Manchester Arndale

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evidence that "the development would be comparable with the best carried out in North America and Scandinavia". The scheme was to include seven public houses and a 200-bed hotel. An economist gave evidence that spending in central Manchester would double by 1981. The enquiry finished on 8 July 1968 and reported in early November 1969. The inspector approved the scheme, noting that the region north of Market Street needed redeveloping, and it was sensible to redevelop the frontage. Manchester corporation compulsorily purchased a further 8 acres (3 ha) of property in 1970 using money raised by selling land outside the city bought for

3775: 1088: 583: 407: 3757: 685:, Mayor of Manchester, commented, "I didn't think it would look like that when I saw the balsa wood models". The "unrepentant" architects responded that they had provided what they had been asked to provide. Kenneth Stone said in 1978, "We're not responsible for everything in there, but we're not sorry about the decisions we took as opposed to those which were forced upon us." The critics' opinion did not mellow with time, and the centre was described in 1991 as "aggressive externally". 827: 911: 734: 1137: 3781: 3769: 598: 40: 3763: 992: 794:'s strategic view that the county had too much retail capacity. From 1977 onwards the GMC consistently opposed further development, and would not support any before 1986. Trade increased in the early 1980s, though GMC policy against development and for retaining the relative importance of the retail centres remained. By the mid-1980s, the trend in retailing had moved from city centres to out-of-town. 514: 415: 753:, was published to mark European Architectural Heritage Year in 1975. The book describes the redevelopment of about 20 towns under the heading "scenes of rape" and uses the Arndale as an example of "brutal obliteration" undertaken by "the mind that seriously believes that the centre of Manchester should look like a futuristic vision or a barbaric new city borrowed from 922:(IRA) was blamed for the incidents, in which the devices were placed in soft furnishings during shopping hours. After the second attack, Christmas shopping continued much as normal the following day in the unaffected stores. An unnamed fireman noted, "What bugs me is if there's a big one planted there's a lot of glass around here, and a lot of people will be killed". 574:'s Sterling Guarantee Trust in April 1974 and a £25 million rights issue in 1975–6. Costs reached £46 million by 1976, of which £13 million came from the council. The final cost, described as "enormous" by Parkinson-Bailey, was £100 million, made up of £11.5 million for land, £44.5 million for the building, and £44 million for fitting out. 717:"If there is some street or old shop in the market square, dock factory or warehouse, barn or garden wall which you have passed often and take for granted, do not expect to see it there next week. Because it is not listed, because it is of 'no historical interest' the bulldozers will be in and part of your background will be gone forever" 1153:. The Food-Chain, opened as Voyagers in 1991, is an 800-seat food court situated on the second floor above the far south-west tip of the centre. It can be reached by an escalator encased in glass from Market Street, by a lift accessed from the outside of Boots, and from the first floor at the south-western tip of the centre close to 437:(1966) describe the area or any buildings in particular. Stewart is generally strong on Victorian architecture, and none of its 60 "principal buildings" were within the redevelopment area. Sharp et al. covered older and new buildings; of the many described over fifty are in the city centre but none were in the cleared area. 814:, broadly similar in size to the Arndale. By 1989, planning applications for almost five million square feet (460,000 square metres) of retail space in Greater Manchester were unresolved. A public enquiry (followed by action in the appeal court, and a case in the House of Lords) approved the Dumplington proposal (the 550:

1981. Display windows were forbidden on most of the external walls of the centre and were instead inside. The architects, developers, and city council did not communicate well. The architects realised that "the brief given ... would produce a very introverted building. And we said this would not be attractive".

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The bus station became Manchester's busiest, handling 30,000 passengers and 1,500 bus movements per day by 1991. It was unpopular with travellers, especially women. Described as "dirty and horrible", its poorly lit interior was identified by Taylor as inherently threatening and a "landscape of fear".

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The developers and the corporation did not allow the architects a free hand. The developers demanded a closed building with little natural light and rejected a more open, roof-lit design. The corporation insisted on a bus station, market, car parking, an underground railway station, and provision for

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that the area around Market Street was in need of redevelopment, and a plan was drawn up between 1942 and 1945 but no progress was made. The City Surveyor stated in 1962: "Manchester crystallised in its Victorian setting ... A new look for the city has been long overdue. ... Its unsightly

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The typical life span of a shopping centre is about 10–20 years, at which point the owners may do nothing, refurbish or demolish. In the Arndale, refurbishment began about six years after opening. Artificial lighting and undistinguishable malls, with multiple dead ends and no obvious circular route,

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buildings, was a branch of Boots. Market Street was bridged by a mall, Knightsbridge and later Voyager Bridge. The part between Market Street and Cannon Street was mostly two-storey and contained most of the anchor stores and access to the office block. Ground-level entrances were at the upper level

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The cost, estimated at £11½ million in the public enquiry in 1968, rose to £26 million by 1972, and to £30 million by 1974, forcing the formation of Manchester Mortgage Corporation, a partnership of Town & City, the Prudential Assurance Company, and Manchester Corporation. The joint company, run

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As a shopping centre Manchester Arndale was outstandingly successful, and the critics' opinions were not universally held – especially by its owners. By 1996 the Arndale was fully let, raised £20 m a year in rents, was the seventh busiest shopping area in the UK in terms of sales, and was

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lost large stores from their long-term sites and it was clear the area would suffer. Closures of shops and former textile warehouses comparable to those cleared for the Arndale meant the area quickly became run-down and in Bennison et al.'s eyes "almost fossilised". The area remained run down until

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mile (800 metres) in length, with access from Withy Grove. By taking advantage of the change in height, the architects hoped to solve the problem of persuading shoppers to use the upper shopping area. While the northern part had no anchor stores, the car park and bus station meant that foot traffic

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With the large-scale redevelopment of the centre since the 1996 bombing, it has a retail floorspace of 1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m), making it Europe's largest city-centre shopping mall, a record it has held continuously since construction apart from a brief spell during the northern

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decided to refurbish Knightsbridge (the bridge over Market Street) and double the rents. Work took place in 1990–1, and the most visible change was a £9 m food court (Voyagers) in an area not previously open to the public. The refurbishment was a success and increased the centre's popularity.

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described it in 1978 as "an awful warning against thinking too big in Britain's cities" and "so castle-like in its outer strength that any passing medieval army would automatically besiege it rather than shop in it". The underground railway scheme was abandoned by 1976 and the only deck access was

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to subsequent developments. Cannon Street was to be kept open with no shop frontages. Corporation Street and High Street were allowed shop fronts on the returns to Market Street. Market Street, a busy thoroughfare, had shop fronts as pedestrianisation was proposed, though this did not happen until

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Later descriptions are more complimentary. Spring (in 1979) wrote of "monstrosities that have ousted the city's grand heritage of nineteenth century commercial and industrial architecture—if the recently completed mammoth and distinctly lavatorial Arndale Centre is anything to go by". Hamilton (in

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In Autumn 2003, as the final stage of rebuilding the city centre after the bombing, the whole of the half of the centre north of Cannon Street was closed and demolished. Over the next two to three years, the northern half of the centre was completely rebuilt and extended. The first phase of the

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Arndale Property Trust was acquired by Town & City Properties in April 1968. A public enquiry into the development started on 18 June 1968, with a submission that the existing street pattern, while historic, was "hopelessly inadequate for modern requirements". The city planning officer gave

