62:
194:
20:
2785:
2773:
2809:
2797:
113:
loss in the UK in the past, the majority of current salt marsh loss in the UK is believed to be due to erosion. This erosion may involve coastal squeeze, where protective sea walls prevent the landward migration of salt marsh in response to sea level rise when sediment supply is limited. Salt marshes
130:
aims to prevent net losses to the area of salt marsh present in 1992. It is, therefore, a legal requirement that all losses in marsh area must be compensated by replacement habitat with equivalent biological characteristics. This equates to the need to restore approximately 1.4 km of salt marsh
159:
Managed retreat can be very controversial. A lawsuit in Del Mar
California brought on by residents was initiated to stop a managed retreat program based on worries that home values, insurance costs and restricted home expansion have been effects of the policy. Some areas included in managed retreat
134:
There are no agreed protocols on the monitoring of managed realignment sites and, consequently, very few of the sites are being monitored consistently and effectively. Due to the low levels of monitoring there is little evidence on which to base future managed realignment projects. This has led to
105:
with natural 'soft' coastal landforms. According to
University of Southampton researchers Matthew M. Linham and Robert J. Nicholls, "one of the biggest drawbacks of managed realignment is that the option requires land to be yielded to the sea." One of its benefits is that it can help protect land
88:
through removal of flood defences is often a response to sea-level rise exacerbated by local subsidence. In the United States, managed retreat often occurs through voluntary acquisition and demolition or relocation of at-risk properties by government. In the Global South, relocation may occur
259:
township over the next decade. The vast majority of residents accepted the need to relocate and did so with council assistance and compensation but as of
October 2021, one resident has rejected both the process and the need to move and is now the neighbourhood's sole remaining occupant.
143:
Managed retreat in the form of relocation has been used in inland and coastal areas in response to severe flooding and hurricanes. In the United States, this often takes the form of "buyout" programs, in which government acquires and relocates or demolishes at-risk properties. In some cases,
236:(EWT) who own Abbott's Hall Farm. They made five breaches in the original old sea wall to allow the held-back sea to flood through to create salt marshland. The marshland over time reverted to its original state before cultivation, providing excellent bird habitat and breeding grounds.
1237:
232:, it is one of the largest managed retreat schemes in Europe. It covers nearly 280 hectares (690 acres) of land on the north side of the estuary (2002) and a number of others. The programme was started by the
1229:
The Online
Managed Realignment Guide (OMReG): A website designed to act as a 'collecting point' for information about coastal Managed Realignment and Regulated Tidal Exchange projects in the UK and Northern
358:
Vitousek, S., Barnard, P. L., Fletcher, C. H., Frazer, N., Erikson, L., & Storlazzi, C. D. (2017). Doubling of coastal flooding frequency within decades due to sea-level rise. Scientific reports, 7(1),
2509:
2685:
2353:
131:
habitat per year in the UK. One of the major reasons cited for the slow pace of current salt marsh restoration in the UK is the uncertainty associated with the practice (Foresight).
2526:
1234:
261:
1962:
1788:
30:
involves the purposeful, coordinated movement of people and buildings away from risks. This may involve the movement of a person, infrastructure (e.g., building or road), or
1957:
1183:
676:
1825:
84:
The type of managed retreat proposed depends on the location and type of natural hazard, and on local policies and practices for managed retreat. In the United
Kingdom,
1055:
705:
Allen, J. R. L., & Pye, K. (1992). Coastal saltmarshes: their nature and importance. Saltmarshes: Morphodynamics, conservation and engineering significance, 1-18.
349:
Leatherman, S. P., Zhang, K., & Douglas, B. C. (2000). Sea level rise shown to drive coastal erosion. Eos, Transactions
American Geophysical Union, 81(6), 55-57.
1762:
244:
Since 2010, the New
Zealand Coastal Policy Statement, a policy under the Resource Management Act of 1991, has required the government to conduct managed retreats.
