514:
486:
544:
432:
448:
560:
333:) by Period VI (A.D. 1000â1500), freestanding figural sculpture and new forms of ceremonial metate came into use. These new metate types might be rectangular with four legs like the jaguar effigy-head examples or might be round in shape with a pedestal base. These latter types often have carved human heads (or just suggestive notches) around the rim implying a relationship with ritual trophy-head taking. This particular form of metate seems to have been influenced by the stone sculptures of the Panamanian site of
381:, bird, and jaguar creatures. Monkeys are also common. A unique feature of ceremonial metate is the lack of human figures. Disembodied heads are the sole exception. While human figures become the main subject of the free standing sculptures, which depict nude females or male warriors with trophy heads and bound male captives, these do not seem to have been depicted on metate. Flying-panel metates often have anthropomorphic figures, but these always have animal (often crocodile) heads.
298:
38:
471:
50:
420:
370:
385:
Chibcha art is that of the
Crocodile god. Depicted as an anthropomorphic being with a crocodile head, he has been carved into fly-panel metates, sometimes shown standing on a double-headed saurian and other times on a jaguar. As a symbol, the double-headed Saurian has the longest use and distribution of any iconographic element in the Isthmo-Columbian area.
212:
306:
513:
485:
384:
In both the Nicoya and
Atlantic-Watershed regions, metates are often made with saurian (specifically crocodile, alligator, or caiman) imagery. It is thought that the saurian represents the surface of the earth, which relates to agricultural fertility. One of the oldest and most prominent themes in
138:
Metates can be categorized by the shape of the grinding surface. One categorization identifies four such shapes: flat, flat/concave, basin, and trough. Basin-shaped metates are used with a circular grinding stroke, while flat and trough-shaped metates are used with a back-and-forth reciprocal or
388:
Costa Rica flying-panel metates date to the 1st and 7th centuries. However, certain features of the
Crocodile god depicted on flying-panel metates show him with unnatural U-shaped elbows and long, narrow fingers, as seen on crocodile gods made in gold that date to the 10thâ16th centuries. These
134:
The specific angles of the metate body allow for a proficient method of turning grains into flour. Lesley TĂ©llez describes the grinding action of a metate as using "your wrists to kind of rotate the metlapil forward, while at the same time pressing downward, hard, with the palms of your hands."
392:
Birds with long, curving beaks that seem to represent vultures, toucans or maybe hummingbirds are another popular theme. First found in Costa Rica on Pavas and El Bosque-phase pottery, these are a common element in flying-panel metates, sometimes depicted with or pecking at human heads.
317:
in Costa Rica, including ceremonial metate, began in late Period IV (A.D. 1â500). Metate from the Nicoya/Guanacaste region have longitudinally curved and rimless plates. Those from the
Atlantic Watershed have a plate that is horizontally flat and rimmed. Both are associated with
356:
is ground into flour. This transformation of grain to flour has symbolic implications relating to life, death and rebirth. It is still not clear if maize was a main source of sustenance, and it is entirely possible that maize was reserved for making
389:
stylistic forms make sense for use in the small gold ornaments made with the lost-wax technique, but seem strange for use in carved stone. Perhaps these metates date much later than previously thought, and were inspired by the depictions in gold.
284:
and represents a high level of craftsmanship and complexity. Carved from a single piece of stone, these metates typically contain multiple figures, both underneath the plate and on the legs. Trophy heads, birds, jaguar, monkey and
543:
116:
While varying in specific morphology, metates are typically made of a large stone with a smooth depression or bowl worn into the upper surface. Materials are ground on the metate using a smooth hand-held stone known as a
131:. The depth of the bowl varies, though they are typically not deeper than those of a mortar; deeper metate bowls indicate either a longer period of use or greater degree of activity (i.e., economic specialization).
361:(beer), for use in ritual feasting activities. Given their role as a burial good, it seems that metate held a strong meaning for human life, death and the hope for a rebirth or transformation of some kind.
249:, flat, or curved. They may or may not have rims and three or four legs. Some exhibits show signs of use-wear while others show no signs of wear and appear to have been made specifically for use as
373:
Two items commonly used by indigenous
Mexicans. The mortar is called a Metate and the stone lying across it a Mano. It is held in both hands and used to grind corn, cacao and other basic foods.
688:
559:
289:
figures are the most common themes. The âflying panelâ metate is believed to be the precursor to free standing sculptural figures more common later in the
Atlantic watershed region.
