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boating areas. Additionally, fertilizer runoff, leaking septic tanks, waste water discharges can trigger algae blooms which kills off a lot of seagrass which manatees depend on for food. One study has found that metal concentration in the blood of manatees found in
Florida and Belize needs to be studied and needs a baseline of metal concentrations. It was found that there were significant differences in certain metals such as copper and zinc for manatees in different areas as well as differences in wild and rehabilitating, captured manatees. These differences provide necessary information about the health of manatees for clinicians in rehabilitation centers in order to properly care for the manatees.
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increase, and with the increase of human influence, the populations were likely to suffer in the future. In order to combat and prevent the loss of these animals, the Belize government has created special laws to protect the manatees. One example would be the
Manatee Protection Ordinances, which prohibit any human interactions that could be harmful to these animals, like feeding them, hunting them or chasing them. Belize also has the Wildlife Protection Act, which was established in 1981, and calls for the protection of the manatees under section 4. This protection of the manatees and their lands has allowed for their populations to be sustained.
259:. One of the largest and most influential organizations is the Save the Manatee Club. This non-profit organization was created by Bob Graham and Jimmy Buffett as a means of including the public in manatee conservation. The club sponsors an Adopt-A-Manatee program that uses it funds for “public awareness and education projects; manatee research; rescue and rehabilitation efforts; and advocacy and legal action in order to ensure better protection for manatees and their habitat.” It also sponsors various public awareness, education, and volunteer activities.
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Species Act (ESA). The proposal to downlist the manatee to threatened will not affect federal protections currently afforded by the ESA, and the
Service remains committed to conservation actions to fully recover manatee populations. The range-wide minimum known population is estimated to be at least 13,000 manatees, with more than 6,300 in Florida. When aerial surveys began in 1991, there were only an estimated 1,267 manatees in Florida, meaning that the last 25 years has seen a 400 percent increase in the species population in that state.
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manatees are not hunted as a food source in many areas there is a history of hunting and poaching in areas such as Brazil and the West Indies. Fishing nets and lines can cause injuries to manatees that can lead to serious infections. Studies have shown that around 14% of manatees since 1978 have been found with debris in their GI tract which mainly consisted of fishing lines. Some manatees have also been shown to have missing or scared fins due to their entanglement in these fishing lines
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sustained. While in captivity, a captive breeding program was started to try and encourage the growth of these populations. Some have been successful but due to the nature of the manatee reproduction process, it is not the most sustainable way to increase the population size. Because of this, they are also enacting laws to try and protect the manatees and their habitats so less animals will need to be rehabilitated to recover from injuries sustained from humans.
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and poor insulation which in turns does not allow them to thermoregulate in cold waters. According to
Florida Fish and Wildlife, the 2023 Preliminary Manatee Mortality Report shows that the main reasons for manatee mortality was boat collisions and cold stress. Manatees have shown in certain studies that manatee cognition is very good and that have much more complex social skills than previously known and requires more research to be done.
25:
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Although some of these mortalities were due to cold stress or boat collisions, a majority of them were from starvation due to loss of sea grass. It has been hypothesized that poor water quality in surrounding areas has led to a mass mortality in seagrass. Due to this, it has been largely debated by many environmental organizations if these manatees should be put back on the endangered species list.
161:
Endangered
Species Preservation Act of 1966, an act of Congress designed to list endangered animal species and offer them limited protection, the manatee became one of 78 original species listed as being threatened with extinction. There are currently more than 1300 species on this list. On March 11, 1967, federal efforts to protect the manatee began when the
182:
This act also includes touching or feeding an endangered species. If manatees were getting fed from people, especially people on boats, that gives the manatee a positive reaction with people and boats and would more cause them to approach those things more. This in turn would cause further mortality form boat collisions and/or net entanglement.
