48:
2122:), are to be deemed as "voluntary wars". A ruler cannot compel the Jewish people to fight in such "voluntary wars" (so-named because the ruler of that nation is either angry at his enemy, or simply wishes to show his prowess, or to extend his territorial domain), unless it be by the authorization of the greater Sanhedrin, composed of seventy-one judges. However, if there were a case whereby the nation of Israel had been attacked by an enemy for any reason, that would be tantamount to a battle waged in a religious cause ("religious war"), in which case it is the bounden duty of all in Israel to fight and resist the enemy, hence: a mandatory war (or battle waged in duty bound).
2232:(chapter 8) would not apply, as not even a bridegroom is exempt from that war, but must rally behind Israel, and go forth to fight in Israel's defense. A mandatory war is, therefore, tantamount to a "religious war" and, as such, the general principle applies to everyone: "He that is currently engaged in performing one biblical commandment (i.e. defending Israel), he is exempt from doing another biblical commandment (i.e. cohabiting with his bride, etc.)" (
2335:
2277:
money-value. However, if they had come to take away lives, even if it were only a doubtful case, the people of Israel are permitted to go out to battle against them and they desecrate the
Sabbath on their account, in order to rescue them. If there was a Jewish city situated along the frontier of the Land of Israel where non-Jewish forces had laid siege to the city, even in such cases where they only came to take away
2321:
2042:
classical literature and denoting a war that requires the entire nation of the Jewish people to rise-up and to become actively engaged-in because of an existential threat to the Jewish nation. The aim is to thwart the enemy advances against the nation of Israel, without the necessity of enslaving and
2276:
with their armaments, but rather they (the besieged) are to shut themselves up before them and try to observe the laws of
Sabbath as much as possible. What does the saying here advanced pertain to? This pertains to a case where it is certain that they have come to take away only money, or objects of
2284:
Elsewhere , it was explained that even in the remaining cities and towns of Israel, it is one's bounden duty to go out to battle on their behalf, in order to assist them, and when they have eventually rescued their fellow countrymen, they are allowed to return to their place with their own
2223:
a wife and has yet to consummate that marriage, or who has planted a vineyard and has yet to partake of its fruit, or who has built a new house and who has not yet lived in that house for a year's time, etc. is exempt from participating in that war. However, if Israel were faced with an
2940:. Rabbi Yehuda would call it a religious war, such as when we go out against them (i.e. against an enemy that has not physically attacked Israel, yet, one which bears animosity towards Israel), but a mandatory war, such as when they come out against us.' (End Quote)
2293:
An ethical question was raised in the early 20th-century about whether or not one is permitted to give-up his own life in order to avert danger to the Jewish people as a whole, both in war and non-war situations, in which the answer posited by
2248:, because of an existential threat to the Jewish people, it is still permissible for Jewish soldiers serving in foreign armies to set-out and rescue other Jewish and Gentile soldiers who had been taken captive by enemy forces, since the
2219:(chapter 8). Although certain persons were permitted by Deuteronomy, chapter 20, to leave the field before a battle began, this was allowed, according to rabbinical opinion, only in case of a voluntary war. Wherefore, a man who has
2309:(1874–1954) was an unequivocal yes, although each man gave different reasons for this allowance. According to Rabbi Kook, "we expose ourselves to the dangers of killing and being killed in accordance with the nature of the world."
2207:
One of the fine points arising from the rabbinic discussions on the subject is that, whenever Israel voluntarily wages a battle of free choice against another nation, unto Israel would apply all the conditions mentioned in the
2128:
further explains that whenever Israel finds itself fighting a battle in a religious cause, such as when an oppressor has come upon them in war to destroy them, the people of Israel need not obtain prior permission from the
2928:(i.e. since, in the final analysis, it is a war waged for Israel's benefit), but when it comes to a mandatory war, everyone goes out , even a bridegroom from his room, and a bride from her bridal-chamber.' Said
2091:. The biblical command, in the case of the Canaanite inhabitants, was to exterminate them and to annex their territory, whereas others who made peace with Israel could be enslaved and forced to pay tribute.