1471:
89:
through government programs. Some low-lying countries, facing inundation due to sea-level rise, are planning for the relocation of their populations, such as
1704:
1588:
1847:
1805:
1110:
2726:
1842:
1427:
836:
Wolters, Mineke; Garbutt, Angus; Bakker, Jan P. (May 2005). "Salt-marsh restoration: evaluating the success of de-embankments in north-west Europe".
2057:
1778:
1496:
1273:
1081:
2413:
2202:
1370:
2062:
2025:
1879:
1864:
1783:
1432:
1376:
665:
Pethick, J. (2002). Estuarine and tidal wetland restoration in the United
Kingdom: policy versus practice. Restoration Ecology, 10(3), 431-437.
932:
109:
Managed realignment has also been used to mitigate for loss of intertidal habitat. Although land reclamation has been an important factor for
2721:
1859:
874:
950:
601:
Ajibade, Idowu (2 September 2019). "Planned retreat in Global South megacities: disentangling policy, practice, and environmental justice".
2743:
1699:
1694:
1014:
1043:
803:
Atkinson, Philip W.; Crooks, Steve; Drewitt, Allan; Grant, Alastair; Rehfisch, Mark M.; Sharpe, John; Tyas, Christopher J. (2004-09-23).
2224:
2002:
1820:
1752:
1742:
1725:
1632:
1439:
101:
In the United
Kingdom, the main reason for managed realignment is to improve coastal stability, essentially replacing artificial 'hard'
2653:
2514:
2471:
1967:
2580:
2456:
2273:
1476:
684:
2813:
2451:
2431:
2378:
2330:
1392:
503:
Mach, Katharine J.; Kraan, Caroline M.; Hino, Miyuki; Siders, A. R.; Johnston, Erica M.; Field, Christopher B. (1 October 2019).
2570:
2521:
1947:
1909:
1854:
1324:
153:
2638:
1922:
1679:
1059:
42:, and residents are increasingly paying attention to managed retreat from low-lying coastal areas because of the threat of
2748:
2283:
1815:
248:
161:
1218:
50:. Trends in climate change predict substantial sea level rises worldwide, causing damage to human infrastructure through
2845:
2731:
2403:
1932:
1927:
1832:
1709:
1266:
963:
285: – People forced to leave their home region due to changes to their local environment (an involuntary, forced case)
1942:
1795:
1757:
291: – Idea that long-term human presence requires to be spacefaring (a hypothetical extreme case in science fiction)
160:
are above sea level and are recommended based primarily on estimated engineering costs and by studies financed by the
1223:
2801:
2565:
2368:
2325:
2098:
2020:
1874:
864:
371:"Managed Retreat — A Strategy for the Mitigation of Disaster Risks with International and Comparative Perspectives"
77:
311:"Preparing for Sea-Level Rise through Adaptive Managed Retreat of a New Zealand Stormwater and Wastewater Network"
2670:
2345:
2320:
2293:
2255:
2172:
1990:
1837:
1800:
1550:
1319:
1314:
1309:
264:
coastal hazards expert Rob Bell says the issue of retreat is primarily socio-political rather than technocratic.
168:
145:
65:
2835:
2680:
2675:
2606:
2446:
1952:
1917:
1810:
1737:
1578:
1407:
1343:
1304:
127:
23:
Tollesbury
Managed Realignment site in Essex, the first large-scale attempt at salt-marsh restoration in the UK
2665:
1246:
1219:
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, 2001. Compensating for Wetland Losses Under the Clean Water Act
2789:
2711:
2621:
2363:
2335:
2015:
1652:
1259:
1101:
106:
further inland by creating natural spaces that act as buffers to absorb water or dampen the force of waves.