194:, Florida Audubon Society, and Sea World also sponsored the “West Indian Manatee Workshop” in which six management recommendations were proposed: regulations to control boaters and divers, land acquisition for refuges, study of potential artificial refuges, explore technological control mechanisms to protect manatees, develop
269:
of
Florida has played a major role in the efforts to protect and conserve the manatees. Sea World has the authority to rescue and rehabilitate manatees, and has had a great deal of success doing so. The theme park has an exhibit titled “Manatees: The Last Generation?” aimed at educating guests about
262:
Sirenian
International is another organization dedicated to the conservation of manatees. The group considers itself a “partnership of scientists, students, educators, conservationists, and the public” that sponsors various projects throughout the world. Membership is divided into three groups based
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sanctuary and made manatee hunting illegal, people have worked to protect this species. In 1893, manatees first received protection under
Florida law, and in 1907 this law was revised to impose a fine of $ 500 and/or six months of jail time for assaulting or killing a manatee. In accordance with the
238:
As of
January 7, 2016, as a result of significant improvements in its population and habitat conditions, and reductions in direct threats, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service announced that the West Indian manatee is proposed to be downlisted from endangered to threatened status under the Endangered
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and increased federal protection of manatees. The “act made it a violation to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, capture, or collect an endangered species…authorized cooperative agreements between states and the federal government with funding management, research and law enforcement.”
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Manatees tend to gather in the warm water outflows of power plants and springs during cold weather. Manatees are not adaptable to colder waters, therefore, if they do not make it to warmer waters in time for winter they can undergo cold stress. These animals have an exceptionally low metabolic rate
1086:
Santos, SebastiĂŁo Silva dos; Medeiros, Iara dos Santos; Rebelo, Vanessa Araujo; Carvalho, Allan
Oliveira Barreto; Dubut, Jean Paul; Mantovani, JosĂ© Eduardo; CĂriaco, Raphael Dantas; Santos, Ryan Emerson Gomes dos; Marmontel, Miriam; Normande, Iran Campello; VelĂ´so, Thalma Maria Grisi; Borges, JoĂŁo
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Another example of some manatee conservation efforts in the Atlantic can be seen in Brazil with their Manatee Reintroduction Programme. For this project, the Brazilian government rehabilitated six manatees and then released them with trackers. These trackers allowed the scientists to see where the
273:
One of the most popular efforts to raise money for manatee research and conservation is the sale of license plates by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. The proceeds of these sales make up a large percentage of the funds dedicated to this cause, having raised $ 34,000,000 since
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beginning in December 2020 where more manatee carcasses and more manatees requiring rescues were appearing at a higher rate. Preliminary data released from Florida Wildlife Conservation showed a total of 1,191 manatee mortalities in 2021. This number is nearly twice the total of mortality in 2020.
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populations. There is some cultural significance in certain areas of South America and the Caribbean that manatees are used as a food source since pre-Columbian times. In these areas and the Amazon basin manatees are a center point if folklore and local myths since before European expansion. While
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In other countries, the focus has been more on the repopulation side of conservation. For example, in Mexico, zoos and parks have taken injured and dying manatees in and rehabilitated them. These parks have taken in manatees from around the Caribbean and helped them to heal from the injuries they
205:
made November Manatee Awareness Month, and the first state-designated protection zones were established. The year 1980 saw Congress allocate $ 100, 000 to the Marine Mammal Commission and the development of the initial Federal Manatee Recovery Plan by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In 1981,
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began a Manatee Rescue and Rehabilitation Program. The Florida Manatee Sanctuary Act passed in 1978, amending the 1907 state law. Florida became an official refuge and sanctuary for the marine mammals, and the regulation of boat speeds in areas of manatee inhabitation became allowed. In that same
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Some manatee deaths are the result of collisions with boats. In a study done in Florida in 2002 it was found that collisions with boats makes up 25% of deaths of manatees but when surveyed the boaters in Florida responded positively to learning more about manatee conservation and their habits in
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For example, Belize houses some of the largest populations of the Antillean manatees in the Caribbean, and so their influence on these animals is fairly large. Initially monitoring of the animals showed that the manatee population size was stagnant, so there was no loss in numbers, but also no
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were reauthorized in 1988 as various new groups, companies, and organizations began to invest time and resources in the protection of the manatee. The early 1990s saw more government money being allocated to the cause, more research being conducted, and more protection plans being implemented.
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mortality and injury, protect essential habitat, determine and monitor the status of the manatee population and essential habitat, coordinate, and oversee cooperative recovery work. Throughout the early 2000s (decade), various counties in Florida continued to revise and/or create specific
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that spend most of their time eating, sleeping, and traveling. They have a lifespan of about 60 years with no known natural enemies. Some of their deaths are the result of human activity. In the past, manatees were exploited for their meat, fat, and hides.