431:
447:
186:
322:, suggesting differential social status existed within these communities. The three main types of Costa Rican stone sculpture at this timeâtripod-metate, mace heads and
873:
2631:
2372:
1968:
2758:
2587:
2096:
2753:
2419:
1870:
808:
It is necessary to say that next to this traditional kitchen of the marriage of MarĂa JimĂ©nez and
Heliodoro MartĂnez there is a gas stove also in service
2743:
680:
607:
711:
866:
766:
644:
1997:
903:
797:
2091:
582:
241:. They come in many different forms, and morphological variation corresponds to different regions and time periods. They can be
2748:
2616:
2007:
1045:
859:
196:. The first known metates were flat or basin-shaped; trough-shaped metates came into use in the Southwest around AD 450.
182:
2229:
1759:
1019:
276:. The most complex type of ceremonial metate is the class referred to as âflying-panelâ metate. This style comes from the
2733:
2224:
1764:
1237:
402:
253:. Some examples characterized as metate might have actually been a type of throne for sitting on â not a metate at all.
1190:
329:
Stone sculpture was never popular again in the Nicoya/Guanacaste region, but in the
Atlantic Watershed (such as from
1087:
2728:
2492:
2293:
577:
323:
2204:
2113:
592:
352:
than just the processing of foodstuffs. The metate's basic mechanical purpose is a platform on which (primarily)
127:. This action consists of a horizontal grinding motion that differs from the vertical crushing motion used in a
2487:
1579:
1124:
632:
458:
216:
58:
264:âs head at one end, with the metate itself making up the body of the creature. Animals typically depicted are
199:
Metates are still used in some areas today. For example, in parts of rural Mexico, women use metates to grind
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2604:
2514:
1686:
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1205:
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At the site of Las Huacas, fifteen metates were excavated from sixteen graves. None of these metates had
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1934:
1860:
1629:
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419:
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972:
612:
167:
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2157:
1990:
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128:
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913:
520:
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54:
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2017:
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1411:
982:
345:
314:
200:
94:
158:, that results in the smoothing of the stone's face and the creation of pocked dimples.
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2414:
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297:
31:
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2184:
2012:
1973:
1961:
1949:
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37:
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1247:
1099:
1077:
989:
565:
Stone mortar and pestle, AD 900-1300, Spurgeon Draw site, Catron County, New Mexico
341:
154:
outcroppings. The upper face of the stone is used for grinding materials, such as
119:
78:
42:
2519:
49:
17:
2509:
2499:
2455:
2450:
2402:
2340:
2276:
2177:
2022:
1944:
1865:
1853:
1646:
1614:
1599:
1589:
1560:
1518:
1433:
1401:
1349:
1282:
1119:
994:
319:
250:
242:
166:
The use of metates is estimated to have begun in the Upper
Cenolithic period in
90:
74:
326:âaxe-godâ pendantsâpeaked and declined in use during Period V (A.D. 500â1000).
2653:
2546:
2504:
2320:
2283:
2246:
1729:
1641:
1506:
1468:
1369:
1342:
1262:
1175:
1092:
1060:
1014:
925:
893:
369:
238:
377:
The three most popular iconographic elements of ceremonial metate seem to be
2561:
2460:
2352:
2330:
2315:
2130:
1913:
1898:
1823:
1806:
1724:
1609:
1540:
1535:
1458:
1337:
1225:
1151:
918:
908:
633:
http://www.reference-wordsmith.com/cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?exact=1&terms=ding
597:
529:
269:
2335:
2271:
2076:
1816:
1811:
1719:
1594:
1416:
1379:
1359:
851:
334:
108:
in Bihar and
Jharkhand, India as well as other grinding stones in China.
101:
2397:
2303:
2189:
2147:
2123:
1903:
1709:
1619:
1473:
1374:
1332:
1195:
1114:
1067:
1055:
681:"Lessons in back-breaking Mesoamerican cooking: How to season a metate"
462:
378:
348:), suggesting that the carved metate as a mortuary object had a deeper
330:
305:
286:
281:
211:
151:
147:
2465:
2142:
2002:
1980:
1833:
1769:
1714:
1082:
1050:
1024:
496:
358:
301:
A native American grinder stone tool or 'metate' from Central Mexico.
