360:, which indicates that he probably held the status of a slave. He referred himself as "Manoochehr Khan, Fatteh Ali Shahee" in a document he had written in 1822, which demonstrates that he was a slave of Fath-Ali Shah. Kondo states that "We can assume that his early career was quite similar to that of any slave elite member in the medieval Middle East." He had the responsibility of leading more than 500 eunuchs, including Georgians, Turks, and Kurds, who were responsible for protecting the royal harem. No prince or princess could enter the royal castle without his approval since he oversaw the entrance doors. Each day at lunch and dinner, he brought a bowl of water for washing hands and a pot of drinking water to the royal harem. He also always accompanied Fath-Ali Shah when he left the palace. He occasionally engaged in sports with the princes in the harem. He was referred to as "my partner" by Fath-Ali Shah.
42:
318:
445:) be released into his care. He had done this at the urging of Agha Ya'qub, who wanted to return to his homeland. Griboyedov dispatched his Armenian and Georgian assistants to deliver the Georgian concubines to the Russian embassy, relying on a clause in the Treaty of Turkmenchay that called for the trading of prisoners of war. Griboyedov was told by Manuchehr Khan to abandon the legation because he was in danger, but he declined. The clergy incited a mob to attack the Russian legation the following day (10 February), which they did, killing all but one of its sizable staff.
454:
394:
204:, which in Georgian means "box of languages" and attests to the family's linguistic skill. Armenians played a significant part in Georgian history from the 16th to the 18th centuries, and numerous courtiers of Armenian ancestry worked as writers and interpreters for the Georgian kings. The Enikolopians began learning languages while they were young, and they frequently served in diplomatic positions thanks to their command of Armenian, Georgian, Persian, Turkish, and Arabic.
500:. As a result, "he became in effect the viceroy of much central and southwestern Iran and delegated authority in Kermanshah to a series of subordinate governors". Around the same time, still in the 1830s, Manuchehr Khan was responsible for the establishment of a central court of justice in Isfahan, which had both secular and religious judges, and in its implementation was "roughly resembling the historical
416:. In general, the peace party feared the capability of the Russian Empire and wanted armed conflict to be avoided at all costs. They were more accustomed to dealing with people from other cultures and knew more about Russia. The Iranians eventually lost the second war with the Russians, and were thus forced to sign the
569:
Together with his peers, Manuchehr Khan established a business to buy jewelry for the ladies of the royal harem at affordable costs. This business enjoyed great success up until its dissolution in 1819. In order to acquire gifts to give to Fath-Ali Shah in the hopes of becoming appointed to positions
404:
In Fath-Ali Shah's court, two factions had developed during the course of building policy toward Russia. One faction advocated for peace with Russia, and the other for war. Both were heavily lobbying Fath-Ali Shah and Abbas Mirza. The first question at hand was what to do if Russia did not stop their
513:
arrived in
Isfahan in 1846, Manuchehr gave him protection and, allegedly, offered military services to conquer Iran and spread his teachings into the country and even beyond it. Báb reportedly declined the offer, but accepted the governor's protection. Manuchehr Khan died shortly thereafter and Báb,
440:
led a sizable
Russian embassy to Tehran in order to deliver the signed treaty and handling other matters, such as war reparations. There Griboyedov showed the condescending behaviour of a conqueror toward the Iranians when enforcing the conditions of the Treaty of Turkmenchay. He ordered that the
533:
Together with
Khosrow Khan Gorji and Agha Ya'qub, Manuchehr Khan began important commercial endeavors. The Armenian historian Galust Shermazanian reported that Manuchehr Khan used Stefan of New Julfa and Samuel of Tbilisi as his proxies. This demonstrates the significance of the local and ethnic
363:
In addition to his skills and distinctive heritage as an Armeno-Georgian aristocratic
Manuchehr Khan occasionally received help from his first relatives. The Qajar slave system was more reliant on the shah's character than the Safavid system, which is known for its systematic inclusion and
276:
was a volunteer army of
Georgian nobility commanded by Ivane Orbeliani. However, after a disagreement between the two, Orbeliani chose to withdraw his forces back to Georgia. The Iranian army, commanded by Pir-Qoli Khan Qajar and Ali-Qoli Khan Shahsevan, ambushed them as they were leaving
41:
432:
village. Instead, he assigned it to Muslim convert Bizhan Khan, who performed well. Additionally, Manuchehr Khan attended the peace treaty talks held in
Turkmanchay and was responsible for preparing and transporting the war-loss payment for the Russians there.