2840:
2388:
2208:
2150:
2067:
2052:
1937:
1583:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
900:"The Devil Is in the Details: Linking Home Buyout Policy, Practice, and Experience After Hurricane Sandy"
204:
In the UK, the first managed retreat site was an area of 8,000 square metres (86,000 sq ft) at
2777:
2423:
2300:
2108:
1568:
1491:
282:
763:"Adapting to climate change: is there scope for ecological management in the face of a global threat?"
2616:
2494:
2185:
2155:
1730:
1657:
610:
573:
516:
472:
423:
233:
654:
The 'migration with dignity' policy is part of Kiribati's long-term nation-wide relocation strategy.
2633:
2408:
1642:
1637:
273:
2461:
2393:
2310:
2160:
2125:
2082:
2077:
2072:
1647:
1102:"Most California cities refuse to retreat from rising seas. One town wants to show how it's done"
743:
626:
392:
288:
229:
172:
149:
115:
102:
722:"On the Loss of Saltmarshes in South-East England and the Relationship with Nereis diversicolor"
2695:
2358:
2103:
1869:
1662:
1625:
1412:
1366:
1191:
1155:
880:
870:
542:
441:
332:
252:
225:
217:
181:
61:
1184:"Forced retreat: one New Zealand town's fate highlights coming fight over climate adaptation"
2850:
2738:
2305:
2288:
2229:
2120:
1884:
1608:
1481:
1417:
1235:
Managed Coastal Retreat: A Legal Handbook on Shifting Development Away from Vulnerable Areas
1100:
994:
964:"A flood forced this town to move. It could be a model for others hit by the climate crisis"
911:
845:
816:
774:
733:
645:
618:
581:
532:
524:
480:
431:
382:
322:
171:
increase, more communities are beginning to consider managed retreat. One such community is
55:
2690:
2611:
2575:
2504:
2478:
2466:
2315:
2190:
2047:
1669:
1620:
1598:
1241:
1168:
119:
51:
614:
577:
520:
476:
427:
193:
34:. It can occur in response to a variety of hazards such as flood, wildfire, or drought.
2643:
2499:
2441:
2436:
2278:
2167:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1747:
1684:
1422:
1402:
1361:
1282:
1123:
537:
504:
221:
205:
197:
69:
47:
43:
19:
2829:
2716:
2648:
2373:
2195:
2180:
2115:
2010:
1056:"ESA Cost Benefit Presentation "Cost Benefit Analysis Methodology Overview" slide 24"
821:
804:
779:
762:
738:
721:
630:
396:
2601:
2398:
2042:
2032:
1689:
1573:
1486:
720:
Morris, R. K. A.; Reach, I. S.; Duffy, M. J.; Collins, T. S.; Leafe, R. N. (2004).
327:
310:
176:
144:
individual homes are purchased after disasters. In other cases, such as Odanah and
849:
586:
561:
247:
As a result of two climate change related landslides in New Zealand in 2005, the
2628:
2145:
2137:
1397:
123:
73:
1044:
San Diego Union Tribune Article "Del Mar stands firm against 'Planned Retreat'"
622:
2660:
2037:
1674:
884:
387:
370:
213:
110:
35:
1195:
999:
982:
336:
1615:
1134:
436:
411:
39:
31:
16:
The purposeful, coordinated movement of people and buildings away from risks
546:
528:
445:
256:
916:
899:
805:"Managed realignment in the UK–the first 5 years of colonization by birds"
135:
the results of managed realignment schemes being extremely unpredictable.
1031:
485:
460:
179:. Marina's general acceptance of managed retreat became the subject of a
90:
1593:
747:
309:
Kool, Rick; Lawrence, Judy; Drews, Martin; Bell, Robert (2020-11-01).
118:
as well as providing habitat for a number of species protected by the
2596:
505:"Managed retreat through voluntary buyouts of flood-prone properties"
933:"Wisconsin Reservation Offers A Climate Success Story And A Warning"
459:
Hino, Miyuki; Field, Christopher B.; Mach, Katharine J. (May 2017).