265:
261:
257:
246:
816:
Graham, M.M. (1981). Traditions of Costa Rican Stone Sculpture. In
104:). Similar artifacts have been found in other regions, such as the
2531:
2251:
2135:
1985:
1939:
1801:
1656:
1604:
1550:
1180:
1146:
735:
477:
368:
353:
304:
296:
210:
155:
100:
and other organic materials during food preparation (e.g., making
97:
82:
48:
36:
2477:
2438:
2118:
1918:
1774:
1704:
1624:
1496:
1009:
645:"Discussion on the Origins of Grinding Tools, Mortar and Pestle"
438:
273:
86:
2045:
1684:
950:
855:
839:
Between Continents/Between Seas: Precolumbian Art of Costa Rica
818:
Between Continents/Between Seas: Precolumbian Art of Costa Rica
519:
Contemporary indigenous kitchen with metate in the foreground,
2081:
1789:
1555:
1513:
93:
cultures, metates are typically used by women who would grind
230:
represent one of the most unusual and complex traditions of
837:
Snarskis, M.J. (1981). The Archaeology of Costa Rica. In
832:
Gold and Power in Ancient Costa Rica, Panama and Columbia
41:
Metate, mano and corn, all circa 12th century AD, from
405:. A collection of over 20 metates can be found in the
2575:
2388:
2215:
2062:
1927:
1891:
1740:
1697:
1487:
1318:
1291:
1216:
1133:
1038:
963:
820:, pp. 113â134. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York.
736:"It takes both: Identifying mano and metate types"
215:A Costa Rican metate with bird iconography at the
848:. Peabody Museum Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
841:, pp. 15â84. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New York.
53:Mano, metate and bowl of corn. Museum display of
827:. University Press of Colorado. Niwot, Colorado.
706:. University of California Press. p. 32.
867:
8:
674:
672:
670:
729:
727:
725:
723:
2059:
2042:
1694:
1681:
1139:
960:
947:
874:
860:
852:
503:(metate in Mixtec) when making tortillas.
32:Pomona College § Campus organizations
691:from the original on November 27, 2011.
625:
608:Household stone implements in Karnataka
415:
2759:Science and technology in Mesoamerica
830:Quilter, J. & Hoopes, J. (2003).
7:
825:Paths to Central American Prehistory
769:from the original on August 8, 2020.
746:from the original on April 8, 2020.
499:) woman grinding corn dough in the
30:For Pomona's yearbook, Metate, see
27:Mesoamerican quern or milling-stone
734:Adams, Jenny (November 16, 2017).
25:
2754:Mexican food preparation utensils
1998:Megalithic architectural elements
834:. Dumbarton Oaks. Washington D.C.
583:Category: Native American cuisine
401:The largest collection is in the
260:-headed metate, which feature an
2744:Indigenous tools of the Americas
679:Telléz, Lesley (July 16, 2010).
558:
542:
512:
484:
469:
446:
430:
418:
207:Ceremonial metates of Costa Rica
142:Another type of metate called a
2617:Evolutionary origin of religion
533:(stone mortar) and a clay pot.
293:Temporal and regional variation
846:Precolumbian Man in Costa Rica
788:Quilter and Hoopes 2003:73-75.
280:region, including the City of
1:
2230:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
1760:British megalith architecture
549:Pre-Columbian Mixtec metate.
403:National Museum of Costa Rica
190:
171:
2225:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1765:Nordic megalith architecture
313:The earliest traditions of
256:Some examples are known as
139:reciprocal-rocking stroke.
2775:
2373:British Isles and Brittany
2294:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
757:HernĂĄndez DĂaz, VerĂłnica.
578:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
73:) is a type or variety of
29:
2058:
2041:
1693:
1680:
1142:
959:
946:
889:
798:British Museum collection
593:Maya diet and subsistence
81:tool used for processing
217:Birmingham Museum of Art
146:may also be found among
59:Mesa Verde National Park
2605:Evolutionary musicology
2008:Oldest extant buildings
1935:Archaeological features
1454:Prepared-core technique
740:Desert Archaeology, Inc
702:Laudan, Rachel (2013).
553:, Oaxaca, MĂ©xico. 2020.
537:, Oaxaca, MĂ©xico, 2020.
507:, Oaxaca, MĂ©xico, 2020.