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The main cause of its poor reception was its external appearance. Most of the centre was covered by pre-cast concrete panels faced with ceramic tiles. The tiles, made by Shaw Hathernware, were a deep buff, variously described as "bile yellow", "putty and chocolate" (some parts were brown) and

963:. About 80,000 people were cleared from the area by police and store staff using procedures developed after an IRA bombing incident in 1992, assisted by outside staff experienced in crowd control drafted in to help with the football fans. The bomb exploded at 11:17, shortly after the army 619:

above them. At the High Street end was a two-floor market area. Cannon Street was bridged by a mall at the Corporation Street end and underpassed by a tunnel at the High Street end. There was a continuous pathway around the centre, but not at a single level. At the High Street end a

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Construction started in 1972 and the centre opened in stages, with the Arndale Tower and 60 shops opening in September 1976, followed by Knightsbridge Mall (the bridge over Market Street) in May 1977, the northern mall in October 1977, the market hall, Boots, and the bridge to the

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As part of the renovation, most of the tiles have been removed and replaced by sandstone and glass cladding. Manchester Arndale houses the largest Next store, with the largest glass store frontage in the UK, and also the largest Office Shoe store outside London as of April 2010.

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were inserted to allow in daylight and pot-plants introduced. To improve navigation and to tone down the appearance, the flooring of each area was given a distinct colour scheme, decorative ironwork was installed, and a fountain was placed at one corner and a double-floor height

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The southern half of the centre was also refurbished. Halle Square was modernised, including new skylights, but there is still a major difference in levels of natural light between the original malls and the northern extension, where the designers sought to maximise it.

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In all 1200 properties on 43 streets were affected. Marks and Spencer's and the adjacent Longridge House were condemned as unsafe within days, and were demolished. The Arndale's frontage on Corporation Street and the footbridge were structurally damaged. The

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by Manchester Corporation, raised £5 million on the stock market (a first for a company formed by a local authority), after the Prudential admitted it could not fully fund the project. Town & City came close to bankruptcy, forcing them into a reverse takeover of

497:. The Manchester Corporation Act 1965 was passed after the report and closed most of them. The Cinephone Cinema was the first in Manchester to show 'continental' X-rated films, mostly erotica. Second-hand bookstalls and what Lee described as "Manchester's very own 835:

meant that shoppers were, in Morris's words, "bewildered by its maze-like intensity". Parkinson-Bailey described the centre as "never the pleasantest place to shop in ... hot and stuffy". Criticisms were addressed in a half-million pound upgrade in which

289:. Arndale was unusual, though not unique, amongst property companies in being based outside London and specialising in retail property. Hagenbach invested more and was the quieter partner. Chippindale was blunt and outspoken but was able to persuade sceptical 864:

Other refurbishments took place in 1991–3, despite opposition from traders who objected to changes that might take the centre 'up-market'. The northern part of the centre saw little investment for years, and the market hall was seen as ripe for improvement.

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The Arndale Centre was always just the Arndale Centre. A palace of Perspex and people. A light extravaganza. ... a shopper's heaven on earth. In all its gargantuan glory I love it. Whether it is ugly or not is a purely subjective opinion. It is wonderful

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Manchester was traditionally the dominant retail centre of the conurbation and region, and Market Street was the main shopping street from about 1850. Manchester's position weakened during the 1960s as the range of goods available elsewhere increased.

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In the 1960s and 1970s, the desire to provide modern shopping facilities was prevalent among most councils in major cities, where the Victorian buildings could not accommodate the needs of modern retailers. Other examples from the period include the

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was formed, in part to discourage the wholesale demolition of unremarkable industrial buildings in the north of England. Several factors, including the property slump of 1974–6, changes to local government in 1974, and changes in the law after the

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Moran, Joe; Lucy Knight (12 March 2007). "The secrets of indoor shopping: the mall is back in town. No longer relegated to the suburbs, it is setting up shop again in our urban centres—the frontline in the great retail fightback against online".

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In the immediate aftermath of the bombing, the southern half of the centre was repaired and refurbished. The northern half was patched up, with buses originally stopping on Cannon Street itself before the bus station was eventually replaced by

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areas of mixed industrial, commercial and residential development need to be systematically unravelled and redeveloped on comprehensive lines. Only in this way can a city assume its proper place as a regional centre." The corporation used

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The GMC was abolished in 1986 and, in Stocks' terms, "applications for major shopping schemes began to slop over the unmanned dam". A consequence of pent-up applications was that the adjacent newly created authorities of Salford and

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2001) wrote that the area reflected Manchester's wealth and leadership in the middle of the 19th century, with buildings designed by leading UK architects. Moran (in 2006) called it a "maze of characterful streets".

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The presence of over one million square feet (90,000 square metres) of retail space distorted shopping patterns in Manchester city centre and many established retailers and retail districts struggled to adapt.

351:, which doubled local retail spend. In quantitative terms, while in 1961 Manchester's retail spend was 3.7 times that of the next biggest shopping area in the conurbation, by 1971 this had fallen to 2.8 times. 226: 330:, the form used in all three developments, and later that of the Arndale. Corporation planners added the land and buildings they owned to those acquired by Arndale to increase the size of the available plot. 614:

into Hallé Square, a full-height open space. These areas remained fundamentally unchanged in 2009. North of Cannon Street, the lower floor was occupied by the bus station, with the upper floor shops, and 60

5405: 375:, Withy Grove and High Street, was intended to be the UK's biggest single shopping centre. The only change to the boundaries (as of 2009) was in 1973 (i.e. before opening) onto the site of the former 3627: 326:. In the view of the surveyor, "These schemes have greatly improved the appearance of the central area of the City". The corporation's preferred development was a tower above a two or three-storey 4221: 505:

on Withy Grove was one of Manchester's oldest pubs, with a licence dating back to 1356; Redford claimed it to be "oldest licensed house in Great Britain", though this was probably not the case.

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and began making it safe. Nobody was killed, but over 200 people were injured, some seriously, mostly by flying glass, though one pregnant shopper was thrown in the air by the blast.

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from High Street and at the lower level from Corporation Street, taking advantage of a slope of about 24 feet (7 m). A centrally-placed entrance from Market Street entered via a

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in January 2006. Marks and Spencer, which was particularly badly damaged in the explosion, reopened in a separate building, linked to the main mall on the first floor by a glass

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City Architect, was responsible for the post-war redevelopment of Sheffield in the 1950s and 1960s including the city centre as well as extensive residential estates, notably

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was sited above the market centre and Cannon Street. In all there were 1,360 yards (1,240 m) of mall. Underneath the centre was a full-circuit full-height service road,

766:, in which developers corrupted politicians to expedite schemes against the wider public interest, acted against further developments of the size and type of the Arndale. 1210: 3341:

Manchester and its region: a survey prepared for the meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Manchester August 29 to September 5, 1962

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noted in 1996 that it had "long been regarded as one of Europe's ugliest shopping centres. ... the epitome of lousy modern architecture ... was hated". The

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The centre became a target for terrorists. Arson attacks in April 1991 were followed by firebombs in December 1991 which caused extensive damage to four stores. The

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In August 2015 the Arndale announced the launch of its first-ever Charity Star initiative, with the centre fundraising for a chosen charity for one whole year.

