:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4115:
4102:
4071:Nasal palatal approximant
3755:Co-articulated consonants
3655:
3600:
3563:
3531:
3496:
3427:
3365:
3303:
3264:
3216:
3144:
3077:
3015:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2936:
2792:
2714:
2621:
2525:
2420:
2320:
2235:
2062:
1966:
1818:
1720:
1575:
1445:
1339:
1326:
1172:
1161:
623:and a single language on
407:(the spelling "rh"), in
179:This article includes a
114:"Manner of articulation"
2931:Non-pulmonic consonants
2063:Non-sibilant fricative
1819:Non-sibilant affricate
1189:History of the alphabet
859:, usually shortened to
701:are lateral fricatives.
568:(blocking) of the oral
460:, or blocked airflow),
333:, thereby changing the
208:more precise citations.
18:Manners of articulation
5438:Articulatory phonetics
5428:Manner of articulation
4787:Articulatory phonetics
1247:Sinological extensions
995:Articulatory phonetics
384:
341:. For consonants, the
288:manner of articulation
284:articulatory phonetics
277:
259:
4961:Pharyngeal/epiglottal
1068:. Oxford: Blackwell.
1035:Relative articulation
1030:Place of articulation
1000:Basis of articulation
794:, sometimes called a
382:phonological features
376:
369:Broad classifications
351:Homorganic consonants
343:place of articulation
271:
257:
5286:Labio-palatalization
2715:Lateral approximant
927:glottalic ingressive
788:One use of the word
462:fricative consonants
99:improve this article
4976:Double articulation
1343:Pulmonic consonants
990:Airstream mechanism
911:glottalic egressive
890:airstream mechanism
635:, sometimes called
625:Bougainville Island
3265:Lateral fricative
2915:, to the left are
2622:Lateral fricative
1410:Postalveolar
1395:Linguolabial
1242:Naming conventions
1205:Journal of the IPA
1100:2007-12-20 at the
957:percussive release
940:lingual ingressive
894:pulmonic egressive
729:Australian English
550:Individual manners
518:is no such burst.
385:
345:and the degree of
278:
260:
181:list of references
5415:
5414:
5301:Pharyngealization
5198:
5197:
5063:
5062:
5021:Uvular–epiglottal
4914:
4913:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4689:
4688:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4051:
4050:
3876:Uvular–epiglottal
3750:
3749:
3712:
3711:
2927:
2926:
2875:
2874:
2793:Lateral tap/flap
1390:Labiodental
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1252:World Orthography
1020:Nonexplosive stop
719:, often called a
523:trilled fricative
269:
258:Human vocal tract
252:
251:
244:
234:
233:
226:
164:
163:
149:
68:
16:(Redirected from
5445:
5369:Voice onset time
5074:
4994:Labial–retroflex
4886:
4808:
4773:
4766:
4759:
4750:
4730:
4706:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4596:
4595:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4556:
4555:
4547:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4527:
4526:
4518:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4462:
4461:
4453:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4433:
4432:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4384:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4355:
4354:
4346:
4345:
4339:
4338:
4326:
4325:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4232:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4174:
4173:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4149:
4148:
4118:
4104:
4056:
4017:
4002:
3995:
3975:
3951:
3939:
3932:
3918:
3911:
3885:
3872:
3860:
3853:
3844:Labial–retroflex
3841:
3834:
3822:
3815:
3796:
3786:Labial–retroflex
3782:
3768:
3729:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3676:
3665:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3608:
3579:
3547:
3515:
3486:
3479:
3470:
3459:
3450:
3439:
3417:
3408:
3397:
3388:
3377:
3355:
3346:
3335:
3326:
3315:
3301:bottom: uvular)
3278:
3258:
3251:
3244:
3233:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3089:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3025:
3005:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2922:
2892:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2834:
2823:
2816:
2780:
2771:
2762:
2753:
2740:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2652:
2645:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2559:
2552:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2481:
2474:
2463:
2456:
2437:
2430:
2412:
2403:
2386:
2379:
2368:
2361:
2350:
2341:
2332:
2316:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2268:
2251:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1638:
1631:
1620:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1503:
1496:
1485:
1476:
1469:
1462:
1455:
1347:
1328:
1174:
1163:
1156:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1118:
1079:
1058:Ladefoged, Peter
975:linguo-glottalic
866:
849:
845:
837:
833:
813:
809:
805:
801:
776:
772:
697:and the "hl" of
683:
679:
658:
654:
650:
618:
586:
578:
530:nasal occlusives
495:Other parameters
409:Standard Tibetan
282:
270:
247:
240:
229:
222:
218:
215:
209:
204:this article by
195:inline citations
174:
173:
166:
159:
156:
150:
148:
107:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5373:
5338:
5315:
5260:
5253:
5194:
5159:
5107:
5059:
5043:
5025:
4989:Labial–alveolar
4970:
4947:
4928:Alveolo-palatal
4910:
4884:
4873:Palato-alveolar
4829:
4797:
4791:Co-articulation
4780:
4777:
4747:
4738:
4728:
4727:unrounded
4723:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4668:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4612:
4598:
4597:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4580:
4577:
4570:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4534:
4529:
4528:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4483:
4476:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4405:
4398:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4304:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4246:
4234:
4233:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4210:
4205:
4204:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4152:
4146:
4111:
4090:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:Labial–alveolar
4018:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3996:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3933:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3825:Labial–alveolar
3823:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3775:
3774:
3772:Labial–alveolar
3769:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3576:
3544:
3532:Voiced lateral
3512:
3487:
3476:
3467:
3456:
3447:
3436:
3414:
3405:
3394:
3385:
3374:
3352:
3343:
3332:
3323:
3312:
3300:
3298:
2920:
2909:
1415:Retroflex
1335:
1314:
1273:ASCII encodings
1261:
1215:
1168:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1102:Wayback Machine
1086:
1076:
1056:
1053:
986:
969:linguo-pulmonic
945:Southern Africa
886:
659:. However, the
643:(turbulent and
560:, often called
552:
497:
454:stop consonants
446:
405:Classical Greek
371:
363:Peter Ladefoged
262:
248:
237:
236:
235:
230:
219:
213:
210:
199:
185:related reading
175:
171:
160:
154:
151:
108:
106:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5420:
5419:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5348:
5346:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5306:Glottalization
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5281:Palatalization
5278:
5277:
5276:
5265:
5263:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5239:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5208:
5206:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5080:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5039:Velopharyngeal
5035:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
5001:Labial–palatal
4998:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4984:Labial–coronal
4980:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4865:
4860:
4858:Denti-alveolar
4855:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4837:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4827:
4822:
4816:
4814:
4805:
4799:
4798:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4753:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4649:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4627:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4578:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4542:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4520:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4491:
4484:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4413:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4387:
4377:
4370:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4261:
4254:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4225:
4218:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4196:
4189:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4167:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4062:
4060:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4019:
4012:
4007:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3969:
3963:
3953:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3926:
3922:Labial–palatal
3920:
3913:
3906:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3887:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3791:
3790:
3784:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3763:
3762:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3564:Nasal lateral
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3440:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3400:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3378:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3338:
3336:
3327:
3318:
3316:
3307:
3302:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3183:
3176:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2844:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2571:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2362:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2335:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1479:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1385:Bilabial
1382:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1223:
1221:
1220:Special topics
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1092:
1085:
1084:External links
1082:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1062:Maddieson, Ian
1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
985:
982:
981:
980:
964:
948:
930:
918:
885:
882:
881:
880:
879:
878:
851:
826:is newer than
762:
744:
725:North American
712:
704:
703:
702:
685:
628:
608:
551:
548:
496:
493:
472:, and finally
445:
442:
370:
367:
250:
249:
232:
231:
189:external links
178:
176:
169:
162:
161:
97:. Please help
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5450:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Uvularization
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5269:Labialization
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5016:Coronal–velar
5014:
5012:
5011:Labial–uvular
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4774:
4769:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4733:
4732:
4731: rounded
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4681:
4665:
4658:
4645:
4638:
4632:
4616:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4594:
4587:
4574:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4554:
4538:
4531:
4525:
4509:
4502:
4496:
4480:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4444:
4437:
4431:
4424:
4418:
4402:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4366:
4359:
4353:
4337:
4330:
4324:
4308:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4288:
4274:
4272:
4266:
4250:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4230:
4214:
4207:
4201:
4185:
4178:
4172:
4156:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4016:
4010:
4001:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3974:
3966:
3959:
3957:
3950:
3938:
3931:
3923:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3889:Labial–uvular
3884:
3877:
3871:
3859:
3852:
3840:
3833:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3801:
3795:
3787:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3694:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3325:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3006:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2932:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1232:Case variants
1230:
1228:
1227:Cursive forms
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1075:0-631-19814-8
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
978:
976:
971:
970:
965:
962:
958:
954:
953:
949:
946:
942:
941:
936:
935:
931:
928:
924:
923:
919:
916:
912:
908:
907:
903:
902:
901:
899:
895:
891:
883:
876:
875:
870:
862:
858:
856:
852:
841:
829:
825:
821:
817:
797:
793:
792:
787:
786:
784:
780:
768:
767:
763:
760:
759:
754:
750:
749:
745:
742:
741:lateral flaps
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:
713:
710:
709:
705:
700:
696:
692:
690:
686:
675:
670:
669:
665:
664:
662:
651:(voiceless),
646:
642:
638:
634:
633:
629:
626:
622:
614:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
554:
553:
549:
547:
544:
540:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
519:
516:
512:
508:
504:
502:
494:
492:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
434:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
411:(the "lh" of
410:
406:
402:
401:
397:) are called
396:
392:
391:
383:
379:
378:Euler diagram
375:
368:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
292:speech organs
289:
285:
275:
274:real-time MRI
256:
246:
243:
228:
225:
217:
207:
203:
197:
196:
190:
186:
182:
177:
168:
167:
158:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116: –
115:
111:
110:Find sources:
104:
100:
96:
90:
89:
88:single source
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5321:Tongue shape
5311:Nasalization
5291:Velarization
5261:articulation
5068:
5031:Pathological
5006:Labial–velar
4889:Active place
4868:Postalveolar
4843:Linguolabial
4779:Articulation
4724:
4005:Labial–velar
3955:
3942:Labial–velar
3863:Labial–velar
3800:Labial–velar
3753:
3299:(top: velar;
2930:
2910:
1378:
1341:
1208:
1204:
1065:
1051:Bibliography
973:
967:
951:
938:
937:, which are
932:
926:
925:, which are
920:
910:
909:, which are
904:
887:
872:
868:
860:
857:approximants
853:
839:
827:
823:
815:
795:
789:
782:
778:
764:
756:
746:
740:
736:
732:
720:
714:
706:
687:
666:
640:
636:
630:
610:
600:
592:
565:
561:
555:
541:
537:
534:nasal vowels
527:
520:
515:articulatory
505:
498:
482:
466:approximants
457:
447:
440:(all else).