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The conservation of manatees is not only an issue in the US, as anthropogenic actions have caused the decline of this species worldwide. In order to curve the decline of these animals, more conservation efforts have sprouted in other nations.
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was designated a marine mammal protected under the Federal Marine Mammal Protection Act. This act prohibited the removal of any marine mammal and imposed a fine of up to $ 2000 and/or one year in jail for doing so. The
541:
Siegal-Willott, Jessica L.; Harr, Kendal E.; Hall, Jeffery O.; Hayek, Lee-Ann C.; Auil-Gomez, Nicole; Powell, James A.; Bonde, Robert K.; Heard, Darryl (1 June 2013). "Blood Mineral Concentrations In Manatees
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1990. Money collected from decal sales, boat registration fees, and voluntary donations also contribute to the Save the Manatee Trust Fund. A newly redesigned license plate was released in December 2007.
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More laws and programs like these can be seen throughout the Caribbean and the oceans the manatees inhabit, as these species are endangered and need to be protected in order to guarantee their survival.
412:
Vieira, Nina; Brito, Cristina (August 2017). "Brazilian manatees (re)discovered: Early modern accounts reflecting the overexploitation of aquatic resources and the emergence of conservation concerns".
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2016:
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manatees spent most of their time. This allowed the government officials to plan out conservation areas that would be most beneficial to these species and enact laws to protect them.
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Aipanjiguly, Sampreethi; Jacobson, Susan K.; Flamm, Richard (August 2003). "Conserving Manatees: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions of Boaters in Tampa Bay, Florida".
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35:
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Galves, Jamal; Galves, Celeshia Guy; Gomez, Nicole Auil; Bonde, Robert K.; Powell, James; Alvarez-Alemán, Anmari; Castelblanco-MartĂnez, Nataly (January 2023).
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Various institutes help promote awareness of the threats faced by manatees, raise money for manatee research, and generally work to ensure the survival of this
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The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service revised the Manatee Recovery Plan Objectives in 1996 to include the following: assess and minimize causes of
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upon financial contributions and active service to the organization: participating member, supporting member, and contributing member.
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In 1974, the Sirenia Project was established in Gainesville, Florida to provide manatee documentation and rescue programs. In 1976,
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Henaut, Yann; Charles, Aviva; Delfour, Fabienne (October 2022). "Cognition of the manatee: past research and future developments".
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Native Fish and Wildlife: Endangered Species. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service: Endangered Species Program. 21 November 2008 <
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1006:"Analysis of a long-term dataset of Antillean manatee strandings in Belize: implications for conservation"
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Manatee Timeline. MyFWC.com: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 21 November 2008. <
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Beck, Cathy A.; Barros, NĂ©lio B. (October 1991). "The impact of debris on the Florida manatee".
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Manatee Appreciation Day is celebrated on the last Wednesday of March in the United States.
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celebrates Manatee Awareness Month during November, which has been endorsed by comedian
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2010:
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Ortega-Argueta, Alejandro; Castelblanco-MartĂnez, Delma Nataly (January 2020).
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1089:"Home ranges of released West Indian manatees Trichechus manatus in Brazil"
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http://www.floridaconservation.org/manatee/information/Timeline/1903.htm
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http://www.floridaconservation.org/manatee/information/Timeline/1903.htm
115:, sometimes seen as far north as Baltimore, Maryland and as far west as
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conservation plans in conjunction with federal and statewide efforts.
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1047:"Is captive breeding a priority for manatee conservation in Mexico?"
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103:, and coastal areas. They are a migratory species, inhabiting the
83:
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Starting in the 18th century when the English declared Florida a
218:, which sought to protect manatees and their habitats. Both the
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18:
34:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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formed the Save the Manatee Committee, the precursor of the
658:
656:
744:. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission. 2016
965:"Manatee Awareness Month: More Important Now Than Ever!"
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listed the manatee as endangered on the ICUN Red List.
43:
942:. Fish and Wildlife Research Institute. Archived from
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the importance of protecting this endangered species.
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waters during the winter and moving as far north as
1925:
1780:
1617:
1560:
1529:
1449:
1316:
1196:
95:are large marine mammals that inhabit slow rivers,
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393:Bagheera: A Website for Earth’s Endangered Animals
198:contingency plans, and increase public education.