570:
of authority in the provinces, Manuchehr Khan would loan the business' income to courtiers. In Tehran, he gained recognition as the deputy of the provincial governors. A document from 1822 shows that
Manuchehr Khan made a major acquisition by paying 48,565
364:
integration of
Caucasian local elites. In contrast to the pre-existing slave-soldiers framework, Manuchehr Khan's rise explicitly shows the Iranian model of the slave elite system, where familial and local connections were essential.
574:
to the chief merchant of
Baghdad, Elias Antoon. What he purchased, is unknown. He became one of the richest men in the country by investing the money he earned from his business ventures in both urban and rural properties.
405:
occupation of Gokcha and Balagh-lu. The state of the Muslim minority under
Russian authority and, lastly, whether and to what extent Russia had been weakened as a result of its internal crises, were secondary concerns.
192:. His forebears were renowned Armenians who moved from Armenia to Georgia in the 17th century and worked as official translators for the Georgian king. After the relocation, the family changed their name from
339:
Chongur Enikolopiant was given the Persian name Jansuz ("soul inflaming"), castrated, converted to Islam and started working as an eunuch in the court. He soon rose the position of chief eunuch (
1345:
236:. According to the Japanese historian Nobuaki Kondo, "It must have been too difficult for the author to link Manuchehr Khan with the prophet Muhammad, or any other Islamic saints."
1258:(2019). "Lives of the Enikolopians: Multilingualism and the Religious-National Identity of a Caucasus Family in the Persianate World". In Amanat, Abbas; Ashraf, Assef (eds.).
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after complaints by the people of his governorate. Manuchehr Khan was subsequently appointed as the new governor of Kermanshah. In 1838, he was given the governorship of
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In 8 June 1829, Neshat Isfahani died, and thus his title of "Mo'tamed al-Dowleh" ("Trustee of the State") was passed on to Manuchehr Khan by Fath-Ali Shah.
408:
Manuchehr Khan was amongst those who advocated for peace, alongside other prominent figures such as the chief scribe Neshat Isfahani; the foreign minister
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428:. Using Manuchehr Khan's advise, Fath-Ali Shah had avoided assigning Iranian natives to the first delegation during the peace treaty talks in the
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The court however, was disbanded due to the presented opposition of those who found it to be working against their personal interests. When
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171:. His father was Mirza Gurgen Khan, a seasoned diplomat who served under the Georgian kings. His mother Voskum Khanum was from the city of
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class, including Chongur Enikolopiant. Along with three Russians and two other Armenian youngsters (Andre Ghaytmazeants, later
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946:
116:
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The family made a conscious effort to establish connections with the government and religious community of Iran, as well as
1165:
Floor, Willem (2009). "Judicial and Legal Systems iv. Judicial System From the Advent of Islam Through the 19th Century".
111:
1232:
Kondo, Nobuaki (2004). "The Vaqf and Religious Patronage of Manūchihr Khān Muʿtamad al-Dawlah". In Gleave, Robert (ed.).
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121:
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Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History Volume 20. Iran, Afghanistan and the Caucasus (1800-1914)
333:
214:(kings) of Iran. This story is made up and was written to boost Manuchehr Khan's reputation. The author of the
207:
According to certain Persian texts, Manuchehr Khan's forebears were viziers of Georgian vice-kings under the
441:
Georgian concubines who were held in the harems of the Qajars (including those of the former prime minister
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371:, who had become unable to handle them due to his old age. In 1824, Manuchehr Khan was appointed as the
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149:, who became one of the most powerful statesmen of the country in the first half of the 19th century.
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of "Gorji" (Georgian) and also reported as a "Georgian purchased as a slave" by his acquaintance
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347:" and the more prestigious Iranian name "Manuchehr", which was also the name of a shah of the
261:
1176:
Hambly, Gavin R. G. (1991). "Iran during the reigns of Fath 'Alī Shāh and Muhammad Shāh". In
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1121:(2016). "Prelude to War: The Russian Siege and Storming of the Fortress of Ganjeh, 1803–4".