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store. This was followed by the second phase, known as 'New Cannon Street', which opened on 6 April 2006. Stores in this phase include a new flagship branch of

787:, completed in 1966, lost trade when the Arndale opened and was put up for sale for £10 m in the middle of 1979; as a shopping centre, it never recovered. 422:

The area was a patchwork of mostly Victorian buildings on a 17th and 18th century layout of streets, alleys, and courts. A map used for the 1961 meeting of the

1012:. Shortly after opening the large branch, the building was split into two independent shops. Half remained a branch of Marks and Spencer while the side facing 4851: 571: 5745: 5735: 5235: 5354: 4994: 2430: 1912:

Shapely, Peter (2010). "The entrepreneurial city: the role of local government and city-centre redevelopment in post-war industrial English cities".

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commented that while Arndales are "an asset to any town", this scheme "smacks of opportunism beyond the general interest of the city as a whole".

206:, England. It was constructed in phases between 1972 and 1979, at a cost of £100 million. Manchester Arndale is the largest of the chain of 3199: 67: 914:

The Corporation Street frontage of the Arndale after the 1996 bomb. The van was parked just beyond the footbridge, on the left side of the road.

5329: 4989: 1173:. The scheme was cancelled but a subterranean void was constructed beneath the centre to enable the future addition of an underground station. 1024:"northern extension", known as 'Exchange Court', opened on 20 October 2005. Exchange Court features Britain's flagship and the world's largest 5324: 5039: 4979: 4943: 4426: 3575: 3557: 3538: 3519: 3480: 3461: 3422: 3403: 3380: 3361: 3329: 3310: 2907: 2797: 2688: 2476: 2410: 2049: 1892: 1617: 1532: 1486: 293:

councils to accept the company's proposals, where London-based developers could not. Arndale bought property north of Market Street in 1952.

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department stores to which it is connected via a link bridge), making it Europe's third largest city-centre shopping mall. It is one of the

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By the late 1990s, the centre was no longer owned by the Arndale Property Trust. In the early 21st century the centre was jointly owned by

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had concentrated its three main retail areas into one, with the aim of eliminating the need for residents to travel to Manchester to shop.

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The Arndale Property Trust, formed in the early 1950s, took its name from its founders, Arnold Hagenbach and Sam Chippindale. Hagenbach, a

241: 4606: 4984: 4476: 486: 2277: 5301: 4969: 4361: 4341: 2452:

Chartres, John (16 August 1976). "Twelve pleasurable ways of getting to know 'England's second city' from a first-floor perspective".

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across Corporation Street to another Town & City development in the Shambles. At the official opening, one of its champions,

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On 7 September 2006, the third and final phase of the northern extension opened. The new Winter Garden features stores such as a new

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by day and could be used as a concert area by night if required. Beddington describes the results as "workmanlike but unromantic".

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In around 2021, the last part of the original Arndale and the adjacent Aleef News, was refurbished, to make way for two tenants,

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estimated that the final insurance payout was over £400 m, making it at the time the most expensive man-made disaster ever.

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Bennison, David; Gary Warnaby and Dominic Medway (2007). "The role of quarters in large city centres: a Mancunian case study".

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town centre had been cleared of cotton mills to improve its appearance, and a major through route had been closed to build the

1462:"Arnold Hagenbach: Entrepreneur whose Arndale shopping centres brought US-style modernity to postwar Britain's high streets". 5740: 5651: 5271: 4933: 4826: 4491: 4067: 1277: 952: 372: 4892: 3774: 5467: 5434: 4723: 4566: 4546: 3721: 1068: 1048: 948: 780: 1333: 5364: 4938: 4912: 4690: 3169: 1304: 1060: 258: 257:

by developers Town & City Properties, the successors to the Arndale Property Trust, with financial backing from the

60: 459:, which had offices in Cross Street, wrote in 1976 that Market Street had been "depressing and decaying" for 30 years. 5349: 5306: 5286: 5091: 4902: 4887: 4831: 4773: 4686: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4281: 3691: 1072: 638:

The interior of the centre originally featured a 9.45-metre-high (31 ft 0 in) sculpture by the Czech artist

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The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company and European Ferries Group PLC. A report on the merger situation

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took the 110,000 sq ft (10,000 m) (gross) extension in its entirety, their biggest store at the time.

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scheme. Royal Exchange station was planned to be built underneath Cross Street to serve both the Arndale and the

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in the middle of a fountain. It symbolised the economic history of Manchester and included a representation of a

348: 311: 250: 1087: 5676: 5671: 5291: 5066: 5061: 4922: 4877: 4738: 4511: 4461: 4336: 3905: 3244: 699:"vomit-coloured". They inspired the epithet "the longest lavatory wall in Europe" and variations. According to 611: 449:

predicted in 1971 that as "new buildings replace the existing dilapidated ones" the city centre would lose its

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Meikle, James; et al. (9 December 1991). "Store fire-bomb attacks prompt fear of mainland IRA campaign".

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Hamilton, Andy; et al. (2001). "Learning through visual systems to enhance the urban planning process".

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extraction, owned a chain of baker's shops and had invested in retail premises from 1939. Chippindale was an

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Stocks, Nigel (1989). "The Greater Manchester shopping inquiry. A case study of strategic retail planning".

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Cowton, Rodney (7 July 1987). "Special Report on P&O (1837 - 1987) (1): Royal salute to a long voyage".

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McRae, Hamish (7 July 1983). "There's no guarantee that P & O will fit in Sterling but you never know".

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Town & City changed its name to Sterling Guarantee Trust in 1983, and in February 1985 merged with the

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The centre has a retail floorspace of just under 1,400,000 sq ft (130,000 m) (not including

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Haywood, Russell (1998). "Mind the gap: Town planning and Manchester's local railway network: 1947–1996".

939:-long-ton (7.6-tonne) lorry containing a 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) bomb on Corporation Street between 605:

The centre was divided by Market Street and Cannon Street. South of Market Street, on the site of the old

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Clouston, Erlend; David Ward (9 December 1991). "Gritty Christmas shoppers brave fire and high water".

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Guide across Manchester: a tour of the city centre, including the principal streets and their buildings

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placed at another. The Arndale's own radio station, Centre Sound, was installed. Hallé Square housed a

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bookshop, and a new single-level unit for the Arndale Market. The completed mall provides a link from

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Sharratt, Tom; Duncan Campbell (6 April 1991). "Arson attacks on shops linked to rail station bag".

2105:"The architects have taken all the stick ... but there are answers to a lot of the questions". 5599: 5230: 4846: 4541: 3685: 1112: 563: 493:, run by "men of colour", where young men were fleeced of their money and young women trapped into 423: 377: 307: 154: 53: 3612: 1424: 826: 426:

shows shops fronting Market Street and Cross Street, with warehousing or office buildings behind.

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Interior of the footbridge linking the Arndale to Marks & Spencer across Corporation Street

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for 1976. The sculpture was later removed in 1987/88 during refurbishment works and discarded.

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Law, Christopher M (1986). "The uncertain future of the city centre: the case of Manchester".

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A backlash against comprehensive development was underway before the centre opened. Amery and

451: 222: 947:. The usual weekend population of shoppers was supplemented by football fans in town for the 695:

in 1997 called it "outstandingly ugly" and in 2000 "one of Britain's least-loved buildings".