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932:
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664:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
598:Florida Fish And Wildlife Conservation Commission
518:"Algae Blooms, Seagrass Loss, and Manatee Deaths"
330:Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission
16:Organizations and work supporting manatee welfare
1416:Other effective area-based conservation measures
360:"Learn more about Florida's celebrated creature"
1411:Integrated Conservation and Development Project
731:Retrieved on 1/17/2016 from USFWS press release
119:in the warmer summer months. Manatees are calm
2017:Animal welfare and rights in the United States
729:http://www.fws.gov/news/ShowNews.cfm?_ID=35428
681:http://www.fws.gov/Endangered/1966listing.html
1161:
829:. Sirenian International, Inc. Archived from
32:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
821:
819:
817:
389:"West Indian Manatee: an Endangered Species"
1168:
1154:
1146:
912:. Sea World Adventure Park. Archived from
88:This individual inspects a kayak situation
1104:
1062:
1021:
987:"Alec Baldwin promotes manatee awareness"
414:International Journal of Maritime History
70:Learn how and when to remove this message
351:
163:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
152:Becoming endangered / legal protection
7:
852:"A Miracle Manatee: Lagoona's Story"
552:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
1133:"A Race to Save Florida's Manatees"
132:Various human activities threaten
14:
1288:Conservation biology of parasites
1991:
1990:
1404:Tropical rainforest conservation
1308:Vulnerability and susceptibility
504:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01452.x
23:
1953:NatureServe conservation status
1238:Conservation-induced extinction
862:from the original on 2020-08-09
803:from the original on 2008-11-13
289:Conservation in Other Countries
192:U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1344:Conservation management system
1228:Conservation-dependent species
1188:Index of conservation articles
1087:Carlos Gomes (November 2022).
544:Trichechus manatus latirostris
175:Endangered Species Act of 1969
1:
1570:Assisted natural regeneration
1374:Ecoregion conservation status
662:Manatee Timeline. MyFWC.com:
244:Unusual Mortality Event (UME)
1958:Special Area of Conservation
1496:Landscape-scale conservation
1491:High conservation value area
1369:Community-based conservation
469:10.1016/0025-326X(91)90406-I
364:Birds Underwater Dive Center
220:Marine Mammal Protection Act
1976:List of conservation issues
1384:Evidence-based conservation
1278:Mutualisms and conservation
242:However, there has been an
46:, discuss the issue on the
2038:
1426:Roadless area conservation
1218:Compassionate conservation
742:"Manatee Synoptic Surveys"
631:10.1007/s10071-022-01676-8
594:"2023 Manatee Mortalities"
548:Trichechus manatus manatus
201:In 1979, Florida Governor
1971:
1183:
1106:10.1017/S003060532100079X
1064:10.1017/S0030605317001697
1023:10.1017/S0030605321000983
666:. 21 November 2008. <
449:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1813:Central African Republic
1461:Conservation designation
1379:Environmental protection
1364:Conspicuous conservation
1354:Conservation photography
1329:Conservation development
1324:Conservation agriculture
767:Marine Mammal Commission
426:10.1177/0843871417713683
1552:Human–wildlife conflict
1436:Site-based conservation
1359:Conservation psychology
1177:Conservation of species
940:"Manatee License Plate"
856:SeaWorld Orlando | Blog
1609:Species reintroduction
1268:Latent extinction risk
991:The Hollywood Reporter
224:Endangered Species Act
89:
1981:List of organisations
1635:Hawaiian honeycreeper
1575:Ecosystem restoration
1547:Habitat fragmentation
1542:Fortress conservation
1501:Marine protected area
1471:Conservation easement
1466:Conservation district
1431:Roadside conservation
1349:Conservation movement
1293:Species translocation
1233:Conservation genetics
1223:Conservation behavior
969:Save the Manatee Club
910:"Manatee Quick Facts"
881:"The Florida Manatee"
797:Save the Manatee Club
522:Save the Manatee Club
216:Save the Manatee Club
87:
1943:Planetary boundaries
1933:Conservation officer
1537:Conservation refugee
1486:Habitat conservation
1476:Conservation reserve
1441:Wetland conservation
1339:Conservation grazing
1334:Conservation finance
1298:Conservation welfare
1263:In-situ conservation
1258:Extinction threshold
1253:Ex-situ conservation
993:. AP. 2 August 2007.