2118:, has described the conditions needed for there to be a "mandatory war", saying that all wars, excepting those made for the conquest of the Land of Israel (such as at the time of
2272:
it was explained that the nations of the world who lay siege to the cities of Israel on the
Sabbath-day, the people of Israel are not permitted to go out against them on the
2932:: 'There is a dispute between them (i.e. between the anonymous rabbi of the Mishnah and Rabbi Yehuda). As for the rabbis, they say that a religious war is the war of
2924:: 'The difference between them (i.e. between the anonymous rabbi of the Mishnah and Rabbi Yehuda) is semantics. Rabbi Yehuda calls a voluntary war by the name
2281:
and straw, it is permitted for the Jewish nation to go out in battle against the invading army and to desecrate the
Sabbath-day in order to save the city.
47:
3423:
971:
1398:
2304:
2992:
2174:(mandatory war), are sometimes used interchangeably, since they include the reactive defensive wars when Jewish habitations were attacked.
1754:
2285:
armaments in hand, seeing that if they were not allowed to do so they would refrain from assisting their brethren in future conflicts.
1949:
1727:
342:
3267:
3127:
3115:
3053:
1403:
2137:
1481:
1464:
3438:
1826:
1251:
96:
1590:
2007:
1454:
3413:
2071:, presumably in order to impose a religious and moral check on reckless warfare. It is also to be distinguished from a "
1944:
408:
1954:
1141:
943:
814:
352:
3104:
Elgavish, David (2008). "Justification for War in the ancient Near-East and the Bible". In Joseph
Fleishman (ed.).
1418:
3433:
1528:
1036:
385:
259:
113:
3398:
3367:
1979:
1846:
1393:
1086:
904:
752:
3041:
1932:
1914:
1670:
1229:
1151:
1096:
694:
357:
3428:
2380:
2199:.' Our Mishnah when you go out to war against your enemies. The writing speaks about the voluntary war (
1799:
1774:
1496:
1408:
1281:
1156:
757:
734:
180:
79:
2299:
2187:
What does the saying here advanced pertain to? Said Rabbi Yehuda: 'The matter concerns a religious war (
2145:
1388:
1321:
1274:
928:
891:
854:
772:
724:
608:
418:
226:
135:
3317:
2535:
2436:
1779:
1681:
1538:
1533:
1351:
1316:
1051:
871:
729:
665:
519:
489:
86:
3418:
3403:
2921:
2358:
1630:
1615:
1491:
1378:
1356:
1331:
1291:
1201:
1011:
916:
866:
633:
623:
588:
380:
370:
140:
64:
3408:
3195:
3166:
3071:
3019:
2963:
2353:
2295:
1964:
1819:
1739:
1660:
1605:
1580:
1501:
1447:
1413:
1344:
1261:
1171:
1076:
1021:
911:
876:
829:
704:
675:
628:
566:
541:
375:
189:
108:
3178:
Kuzmarov, Betina (2012). ""Recapturing" the "Other": Jewish Laws of War and
International Law".
3375:
3351:
3325:
3305:
3285:
3263:
3239:
3217:
3143:
3123:
3111:
3091:
3083:
3049:
2988:
2758:
2641:
2614:
2530:
2253:
2072:
2000:
1909:
1856:
1759:
1749:
1744:
1714:
1697:
1692:
1665:
1610:
1311:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1206:
1196:
1191:
1166:
1136:
1026:
996:
991:
981:
976:
966:
881:
834:
804:
643:
436:
413:
347:
3045:
2563:
3341:
3187:
3137:
2980:
2913:
2403:
2225:
1974:
1939:
1871:
1764:
1702:
1595:
1523:
1516:
1373:
1306:
1256:
1246:
1121:
1041:
1001:
986:
953:
938:
809:
794:
747:
655:
613:
556:
551:
509:
332:
309:
216:
145:
74:
57:
3259:
2763:
2370:
2269:
2039:
2024:
1784:
1769:
1687:
1643:
1585:
1241:
1236:
1126:
1116:
1031:
1006:
948:
789:
719:
709:
648:
561:
546:
469:
441:
241:
221:
69:
3155:
Hanschke, David (1980). "Abbaye and Rava — Two
Approaches to the Mishna of the Tannaim".
3062:
Eisen, Robert (2016–17). "Rabbi
Eliezer Yehudah Waldenberg on the Justification of War".