425:Use of a Mexican metate
2749:Mesoamerican artifacts
2567:Unchambered long cairn
2415:Mound Builders culture
1748:Neolithic architecture
883:Prehistoric technology
374:
310:
302:
220:
62:
46:
2242:List of Stone Age art
1444:Microblade technology
1392:Langdale axe industry
990:Ard / plough
437:Women at the Matate,
372:
308:
300:
214:
52:
40:
2649:Prehistoric medicine
2644:Prehistoric counting
2627:Prehistoric religion
2622:Paleolithic religion
2600:Behavioral modernity
1957:Causewayed enclosure
1849:Abri de la Madeleine
973:Neolithic Revolution
823:Lange, F.W. (1996).
613:Grain grinding wheel
203:corn for tortillas.
2734:Food grinding tools
2688:Prehistoric warfare
1434:Magdalenian culture
1397:Levallois technique
1328:Earliest toolmaking
685:The Mija Chronicles
476:Use of a metate in
170:, sometime between
2639:Origin of language
2632:Spiritual drug use
2542:Rectangular dolmen
2444:Dartmoor kistvaens
2257:Carved stone balls
1969:Circular enclosure
1928:Other architecture
1871:Alp pile dwellings
1459:Solutrean industry
1370:Gravettian culture
1020:Secondary products
844:Stone, D. (1977).
704:Cuisine and Empire
491:Isabel NicolĂĄs, a
375:
311:
303:
278:Atlantic watershed
228:ceremonial metates
221:
187:American Southwest
63:
47:
2729:Culture of Mexico
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2661:Prehistoric music
2610:music archaeology
2267:Cup and ring mark
2092:Clothing/textiles
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1479:Yubetsu technique
1464:Striking platform
1429:Lithic technology
1314:
1313:
1299:Game drive system
1218:Projectile points
1110:Mortar and pestle
713:978-0-520-26645-2
603:Mortar and pestle
551:San Juan Achiutla
535:San Juan Achiutla
505:San Juan Achiutla
129:mortar and pestle
89:. In traditional
18:Manos and metates
16:(Redirected from
2766:
2676:Divje Babe flute
2583:Archaeoastronomy
2326:Petrosomatoglyph
2060:
2043:
1892:Water management
1695:
1682:
1585:Denticulate tool
1407:Lithic reduction
1140:
961:
948:
876:
869:
862:
853:
809:
806:
800:
795:
789:
786:
780:
779:Graham 1981:119.
777:
771:
770:
754:
748:
747:
731:
718:
717:
699:
693:
692:
676:
665:
664:
662:
660:
651:. Archived from
641:
635:
630:
562:
546:
516:
488:
473:
453:Native American
450:
434:
422:
350:symbolic meaning
195:
192:
180:
176:
173:
55:Ancestral Pueblo
21:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2704:
2571:
2557:Stone box grave
2527:Megalithic tomb
2432:Cotswold-Severn
2384:
2289:Guardian stones
2217:Prehistoric art
2211:
2054:
2029:
2018:Timber trackway
1923:
1887:
1883:Wattle and daub
1736:
1715:Standing stones
1689:
1668:
1483:
1310:
1287:
1212:
1129:
1039:Food processing
1034:
983:New World crops
955:
942:
885:
880:
813:
812:
807:
803:
796:
792:
787:
783:
778:
774:
756:
755:
751:
733:
732:
721:
714:
701:
700:
696:
678:
677:
668:
658:
656:
655:on 7 April 2005
643:
642:
638:
631:
627:
622:
617:
573:
566:
563:
554:
547:
538:
517:
508:
489:
480:
474:
465:
451:
442:
435:
426:
423:
414:
399:
367:
346:grinding stones
315:stone sculpture
309:Metate and mano
295:
209:
193:
178:
174:
164:
114:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2772:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Alligator drum
2658:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2602:
2597:
2596:
2595:
2593:lunar calendar
2590:
2579:
2577:
2576:Other cultural
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2394:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2380:Venus figurine
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2311:Megalithic art
2308:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2269:
2264:
2262:Cave paintings
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2064:Material goods
2056:
2055:
2046:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1780:Cliff dwelling
1777:
1772:
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1762:
1757:
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1744:
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1734:
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1727:
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1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
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1597:
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1476:
1471:
1466:
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1456:
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1436:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:Fire hardening
1362:
1357:
1355:Clovis culture
1352:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1324:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1278:Manis Mastodon
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:throwing stick
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
986:
985:
980:
969:
967:
957:
956:
951:
944:
943:
941:
940:
935:
934:
933:
923:
922:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
890:
887:
886:
881:
879:
878:
871:
864:
856:
850:
849:
842:
835:
828:
821:
811:
810:
801:
790:
781:
772:
759:"Metate Ăpodo"
749:
719:
712:
694:
666:
636:
624:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
572:
569:
568:
567:
564:
557:
555:
548:
541:
539:
518:
511:
509:
490:
483:
481:
475:
468:
466:
459:Huerfano Butte
455:bedrock metate
452:
445:
443:
436:
429:
427:
424:
417:
413:
410:
407:British Museum
398:
395:
366:
363:
320:mortuary goods
294:
291:
225:volcanic-stone
208:
205:
194: 3500 BC
185:period in the
183:Middle Archaic
179: 3000 BC
175: 5000 BC
163:
160:
113:
112:Design and use
110:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2771:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
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2737:
2735:
2732:
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2726:
2724:
2699:
2696:
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2689:
2686:
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2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
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2664:
2663:
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2659:
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2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