564:10.1638/2012-0093R.1
484:Conservation Biology
187:Sea World of Florida
52:create a new article
44:improve this article
1283:Nature conservation
1273:Marine conservation
1243:Conservation status
496:2003ConBi..17.1098A
461:1991MarPB..22..508B
335:USS Manatee (AO-58)
1580:Island restoration
1511:Open space reserve
1303:Threatened species
1141:. 28 January 2022.
769:. 13 November 2015
325:Endangered species
257:endangered species
99:, saltwater bays,
90:
2004:
2003:
1963:Soil conservation
1516:Wildlife corridor
1399:Forest protection
1394:Forest management
858:. 2 August 2018.
763:"Florida Manatee"
340:Manatee awareness
128:Sources of danger
80:
79:
72:
54:, as appropriate.
2029:
1994:
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1878:Papua New Guinea
1770:Cryopreservation
1735:Gray nurse shark
1389:Flagship species
1213:Captive breeding
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971:. Archived from
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887:. Archived from
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625:(5): 1049–1058.
619:Animal Cognition
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584:
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490:(4): 1098–1105.
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366:. Archived from
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27:
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1694:Indian elephant
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1521:30 by 30 target
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1421:Riparian buffer
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455:(10): 508–510.
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177:was revised in
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5:
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1986:List of people
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1898:United Kingdom
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832:
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827:"Who Are We?"
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212:Jimmy Buffett
209:
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168:In 1972, the
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37:
30:
21:
20:
1739:
1711:Bengal Tiger
1667:Arabian oryx
1658:Land mammal
1645:Golden eagle
1481:Gap analysis
1208:Biodiversity
1198:Conservation
1136:
1096:
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1040:
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1013:
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999:
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368:the original
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283:Alec Baldwin
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33:
1883:South Sudan
1868:New Zealand
1562:Restoration
793:"About SMC"
2011:Categories
1818:Costa Rica
1781:By country
1701:Slow loris
1677:Polar bear
1530:Key issues
1317:Approaches
950:2008-11-21
920:2008-11-21
895:2008-11-21
885:EcoFlorida
866:2023-04-25
837:2008-11-21
807:2008-11-21
773:2023-04-14
748:2017-02-03
603:2023-04-14
527:2023-04-14
398:2008-11-21
374:2017-10-06
346:References
208:Bob Graham
203:Bob Graham
190:year, the
121:herbivores
60:April 2020
2022:Sirenians
1858:Mauritius
1838:Indonesia
1823:Hong Kong
1793:Australia
1765:Seed bank
1755:Sea otter
1625:Arthropod
1597:Rewilding
1451:Protected
1115:0030-6053
1073:0030-6053
1032:0030-6053
639:1435-9448
572:1042-7260
434:0843-8714
196:oil spill
101:estuaries
48:talk page
1996:Category
1903:Scotland
1873:Pakistan
1853:Malaysia
1689:Elephant
1618:By taxon
1248:Endemism
860:Archived
801:Archived
647:36002602
580:23805546
314:See also
267:SeaWorld
222:and the
109:Virginia
93:Manatees
42:You may
1926:Related
1915:forests
1863:Namibia
1843:Ireland
1828:Iceland
1740:Manatee
1730:Dolphin
1684:Cheetah
1200:biology
492:Bibcode
457:Bibcode
320:Manatee
279:Florida
232:manatee
170:manatee
158:manatee
134:manatee
105:Florida
1893:Uganda
1888:Sweden
1808:Canada
1803:Brazil
1798:Belize
1788:Angola
1761:Plant
1750:Salmon
1725:Marine
1640:Raptor
1602:marine
1506:Marxan
1113:
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1030:
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97:canals
1848:Italy
1833:India
1706:Tiger
1654:Fungi
1453:areas
719:>.
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670:>.
117:Texas
50:, or
1718:Wolf
1672:Bear
1630:Bird
1111:ISSN
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1069:ISSN
1051:Oryx
1028:ISSN
1010:Oryx
643:PMID
635:ISSN
576:PMID
568:ISSN
550:)".
546:and
430:ISSN
210:and
179:1973
1101:doi
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