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on August 4 with a sizable caravan. They captured many Georgians who were part of the
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Iran at War: Interactions with the Modern World and the Struggle with Imperial Russia
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of Iran. In the same year, one of the forces that fought under the Russian commander
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17:
566:, their Armenian trading network spanned the all of Iran and the neighboring lands.
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473:
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343:) and became a close advisor to Fath-Ali Shah, who rewarded him with the title of "
208:
1138:
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Pivot of the Universe: Nasir Al-Din Shah Qajar and the Iranian Monarchy, 1831-1896
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1098:
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tried to connect him to Iranian kingship by claiming that he was a descendant of
1183:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic
1177:
163:
nobility class, Manuchehr Khan was born as Chongur Enikolopiant in the city of
1154:
Calmard, Jean (2015). "Kermansah iv. History from the Arab Conquest to 1953".
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was added to the domain of Manuchehr Khan, which already included Kermanshah,
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Portrait of Manuchehr Khan Gorji in the style of Mohammad Isma'il. Dated 1840
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Manuchehr Khan died in Isfahan on 9 February 1847. He was buried in the
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289:, and Hakob/Ya'qub Margarean, later Agha Ya'qub), he was delivered to
1217:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 170–171.
1060:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 407–421.
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left without an influential patron, fell in disfavor with the shah.
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Manuchehr Khan later assumed the responsibilities of the minister
937:
McCants, William (2004). "Babiyya". In Martín, Richard C. (ed.).
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governor of the province as Yahya Mirza was too young to do so.
211:
488:, an office he would keep until his death. In 1839, the entire
522:
1215:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume I/2: ʿAbd-al-Hamīd–ʿAbd-al-Hamīd
964:
Mysticism and Dissent: Socioreligious Thought in Qajar Iran
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704:
449:
Governorship of the western and central provinces of Iran
178:
Although Manuchehr Khan was frequently referred with the
838:
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1180:; Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Melville, Charles Peter (eds.).
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480:(r. 1834–1848), was recalled to the Iranian capital of
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Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World, Volume 1
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Walcher, Heidi (2006). "Isfahan viii. Qajar Period".
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Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume IX/4: Fārs II–Fauna III
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and the daughter of a certain Hakobjan Agha Amatun.
436:In 1829, the distinguished Russian poet and author
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97:
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476:, who was also the brother of then incumbent king
420:on 28 February 1828, in which they agreed to cede
354:Most Persian sources describe Manuchehr Khan as a
525:, the same place where Fath-Ali Shah was buried.
1260:The Persianate World: Rethinking a Shared Sphere
1346:Converts to Shia Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy
8:
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157:A member of the Enikolopian family and the
27:Governor of Isfahan, Qajar Iran (died 1847)
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40:
29:
1293:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XIII, Fasc. 6
966:. Syracuse University Press. p. 95.
534:backgrounds of the slave elites. Through
1331:Emigrants from Georgia (country) to Iran
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1279:"Russo-Iranian wars 1804-13 and 1826-8"
941:. Granite Hill Publishers. p. 96.
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258:a war erupted between Iran and Russia
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1341:Former Georgian Orthodox Christians
1336:Shia Muslims from Georgia (country)
138:
1236:Religion and Society in Qajar Iran
1207:"ʿAbd-al-Vahhāb Moʿtamad-al-dawla"
25:
308:Service in the Iranian government
264:, which had been governed by the
1351:People of the Russo-Persian Wars
375:of Yahya Mirza, the governor of
1321:Military personnel from Tbilisi
1240:. Routledge. pp. 227–244.
379:. Manuchehr Khan served as the
327:
295:
232:), the king of the pre-Islamic
227:
1361:History of Kermanshah province
141:; died 9 February 1847) was a
117:Nariman Khan Qavam al-Saltaneh
1:
1381:Qajar governors of Kermanshah
1139:10.1080/00210862.2016.1159779
112:Solayman Khan Saham al-Dowleh
109:Abraham Enikolopian (brother)
1376:Qajar governors of Khuzestan
1371:History of Lorestan province
1386:Qajar governors of Lorestan
1262:. Brill. pp. 169–195.
410:Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi
139:منوچهر خان گرجی معتمدالدوله
1402:
1326:Qajar governors of Isfahan
1188:Cambridge University Press
1277:Pourjavady, Reza (2023).
1079:. Yale University Press.
468:In 1837, the governor of
122:Jahangir Khan Ajudanbashi
39:
737:, pp. 183–184, 186.
