405:. The Code of Canon Law specifies in Canon 401 that ordinary bishops, nuncios, and bishops with Curial appointments (but not auxiliary bishops) must present their resignation to the Pope when they turn 75, but he need not accept it right away or at all. Canon 538 makes a similar stipulation of diocesan priests who are requested, but not obliged, to offer to resign from their appointments at 75. Note that in either case, resigning from the active exercise of the office means giving up the daily responsibilities of the offices, not ordination itself. Once a man is ordained a priest or a bishop, he retains that character until his death, whether he is still working or has since retired.
3122:
278:(ADEA), which "protects individuals who are 40 years of age or older from employment discrimination based on age. The ADEA's protections apply to both employees and job applicants. Under the ADEA, it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because of his/her age with respect to any term, condition, or privilege of employment, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits, job assignments, and training."
91:. Employers can tilt the wage profile of a worker so that it is below marginal productivity early on and above marginal productivity toward the end of the employment relationship. In this way, the employer retains extra profits from the worker early on, which the employer returns in the later period if the worker has not shirked their duties or responsibilities in the first period (assuming a competitive market).
249:, the UK Labour Government introduced a Default Retirement Age, whereby employers were able to terminate or deny employment to people over 65 without a reason. A legal challenge to this failed in September 2009, although a review of the legislation was expected in 2010 by the new Conservative/Liberal Democrat coalition government. This review took place and on 17 February 2011
72:). Most rely on the notion that a worker's productivity declines significantly after age 70, and the mandatory retirement is the employer's way to avoid reduced productivity. However, since the age at which retirement is mandated is often somewhat arbitrary and not based upon an actual physical evaluation of an individual person, many view the practice as a form of
253:
published the draft
Regulations abolishing the Default Retirement Age. Revised regulations were later implemented and, as of 6 April 2011, employers can no longer give employees notice of retirement under Default Retirement Age provisions and will need to objectively justify any compulsory retirement
168:
pension benefits begin, and most private and public retirement plans have been designed to provide income to the person starting at 65 (an age is needed to select premium payments by contributors to be able to calculate how much money is available to retirees when they leave the program by retiring).
1105:
269:
Since 1986, mandatory retirement has been generally unlawful in the United States, except in certain industries and occupations that are regulated by law, and are often part of the government (such as military service and federal police agencies, including the
192:
In New
Zealand, there is no mandatory retirement age except if working in a job that clearly specifies a mandatory retirement age. The normal age of retirement is the same as the beginning of pension payments, which is 65.
236:
South Korea enforces compulsory retirement before age 60 at the latest to all private companies, and 65 for public sectors. However, it is custom for most companies to lay off their employees between the ages of 50 to 55.
289:…one of the original purposes of this provision, namely, that the exception does not authorize an employer to require or permit involuntary retirement of an employee within the protected age group on account of age,
307:
Pilots: the mandatory retirement age of airline pilots is 65. The Fair
Treatment for Experienced Pilots Act (Public Law 110-135) went into effect on 13 December 2007, raising the age to 65 from the previous
311:
Air traffic controllers: Mandatory retirement age of 56, with exceptions up to age 61. Most air traffic controllers are hired before the age of 31 (the hiring cutoff age for those with experience is 36).
3614:
64:
Typically, mandatory retirement is justified by the argument that certain occupations are either too dangerous (military personnel) or require high levels of physical and mental skill (
1019:
3561:
3516:
1211:
3654:
2265:
53:
3291:
164:
The normal age for retirement in Canada is 65, but one cannot be forced to retire at that age. Labour laws in the country do not specify a retirement age. Age 65 is when federal
104:
Compulsory retirement is generally unlawful throughout the various State and
Territory jurisdictions in Australia. Among exceptions to the general rule, permanent members of the
56:(OECD), only three European member states (UK, Denmark and Poland) and four OECD countries (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, United States) had laws banning mandatory retirement.
3343:
3207:
4018:
109:
688:
4113:
3805:
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3333:
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3372:
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250:
4093:
275:
3198:
497:
3551:
2103:
2081:
246:
752:
201:
Employees working in the government, who can retire as early as age 60, have a set mandatory retirement age of 65. Personnel including officials of the
3007:
258:
4125:
2851:
2413:
1528:
317:
Federal law enforcement officers, national park rangers and firefighters: Mandatory retirement age of 57, or later if less than 20 years of service.
3582:
3032:
335:
has statutorily established mandatory retirement for all judges at age 70 (more precisely, at the end of the month a judge reaches that age). The
946:
4130:
3443:
2903:
2349:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1195:
1087:
218:
4156:
3839:
294:…an employer can no longer force retirement or otherwise discriminate on the basis of age against an individual because (s)he is 70 or older.
1208:
3479:
3421:
2908:
1796:
1278:
282:
228:
before age 65 with the exception of underground miners who are required to retire at age 60, and professional racehorse jockeys at age 55.
1229:
45:, is the set age at which people who hold certain jobs or offices are required by industry custom or by law to leave their employment, or
4056:
3776:
3455:
184:
A 2006 decision by Israel's High Court of
Justice stated that mandatory retirement at age 67 does not discriminate against the elderly.
458:
3874:
3688:
3267:
3145:
2320:
2108:
2076:
796:
4181:
4140:
3491:
3130:
339:
has had the constitutional right to set judicial retirement ages since 1956, but did not do so until 1973, setting the age at 70.