2067:), that is to say, a battle waged of free choice, which requires the approbation of the
3297:
3277:
2672:
2631:
2348:
2326:
2249:
2245:
2130:
2111:
1969:
1959:
1707:
1131:
1091:
1069:
1056:
1046:
1016:
933:
886:
689:
680:
571:
524:
504:
494:
464:
431:
319:
276:
231:
103:
36:
3392:
3233:
3211:
3133:
3031:
2364:
2115:
2107:
2095:
2056:
1806:
1794:
1650:
1570:
1486:
1469:
1326:
1181:
1161:
844:
839:
819:
799:
714:
685:
660:
536:
514:
499:
474:
314:
236:
199:
194:
91:
3347:
3088:
A Digest of Jewish Laws and
Customs - in Alphabetical Order (Ozar Dinim u-Minhagim)
2781:
2209:
2175:
1993:
1919:
1899:
1894:
1789:
1734:
1368:
1363:
1186:
1101:
849:
583:
484:
281:
185:
3105:
3337:
2334:
1904:
1655:
1620:
1459:
1146:
1111:
824:
767:
670:
454:
175:
170:
3157:
2954:
Grunblatt, Joseph (1968). "Violence and Some
Aspects of the Judaic Tradition".
2083:), which is restricted to those nations mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, such as
3355:
3229:
3207:
3191:
3100:(reprinted from 1922 and 1938 editions of the Hebrew Publishing Co., New York)
2984:
2929:
2375:
2340:
2316:
2125:
1861:
1831:
1553:
922:
3329:
3309:
3289:
3243:
3221:
3147:
2645:
2244:
Although the laws governing a Mandatory war pertain to wars conducted in the
3379:
3095:
2220:
2133:
to fight, but may go forth to the battle, and compel others to do the same.
2068:
1851:
1675:
1625:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1425:
1216:
1211:
1176:
618:
304:
271:
160:
2637:
Yerushalmi Fragments from the Genizah (שרידי הירושלמי מן הגניזה אשר במצרים)
3251:
2278:
2257:
1866:
1841:
1474:
1106:
1081:
699:
254:
128:
3235:
Sefer Mishneh Torah - HaYad Ha-Chazakah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)
3213:
Sefer Mishneh Torah - HaYad Ha-Chazakah (Maimonides' Code of Jewish Law)
3199:
3170:
3107:
The Bar-Ilan Conference volume: Jewish Law Association Studies 18 (2006)
3075:
3023:
2967:
3363:
3035:
2540:
2431:
2273:
2213:
2196:
2195:), all go forth , even a bridegroom from his room and a bride from her
2141:
1876:
1836:
1600:
1434:
1430:
777:
762:
638:
299:
294:
264:
203:
165:
3324:(in Hebrew). Vol. 6 (seder nashim - bet). Jerusalem: Ḥ. Vagshal.
2937:
2153:
2119:
2088:
2084:
1383:
784:
601:
337:
2650:(reprinted from 1909 Jewish Theological Seminary of America edition)
3110:. Liverpool: Jewish Law Association (14th International Congress).
2933:
2659:
2149:
2094:
For all practical purposes, a mandatory war can be described as a
859:
395:
390:
3090:(in Hebrew). Tel-Aviv: Ḥ. mo. l. pp. 228–229 (s.v. מלחמה).
3010:
Ben Alexander, Uri (1985). "Violence and the Jewish Tradition".
2635:
2043:
exterminating the enemy, or of annexing the enemy's territory.
155:
150:
28:
2640:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Makor Ltd. p. 216.
2920:, end of chapter 8). The account is as follows: "Said Rabbi
2228:, the conditions of Deuteronomy (chapter 20) and of Mishnah
2975:
Kimelman, Reuven (2023). "Judaism and the Ethics of War".
2256:, and may be waged without obtaining permission from the
3346:(in Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Mekhon Yerushalayim. p. 34 (
2912:
Rabbi Yehuda's view on this subject is discussed in the
2178:, however, distinguishes between these two expressions.
3304:(in Hebrew). Vol. 7. Jerusalem: Hamaor Institute.
3284:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Hamaor Institute.
2673:"War—In Rabbinical Literature JewishEncyclopedia.com"
3320:(2011). "Commentary of Rabbi Obadiah of Bertinoro".
3238:(in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Pe'er HaTorah.
3216:(in Hebrew). Vol. 7. Jerusalem: Pe'er HaTorah.
2726:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
3139:Sefer ha-Chinuch on the 613 biblical commandments
2962:(2). Rabbinical Council of America (RCA): 42–47.
3372:Tosephta - Based on the Erfut and Vienna Codices
3262:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Kregel Publications.