397:Signing ceremony of the
369:Mirza Shafi Mazandarani
219:Mada'ih al-mu'tamadiyya
188:, he was in reality an
1077:Iran: A Modern History
1075:Amanat, Abbas (2017).
1050:"Fatḥ-ʿAlī Shah Qājār"
1048:Amanat, Abbas (1999).
962:Bayat, Mangol (1982).
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401:
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1168:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1157:Encyclopaedia Iranica
519:Fatima Masumeh Shrine
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418:Treaty of Turkmenchay
399:Treaty of Turkmenchay
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313:Early career and rise
92:Fatima Masumeh Shrine
18:Manouchehr Khan Gorji
1190:. pp. 144–173.
1131:Taylor & Francis
686:, pp. 227, 228.
438:Alexander Griboyedov
34:Manuchehr Khan Gorji
1311:18th-century births
1296:. pp. 657–675.
1205:Javadi, H. (1982).
1119:Bournoutian, George
1001:, pp. 407–421.
912:, pp. 657–675.
869:, pp. 170–171.
806:, pp. 118–119.
761:, pp. 184–185.
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478:Mohammad Shah Qajar
414:Mirza Saleh Shirazi
323:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
291:Fath-Ali Shah Qajar
272:during the Russian
186:Austen Henry Layard
529:Business endeavors
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349:Pishdadian dynasty
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287:Khosrow Khan Gorji
1269:978-90-04-38728-7
1224:978-0-71009-091-1
1067:978-0-933273-32-0
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1178:Avery, Peter
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938:
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910:Walcher 2006
905:
898:Calmard 2015
874:
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828:Behrooz 2023
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816:Behrooz 2023
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804:Behrooz 2023
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474:Bahram Mirza
467:
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321:Portrait of
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202:Enikolopiant
201:
197:
193:
179:
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158:
156:
130:
129:
88:Burial place
55:18th-century
1316:1847 deaths
1133:: 107–124.
999:Amanat 1999
879:Hambly 1991
867:Javadi 1982
855:Hambly 1991
843:Amanat 2017
430:Turkmanchay
426:Nakhichevan
1305:Categories
1011:Maeda 2019
987:Maeda 2019
973:0815628536
948:0028656032
925:Floor 2009
792:Kondo 2004
780:Kondo 2004
759:Maeda 2019
747:Kondo 2004
735:Maeda 2019
696:Maeda 2019
684:Kondo 2004
672:Maeda 2019
648:Maeda 2019
636:Maeda 2019
624:Maeda 2019
612:Kondo 2004
591:Maeda 2019
579:References
470:Kermanshah
194:Mamkiniyan
153:Background
147:Qajar Iran
81:Qajar Iran
1147:163302882
540:Astrakhan
494:Khuzestan
256:In 1804,
223:Khosrow I
216:anthology
106:Relatives
1285:. Brill.
1097:(2023).
1029:(1997).
564:Calcutta
506:court".
498:Lorestan
382:de facto
198:Inikulub
190:Armenian
114:(nephew)
1213:(ed.).
1056:(ed.).
1020:Sources
556:Bushehr
552:Baghdad
503:mazalem
486:Isfahan
459:Isfahan
300:), the
283:aznauri
209:Safavid
173:Hamadan
169:Georgia
165:Tbilisi
160:aznauri
135:Persian
77:Isfahan
63:Georgia
59:Tbilisi
1266:
1244:
1221:
1194:
1145:
1107:
1083:
1064:
1037:
970:
945:
562:, and
560:Madras
536:Tabriz
496:, and
482:Tehran
422:Erivan
373:vizier
357:ghulam
279:Erivan
247:Career
241:Russia
143:eunuch
98:Father
1209:. In
1143:S2CID
1129:(1).
1052:. In
572:toman
544:Rasht
377:Gilan
332:) by
302:Qajar
262:Ganja
212:shahs
181:nisba
1264:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1219:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1105:ISBN
1081:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1035:ISBN
968:ISBN
943:ISBN
424:and
345:khan
70:Died
52:Born
1135:doi
523:Qom
521:in
511:Báb
196:to
167:in
145:in
1307::
1281:.
1141:.
1127:50
1125:.
917:^
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1137::
1113:.
1089:.
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951:.
927:.
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713:.
325:(
293:(
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200:/
133:(
20:)
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