5096: 5034: 5029: 4861: 4728: 4676: 4586: 4571: 4551: 4526: 4421: 4396: 4276: 4241: 4226: 3875: 3861: 3807: 3780: 3709: 3697: 3673: 3661: 3120: 3079: 2872: 2713: 2623: 2551: 2492:"A complex city of many centres with echoes of the Crystal Palace and the public lavatory". 2312: 2168: 1992: 1921: 1154: 852: 597: 438: 395: 302: 290: 3762: 1590:

Rodgers, Brian (1988). "The face of central Manchester: architecture in a Victorian city".

558:(over Corporation Street) in 1978, and the bus station off Cannon Street and anchor stores 445:

the town clerk, described the buildings as obsolescent in evidence to the public enquiry.

265:. The first phase opened in 1975. It was the largest Arndale Centre in the United Kingdom. 39: 5577: 5511: 5177: 5146: 5051: 4808: 4793: 4376: 4366: 4356: 4351: 4256: 3959: 3941: 3795: 3502: 3444: 1397:"Busiest year ever for Manchester Arndale Centre as 41 million pass through doors in 2012" 1206: 1166: 1025: 878: 815: 742: 704: 691: 662: 522: 340: 230: 199: 5383: 4391: 1056: 873:

Behold the ingenuities of civic pride: ugly we may be, but our ugly's bigger than yours.

17: 991: 5572: 5532: 4871: 4803: 4758: 4698: 4656: 4621: 4601: 4411: 4406: 4246: 3923: 3849: 3392: 3350: 3222:"Manchester charities: do YOU want a full year of fundraising from Manchester Arndale?" 1610:

Memories of Stockport: wonderfully nostalgic local pictures from the 1940s, 50s and 60s

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Wainwright, Martin (20 January 1990). "Arndale heritage: Obituary of Sam Chippindale".

1009: 956: 763: 498: 207: 5724: 5656: 5506: 5218: 5166: 4581: 4306: 4296: 4187: 4115: 3911: 3733: 3727: 2725: 2518:

Amery and Cruickshank (1975) pp. 12, 14; Parkinson-Bailey (2000) pp. 204–5.

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Freeman, T. W. (1962) "The Manchester conurbation", in Carter (1962) pp. 47–60.

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Farrelly, Paul (31 August 1997). "P & O set to sell Arndale Centre for £300M".

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Morris, Michael (8 August 1983). "City tries to draw back the satellite shoppers".

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Snowdon, Neal (4 September 2003). "Work begins to make a bigger, better Arndale".

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Hanson, Michael (23 April 1974). "Local authorities join in Partnership schemes".

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A 1965 version of the scheme, costed at £15 million and bounded by Market Street,

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Pagano, Margareta (7 July 1983). "Sterling to become P & O deputy chairman".

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Nicholas, R: "Planning the city of the future", in Carter (1962) pp. 254–62.

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In the early 1960s, the area had several establishments that made Manchester, in

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In the 1970s, plans to construct an underground railway station appeared in the

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The original yellow Arndale Tower, which remains part of the new Arndale complex

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in 1979. On opening, the centre contained 210 shops and over 200 market stalls.

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Sengupta, Kim (28 March 1997). "£411M cost after Manchester bomb sets record".

2159:

Raggett, B P (1984). "Principles of partnership schemes: Theory and practice".

414: 5666: 5634: 5591: 5488: 5081: 5045: 4798: 4591: 3965: 3801: 3644: 2876: 2717: 2627: 2555: 2316: 2172: 1150: 1017: 1005: 845: 483: 218: 203: 3161: 82: 69: 5643: 3715: 968: 616: 534: 344: 319: 310:

orders to speed redevelopment at the bomb-damaged Market Place (between the

274: 2371:

Wolffe, Richard (10 March 1997). "Radical remake in a tale of two cities".

1796:

Morris, Michael (3 November 1969). "Ministry approves city shopping plan".

1925: 5496: 5426: 4261: 1946:

Waterhouse, Robert (14 January 1976). "Citadel seeking instant success".

1814:

Morris, Michael (25 November 1970). "23-storey tower in £30M city plan".

1433: 1218: 1040: 980: 799: 647: 478:

where people listened to live and recorded music and which did not serve

210:

built across the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. It was redeveloped after the

1663:

Jenkins, Russell (2 November 1984). "A 'dirty old town' fighting back".

5454: 4441: 2584:

Bowman, Marion (12 December 1980). "The high street that dropped out".

1748:

Morris, Michael (19 June 1968). "Plans for 30-acre shopping precinct".

1214: 1029: 471: 441:, writing in 1969 when clearance was imminent, found nothing of note. 3703: 2386:

Jones, Sheila (3 August 2000). "Least-loved mall to be redeveloped".

2234:

Hanson, Michael (8 April 1976). "Britain's largest shopping centre".

2042:

Shake, Rattle and Rain: popular music making in Manchester, 1950-1995

2037: 1033: 841: 650: 467: 327: 3592: 1996: 925:

At about 09:20 on Saturday morning, 15 June 1996, two men parked a

4646: 3598: 2704:

Jewell, Nicholas (2001). "The fall and rise of the British mall".

1135: 1086: 990: 909: 825: 732: 596: 581: 526: 512: 413: 405: 286: 240: 943:

and the Arndale. At about 09:45, a coded warning was received by

489:

known as the "mod squad" described them as unsanitary, dimly-lit

482:

were effectively outside police control. A 1965 police report by

3550:

The enterprising city centre: Manchester's development challenge

3352:

The retail development process: location, property, and planning

2666:

Greater Manchester structure plan: alternative strategies report

1176:

Today the Manchester Arndale is served by three stations on the

1100: 5387: 3616: 184: 1359: 1357: 1091:

The most recent extension to the Arndale, which opened in 2006

1044: 2650:

Morris, Michael (21 July 1979). "Manchester Plaza for sale".

2616:

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management

2983:(3 August 1996). "The Arndale? Don't change a single tile". 1829:

Morris, Michael (23 July 1970). "Manchester property plan".

3322:

Shopping centres: retail development, design and management

1648:

Davenport, Peter (2 November 1984). "City of Manchester".

830:

The High Street in 2009. The original yellow tiles remain.

249:

The Manchester Arndale was built between 1971 and 1979 on

3512:

A tale of two cities: a study in Manchester and Sheffield

2950:

London, Simon (9 July 1996). "Shopping centres in lead".

2863:

Pugh, C (1992). "The refurbishment of shopping centres".

1149:

Like many large shopping malls, Manchester Arndale has a

2889:

Taylor, Evans, & Fraser (1996), pp. 120–1, 333.

1730:"Town & City Properties figures 9½ PC higher". 2679:

Fernie, John; Christopher Moore and Sue Fernie (2003).

1140:

Map of Metrolink tram stops near the Manchester Arndale

3146:

Smith, Rebecca (20 February 2003). "Sky's the limit".

2788:

Adams, David; Craig Watkins and Michael White (2005).

2403:

Structure and style: conserving 20th century buildings

2064:

Taylor, Evans, & Fraser (1996), pp. 124, 334.

418:

Withy Grove, looking west in 1967 before redevelopment

2044:. Ottery St. Mary: Hardinge Simpole. pp. 65–86. 1961:

Spring, Martin (1979). "Manchester Precinct Centre".