1224:
The UK Environment Agency’s Managed Realignment Electronic Platform
1603:
209:
192:
60:
18:
1251:
866:
Buy-in for buyouts: The case for managed retreat from flood zones
410:
Siders, A.R.; Hino, Miyuki; Mach, Katharine J. (23 August 2019).
72:
for coastal communities: ➀ no response; ② advanced protection; ③
1082:"America's Great Climate Exodus Is Starting in the Florida Keys"
2547:
2252:
1988:
1548:
1460:
1341:
1293:
1255:
1228:
369:
Greiving, Stefan; Du, Juan; Puntub, Wiriya (7 November 2018).
2510:
Cooperative Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
1135:
Pictures of the Tollesbury and Orplands managed retreat sites
276: – Scientific study of renewing and restoring ecosystems
1247:
Animation explaining basic principle of Managed Realignment
2686:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
898:
Binder, Sherri Brokopp; Greer, Alex (28 December 2016).
951:
Village Locals Reflect Moving Was Best Flood Protection
278:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1124:
Information on Abbott's Hall from Essex Wildlife Trust
461:"Managed retreat as a response to natural hazard risk"
2527:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
869:. Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute for Land Policy.
412:"The case for strategic and managed climate retreat"
2704:
2589:
2558:
2487:
2422:
2344:
2266:
2217:
2134:
2091:
2001:
1908:
1771:
1718:
1561:
1385:
1354:
646:"Cross-border migration with dignity in Kiribati"
498:
496:
2727:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1015:"Del Mar stands firm against 'planned retreat'"
1148:New Zealand Department of Conservation website
1472:History of climate change policy and politics
1267:
1146:"New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement 2010".
212:flooded in 1991, followed by larger sites at
8:
1589:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2808:
2796:
2555:
2544:
2263:
2249:
1998:
1985:
1558:
1545:
1457:
1351:
1338:
1290:
1274:
1260:
1252:
54:and putting communities at risk of severe
2354:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
1497:United Nations Climate Change conferences
998:
915:
820:
778:
737:
715:
713:
711:
585:
536:
484:
435:
386:
326:
167:Despite the controversy, as the costs of
2058:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
675:Linham, Matthew M.; Nicholls, Robert J.
76:; ④ advancement; ⑤ strategic retreat; ⑥
2414:National Adaptation Programme of Action
2203:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
301:
93:planning for "Migration with Dignity".
2063:Economics of climate change mitigation
2026:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
1377:Scientific consensus on climate change
1164:
1153:
1080:Gopal, Prashant (September 20, 2019).
761:Hulme, Philip E. (28 September 2005).
562:"Managed Retreat in the United States"
200:Managed Realignment site, Lincolnshire
2722:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
7:
2744:Representative Concentration Pathway
1695:Tipping points in the climate system
1371:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
931:Hersher, Rebecca (August 15, 2018).
185:feature article, published in 2020.
156:the entire community has relocated.
2515:Nationally determined contributions
2225:Individual action on climate change
1440:World energy supply and consumption
240:Forced retreat under climate change
2654:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
1113:from the original on 1 March 2020.
14:
2581:Satellite temperature measurement
2186:forestry for carbon sequestration
1477:History of climate change science
1182:McClure, Tess (29 October 2021).
1099:Xia, Rosanna (24 February 2020).
2807:
2795:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2432:Climate Change Performance Index
822:10.1111/j.1474-919X.2004.00334.x
780:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01082.x
739:10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00932.x
126:). Following this guidance, the
68:strategies to reduce risks from
2571:Instrumental temperature record
2522:Sustainable Development Goal 13
1034:, California Coastal Commission
154:Isle de Jean Charles, Louisiana
2639:Climate variability and change
1680:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
1032:Local Assistance Grant Program
644:McNamara, Karen E (May 2015).
328:10.3390/infrastructures5110092
1:
2749:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
2284:Climate emergency declaration
560:Siders, A.R. (October 2019).