437:
431:
423:
421:
398:
388:
386:
324:
299:
296:speech sound
287:
279:
238:
220:
211:
200:Please help
192:
152:
142:
135:
128:
121:
109:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
5131:Approximant
4848:Interdental
4825:Labiodental
3967:approximant
3902:approximant
2237:Approximant
1310:IPA Braille
1288:Kirshenbaum
1107:Marire Buze
1045:Vocal tract
1010:Human voice
952:Percussives
783:approximant
766:Approximant
621:Puget Sound
570:vocal tract
513:. The main
438:continuants
331:vocal tract
314:), and the
206:introducing
5422:Categories
5259:Secondary
5249:Percussive
5217:Ingressive
5190:Continuant
4714:full chart
4240:Near-close
4038:full chart
3960:(variable)
3737:full chart
3220:affricate
2900:full chart
2529:affricate
1333:Consonants
1305:IPA number
1167:IPA topics
977:(ejective)
922:Implosives
820:diphthongs
691:fricatives
543:Laterality
478:Affricates
433:occlusives
390:obstruents
359:laterality
327:consonants
320:fricatives
300:stricture,
214:April 2019
155:April 2013
125:newspapers
50:improve it
5433:Phonetics
5379:Phonation
5357:Aspirated
5352:Voiceless
5227:Implosive
5212:Egressive
5204:Airstream
5185:Occlusive
5136:Semivowel
5096:Fricative
5091:Affricate
5078:Obstruent
4953:Laryngeal
4906:Subapical
4878:Retroflex
4564:Near-open
4298:Close-mid
3986:Implosive
3979:Velarized
3898:Fricative
3657:Voiceless
3597:Implosive
3146:Fricative
3079:Affricate
2917:voiceless
1969:fricative
1967:Sibilant
1725:affricate
1372:Laryngeal
1266:Encodings
1025:Phonation
906:Ejectives
898:diaphragm
828:semivowel
816:semivowel
791:semivowel
779:fricative
708:Affricate
668:Sibilants
641:frication
632:Fricative
581:voiceless
566:occlusion
489:fortition
458:occlusion
444:Stricture
424:resonants
400:sonorants
347:phonation
316:sibilancy
95:talk page
56:talk page
5274:Rounding
5242:Ejective
5237:Pulmonic
5222:Ejective
5148:Tap/flap
5113:Sonorant
5101:Sibilant
5055:Bidental
4863:Alveolar
4820:Bilabial
4725:Legend:
4719:template
4698:IPA help
4470:Open-mid
4043:template
4033:IPA help
4009:Ejective
3981:alveolar
3742:template
3721:IPA help
3012:Ejective
2905:template
2884:IPA help
2322:Tap/flap
1722:Sibilant
1405:Alveolar
1098:Archived
1064:(1996).
984:See also
605:resonant
485:lenition
355:nasality
306:sounds (
5392:Breathy
5178:Lateral
5143:Vibrant
5086:Plosive
4966:Glottal
4933:Palatal
4901:Laminal
4835:Coronal
4729:•
4129:Central
3965:Lateral
3806:Plosive
3601:Voiced
3499:lateral
3497:Tenuis
3488:
3218:Lateral
2527:Lateral
1577:Plosive
1440:Glottal
1420:Palatal
1362:Coronal
1283:X-SAMPA
1005:Diction
961:Sandawe
915:glottis
892:called
874:liquids
869:rhotics
861:lateral
855:Lateral
758:rhotics
753:Spanish
689:Lateral
674:coronal
637:spirant
597:release
574:English
557:Plosive
501:coronal
335:formant
202:improve
139:scholar
5402:Creaky
5362:Tenuis
5329:Sulcal
5173:Rhotic
5168:Liquid
5069:Manner
4943:Uvular
4920:Dorsal
4896:Apical
4853:Dental
4812:Labial
4707:
4109:Vowels
3958:-sound
3730:
3367:Voiced
3305:Tenuis
2913:voiced
2893:
1884:t̠ɹ̠̊˔
1430:Uvular
1400:Dental
1379:Manner
1367:Dorsal
1357:Labial
1072:
934:Clicks
806:, and
589:voiced
583:) and
511:length
470:vowels
456:(with
428:vocoid
395:vowels
339:vowels
312:trills
304:r-like
286:, the
141:
134:
127:
120:
112:
5407:Stiff
5397:Slack
5387:Modal
5344:Voice
5334:Domed
5232:Click
5153:Trill
5126:Vowel
5121:Nasal
5048:Other
4938:Velar
4803:Place
4709:audio
4141:Close
4124:Front
4059:Other
3993:ɠ̊͜ɓ̥
3759:Nasal
3732:audio
3429:Nasal
3296:Click
2895:audio
2422:Trill
1891:d̠ɹ̠˔
1447:Nasal
1425:Velar
1351:Place
1278:SAMPA
1153:chart
840:glide
824:glide
796:glide
748:Trill
737:flaps
735:from
695:Welsh
653:/v,z/
649:/f,s/
645:noisy
617:/m,n/
612:Nasal
601:place
593:onset
585:/bdɡ/
577:/ptk/
538:oral.