676:

The final building was considered excessively large.

2186:

Davis, John (7 April 1974). "Triumph for Sterling".

1887:. The buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1715:"£30m project for Manchester Central station site". 1267:

NCP (Manchester) Limited is a joint venture between

318:—the development has since been demolished), at the 5685: 5642: 5633: 5590: 5525: 5487: 5476: 5453: 5425: 5259: 5201: 5129: 5008: 4957: 4817: 4685: 4203: 3788: 3652: 3605:

Capital Shopping Centres (CSC) - Manchester Arndale

455:image, and become "very attractive" to retailers. 179: 171: 163: 153: 142: 134: 124: 116: 98: 59: 49: 3510:Taylor, Ian; Karen Evans and Penny Fraser (1996). 3391: 3349: 2922:Taylor, Evans, & Fraser (1996), p. 110–1. 1423: 1103:until June 2020, when the bankrupt Intu went into 301:The city council recognised before the end of the 229:, with 41 million visitors annually, ahead of the 3192:"Place North West | Intu appoints administrators" 2360:. Vol. 341, no. 7989. 1996. p. 69. 661:. Belsky originally intended it to function as a 3162:"Manchester Arndale Shopping Centre, Manchester" 2343:Beddington (1991), pp. 39, 40, 46–7, 163–5. 2119:Parkinson-Bailey (2000), pp. 194–5, 209–12. 853:Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company 790:Stocks argues that these factors lay behind the 2509:: in Amery & Cruickshank (1975), p. 7. 2424: 2422: 1985:Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 871: 715: 665:but this idea was abandoned by the developers. 635:passed through the area, avoiding quiet spots. 381:offices on the opposite side of Market Street. 4704:1830 warehouse, Liverpool Road railway station 3050: 3048: 2828:The monopolies and mergers commission (1986). 2790:Planning, public policy & property markets 2569:Ward, David (16 October 1978). "Sales pitch". 2282:. Liverpool University Press. pp. 155–6. 5399: 3628: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2087:. Vol. 1. London: Longmans. p. 100. 2085:The history of local government in Manchester 1111:redevelopment when the title was held by the 8: 3473:City of revolution: restructuring Manchester 2405:. London: E. & F. N. Spon. p. 184. 646:. Installed in 1977, it stood on a polished 32: 3475:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3456:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 3042:Lester & Panter (2006), pp. 10–15. 1978: 1976: 886:visited by 750,000 people a week. The poet 601:A 1977 photo of the interior of the Arndale 5639: 5484: 5406: 5392: 5384: 3635: 3621: 3613: 3413:Lester, Sarah; Steve Panter (eds) (2006). 3343:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 1809: 1807: 1761: 1759: 1743: 1741: 410:Market Street, looking west (date unknown) 159:1,300,000 sq ft (120,000 m) 31: 3601:home page for Manchester Arndale's Market 2537: 2535: 2533: 2261:Wilson, Hugh; Lewis Womersley (c. 1972). 2256: 2254: 1518: 1516: 806:" over competing out-of-town schemes, at 2755: 2753: 2738:Parkinson-Bailey (2000), pp. 272–3. 1872:. Architecture North West. Vol. 19. 474:as the "fun city of Europe". Unlicensed 3417:. Manchester: Manchester Evening News. 3339:Carter, Charles Frederick, ed. (1962). 2351: 2349: 2265:. Manchester: University of Manchester. 1327: 1325: 1230: 1157:and the first-floor entrance to Boots. 757:". In the same year the pressure group 3498: 3488: 3471:Peck, Jamie; Kevin Ward (eds) (2002). 3440: 3430: 3301:Amery, Colin; Dan Cruickshank (1975). 3243:Brook, Richard; Dodge, Martin (2012). 2279:Public Sculpture of Greater Manchester 2229: 2227: 2032: 2030: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1700:"£15M plan for centre of Manchester". 1676: 1674: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1527:. Manchester: North West Civic Trust. 1436:from the original on 11 December 2022. 175:1450 spaces, NCP (Manchester) Limited. 27:Shopping centre in Manchester, England 4140:Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 3 4026:Affinity Living Circle Square Tower 2 3529:Taylor, Simon; Julian Holder (2008). 2759:Parkinson-Bailey (2000), p. 211. 2640:Taylor & Holder (2008), pp 69–71. 2248:Parkinson-Bailey (2000), p. 210. 2073:Parkinson-Bailey (2000), p. 209. 1580:Parkinson-Bailey (2000), p. 203. 1523:Atkins, Philip; Paul Daniels (1987). 501:" had opened by the early 1970s. The 7: 3454:Manchester: an architectural history 3324:. London: Butterworth Architecture. 2429:Jacobson, Howard (3 December 1999). 1766:"Plan to develop city centre area". 1133:. The yellow tiles remain untouched. 521:The architects were Hugh Wilson and 3172:from the original on 14 August 2021 2668:. Greater Manchester Council. 1977. 1612:. Halifax: True North Books. 1996. 1422:Bounds, Andrew (28 December 2010). 707:, the paper's political columnist. 5746:Shopping malls established in 1975 5374:denote building under construction 3570:. London: RIBA Enterprises. 2004. 3121:"Revamped Arndale opens to public" 3080:"£28m transport interchange opens" 2902:. London: RIBA Enterprises. 2004. 2471:. London: Doubleday. p. 106. 2276:Wyke, Terry; Cocks, Harry (2004). 1868:Sharp, Denis; et al. (1966). 671:Royal British Society of Sculptors 227:largest shopping centres in the UK 25: 5736:Tourist attractions in Manchester 3452:Parkinson-Bailey, John J (2000). 3272:"Manchester Arndale - Manchester" 1914:Twentieth Century British History 920:Provisional Irish Republican Army 859:), also run by Jeffrey Sterling. 792:Greater Manchester County Council 433:(1956) nor Sharp et al.'s survey 5538:Clarendon Square Shopping Centre 3984:Manchester Business School Hotel 3826:Manchester Town Hall Clock Tower 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3202:from the original on 24 May 2021 2940:Williams (2003), pp. 172–4. 959:, due to be staged on Sunday at 703:, the description was coined by 245:The Arndale from Exchange Square 38: 5178:Manchester City Academy Stadium 5082:Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre 4437:John Rylands University Library 1425:"Tills ring at Trafford Centre" 1192:, which is also a bus station. 818:). Construction began in 1995. 525:. Their work together included 5731:Shopping centres in Manchester 5652:Clayton Square Shopping Centre 4827:British Muslim Heritage Centre 3398:. Clear Publications Limited. 3054:Williams (2003), p. 86–8. 2837:. London: HMSO. Archived from 2129:"£100m new look for Arndale". 1365:"Manchester Arndale, The Mall" 1332:Frame, Don (20 October 2005). 1303:Christopher Middleton (2001). 402:Pre-1971 streets and buildings 285:and former civil servant from 1: 5468:Portland Walk Shopping Centre 5435:Cheshire Oaks Designer Outlet 4056:Hotel and MSCP, Circle Square 3936:The Slate Yard Flint Building 3722:Affinity Living Circle Square 3654:Skyscrapers (over 100 metres) 3533:. Swindon: English Heritage. 3531:Manchester's Northern Quarter 3394:Detonation: rebirth of a city 2931:Williams (2003), p. 127. 1781:"Attracting spending power". 669:was awarded the Medal of the 531:Manchester Education Precinct 233:, which attracts 35 million. 4779:McConnel & Kennedy Mills 4492:Minshull Street Crown Courts 4044:Landmark, St. Peter's Square 3710:Deansgate Square North Tower 3662:Deansgate Square South Tower 3643:Buildings and structures in 3568:Manchester: shaping the city 2900:Manchester: shaping the city 2769:"Arndale centre improving". 2544:Journal of Property Research 2161:Journal of Property Research 1633:"A big gamble for revival". 