2956:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought
2163:, are generally categorized as defensive wars.
3012:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe
2841:
2839:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2602:
2240:Jewish soldiers conscripted in foreign armies
2001:
8:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2555:
2553:
2977:The Cambridge Companion to Religion and War
2826:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2574:
2499:
2419:
2008:
1994:
18:
2518:, pp. 318–319 (section no. 527), P.
3374:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Wahrmann Books.
3186:(1). Cambridge University Press: 47–65.
2936:, whereas a mandatory war is the war of
2889:
2877:
2861:
2845:
2705:
2689:
2590:
2487:
2399:
972:List of military strategies and concepts
3340:(2005). "Commentary of Bayit Chadash".
2905:
2392:
26:
16:One of three types of war in Jewish law
2803:
2776:
2742:
2515:
2472:
3302:Beit HaBechirah (Chiddushei ha-Meiri)
3282:Beit HaBechirah (Chiddushei ha-Meiri)
2559:
2456:
2152:to free Jewish women and children in
7:
3232:(1974b). "Hil. Shabbat, chapter 2".
3210:(1974). "Hil. Melekhim, chapter 5".
2745:, p. 318 (section no. 526), P.
2475:, p. 318 (section no. 527), P.
3343:Arbaa Turim Hashalem (Orach Chayim)
14:
3142:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Eshkol.
2333:
2319:
2191:). However, in a mandatory war (
46:
3424:Talmud concepts and terminology
2055:is to be distinguished from a "
2038:, is a technical term found in
3384:(first printed in Berlin 1899)
3280:(2006a). Daniel Bitton (ed.).
2212:(Deuteronomy 20:1–ff.) and in
2140:, such as those wars waged by
1:
3300:(2006). Daniel Bitton (ed.).
2110:governing the Jewish nation,
2106:Specifically relating to the
3018:(2). Berghahn Books: 17–27.
3180:Journal of Law and Religion
2264:Warfare and the Sabbath-day
1465:Military–industrial complex
944:Operational manoeuvre group
3455:
2677:www.jewishencyclopedia.com
2402:, p. 191, citing the
2114:Jewish rabbi and scholar,
3192:10.1017/S0748081400000230
3064:The Torah U-Madda Journal
2985:10.1017/9781108884075.013
2727:Obadiah of Bertinoro 2011
2234:העוסק במצוה פטור מן המצוה
2233:
2076:
2060:
2027:
1529:Loss-of-strength gradient
386:Combat information center
2166:The Hebrew expressions,
1847:Military science fiction
1332:Technology and equipment
753:List of military tactics
3322:Mishnayot Zekher Ḥanokh
3256:Josephus Complete Works
3042:Oxford University Press
1915:Wartime sexual violence
1671:Full-spectrum dominance
1482:Supply-chain management
3439:Jewish law and rituals
2381:Laws of armed conflict
2205:
1827:Awards and decorations
1800:Peace through strength
1775:Low-intensity conflict
1409:Conscientious objector
1282:Area of responsibility
2577:, pp. 183–184 (
2539:2a (corresponding to
2502:, pp. 183–184 (
2250:saving of Jewish life
2185:
419:Torpedo data computer
409:Ship gun fire-control
3318:Obadiah of Bertinoro
3084:Eisenstein, Judah D.
2979:. pp. 215–240.
2410:, end of chapter 8).
2182:Rabbinic discussions
2170:(religious war) and
1945:Military occupations
1780:Military engineering
1682:Unrestricted Warfare
1539:Force multiplication
437:Military manoeuvrers
3414:Judaism and warfare
2662:on Deuteronomy 20:1
2359:Judaism and warfare
2300:Shlomo Zalman Pines
2298:(1865–1935) and by
2252:is tantamount to a
2087:and the nations of
1631:Penal military unit
1616:Rules of engagement
1292:Command and control
917:Operations research
381:Director (military)
371:Fire-control system
141:Command and control
22:Part of a series on
2603:Ben Alexander 1985
2354:Declaration of war
2296:Abraham Isaac Kook
2226:existential threat
2201:milḥemet ha-reshūt
1740:Counter-insurgency
1661:Command of the sea
1606:Jewish laws on war
1581:Geneva Conventions
1117:Divide and conquer
912:Military operation
877:Tactical objective
376:Fire-control radar
353:Electronic-warfare
3368:M.S. Zuckermandel
2994:978-1-108-88407-5
2759:Babylonian Talmud
2615:Babylonian Talmud
2593:, pp. 57, 61
2531:Babylonian Talmud
2162:
2018:
2017:
1910:Horses in warfare
1857:Anti-war movement
1760:Gunboat diplomacy
1750:Disaster response
1698:Philosophy of war
1693:Principles of war
1666:Deterrence theory
1611:Right of conquest
1534:Lanchester's laws
1302:Principles of war
992:Counter-offensive
977:Military campaign
882:Target saturation
805:Counterinsurgency
414:Gun data computer
348:Close air support
310:Aircraft carriers
3446:
3434:Rabbinic Judaism
3383:
3359:
3333:
3313:
3293:
3273:
3258:. Translated by
3247:
3225:
3203:
3174:
3165:(1–2): 187–193.