507:Flaps
450:cline
413:Lhasa
187:, or
146:JSTOR
132:books
4606:Open
4134:Back
4015:t͡pʼ
3256:q𝼄ʼ
3249:k𝼄ʼ
3242:c𝼆ʼ
3108:t̠ʃʼ
3094:t̪θʼ
3087:p̪fʼ
3017:Stop
2472:ɽ̊r̥
2138:ɹ̠̊˔
1870:tɹ̝̊
1295:TIPA
1209:JIPA
1070:ISBN
972:and
846:and
834:and
781:and
773:and
733:taps
727:and
716:Flap
699:Zulu
680:and
562:stop
532:and
357:and
310:and
308:taps
118:news
4392:Mid
4000:ɠ͡ɓ
3883:q͡p
3870:q͡ʡ
3858:ɡ͡b
3851:k͡p
3839:ɖ͡b
3832:ʈ͡p
3820:d͡b
3813:t͡p
3794:ŋ͡m
3780:ɳ͡m
3766:n͡m
3468:ɴ𝼊
3466:ŋ𝼊
3406:ɢ𝼊
3404:ɡ𝼊
3344:q𝼊
3342:k𝼊
3231:tɬʼ
3136:qχʼ
3129:kxʼ
3122:tɕʼ
3115:tʂʼ
3101:tsʼ
2832:𝼈̥
2603:ɡʟ̝
2596:k𝼄
2589:ɟʎ̝
2582:c𝼆
2575:d𝼅
2152:ɻ̊˔
2145:ɹ̠˔
1877:dɹ̝
1863:d̪ð
1856:t̪θ
1845:b̪v
1838:p̪f
1768:d̠ʒ
1761:t̠ʃ
1177:IPA
959:in
865:/l/
848:/i/
844:/u/
836:/j/
832:/w/
812:/i/
808:/j/
804:/u/
800:/w/
775:/r/
771:/w/
721:tap
682:/z/
678:/s/
657:/s/
474:lax
452:as
318:of
101:by
5424::
4793:–
4789:–
4459:o̞
4443:ɤ̞
4417:ø̞
4401:e̞
3956:Sj
3909:ɥ̊
3704:ʛ̥
3697:ɠ̊
3690:ʄ̊
3683:ᶑ̊
3674:ɗ̥
3663:ɓ̥
3577:ɴǁ
3575:ŋǁ
3545:ɢǁ
3543:ɡǁ
3513:qǁ
3511:kǁ
3477:ɴǂ
3475:ŋǂ
3457:ɴǃ
3455:ŋǃ
3448:ɴǀ
3446:ŋǀ
3437:ɴʘ
3435:ŋʘ
3415:ɢǂ
3413:ɡǂ
3395:ɢǃ
3393:ɡǃ
3386:ɢǀ
3384:ɡǀ
3375:ɢʘ
3373:ɡʘ
3353:qǂ
3351:kǂ
3333:qǃ
3331:kǃ
3324:qǀ
3322:kǀ
3313:qʘ
3311:kʘ
3276:ɬʼ
3208:χʼ
3201:xʼ
3194:ɕʼ
3187:ʂʼ
3180:ʃʼ
3173:sʼ
3166:θʼ
3159:fʼ
3152:ɸʼ
3071:ʡʼ
3064:qʼ
3057:kʼ
3050:cʼ
3043:ʈʼ
3034:tʼ
3023:pʼ
3004:EG
2976:RF
2969:PA
2948:LD
2941:BL
2919:.