1243:Manchester Arndale web pages 1071:, and from Market Street to 593:in the Arndale Centre (1977) 259:Prudential Assurance Company 5620:St George's Shopping Centre 5239:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 4888:Manchester Reform Synagogue 4502:National Graphene Institute 4497:Science and Industry Museum 3789:High-rises (over 50 metres) 3698:Deansgate Square West Tower 3674:Deansgate Square East Tower 3320:Beddington, Nadine (1991). 3252:. CUBE Gallery. p. 134 2747:Guy (1994), pp. 187–8. 2706:The Journal of Architecture 1334:"Revealed: The new Arndale" 1211:out of town shopping centre 517:The area before development 104:; 49 years ago 5762: 5698:New Strand Shopping Centre 5625:Swan Court Shopping Arcade 5610:Houndshill Shopping Centre 5605:Fishergate Shopping Centre 5173:City of Manchester Stadium 4427:Institute of Biotechnology 4122:Vita Circle Square Tower 1 3753: 3548:Williams, Gwyndaf (2003). 2401:Stratton, Michael (1996). 2263:Arndale Centre, Manchester 1910:(October 1971). Cited in: 1883:Pevsner, Nikolaus (1969). 1370:. May 2008. Archived from 903: 779:it was revitalised as the 389:Town & City Properties 135:No. of stores and services 5553:Merseyway Shopping Centre 5440:Grosvenor Shopping Centre 5315: 5277:Corporation Street Bridge 5188:National Speedway Stadium 5183:Manchester Regional Arena 4944:Upper Brook Street Chapel 4867:Holy Trinity Platt Church 4577:Sackville Street Building 3599:Manchester Arndale Market 3593:Manchester Arndale Centre 2877:10.1108/02637479210030213 2718:10.1080/13602360110071450 2683:. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2628:10.1108/09590550710758612 2556:10.1080/02640828908723973 2527:Guy (1994), pp. 83–6 2469:Notes from a small island 2317:10.1080/09654319808720454 2305:European Planning Studies 2173:10.1080/02640828408723871 2040:(2002). "The axe falls". 1562:"Arndale in Manchester". 1477:Marriott, Oliver (1967). 683:Dame Kathleen Ollerenshaw 349:Merseyway Shopping Centre 37: 18:Manchester Arndale Centre 5707:Pyramids Shopping Centre 5677:St Johns Shopping Centre 5672:New Mersey Shopping Park 5202:Memorials and sculptures 5067:Great Northern Warehouse 4462:London Road Fire Station 4086:Ramada Renaissance Hotel 3954:Cambridge Street Block B 3906:The Principal Manchester 3832:Cambridge Street Block A 3348:Guy, Clifford M (1994). 2329:Parkinson-Bailey (2000). 2083:Redford, Arthur (1939). 1857:. London: Edward Arnold. 1855:The Stones of Manchester 470:description, a rival to 431:The Stones of Manchester 5703:Prescot Shopping Centre 5662:Liverpool Shopping Park 5568:Salford Shopping Centre 5152:National Cycling Centre 4820:(Grade I or II* listed) 4532:People's History Museum 4232:38 and 42 Mosley Street 4152:The Stile, Angel Meadow 4080:Cornbrook Works Tower 1 3148:Manchester Evening News 3107:Manchester Evening News 2985:Manchester Evening News 2681:Principles of Retailing 2131:Manchester Evening News 1853:Stewart, Cecil (1956). 1401:Manchester Evening News 1339:Manchester Evening News 1273:Manchester City Council 1202:Lists of shopping malls 906:1996 Manchester bombing 802:found themselves in a " 759:Save Britain's Heritage 509:Design and construction 212:1996 Manchester bombing 155:Total retail floor area 5250:Victory Over Blindness 5193:National Squash Centre 5116:Royal Exchange Theatre 4995:Piccadilly bus station 4898:St Chrysostom's Church 4672:Wythenshawe Bus Garage 4597:Smithfield Market Hall 4522:One Piccadilly Gardens 4467:Manchester Art Gallery 4362:Former Bank of England 4098:Royal Exchange Theatre 4068:Minshull Street Courts 3888:The Gate, Angel Meadow 3375:. Derby: Derby Books. 1141: 1092: 1008:which was designed by 996: 915: 897: 875: 831: 738: 719: 602: 594: 518: 419: 411: 269:Arndale Property Trust 263:Manchester Corporation 255:Manchester city centre 246: 167:3 (21 in Office Tower) 120:Arndale Property Trust 5741:History of Manchester 5445:Runcorn Shopping City 5297:Store Street Aqueduct 5287:Irwell Railway bridge 5000:Shudehill Interchange 4754:Dale Street Warehouse 4662:Whitworth Art Gallery 4607:Saint Mary's Hospital 4038:Two St Peter's Square 4032:One St Peter's Square 4002:3 Leftbank Apartments 3996:2 Leftbank Apartments 3514:. London: Routledge. 3373:Rebuilding Manchester 3371:Kellie, Euan (2010). 3356:. London: Routledge. 2792:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2467:Bryson, Bill (1993). 1683:Manchester Geographer 1592:Manchester Geographer 1190:Shudehill Interchange 1139: 1090: 1002:Shudehill Interchange 994: 913: 904:Further information: 892: 829: 749:, with a foreword by 736: 659:Manchester Ship Canal 622:multi-storey car park 600: 585: 516: 417: 409: 357:Bull Ring, Birmingham 244: 5209:Alan Turing Memorial 4929:Church of St Michael 4883:Manchester Cathedral 4477:Mechanics' Institute 4432:John Rylands Library 4267:Alan Turing Building 4210:or Grade II* listed) 4194:Parkway Gate Block 2 4146:No. 1 Marsden Street 4092:Parkway Gate Block 1 3990:St James's Buildings 3870:Great Northern Tower 3844:Civil Justice Centre 1870:Manchester Buildings 1178:Manchester Metrolink 443:H. W. D. Sculthorpe, 435:Manchester Buildings 83:53.48333°N 2.24139°W 5600:Affinity Lancashire 4990:Oxford Road station 4874:(Church of St Mary) 4847:Cross Street Chapel 4769:Jackson's Warehouse 4377:Old Granada Studios 3918:Albert Bridge House 3882:3 St Peter's Square 3746:Bridgewater Heights 3415:The Manchester bomb 3303:The rape of Britain 2865:Property Management 2496:. 10 November 1981. 2441:on 25 October 2012. 1926:10.1093/tcbh/hwq049 1481:. Hamish Hamilton. 1249:on 17 December 2008 1113:Birmingham Bullring 1097:M&G Real Estate 1083:Recent developments 1016:became a branch of 941:Marks & Spencer 783:in the late 1990s. 747:The Rape of Britain 727:The Rape of Britain 564:British Home Stores 424:British Association 378:Manchester Guardian 308:compulsory purchase 297:Redevelopment plans 129:M&G Real Estate 79: / 54:Manchester, England 34: 5615:The Mall Blackburn 5502:Manchester Arndale 5419:North West England 5272:Blackfriars Bridge 5225:The Glade of Light 5121:Victoria Warehouse 5102:Manchester Academy 4980:Piccadilly station 4965:Manchester Airport 4903:Church of St Cross 4852:Holy Name of Jesus 4837:Castlefield Chapel 4744:Chorlton New Mills 4667:Whitworth Building 4567:Royal Eye Hospital 4517:Old Wellington Inn 4447:Lawrence Buildings 4382:The Green Building 4237:46–48 Brown Street 4008:3 Piccadilly Place 3900:Victoria Residence 3814:River Street Tower 3501:has generic name ( 3443:has generic name ( 3390:King, Ray (2006). 2844:on 4 February 2009 2109:. 16 October 1978. 1719:. 18 January 1973. 1704:. 14 January 1965. 1637:. 2 November 1984. 1570:(3): 138–42. 1974. 1284:on 7 February 2009 1269:National Car Parks 1142: 1093: 997: 916: 832: 804:prisoner's dilemma 739: 603: 595: 519: 429:Neither Stewart's 420: 412: 373:Corporation Street 247: 196:Manchester Arndale 88:53.48333; -2.24139 33:Manchester Arndale 5718: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5586: 5585: 5381: 5380: 5282:Hulme Arch Bridge 5244:Peacock Mausoleum 5142:Belle Vue Stadium 4975:Deansgate station 4857:Edgar Wood Centre 4832:Brookfield Church 4724:Bridgewater House 4547:Playhouse Theatre 4507:Nicholls Building 4472:Manchester Museum 4347:Dalton-Ellis Hall 4317:Chetham's Library 4252:84 Plymouth Grove 4204:Notable low-rises 4182:New Century House 4104:1 New York Street 3577:978-1-85946-157-0 3559:978-0-415-25262-1 3540:978-1-873592-84-7 3521:978-0-415-13829-1 3482:978-0-7190-5888-2 3463:978-0-7190-5606-2 3424:978-0-9549042-7-2 3405:978-0-9552621-0-4 3382:978-1-85983-786-3 3363:978-0-415-07504-6 3331:978-0-7506-1213-5 3312:978-0-236-30943-6 3166:Completely Retail 3127:. 19 October 2005 3086:. 28 January 2006 2909:978-1-85946-157-0 2799:978-1-4051-2430-0 2690:978-0-7506-4703-8 2478:978-0-385-60073-6 2412:978-0-419-21740-4 2356:"Silver lining". 