3151:
3121:
3099:
3079:
3058:
3027:
2998:
2971:
2941:
2914:Jerusalem Talmud
2910:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2880:, pp. 50–52
2875:
2869:
2859:
2853:
2843:
2834:
2827:Maimonides 1974b
2824:
2811:
2801:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2755:
2749:
2740:
2734:
2724:
2713:
2703:
2697:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2628:
2622:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2572:
2566:
2557:
2548:
2528:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2470:
2464:
2454:
2441:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2404:Jerusalem Talmud
2397:
2343:
2338:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2308:
2289:Ethical question
2235:
2189:milḥemet mitzvah
2168:Milḥemet mitzvah
2156:
2102:General overview
2081:milḥemet mitzvah
2078:
2062:
2029:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1765:Humanitarian aid
1703:Security dilemma
1524:Power projection
1307:Economy of force
1287:Chain of command
1002:Defence in depth
987:Commerce raiding
810:Defeat in detail
146:Defense ministry
50:
41:
40:
31:
19:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3399:Military ethics
3389:
3388:
3387:
3362:
3336:
3316:
3296:
3276:
3270:
3260:William Whiston
3250:
3228:
3206:
3177:
3154:
3132:
3118:
3103:
3082:
3061:
3056:
3030:
3009:
3005:
2995:
2974:
2953:
2950:
2948:Further reading
2945:
2944:
2911:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:, p. 142 (
2860:
2856:
2848:, p. 142 (
2844:
2837:
2829:, p. 15 (
2825:
2814:
2802:
2789:
2775:
2771:
2756:
2752:
2741:
2737:
2729:, p. 126 (
2725:
2716:
2708:, p. 101 (
2704:
2700:
2692:, p. 309 (
2688:
2684:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2632:Ginzberg, Louis
2630:
2629:
2625:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2575:Maimonides 1974
2573:
2569:
2558:
2551:
2529:
2525:
2514:
2510:
2500:Maimonides 1974
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2471:
2467:
2455:
2444:
2430:
2426:
2420:Eisenstein 1970
2418:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2371:Just war theory
2339:
2332:
2325:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2302:
2291:
2270:Tractate Eruvin
2266:
2242:
2184:
2138:redeem captives
2136:Wars fought to
2104:
2065:milḥemet reshūt
2049:
2047:Characteristics
2014:
1985:
1984:
1935:
1925:
1924:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1785:Multilateralism
1770:Law enforcement
1730:
1720:
1719:
1688:Just war theory
1646:
1636:
1635:
1586:Geneva Protocol
1556:
1546:
1545:
1519:
1509:
1508:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1232:
1222:
1221:
1152:Network-centric
1072:
1062:
1061:
969:
959:
958:
907:
897:
896:
845:Rapid dominance
750:
740:
739:
695:Electromagnetic
604:
594:
593:
580:
533:
481:
457:
447:
446:
442:Combat training
423:
400:
366:Combat systems:
362:
324:
320:Auxiliary ships
286:
246:
242:Military police
208:
131:
121:
120:
60:
34:
33:
32:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3452:
3450:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3360:
3334:
3314:
3294:
3274:
3268:
3248:
3226:
3204:
3175:
3152:
3134:HaLevi, Aharon
3130:
3116:
3101:
3080:
3059:
3054:
3034:, ed. (1977),
3028:
3006:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2972:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2882:
2870:
2854:
2835:
2812:
2806:, p. 39 (
2787:
2779:, p. 34 (
2769:
2750:
2735:
2714:
2698:
2682:
2664:
2652:
2634:, ed. (1974).