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2633:
2630:
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2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2552:Simple dolmen
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2537:Passage grave
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2483:Gallery grave
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
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2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2398:Burial mounds
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:Statue menhir
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2346:Stone carving
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
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2300:
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2265:
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2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
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2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Sewing needle
2183:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2150:
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2146:
2144:
2141:
2137:
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2112:
2110:
2107:
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2078:
2075:
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2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Timber circle
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:Tor enclosure
1960:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:fulacht fiadh
1948:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
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1894:
1890:
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1876:
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1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
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1810:
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1796:
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1778:
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1317:
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1297:
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1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:spear-thrower
1184:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:Bow and arrow
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1073:Grinding slab
1071:
1069:
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1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1005:Domestication
1003:
1001:
1000:Digging stick
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
979:
978:Founder crops
976:
975:
974:
971:
970:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
949:
945:
939:
936:
932:
929:
928:
927:
924:
920:
919:New Stone Age
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
892:
891:
888:
884:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
858:
857:
854:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
815:
814:
805:
802:
799:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
773:
768:
764:
760:
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750:
745:
741:
737:
730:
728:
726:
724:
720:
715:
709:
705:
698:
695:
690:
686:
682:
675:
673:
671:
667:
654:
650:
646:
640:
637:
634:
629:
626:
619:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
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594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
570:
561:
556:
552:
545:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
522:
515:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
487:
482:
479:
472:
467:
464:
460:
456:
449:
444:
440:
433:
428:
421:
416:
411:
409:
408:
404:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
380:
371:
364:
362:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
316:
307:
299:
292:
290:
288:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
233:
232:pre-Columbian
229:
226:
218:
213:
206:
204:
202:
197:
188:
184:
181:, and in the
169:
161:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
144:grinding slab
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
122:
121:
111:
109:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
71:mealing stone
68:
60:
57:artifacts at
56:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2493:wedge-shaped
2478:Funeral pyre
2471:Great dolmen
2427:Chamber tomb
2408:Round barrow
2363:Stone circle
2235:Blombos Cave
2163:Grooved ware
2087:Chalcolithic
1991:Thornborough
1909:Flush toilet
1844:Blombos Cave
1839:Rock shelter
1795:Quiggly hole
1687:Architecture
1662:illustration
1304:Buffalo jump
1125:Storage pits
1104:
1088:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
1078:Ground stone
914:Subdivisions
845:
838:
831:
824:
817:
804:
793:
784:
775:
763:Museo Amparo
762:
752:
739:
703:
697:
684:
657:. Retrieved
653:the original
648:
639:
628:
528:
524:
500:
492:
439:Moki Pueblos
400:
391:
387:
383:
376:
339:
328:
312:
255:
251:burial goods
227:
222:
201:nixtamalized
198:
165:
141:
137:
133:
124:
118:
115:
95:nixtamalized
91:Mesoamerican
79:ground stone
70:
66:
64:
43:Chaco Canyon
2515:unchambered
2510:Long barrow
2500:Grave goods
2456:Court cairn
2451:Clava cairn
2403:Bowl barrow
2341:Rock cupule
2284:Golden hats
2277:Hill figure
2178:Unstan ware
2158:Cord-marked
2023:Sweet Track
1945:Burnt mound
1866:Stilt house
1854:Sibudu Cave
1647:Tally stick
1615:Quern-stone
1600:Hammerstone
1590:Fire plough
1561:Pesse canoe
1519:Bannerstone
1489:Other tools
1402:Lithic core
1350:Aurignacian
1238:Bare Island
1120:Quern-stone
649:carleton.ca
397:Collections
365:Iconography
243:rectangular
150:or exposed
2723:Categories
2654:trepanning
2547:Ring cairn
2505:Jar burial
2488:transepted
2420:U.S. sites
2321:Petroglyph
2247:Bird stone
2205:wine press
1878:Stone roof
1861:Roundhouse
1753:long house
1730:Stonehenge
1698:Ceremonial
1642:Stone tool
1469:Tool stone
1439:Metallurgy
1343:Mousterian
1320:Toolmaking
1258:Cumberland
1231:Transverse
1201:Schöningen
1093:Qesem cave
1061:Earth oven
1015:Irrigation
926:Technology
894:Prehistory
620:References
239:Costa Rica
177: â c.
