363:(Thomas John Evans). On trial Wroe was found guilty on two specimen charges, all the other charges against him, against his wife and his brothers being allowed to lie, provided the publication of libels ceased. On one charge he was sentenced to six months imprisonment and fined £100; on the other he was given a further six months, and bound over to keep the peace for two years, to give a surety of £200 and to find two other sureties of £50 each. The specimen charges related not to anything in the
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each, they sold out each print run for 14 weeks, having a large national circulation. Saxton, having been on the hustings with Hunt, was arrested and imprisoned. He stood trial with Hunt at York
Assizes, but his defence that he was present as a reporter, not as a participant in the meeting, let alone
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had been emptied of patients, including one whose leg had been amputated the previous day, before the massacre to prepare to receive the wounded, and that all the surgeons had been summoned to attend on 16th. This was held to be evidence that "something was previously arranged". The Board of the
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in
Suffolk, which by the early 19th century had almost completely disappeared into the sea.) or "closed boroughs" (with more voters, but dependent on a local magnate). More than half of all MPs were elected by boroughs under the control of a total of just 154 proprietors who therefore had a
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to speak at a public meeting in
Manchester, about the national agenda of Parliamentary reform, and the local agenda to gain two MPs for Manchester and one for Salford. To avoid the police or courts banning the meeting, PUS stated on all its materials as did the
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The sentences were said to have been reduced because of the distressed state of the Wroes: his successor Evans was subsequently (June 1821) convicted on one charge of seditious libel (and one of libel on a private individual) by the
381:, imprisoned for eighteen months and bound over for three years in the sum of £400, two other sureties of £200 to be found. By then the 11 members of the first Little Circle excluding William Cowdroy Jnr. of the
211:. It pioneered a popularist form of articles, with an editorialship agenda aimed at the growing literate working-class. Within twelve months it was selling 4,000 copies per week to its local audience.
417:, combining principles of complete independence, and zealous attachment to the cause of reform, with active and spirited management, is a journal in every way worthy of your confidence and support.
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250:. When found guilty, particularly for writing articles critical of Parliament's structure, they were often jailed. This, however, only managed to raise circulation.
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158:(in which all the above other than Stockport lay) was represented by two members of parliament (MPs), with voting restricted to the adult male owners of
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was temporarily suspended in
February 1820, when Wroe relinquished ownership of the copyright, but resumed under the last proprietor of the
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Its style resulted in sales outside its core geography, and by late 1819 it was being sold in most of the booming industrialised cities—
154:, with a combined population of almost one million, were represented only by their county MPs; and very few inhabitants had the vote.
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is the only newspaper in
England that I know, fairly and honestly devoted to such reform as would give the people their whole rights.
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By 1819, the allocation of
Parliamentary constituencies did not reflect the distribution of population. The major urban centres of
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business people, and hence advertising revenue was low. Resultantly, with often only one of its 24 columns filled by adverts, the
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The articles within the non-conformist agenda, combined with a racy-popularist style, often resulted in the principal journalists—
355:, and a total of fifteen charges of seditious libel were brought against Wroe, his wife and his two brothers. Publication of the
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infirmary vigorously denied this. The only amputee discharged on 16th had been in the hospital for 6 weeks since his amputation.
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But, despite its popularity, association with its radical agenda was seen as bad for sales by traditionalist conformist-
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283:. All the leading radicals and reformists in Manchester joined the organisation, including members of the
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in articles and editorial that it was "a meeting of the county of
Lancashire, than of Manchester alone."
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174:, by a public spoken declaration at the hustings. Stockport fell within the county constituency of
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had ceased publication, its final editorial recommending its readers to read the recently founded
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602:"Manchester – Salford Sessions – Trials for Libel connected with the Manchester Transactions".
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until his death, following a liberal agenda, and the Little Circle members wrote for it); the
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178:, with the same franchise, but with the hustings held at Chester. Many MPs were returned by "
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entitled "The
Peterloo Massacre: A Faithful Narrative of the Events". Priced at 2
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At the start of 1819, Joseph
Johnson, John Knight and James Wroe all of the
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195:. These inequalities in political representation led to calls for reform.
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to speak at a public meeting in
Manchester, which subsequently led to the
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Poor Men's Guardians: Survey of the Democratic and Working-class Press
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Poor Men's Guardians: Survey of the Democratic and Working-class Press
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that had taken place only four years before. Wroe subsequently wrote
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80 as of 2008—and votes could only be cast at the county town of
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287:. The objective of the PUS was to obtain parliamentary reform.
