242:
or subverted the system’. Only a small number of inmates could be reformed for the costs involved and the homes were regarded as a distraction from the main aims of the temperance associations to introduce new and strengthen existing temperance legislation. The Grove was demolished in the 20th
Century and a block of modern flats occupies the ground at 5 Egerton Road Fallowfield, Manchester. 'Fallowfield House’ listed in the trade directory as standing on the corner of 1 Egerton Road and 289 Wilmslow Road is now the Friendship Inn Public House.
225:
patients. The Grove was situated in a desirable middle-class suburb noted for its beautiful grounds and bright and healthful surroundings and availability of skilful medical help. In 1895 ‘The Grove’ reported 128 applicants with 24 admissions of whom 23 had left after a year. They claimed a rising success rate, of 4 ‘standing fast’ in 1891 to 9 persons by 1893 which they deemed
258:. This Act enabled the provision of Government funded council or privately owned, ‘State Inebriate Reformatories’ where habitual drunkards on sentence of the Crown Court could be confined for up to three years in lieu of any other sentence. The Act also enabled the same confinement for those convicted of four counts of drunkenness in the lower courts.
197:
The
Habitual Drunkards Act of 1879 did allow authorities to establish a retreat for inebriates but payment by the inmate was required, thus excluding those working-class drunkards most at risk and with the least financial support. The MWCTA proposed state funding coupled with charitable donations and
241:
By 1919 The Grove had closed along with all such certified reformatories by 1921. Although suitable for reformable generally middle-class women the reformatories were ill-suited for the alcoholic or mentally ill patients often from the working-classes who, were regarded by some as having, ‘sabotaged
133:
Manchester's PCM records stated that of 294 women seen in 1886 nearly 100 were drunk or had attempted suicide under the influence of strong drink. By 1890 the number of detained females had risen to 493. Relevant offences being larceny , accosting , drunk and accosting, drunk and incapable, sleeping
129:
a similar picture emerged. By 1876, out of the total number of persons arrested and charged, a third were females and 61% of those were drunk upon arrest (65% of male arrests). Drunkenness accounted for just under a half of all cases charged. The final quarter of the century saw a slow reduction in
284:
M. Barrow, ‘Temperate feminists: the
British Women's Temperance Association 1870-1914.’ (Manchester University Ph.D Thesis 1999).pp.68-90 and C. Eustance, J. Ryan & L. Ugolini (eds), A Suffrage Reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage History (London: Leicester University Press 2000).,
158:
The MWCTA stated that the use of imprisonment for the treatment of inebriate women was counter productive. By way of punishment for drunkenness the law provided for a fine of 21 shillings or a sentence of 28 days on default of payment. As the offender had often no means to pay, repeated terms of
112:
The MWCTA became directly linked with the Police Courts
Mission as it pursued the goal of a Reformatory for Inebriate Women and Police Matrons for female prisoners within the inner-city police stations. The PCM believed that ‘Intemperance is the root and cause of crime’. Present at the Manchester
121:
The
English police records for the period reveal that from 1860 to 1876 there was a dramatic increase in cases of drunkenness (and subsequent imprisonment) which accounted for over half of all crime in London and one which Harrison (1971) summarised as ‘the product of a particular socio-economic
224:
and had leased it to the committee on nominal terms. It was within walking distance of the city but far enough away to reduce temptation. This retreat was opened in July 1890 and by
February 1891 the MWCTA claimed it was the largest licensed retreat of its kind in England providing beds for 21
389:
It is noted there was an increase in summons cases due to the changing legislation on summary prosecution – see McWilliams W. ‘The
Mission to the Police Courts, 1876-1936’, The Howard Journal, 22, (1983). pp.135-137 & the Manchester City Police Statistical Returns 1884 &1892: Greater
193:‘If powers of justices were extended to allow the commitment of ‘habitual drunkards’ for longer periods, than an utterly futile month, and commit for six months instead of six for one month, this would give time to throw off the stupor of chronic drunkenness’.
237:‘simple methods of immediate abstinence from strong drink and the strict regularity of life with constant and cheerful employment of gentle firmness and unfailing sympathy coupled to a religious influence always present and often directly urged'.
244:
188:
A penny pamphlet published in 1889 by the MWCTA & PCM entitled 'Civilisation and the Drink
Traffic - A plea for the establishment of an Inebriate Home' invited the cooperation and donations of a benevolent public. It stated that,
49:
In the last quarter of the nineteenth century the philanthropic MWCTA worked for social improvement, particularly amongst the working classes. The
Association was popular with middle-class ladies and they expanded their branches into
294:
Greater
Manchester County Records Office with Manchester Archive, Records of the Manchester Women’s Christian Temperance Association and Police Courts Mission, Executive minutes GB127,M286/1. Volume 1 1880. Barrow, ‘Temperate
150:
Court restored 169 girls to their parents,13 to places of service, 11 to the workhouses four to hospital and ‘others to various houses’ often out of Manchester and harm's way. They were often able to persuade the
463:
Written by James. A. Birch Esq. J.P and its front cover promoted temperance meetings on the first Wednesday of very month at 3 O’clock at 56 Peter Street Manchester. GMCRO&MA MWCTA&PCM Exec. minutes
486:
He had offered the sum of £200 if a further £600 could be raised within six months. He further stated that under the Habitual Drunkards Act a person could sign away their liberty for up to 12 months.