228:, at Great Wigborough in the
162:California Coastal Commission
128:UK's biodiversity action plan
2732:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
1958:Middle East and North Africa
863:Freudenberg, Robert (2016).
850:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.11.013
587:10.1016/j.oneear.2019.09.008
114:are protected under the EU
2867:
2566:Global surface temperature
2457:Popular culture depictions
2369:Ecosystem-based adaptation
2099:Carbon capture and storage
2021:Carbon offsets and credits
1190:. London, United Kingdom.
981:Koslov, Liz (2 May 2016).
767:Journal of Applied Ecology
726:Journal of Applied Ecology
623:10.1007/s10584-019-02535-1
249:Whakatāne District Council
78:ecosystem-based adaptation
2778:Climate change portal
2765:
2671:Extreme event attribution
2554:
2543:
2294:School Strike for Climate
2262:
2248:
2173:Climate-smart agriculture
1997:
1984:
1557:
1544:
1467:
1456:
1350:
1337:
1320:Climate change adaptation
1315:Climate change mitigation
1310:Effects of climate change
1300:
1289:
388:10.1142/S2345737618500112
375:Journal of Extreme Events
253:climate-related migration
169:climate change adaptation
146:Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin
66:Climate change adaptation
2681:Global warming potential
2488:International agreements
2135:Preserving and enhancing
1579:Arctic methane emissions
1501:Years in climate change
1408:Greenhouse gas emissions
1305:Causes of climate change
1000:10.1215/08992363-3427487
2712:Climate change scenario
2364:Disaster risk reduction
2016:Carbon emission trading
1826:U.S. insurance industry
1806:Civilizational collapse
1653:sea surface temperature
1019:San Diego Union-Tribune
904:Politics and Governance
838:Biological Conservation
650:Forced Migration Review
437:10.1126/science.aax8346
2705:Research and modelling
2389:Nature-based solutions
2209:Nature-based solutions
2151:Carbon dioxide removal
2068:Fossil fuel divestment
2053:Climate risk insurance
1963:Small island countries
1584:Arctic sea ice decline
983:"The Case for Retreat"
529:10.1126/sciadv.aax8995
201:
81:
24:
2666:Earth's energy budget
2549:Background and theory
2437:Climate crisis (term)
2109:Fossil fuel phase-out
2003:Economics and finance
1968:by individual country
1910:By country and region
1885:Security and conflict
1880:Psychological impacts
1569:Abrupt climate change
1492:Charles David Keeling
1325:By country and region
917:10.17645/pag.v4i4.738
677:"Managed Realignment"
465:Nature Climate Change
283:Environmental migrant
196:
64:
22:
2495:Glasgow Climate Pact
2156:Carbon sequestration
1731:Mass mortality event
486:10.1038/nclimate3252
234:Essex Wildlife Trust
189:Realignment examples
2846:Coastal engineering
2634:Climate sensitivity
2409:The Adaptation Fund
1865:Infectious diseases
1772:Social and economic
615:2019ClCh..157..299A
578:2019OEart...1..216S
521:2019SciA....5.8995M
477:2017NatCC...7..364H
428:2019Sci...365..761S
274:Restoration ecology
139:Relocation programs
97:Managed realignment
86:managed realignment
2205:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
2177:Forest management
2161:Direct air capture
2126:Sustainable energy
2083:Net zero emissions
2078:Low-carbon economy
2073:Green Climate Fund
1860:Indigenous peoples
1763:Plant biodiversity
1551:Effects and issues
1240:2019-08-08 at the
793:Crooks et al. 2001
687:on 17 October 2011
289:Space and survival
251:began to plan for
230:Blackwater Estuary
226:Abbott's Hall Farm
202:
173:Marina, California
150:Valmeyer, Illinois
116:Habitats Directive
82:
25:
2823:
2822:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2696:Radiative forcing
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2359:Adaptive capacity
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2104:Energy transition
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1700:Tropical cyclones
1626:Urban heat island
1540:
1539:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1413:Carbon accounting
1367:Greenhouse effect
1333:
1332:
1163:Missing or empty
1107:Los Angeles Times
993:(2 79): 359–387.