2698:symbolism
2562:Tor cairn
2520:GrĂžnsalen
2461:Cremation
2353:Sculpture
2331:Pictogram
2316:Petroform
2136:amber use
2104:Cosmetics
1914:Reservoir
1899:Check dam
1829:Pueblitos
1824:Pit-house
1807:Longhouse
1741:Dwellings
1610:Microlith
1541:Bow drill
1536:Bone tool
1529:prismatic
1338:Acheulean
1253:Cresswell
1226:Arrowhead
1152:Boomerang
1068:Granaries
1030:Terracing
909:Stone Age
598:Molcajete
530:molcajete
270:crocodile
235:artifacts
106:sil-batta
102:tortillas
2336:Rock art
2299:painting
2272:Geoglyph
2097:timeline
2077:Beadwork
1817:Mehrgarh
1812:Mudbrick
1720:megalith
1595:Fire-saw
1417:debitage
1412:analysis
1380:Hand axe
1360:Cupstone
938:Glossary
899:Timeline
767:Archived
744:Archived
689:Archived
659:23 March
571:See also
493:Ăuu Savi
441:, c.1900
335:Barriles
247:circular
223:Carved,
125:metlapil
2739:Lithics
2693:Symbols
2304:pigment
2190:Weaving
2153:Cardium
2148:Pottery
2143:Mirrors
2131:Jewelry
2072:Baskets
2052:culture
1904:Cistern
1710:Pyramid
1652:Weapons
1630:Scraper
1620:Racloir
1580:Cleaver
1568:Chopper
1474:Uniface
1385:Grooves
1375:Hafting
1333:Oldowan
1292:Systems
1243:Cascade
1206:woomera
1196:harpoon
1169:history
1135:Hunting
1115:Pottery
1056:Cooking
965:Farming
931:history
904:Outline
523:, palm
463:Arizona
412:Gallery
379:saurian
331:Guayabo
287:saurian
282:Guayabo
162:History
152:bedrock
148:boulder
2671:flutes
2466:Dolmen
2390:Burial
2200:winery
2173:Linear
2003:Midden
1981:Cursus
1974:Goseck
1834:Pueblo
1785:Dugout
1770:Burdei
1449:Mining
1273:Lamoka
1268:Folsom
1248:Clovis
1105:Metate
1083:Hearth
1051:Basket
1025:Sickle
710:
525:tenate
497:Mixtec
359:chicha
266:jaguar
262:animal
258:effigy
168:Mexico
156:acorns
67:metate
2588:sites
2532:Mummy
2252:Cairn
2168:JĆmon
2119:shoes
2114:Hides
1986:Henge
1940:Broch
1802:Jacal
1657:Wheel
1605:Knife
1551:Canoe
1546:Burin
1524:Blade
1422:flake
1283:Plano
1191:baton
1181:Spear
1147:Arrow
1100:Manos
953:Tools
588:Batan
521:comal
501:yooso
478:India
354:maize
342:manos
274:birds
237:from
98:maize
87:seeds
83:grain
75:quern
45:, USA
2681:gudi
2439:Cist
2368:list
2195:Wine
2124:Ătzi
2109:Glue
2082:Beds
2050:and
2048:Arts
1919:Well
1775:Cave
1705:Kiva
1635:side
1625:Rope
1573:tool
1507:bone
1497:Adze
1263:Eden
1176:Nets
1046:Fire
1010:Goad
995:Celt
708:ISBN
661:2018
324:jade
120:mano
85:and
77:, a
69:(or
1790:Hut
1725:row
1556:Oar
1514:Axe
1502:Awl
457:at
272:or
123:or
2725::
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742:.
738:.
722:^
687:.
683:.
669:^
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527:,
461:,
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268:,
245:,
191:c.
189:,
172:c.
65:A
875:e
868:t
861:v
716:.
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219:.
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