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On 28 August the Observer printed an article claiming that
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hugely disproportionate influence on the membership of the
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was the first journalist to describe the incident at the
246:, John Saxton and James Wroe—constantly being sued for
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in Wiltshire, with one voter, elected two MPs, as did
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343:government instigated repeated prosecutions of the
302:Following the massacre, Wroe as then editor of the
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323:a member of the hustings party, was successful.
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290:PUS decided to invite Henry "Orator" Hunt and
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347:and those associated with it. Vendors of the
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685:"Mr Scarlett – Figuring away in the North".
591:. London: William Heinemann. pp. 50–52.
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576:. spartacus-educational.com. 13 June 2015.
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203:The newspaper was formed by a group of
727:Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
413:I would respectfully suggest that the
261:was always in financial difficulties.
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477:Stanley Harrison (31 October 1974).
427:Stanley Harrison (31 October 1974).
712:Publications disestablished in 1821
687:Cobbett's Weekly Political Register
370:Sherwin's Weekly Political Register
114:and the shutdown of the newspaper.
722:Newspapers published in Manchester
387:had helped a then cotton merchant
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481:. Lawrence & W; 1st Edition.
431:. Lawrence & W; 1st Edition.
707:Publications established in 1795
193:Parliament of the United Kingdom
166:or more—the equivalent of about
335:Closure by repeated prosecution
310:, taking his headline from the
106:agenda led to an invitation to
670:"24 – Court of King's Bench".
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281:Patriotic Union Society (PUS)
587:Brockbank, William (1952).
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397:(Taylor was editor of the
328:Manchester Royal Infirmary
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27:John Knight, John Saxton,
526:Reid (1989), p. 28.
539:. BBC News. 19 May 1998
505:. The National Archives
394:The Manchester Guardian
373:, which Wroe had sold.
162:land valued at 40
589:Portrait of a Hospital
537:"The Great reform Act"
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240:
717:History of Manchester
654:"Lancaster Assizes".
617:"Manchester Feb 18".
574:"Manchester Observer"
411:
367:, but to articles in
292:Major John Cartwright
503:"Currency converter"
351:were prosecuted for
228:Houses of Parliament
656:Leeds Intelligencer
636:. 19 February 1820.
634:Leicester Chronicle
621:. 22 February 1820.
415:Manchester Guardian
407:Manchester Guardian
403:Manchester Observer
361:Manchester Observer
349:Manchester Observer
345:Manchester Observer
277:Manchester Observer
236:Manchester Observer
108:Henry "Orator" Hunt
98:newspaper based in
88:Manchester Observer
51:Political alignment
20:
19:Manchester Observer
672:The Scots Magazine
606:. 31 January 1820.
389:John Edward Taylor
384:Manchester Gazette
312:Battle of Waterloo
91:was a short-lived
65:Ceased publication
619:Morning Chronicle
308:Peterloo Massacre
271:Peterloo Massacre
265:Peterloo Massacre
144:Ashton-under-Lyne
112:Peterloo Massacre
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230:. Hunt stated:
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541:. Retrieved
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74:Headquarters
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279:formed the
244:T. J. Evans
199:Publication
701:Categories
422:References
222:, London,
216:Birmingham
209:James Wroe
156:Lancashire
124:Manchester
118:Background
100:Manchester
78:Manchester
38:James Wroe
29:James Wroe
24:Founder(s)
341:Liverpool
316:pamphlets
184:Old Sarum
172:Lancaster
164:shillings
152:Stockport
136:Blackburn
543:26 March
399:Guardian
379:Observer
365:Observer
357:Observer
304:Observer
297:Observer
259:Observer
205:radicals
176:Cheshire
160:freehold
140:Rochdale
509:8 April
224:Salford
188:Dunwich
128:Salford
104:radical
96:Liberal
58:Liberal
43:Founded
485:
435:
391:found
148:Oldham
132:Bolton
35:Editor
248:libel
220:Leeds
545:2008
511:2008
483:ISBN
433:ISBN
339:The
255:Tory
234:The
150:and
85:The
69:1821
46:1818
182:" (
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646:^
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547:.
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491:.
441:.
409::
320:d
168:£
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