2857:ʟ̆
2848:ʎ̆
2839:𝼈
2814:ɺ̥
2778:ʟ̠
2696:ʟ̝
2689:𝼄
2682:ʎ̝
2675:𝼆
2668:𝼅
2568:tꞎ
2557:dɮ
2550:tɬ
2494:ʀ̥
2479:ɽr
2454:r̥
2428:ʙ̥
2410:ʡ̆
2401:ɢ̆
2377:ɽ̊
2359:ɾ̥
2348:ɾ̼
2330:ⱱ̟
2314:ʔ̞
2159:ɻ˔
2131:ð̠
2124:θ̠
2103:ð̼
2096:θ̼
1958:ʔh
1951:ʡʢ
1944:ʡʜ
1937:ɢʁ
1930:qχ
1923:ɡɣ
1916:kx
1909:ɟʝ
1902:cç
1831:bβ
1824:pɸ
1796:dʑ
1789:tɕ
1782:dʐ
1775:tʂ
1754:dz
1747:ts
1618:d̼
1611:t̼
1604:b̪
1597:p̪
1554:ɴ̥
1540:ŋ̊
1526:ɲ̊
1512:ɳ̊
1494:n̥
1483:n̼
1467:ɱ̊
1453:m̥
1381:↓
1353:→
1060:;
785:.
491:.
419:.
322:.
281:In
191:,
183:,
59:.
4772:e
4765:t
4758:v
4680:ɒ
4664:ɑ
4644:ä
4631:ɶ
4615:a
4593:ɐ
4573:æ
4553:ɔ
4537:ʌ
4524:ɞ
4508:ɜ
4495:œ
4479:ɛ
4430:ə
4381:o
4365:ɤ
4352:ɵ
4336:ɘ
4323:ø
4307:e
4287:ʊ
4265:ʏ
4249:ɪ
4229:u
4213:ɯ
4200:ʉ
4184:ɨ
4171:y
4155:i
3973:ɫ
3949:ɧ
3937:w
3930:ʍ
3916:ɥ
3900:/
3647:ʛ
3640:ɠ
3633:ʄ
3626:ᶑ
3617:ɗ
3606:ɓ
3484:ʞ
2997:U
2990:V
2983:P
2962:A
2955:D
2821:ɺ
2769:ʟ
2760:ʎ
2751:ɭ
2738:l
2661:ꞎ
2650:ɮ
2643:ɬ
2515:ʢ
2508:ʜ
2501:ʀ
2461:r
2435:ʙ
2384:ɽ
2366:ɾ
2339:ⱱ
2297:ɰ
2288:j
2279:ɻ
2266:ɹ
2249:ʋ
2229:ɦ
2222:h
2215:ʕ
2208:ħ
2201:ʁ
2194:χ
2187:ɣ
2180:x
2173:ʝ
2166:ç
2117:ð
2110:θ
2089:v
2082:f
2075:β
2068:ɸ
2040:ʑ
2033:ɕ
2026:ʐ
2019:ʂ
2012:ʒ
2005:ʃ
1998:z
1991:s
1712:ʔ
1703:ʡ
1696:ɢ
1689:q
1682:ɡ
1675:k
1668:ɟ
1661:c
1654:ɖ
1647:ʈ
1636:d
1629:t
1590:b
1583:p
1561:ɴ
1547:ŋ
1533:ɲ
1519:ɳ
1501:n
1474:ɱ
1460:m
1211:)
1207:(
1155:)
1151:(
1140:e
1133:t
1126:v
1078:.
877:.
761:.
743:.
684:.
627:.
587:(
579:(
276:.
245:)
239:(
227:)
221:(
216:)
212:(
198:.
157:)
153:(
143:·
136:·
129:·
122:·
105:.
91:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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