304:
By 1894 Chorlton Cum Hardy Lancashire was a middle-class suburb of South Manchester not forming part of The City of Manchester until 1904. GMCRO&MA MWCTA&PCM Exec. minutes GB127,M286/1.
113:
Minshull Street Court from 1879 it had by 1886 assisted over ‘3,000 women and girls who have had kindly words and offers of help given to them’ along with over 7,000 temperance pledges taken.
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597:
404:
365:
337:
306:
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for ‘fresh legislation and the ability of magistrates to commit inebriates to a reformatory and the cost be defrayed from the rates, subscriptions and payments by the inmates’.
596:
Greater Manchester County Records Office with Manchester Archive, Manchester Women's Christian Temperance Association and Police Courts Mission, Executive minutes GB127,M286.1
601:
Greater Manchester County Records Office with Manchester Archive, The Grove Retreat in the Manchester Women's Christian Temperance Association Committee minutes GB127,M286.2
726:
711:
254:
The work of the MWCTA along with the general Temperance Movement was effective in persuading Parliament regarding the treatment of inebriates with the passing of the
39:
716:
31:
146:, as they laboured to turn around and restore to moral and physical health, those women and girls they encountered. In 1889 the missionary at the
721:
220:
At the AGM of the MWCTA in April 1890 it was reported that Herbert Philips Esq., J.P. had bought a house, namely ‘The Grove’ on Egerton Road,
155:
to pay for the expenses incurred. Only 30 females had gone onto the penitentiary that year which had been established to reform prostitutes.
530:
M. Barrow, ‘Temperate feminists : the British Women's Temperance Association 1870-1914.’ (Manchester University PhD Thesis 1999).p.235.
401:
362:
341:
310:
217:
was being negotiated. He suggested that what was needed was to commit habitual offender to such homes for a period of one to three years.
130:
drunkenness. By 1892 within Manchester the total cases of drunkenness had fallen to 24% of those arrested and summonsed for all offences.
19:– moderation, self-restraint, esp in eating and drinking, moderate use of, or total abstinence from, alcoholic liquors as beverages;
380:
Harrison, Drink, p.355 & W. McWilliams ‘The Mission to the Police Courts, 1876-1936’, The Howard Journal, Vol. 22, 1983 p. 133
163:
recorded that out of 341 such offenders 93 had been arrested more than 20 times with one drunkard arrested for their 158th time.
46:
was founded earlier in the same year but remained independent of the BWTA until in 1886 and even then retained its own name.
97:
Stricter enforcement of the licensing laws and the conditions within the ‘Palace of Varieties’ and similar music halls.
706:
335:, (Milton Keynes, Open University Press, 1986)& GMCRO&MA MWCTA&PCM Exec. minutes GB127,M286/1 1880-1900.
100:
The selling of drink and the treating by sweets to children under 17 years at the back door of pubs and beer houses.
585:
638:
Aristocracy, Temperance and Social reform : the life of Lady Henry Somerset, Library of Victorian studies
633:
McWilliams, W.‘The Mission to the Police Courts, 1876-1936’, The Howard Journal,22, (1983). pp. 129–147.
673:
Woman’s World/ Woman’s Empire: The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective 1880-1930
229:‘a wonder they do considering the temptations that surrounds them and the allurements of the liquor trade’.
160:
255:
178:
173:
35:
88:
The work of the Police Courts Mission and the establishment of a Reformatory for Inebriate Women.
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on Peter Street and reported that £700 had been raised and a home at Ash Lodge, Halliwell Lane,
147:
143:
564:
408:
369:
206:
390:
Manchester Police Museum and Archive, 'Chief Constable Annual Reports from 1874- 1901'.
245:
View of the Friendship Inn and Egerton Road from Wilmslow Road, Fallowfield, Manchester.
606:
Greater Manchester Police Museum and Archive, ‘Chief Constable Reports from 1874-1900'.
182:
171:
By December 1888 the MWCTA had lobbied for a change in the Inebriates Act 1879 and the
142:
McWilliams (1983)presents the missionaries of the PCM as the forerunners of the modern
700:
214:
649:
549:
629:
221:
579:
Temperate feminists : the British Women's Temperance Association 1870-1914
509:
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Esq., J.P. of Sutton Oaks Macclesfield had presided over a PCM meeting at the
152:
126:
51:
548:
Slater’s Manchester and Salford Directory (Part 4 Suburban Directory) 1903.