2623:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2567:
2549:
2523:
2508:
2492:
2480:
2465:
2459:, p. 24 (
2442:
2424:
2412:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2349:Armed conflict
2345:
2344:
2330:
2327:Judaism portal
2314:
2311:
2290:
2287:
2265:
2262:
2246:Land of Israel
2241:
2238:
2197:bridal-chamber
2193:milḥemet ḥovah
2183:
2180:
2172:Milḥemet ḥovah
2131:Rabbinic court
2103:
2100:
2048:
2045:
2036:compulsory war
2032:milḥemet ḥovah
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1950:Military terms
1947:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:Tripwire force
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1230:Administrative
1228:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1157:New generation
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1132:Fleet in being
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1070:Grand strategy
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:Scorched earth
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
970:
965:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Deep operation
931:
926:
919:
914:
908:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
780:
775:
770:
760:
751:
746:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
735:Unconventional
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
683:
681:Disinformation
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
652:
651:
646:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
605:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
586:
579:
578:
577:
576:
575:
574:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
532:
531:
530:
529:
528:
527:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
480:
479:
478:
477:
472:
467:
458:
453:
452:
449:
448:
445:
444:
439:
434:
432:Basic training
429:
422:
421:
416:
411:
406:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
361:
360:
358:Reconnaissance
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
323:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
285:
284:
279:
277:Special forces
274:
269:
268:
267:
257:
252:
245:
244:
239:
234:
232:Reconnaissance
229:
224:
219:
214:
207:
206:
197:
192:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
132:
127:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
117:
116:
111:
101:
100:
99:
94:
84:
83:
82:
75:Post-classical
72:
67:
61:
56:
55:
52:
51:
43:
42:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3451:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3429:Religious law
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3269:0-8254-2951-X
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3161:(in Hebrew).
3160:
3159:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3128:9781906731014
3125:
3119:
3117:9781906731007
3113:
3109:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3055:0-19-815402-X
3051:
3048:(Sotah 8:7),
3047:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2926:religious war
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2890:Eisen 2016–17
2886:
2883:
2879:
2878:Eisen 2016–17
2874:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2862:Tosephta 1970
2858:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2846:Tosephta 1970
2842:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2706:Josephus 1981
2702:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2690:Tosephta 1970
2686:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2596:
2592:
2591:Elgavish 2008
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:Hil. Melekhim
2576:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2504:Hil. Melekhim
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:Kuzmarov 2012
2484:
2481:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2422:, p. 228
2421:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:Hanschke 1980
2396:
2393:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2365:Jus ad bellum
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:Religious war
2251:
2247:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2116:Menahem Meiri
2113:
2109:
2108:halachic laws
2101:
2099:
2097:
2096:defensive war
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2073:religious war
2070:
2066:
2058:
2057:voluntary war
2054:
2053:mandatory war
2046:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2022:
2021:Mandatory war
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Warrior caste
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1807:Show of force
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:Peacebuilding
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1651:Air supremacy
1649:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1591:Islamic rules
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1571:Court-martial
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1470:Arms industry
1468:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1087:Broken-backed
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
973:
968:
963:
962:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:Expeditionary
927:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
906:
901:
900:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
800:Counterattack
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
743:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
725:Psychological
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Combined arms
659:
657:
654:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
606:
603:
598:
597:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
535:
534:
526:
523:
522:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
500:Fortification
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
483:
482:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
462:
460:
459:
456:
451:
450:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
321:
318:
316:
315:Landing craft
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
266:
263:
262:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
247:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
205:
201:
200:Standing army
198:
196:
193:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
133:
130:
125:
124:
115:
112:
110:
107:
106:
105:
102:
98:
95:
93:
92:pike and shot
90:
89:
88:
85:
81:
78:
77:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
59:
54:
53:
49:
45:
44:
38:
30:
25:
21:
20:
3371:
3348:Orach Chayim
3342:
3321:
3301:
3281:
3255:
3234:
3212:
3183:
3179:
3162:
3156:
3138:
3106:
3087:
3067:
3063:
3036:
3015:
3011:
3003:Bibliography
2976:
2959:
2955:
2925:
2917:
2908:
2892:, p. 52
2885:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2849:
2831:Hil. Shabbat
2830:
2807:
2782:Orach Chayim
2780:
2772:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2655:
2636:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2605:, p. 22
2598:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2544:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2495:
2490:, p. 54
2483:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2435:
2427:
2415:
2407:
2395:
2363:
2292:
2283:
2279:bales of hay
2267:
2243:
2229:
2216:
2210:Hebrew Bible
2206:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2176:Rabbi Yehuda
2171:
2167:
2165:
2158:
2135:
2124:
2105:
2093:
2080:
2064:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2031:
2020:
2019:
1920:Fifth column
1900:War resister
1895:Women in war
1790:Peacekeeping
1735:Arms control
1680:
1369:Mobilization
1364:Conscription
1322:Intelligence
1275:Organization
921:
850:Encirclement
730:Radiological
666:Conventional
520:Subterranean
427:Development:
426:
403:
365:
327:
290:Naval units:
289:
282:Signal corps
249:
227:Intelligence
212:Specialties:
211:
136:Organization
87:Early modern
3037:The Mishnah
2804:Meiri 2006a
2777:Sirkis 2005
2743:HaLevi 1958
2710:Antiquities
2516:HaLevi 1958
2473:HaLevi 1958
2303: [
2274:Sabbath-day
1905:War studies
1728:Non-warfare
1656:Appeasement
1621:Martial law
1460:War economy
1399:Transgender
1352:Recruitment
1112:Containment
997:Culminating
905:Operational
825:Envelopment
768:Air assault
649:Air cavalry
609:Air defence
589:Information
490:Cold-region
455:Battlespace
404:Historical:
250:Land units:
176:Space force
171:Coast guard
104:Late modern
65:Prehistoric
3419:Jewish law
3404:Law of war
3393:Categories
3356:1039272787
3338:Sirkis, J.
3230:Maimonides
3208:Maimonides
3044:, p.
3040:, Oxford:
2562:, p.
2560:Danby 1977
2457:Meiri 2006
2387:References
2376:Law of war
2341:Law portal
2236:).
2126:Maimonides
2077:מלחמת מצוה
2061:מלחמת רשות
2028:מלחמת חובה
1965:War crimes
1955:Operations
1862:Foot drill
1832:Battle cry
1745:deterrence
1404:Harassment
1379:Specialism
1202:Technology
1197:Succession
1142:Liberation
1077:Asymmetric
1012:Empty fort
923:Blitzkrieg
892:Withdrawal
855:Investment
634:Camouflage
629:Biological
567:Underwater
542:Amphibious
461:Aerospace
328:Air units:
305:Submarines
114:fourth-gen
109:industrial
97:napoleonic
3409:Conflicts
3350:§249:1).
3330:233395867
3310:181631040
3290:181631040
3244:122758200
3222:122758200
3148:762447043
3070:: 46–63.
3032:Danby, H.
2930:Rav Ḥisda
2646:233346011
2545:Sanhedrin
2536:Sanhedrin
2461:Sanhedrin
2437:Sanhedrin
2221:betrothed
2148:, and by
2079:;
2069:Sanhedrin
2063:;
2030:;
1852:War novel
1755:Grey-zone
1715:War games
1676:Overmatch
1626:War crime
1576:Desertion
1566:Ceasefire
1561:Armistice
1448:Logistics
1426:Mercenary
1414:Volunteer
1345:Personnel
1317:Engineers
1262:Sociology
1217:World war
1212:Total war
1192:Strategic
1182:Religious
1167:Political
1162:Perpetual
1137:Irregular
1052:Offensive
1027:Defensive
1022:Deception
982:Attrition
835:Guerrilla
830:Formation
773:Airbridge
705:Loitering
619:Artillery
272:Artillery
222:Engineers
190:Irregular
161:Air force
3380:13717538
3366:(1970).
3364:Tosephta
3254:(1981).
3252:Josephus
3200:23645226
3171:23595080
3136:(1958).
3096:54817857
3086:(1970).
3076:26203060
3024:41442841
2968:23256251
2767:25a–26a)
2712:4.8.41.)
2313:See also
2144:to free
1867:War song
1842:War film
1475:Materiel
1394:Children
1374:Training
1312:Medicine
1297:Doctrine
1252:Training
1187:Resource
1172:Princely
1122:Economic
1107:Conquest
1102:Colonial
1097:Cold war
1082:Blockade
967:Strategy
939:Maneuver
700:Infantry
656:Chemical
510:Mountain
470:Airborne
333:Fighters
300:Warships
255:Infantry
181:Reserves
129:Military
3370:(ed.).