2051:978-1-84382-048-2 1894:978-0-14-071036-6 1619:978-1-900463-55-3 1564:Built Environment 1534:978-0-901347-38-1 1488:978-0-241-91325-3 1479:The property boom 1377:on 6 October 2007 1053:Virgin Megastores 768:Built Environment 452:Coronation Street 396:overspill housing 223:Marks and Spencer 193: 192: 185:manchesterarndale 16:(Redirected from 5753: 5640: 5485: 5415:Shopping centres 5408: 5401: 5394: 5385: 5375: 5340:Grade II* listed 5097:Manchester Arena 5035:Castlefield Bowl 5030:Bridgewater Hall 4985:Victoria station 4862:Gorton Monastery 4749:Churchgate House 4729:Brownsfield Mill 4677:Wythenshawe Hall 4642:Transport Museum 4587:Ship Canal House 4572:Rylands Building 4552:Redfern Building 4527:Pankhurst Centre 4422:Hulme Hippodrome 4397:Hanover Building 4277:Ancoats Hospital 4242:50 Newton Street 4227:25 St Ann Street 4110:St James's House 3978:One Castle Wharf 3966:Owens Park Tower 3876:One Angel Square 3862:3 Hardman Street 3808:1 Spinningfields 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3614: 3581: 3563: 3552:. London: Spon. 3544: 3525: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3467: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3436: 3428: 3409: 3397: 3386: 3367: 3355: 3344: 3335: 3316: 3305:. London: Elek. 3287: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3276:Visit Manchester 3268: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3251: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3198:. 26 June 2020. 3196:Place North West 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3061: 3055: 3052: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3025: 3019: 3018: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2896: 2890: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2777:(7372): 8. 1984. 2766: 2760: 2757: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2676: 2670: 2669: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2539: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2449: 2443: 2442: 2437:. Archived from 2426: 2417: 2416: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2344: 2341: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2258: 2249: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2133:. 2 August 2000. 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2089: 2088: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2065: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2034: 2025: 2024: 2015: 2009: 2008: 1980: 1971: 1970: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1930: 1929: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1844: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1745: 1736: 1735: 1734:. 2 August 1968. 1727: 1721: 1720: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1678: 1669: 1668: 1665:The Times Friday 1660: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1639: 1638: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1587: 1581: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1559: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1520: 1511: 1510: 1509:. 6 August 1999. 1503:"Arndale Action" 1499: 1493: 1492: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1427: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1403:. 3 January 2013 1393: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1376: 1369: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1349: 1347: 1329: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1291: 1289: 1280:. Archived from 1265: 1259: 1258: 1256: 1254: 1245:. Archived from 1235: 1069:Northern Quarter 938: 937: 933: 930: 900:1996 IRA bombing 881: 862: 858: 785:Piccadilly Plaza 781:Northern Quarter 729: 633: 632: 628: 572:Jeffrey Sterling 533:. Womersley, as 444: 303:Second World War 189: 186: 112: 110: 105: 94: 93: 91: 90: 89: 84: 80: 77: 76: 75: 72: 42: 35: 21: 5761: 5760: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5710: 5681: 5629: 5582: 5578:Trafford Centre 5521: 5512:Manchester Fort 5479: 5472: 5449: 5421: 5412: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5345:Grade II listed 5311: 5307:Victoria Bridge 5292:Palatine Bridge 5255: 5214:Albert Memorial 5197: 5147:Broadhurst Park 5137:Aquatics Centre 5125: 5110: 5052:Contact Theatre 5019: 5004: 4970:Airport station 4953: 4819: 4813: 4809:Watts Warehouse 4794:Piccadilly Mill 4774:Lancaster House 4681: 4542:Portico Library 4367:Free Trade Hall 4357:Estate Exchange 4352:Didsbury Campus 4312:Central Library 4282:Arkwright House 4257:100 King Street 4222:1–3 York Street 4205: 4199: 4050:2 Circle Square 3960:No. 1 Deansgate 3942:Skyline Central 3930:Islington Wharf 3894:The Light House 3856:1 Circle Square 3796:Artisan Heights 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3751: 3692:Elizabeth Tower 3648: 3641: 3610: 3589: 3584: 3578: 3566: 3560: 3547: 3541: 3528: 3522: 3509: 3497: 3487: 3483: 3470: 3464: 3451: 3439: 3429: 3425: 3412: 3406: 3389: 3383: 3370: 3364: 3347: 3338: 3332: 3319: 3313: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3290: 3280: 3278: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3241: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3205: 3203: 3190: 3189: 3185: 3175: 3173: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3128: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3073: 3066:The Independent 3063: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3027: 3026: 3022: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2952:Financial Times 2949: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2884: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2733: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2635: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2567: 2563: 2541: 2540: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2479: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2435:The Independent 2431:"My Manchester" 2428: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2388:Financial Times 2385: 2384: 2380: 2373:Financial Times 2370: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2354: 2347: 2342: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2232: 2225: 2215: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2143: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2103: 2092: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2052: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2017: 2016: 2012: 1982: 1981: 1974: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1944: 1933: 1911: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1770:. 10 July 1969. 1765: 1764: 1757: 1747: 1746: 1739: 1729: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1589: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1561: 1560: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1535: 1522: 1521: 1514: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1466:. 8 April 2005. 