620:
Reforming Japan: The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union in the Meiji Period
159:
imprisonment was the inevitable result for habitual drunkards. In 1901 the
94:
The appointment of police matrons at police stations for female prisoners.
55:
363:
GMCRO&MA MWCTA&PCM Exec. minutes GB127,M286/1 1886 Annual Report
402:
GMCRO&MA MWCTA&PCM Exec. minutes 1886& 1890 Annual Report
74:
nor will I buy nor sell, nor give strong drink to others while I live,
71:
I hereby promise by grace divine, to take no spirits, beer or wine,
591:
A Suffrage Reader: Charting Directions in British Suffrage History
667:
210:
23:
etc. for restriction or abolition of use of alcoholic drinks. L
58:, with social gatherings entertained by music and recitations,
233:
Inspected once a year by the State, they claimed to enforce,
648:
Slater's Manchester and Salford Trade Directories 1890-1910.
563:, 1942. & The Inebriates Act 1898 The National Archives,
675:, (North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1991)
607:
391:
644:
521:
MWCTA&PCM Executive minutes Annual General Meeting 1895
657:, (Manchester, J.E. Cornish Ltd 1908) 3rd Series pp 55–64,
84:
The main concerns for the MWCTA during this period were:
60:
where several girls expressed a desire to sign the pledge
38:
in April 1876 following the National Convention of the
661:
The Health Journal: and Record of Sanitary Engineering
273:
436:,pp.355-8. MWCTA&PCM Executive minutes July 1890.
44:
Manchester Women's Christian Temperance Association
589:Eustance, C. Ryan, J. & Ugolini, L. (eds),
640:, (London : Tauris Academic Studies 2007).
91:An enabling change to the Inebriates Act 1879.
8:
593:, (London: Leicester University Press 2000).
680:On Wit, Irony, and Living With Imperfection
103:The provision of public drinking fountains.
581:, (Manchester University PhD Thesis 1999).
693:, (London: Nicholson & Watson 1940).
643:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
266:
201:In October 1889 it was reported in the
727:British Women's Temperance Association
712:Women's organisations based in England
477:(London: Nicholson & Watson, 1940)
32:British Women's Temperance Association
655:Manchester Streets and Manchester Men
454:Manchester Guardian 13 December 1888.
177:reported a proposal, endorsed by Sir
7:
499:This would later rise to 25 patients
333:Music Hall, The business of pleasure
274:The Oxford English Dictionary online
80:no drink, no drink, no drink for me.
40:International Order of Good Templars
539:Barrow, ‘Temperate feminists’ p.236
508:A mile outside the City limits of
77:and this my true resolve shall be,
14:
717:Organizations established in 1876
686:. 98. 5 (2008). pp. 814–822.
684:American Journal of Public Health
198:patient payments where possible.
167:Reformatory for Inebriate Women.
622:, (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2010).
338:"Greater Manchester Pastfinder"
307:"Greater Manchester Pastfinder"
722:1876 establishments in England
1:
615:, (Halifax: James Ward 2009).
445:MCP Statistical Returns 1901
663:, 4 (1886/7) pp. 40–42
138:Fledgling Probation Service
134:out and attempted suicide.
117:Intemperance and the Police
743:
584:British Newspaper Archive
666:The National Archives,
181:, and submitted to the
691:Alcohol and the Nation
475:Alcohol and the Nation
407:4 January 2013 at the
368:4 January 2013 at the
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161:Manchester City Police
34:(BWTA) was founded in
191:
108:Police Courts Mission
66:The Temperance Pledge
613:The Big Book Of City
628:, 9 November 1905.
626:Manchester Guardian
488:Manchester Guardian
256:1898 Inebriates Act
250:Inebriates Act 1898
203:Manchester Guardian
179:William Houldsworth
174:Manchester Guardian
707:Alcohol in England
344:on 4 January 2013
313:on 4 January 2013
148:Manchester Police
144:probation service
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340:. Archived from
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512:until 1904.
423:,pp.141-142
421:The Mission
419:McWilliams
222:Fallowfield
153:Magistrates
122:structure’
25:temperantia
701:Categories
577:Barrow,M.
572:References
510:Manchester
432:Harrison,
127:Manchester
52:Lancashire
17:Temperance
611:James,G.
348:2 January
317:2 January
36:Newcastle
21:~ society
559:Wilson,
405:Archived
366:Archived
215:Cheetham
56:Cheshire
561:Alcohol
125:Within
42:. The
434:Drink
262:Notes
205:that
350:2013
319:2013
285:p.69
211:YMCA
54:and
30:The
703::
682:,
62:.
27:.
352:.
321:.
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