962:Elam, Stephanie.
876:978-1-55844-354-9
422:(6455): 761–763.
381:(2n03): 1850011.
182:Los Angeles Times
2858:
2811:
2810:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2739:Paleoclimatology
2556:
2545:
2306:Ecological grief
2289:Climate movement
2264:
2250:
2230:Plant-based diet
2121:Renewable energy
1999:
1986:
1821:Economic impacts
1753:Invasive species
1609:Coastal flooding
1559:
1546:
1482:Svante Arrhenius
1458:
1428:from agriculture
1418:Carbon footprint
1403:Greenhouse gases
1352:
1339:
1291:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1202:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1058:. Archived from
1052:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
978:
972:
971:
959:
953:
947:
941:
940:
928:
922:
921:
919:
895:
889:
888:
860:
854:
853:
833:
827:
826:
824:
815:(146): 101–110.
800:
794:
791:
785:
784:
782:
758:
752:
751:
741:
717:
706:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
683:. Archived from
672:
666:
663:
657:
656:
641:
635:
634:
598:
592:
591:
589:
557:
551:
550:
540:
515:(10): eaax8995.
509:Science Advances
500:
491:
490:
488:
456:
450:
449:
439:
407:
401:
400:
390:
366:
360:
356:
350:
347:
341:
340:
330:
306:
279:
103:coastal defences
56:coastal flooding
2866:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2836:Managed retreat
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2772:
2770:
2753:
2700:
2691:Orbital forcing
2585:
2550:
2531:
2505:Paris Agreement
2483:
2479:Warming stripes
2418:
2384:Managed retreat
2379:Loss and damage
2340:
2274:Business action
2258:
2236:
2213:
2136:
2130:
2087:
2048:Climate finance
1993:
1972:
1904:
1767:
1743:Extinction risk
1719:Flora and fauna
1714:
1675:Permafrost thaw
1670:Ozone depletion
1599:Extreme weather
1553:
1536:
1463:
1444:
1381:
1346:
1329:
1296:
1285:
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2559:Measurements
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2254:Society and
2138:carbon sinks
2043:Climate debt
2033:Carbon price
1855:Human rights
1690:Season creep
1648:heat content
1574:Anoxic event
1487:James Hansen
1199:. Retrieved
1188:The Guardian
1187:
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2629:Carbon sink
2607:atmospheric
2472:video games
2146:Blue carbon
1779:Agriculture
1758:Marine life
1705:Water cycle
1663:temperature
1398:Fossil fuel
224:(2001) and
124:Natura 2000
36:Politicians
2830:Categories
2661:Cryosphere
2622:permafrost
2394:Resilience
2346:Adaptation
2321:Litigation
2311:Governance
2256:adaptation
2038:Carbon tax
1991:Mitigation
1928:Antarctica
1816:Disability
1201:2021-10-30
1165:|url=
1066:2018-08-29
885:1078995484
321:(11): 92.
296:References
214:Tollesbury
111:salt marsh
74:adjustment
2676:Feedbacks
2447:Education
1948:Caribbean
1943:Australia
1870:Migration
1833:Fisheries
1784:Livestock
1710:Wildfires
1616:Heat wave
1196:0261-3077
1086:Bloomberg
910:(4): 97.
691:29 August
631:201716223
566:One Earth
397:169804224
337:2412-3811
32:community
2802:Glossary
2790:Category
2612:biologic
2326:Politics
2218:Personal
1923:Americas
1796:Children
1562:Physical
1355:Overview
1295:Overview
1238:Archived
1156:cite web
1111:Archived
547:31633030
446:31439787
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