1461: 1460: 1456: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1430:Financial Times 1421: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1367: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1345: 1343: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1313: 1311: 1305:"Centre shifts" 1302: 1301: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1276: 1266: 1262: 1252: 1250: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1209:— Manchester's 1207:Trafford Centre 1198: 1186:Exchange Square 1167:Picc-Vic tunnel 1163: 1147: 1085: 1061:Exchange Square 989: 935: 931: 928: 926: 908: 902: 883: 879:Howard Jacobson 877: 860: 856: 824: 816:Trafford Centre 743:Dan Cruickshank 731: 721: 713: 705:Norman Shrapnel 692:Financial Times 663:water sculpture 630: 626: 625: 580: 527:Hulme Crescents 523:J. L. Womersley 511: 442: 404: 391: 369: 336: 299: 271: 239: 231:Trafford Centre 208:Arndale Centres 200:shopping centre 183: 108: 106: 103: 87: 85: 81: 78: 73: 70: 68: 66: 65: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5759: 5757: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5637: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5573:Swinton Square 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5533:Ashton Arcades 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5517:Royal Exchange 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5482: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5396: 5388: 5379: 5378: 5368: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5335:Grade I listed 5332: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5302:Trinity Bridge 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5256: 5254: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5237:Rise up, Women 5233: 5228: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5092:The Printworks 5089: 5084: 5079: 5077:Palace Theatre 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Arndale Centre 5022: 5017: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5003: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4961: 4959: 4958:Transportation 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4872:The Hidden Gem 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4804:Shudehill Mill 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4784:Murrays' Mills 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4759:Havelock Mills 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4734:Brunswick Mill 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4699:107 Piccadilly 4695: 4693: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4657:Victoria Baths 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4622:Sunlight House 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4602:St Anselm Hall 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4412:Hough End Hall 4409: 4407:Holyoake House 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4247:53 King Street 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4176:Kampus Tower 3 4173: 4167: 4164:Oxygen Tower 2 4161: 4158:82 King Street 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4134:Kampus Tower 2 4131: 4128:Kampus Tower 1 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4014:Chancery Place 4011: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3972:Brooklyn Hotel 3969: 3963: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3924:111 Piccadilly 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3866: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3850:Manchester One 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3792: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3608: 3607: 3602: 3596: 3588: 3587:External links 3585: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3564: 3558: 3545: 3539: 3526: 3520: 3507: 3499:|author2= 3481: 3468: 3462: 3449: 3441:|author2= 3423: 3410: 3404: 3387: 3381: 3368: 3362: 3345: 3336: 3330: 3317: 3311: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3289: 3288: 3263: 3235: 3213: 3183: 3153: 3138: 3112: 3097: 3071: 3056: 3044: 3035: 3020: 3005: 2990: 2972: 2957: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2908: 2891: 2882: 2855: 2820: 2805: 2798: 2780: 2761: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2712:(4): 317–378. 2696: 2689: 2671: 2657: 2642: 2633: 2622:(8): 626–638. 2606: 2591: 2576: 2561: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2507:Betjeman, John 2499: 2484: 2477: 2459: 2444: 2418: 2411: 2393: 2378: 2363: 2345: 2331: 2322: 2311:(2): 187–210. 2295: 2288: 2268: 2250: 2241: 2223: 2208: 2193: 2178: 2151: 2136: 2121: 2112: 2090: 2075: 2066: 2057: 2050: 2026: 2010: 1997:10.1068/b2747t 1972: 1953: 1931: 1900: 1893: 1875: 1860: 1845: 1836: 1821: 1803: 1788: 1785:. 3 July 1968. 1773: 1755: 1737: 1722: 1707: 1692: 1670: 1655: 1640: 1625: 1618: 1601: 1582: 1573: 1549: 1540: 1533: 1512: 1494: 1487: 1469: 1454: 1439: 1414: 1388: 1353: 1321: 1295: 1260: 1239:"Getting here" 1229: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1204: 1197: 1194: 1171:Royal Exchange 1162: 1159: 1146: 1143: 1105:administration 1084: 1081: 1073:The Printworks 1010:Stephen Hodder 988: 985: 957:UEFA Euro 1996 901: 898: 870: 823: 820: 764:Poulson affair 714: 712: 709: 579: 576: 510: 507: 499:Carnaby Street 403: 400: 390: 387: 368: 365: 361:Merrion Centre 335: 332: 316:Royal Exchange 298: 295: 270: 267: 238: 235: 191: 190: 181: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 165: 161: 160: 157: 151: 150: 147: 145:anchor tenants 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 100: 96: 95: 63: 57: 56: 51: 47: 46: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5758: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5657:Liverpool One 5655: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5543:The Galleries 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507:Barton Arcade 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5404: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5390: 5389: 5386: 5376: 5373: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:Albert Bridge 5265: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5219:B of the Bang 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5167:Etihad Campus 5164: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5130:Sports venues 5128: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009:Entertainment 5007: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878:Jewish Museum 4876: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4842:Christ Church 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4627:Theatre Royal 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4582:Sharston Hall 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4537:Police Museum 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4487:Midland Hotel 4485: 4483: 4482:Memorial Hall 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4457:Lincoln House 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4372:Gateway House 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4342:Daily Express 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4332:Corn Exchange 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Barton Arcade 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4297:Bank Chambers 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 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P. 1885:Lancashire 1314:24 October 1278:"About us" 1271:(NCP) and 1225:References 1213:in nearby 1151:food court 1145:Food court 1101:Intu Group 1043:(formerly 1018:Selfridges 1006:footbridge 965:bomb squad 945:Granada TV 855:(known as 846:food court 578:Early days 324:Piccadilly 219:Selfridges 204:Manchester 71:53°29′00″N 5686:Elsewhere 5644:Liverpool 5526:Elsewhere 5355:Monuments 5160:Velodrome 5156:BMX Arena 4908:St George 4818:Religious 4562:Rose Hill 4287:Athenaeum 3716:CIS Tower 3680:The Blade 3647:, England 3595:home page 3491:cite book 3433:cite book 3281:12 August 2726:144732171 2454:The Times 2218:The Times 2146:The Times 1969:(26): 21. 1732:The Times 1717:The Times 1702:The Times 1650:The Times 1635:The Times 1464:The Times 1407:3 January 1381:10 August 1161:Transport 969:Liverpool 955:match of 861:P & O 857:P & O 657:from the 642:entitled 612:mezzanine 539:Park Hill 535:Sheffield 491:drug dens 363:, Leeds. 345:Stockport 322:, and at 117:Developer 74:2°14′29″W 5497:Afflecks 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