2922:Johanan
2808:Shabbat
2747:Shofṭim
2541:Mishnah
2520:Shofṭim
2477:Shofṭim
2432:Mishnah
2214:Mishnah
2142:Abraham
2112:Spanish
2025:Hebrew:
1980:Writers
1975:Weapons
1940:Battles
1889:Related
1877:Wargame
1872:Uniform
1820:Culture
1601:Perfidy
1596:Justice
1517:Science
1502:Outpost
1455:History
1435:Warrior
1431:Soldier
1419:foreign
1357:counter
1257:Service
1207:Theater
1147:Limited
1127:Endemic
1042:Nuclear
815:Foxhole
790:Cavalry
778:Airdrop
763:Airlift
748:Tactics
720:Nuclear
710:Missile
639:Cavalry
624:Barrage
602:Weapons
562:Surface
343:Command
338:Bombers
295:Frogman
265:Cavalry
237:Medical
204:Militia
186:Regular
166:Marines
80:castles
70:Ancient
58:History
37:outline
3378:
3354:
3328:
3308:
3288:
3266:
3242:
3220:
3198:
3169:
3158:Tarbiẕ
3146:
3126:
3114:
3094:
3074:
3052:
3022:
2991:
2966:
2938:Joshua
2866:Eruvin
2850:Eruvin
2785:249:1)
2764:Sukkah
2644:
2154:Ziklag
2120:Joshua
2089:Canaan
2085:Amalek
2040:Hebrew
2034:), or
1960:Sieges
1644:Theory
1384:Morale
1242:Policy
1237:Branch
1017:Mosaic
1007:Fabian
954:Covert
887:Trench
872:Screen
795:Charge
785:Battle
758:Aerial
676:Denial
644:Horses
572:Seabed
525:Tunnel
505:Jungle
495:Desert
465:Aerial
3298:Meiri
3278:Meiri
3196:JSTOR
3167:JSTOR
3072:JSTOR
3020:JSTOR
2964:JSTOR
2934:David
2918:Soṭah
2900:Notes
2833:2:23)
2731:Soṭah
2696:7:20)
2694:Soṭah
2660:Sifre
2619:Soṭah
2408:Soṭah
2307:]
2258:Court
2230:Soṭah
2217:Soṭah
2161:. 30)
2150:David
1933:Lists
1389:Women
1327:Ranks
1247:Staff
1177:Proxy
1092:Class
1047:Naval
1032:Depth
867:Swarm
860:Siege
840:Naval
820:Drone
715:Music
690:Robot
686:Drone
671:Cyber
614:Armor
584:Cyber
557:Green
552:Brown
515:Urban
475:Space
396:Radar
391:Sonar
260:Armor
217:Staff
195:Ranks
3376:OCLC
3352:OCLC
3326:OCLC
3306:OCLC
3286:OCLC
3264:ISBN
3240:OCLC
3218:OCLC
3144:OCLC
3124:ISBN
3112:ISBN
3092:OCLC
3050:ISBN
2989:ISBN
2868:4:8)
2852:4:5)
2810:19a)
2757:Cf.
2733:8:7)
2642:OCLC
2581:5:2)
2547:1:5)
2506:5:4)
2463:16a)
1970:Wars
1487:Base
1037:Goal
949:Raid
547:Blue
485:Land
156:Navy
151:Army
3188:doi
3046:303
2981:doi
2621:44b
2564:303
2440:1:5
2268:In
2203:) .
2159:Sam
2157:(1
2146:Lot
2075:" (
2059:" (
1554:Law
1497:FOB
1492:MOB
537:Sea
29:War
3395::
3194:.
3184:28
3182:.
3163:49
3122:,
3068:17
3066:.
3016:18
3014:.
2987:.
2960:10
2958:.
2838:^
2815:^
2790:^
2717:^
2675:.
2617:,
2552:^
2543:,
2533:,
2445:^
2434:,
2305:he
2260:.
2098:.
2051:A
1433:/
688:/
202:/
188:/
3382:.
3358:.
3332:.
3312:.
3292:.
3272:.
3246:.
3224:.
3202:.
3190::
3173:.
3150:.
3120:.
3098:.
3078:.
3026:.
2997:.
2983::
2970:.
2916:(
2761:(
2679:.
2648:.
2406:(
2023:(
2009:e
2002:t
1995:v
39:)
35:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