4039:
3389:
3191:
3140:
2220:
770:
271:
1503:
925:
4202:
4176:
4166:
3556:
3538:
3438:
3242:
3218:
3150:
2913:
2285:
2237:
1451:
696:
153:
3649:
3577:
3001:
2893:
2305:
1853:
4049:
3939:
3252:
3082:
2255:
1306:
3659:
3067:
2280:
1498:
87:
has argued that mandatory retirement can be an important tool for employers to construct wage contracts that prevent
4044:
3644:
3365:
3184:
2996:
2878:
2354:
1806:
1406:
342:
210:
113:
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3160:
3155:
2976:
2650:
2561:
2440:
738:
214:
133:
528:
4229:
3994:
3862:
3834:
3165:
3135:
2826:
2628:
2387:
2310:
1811:
1801:
1483:
1271:
348:
156:
Judges, as stated in
Article 73, Paragraph 3 of the Constitution (disposition added after the 20th Amendment).
105:
2623:
2344:
1048:
839:
756:
314:
Foreign
Service employees at the Department of State: Mandatory retirement at 65 with very narrow exceptions.
4120:
3783:
3377:
3092:
2971:
2873:
2811:
2250:
2137:
2071:
1984:
202:
65:
3733:
3673:
3511:
3176:
2946:
2898:
2868:
2705:
2673:
2663:
2480:
2465:
2445:
2327:
2098:
2093:
1368:
1234:
401:
384:
206:
137:
125:
4188:
3969:
3869:
3827:
3822:
3766:
2888:
2883:
2821:
2766:
2715:
2337:
1868:
1841:
1513:
1441:
1239:
354:
336:
326:
320:
149:
658:
172:
All judges in Canada are subject to mandatory retirement, at 70 or 75 depending on the court. Federal
4103:
3857:
3817:
3793:
3666:
3433:
2956:
2685:
2505:
2500:
2275:
2270:
2245:
2185:
2029:
2009:
1961:
1831:
1746:
1584:
1173:
722:
562:
1209:
SPECIAL RETIREMENT PROVISIONS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS, FIREFIGHTERS AND AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS
606:"Social Relations Across the Life Span: Scientific Advances, Emerging Issues, and Future Challenges"
4234:
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4011:
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3693:
3521:
3474:
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2856:
2794:
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2460:
2428:
2418:
2300:
2290:
1821:
1816:
1637:
1617:
1538:
1458:
1436:
1416:
1264:
604:
Antonucci, Toni C.; Ajrouch, Kristine J.; Webster, Noah J.; Zahodne, Laura B. (24 December 2019).
261:
establishes mandatory retirement for judges at the age of 75. This was increased from 70 in 2022.
3637:
3286:
3247:
2961:
2925:
2789:
2678:
2658:
2531:
2495:
2382:
2364:
2295:
1931:
1791:
1771:
1726:
1627:
1612:
1082:
633:
586:
520:
225:
221:
are required to retire once they reach age 56. Judges are subject to mandatory retirement at 70.
73:
4135:
4066:
3926:
3921:
3879:
3587:
3350:
3315:
3072:
3052:
2784:
2749:
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2455:
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2227:
2162:
1836:
1786:
1761:
1721:
1716:
1647:
1493:
625:
578:
378:
224:
In the private sector, it is illegal for employees and executives in the private sector to be
858:
4207:
4061:
3526:
3486:
3262:
3232:
3042:
2831:
2799:
2759:
2754:
2551:
2541:
2359:
2190:
2147:
2120:
2115:
1969:
1936:
1926:
1776:
1704:
1508:
1446:
1426:
1411:
824:
617:
570:
512:
466:
173:
165:
621:
4161:
3989:
3788:
3771:
3678:
3428:
3384:
3338:
3257:
3215:
3102:
3037:
2846:
2816:
2804:
2668:
2566:
2433:
1766:
1533:
1336:
1311:
1301:
1215:
1101:
88:
605:
136:
shall mandatorily retire at the age of 75. This regulation encompasses servants from the
900:"Duterte says 56 is "too young" for military, police to retire; DND proposes "up to 65""
800:
566:
17:
3981:
3949:
3911:
3683:
3607:
3308:
3274:
3237:
3087:
2836:
2737:
2690:
2392:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2051:
1979:
1736:
1694:
1378:
1346:
429:
396:
129:
1077:
4223:
4171:
4108:
4006:
3740:
3062:
2981:
2966:
2951:
2722:
2700:
2606:
2490:
2423:
2397:
2332:
2175:
2132:
2127:
1974:
1858:
1756:
1478:
1331:
1316:
930:
637:
590:
524:
84:
3959:
3728:
3716:
3097:
3077:
3057:
3047:
3022:
2776:
2611:
2591:
2576:
2546:
2536:
2315:
2170:
2152:
2088:
2066:
2024:
2014:
1911:
1901:
1873:
1604:
1594:
1421:
1361:
1523:
997:
971:
357:
establishes mandatory retirement age of 70 for
Circuit and Appellate Court judges.
108:
must retire at the age of 60 and reservists at 65. As well, since the passage of
4071:
3964:
2710:
2633:
2601:
2061:
2004:
1622:
1579:
1554:
1518:
1473:
1398:
1388:
1373:
1326:
392:
141:
3954:
3934:
3700:
3355:
3298:
2920:
2727:
2640:
2618:
2586:
2485:
2470:
2450:
2215:
2180:
2142:
2056:
2019:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1906:
1863:
1848:
1826:
1751:
1589:
1569:
1488:
1356:
1351:
1321:
1287:
471:
424:
323:
justices: The
Florida Constitution establishes mandatory retirement at age 70.
629:
3624:
3416:
3360:
3107:
3027:
2841:
2526:
1880:
1781:
1741:
1711:
1632:
1468:
1431:
434:
332:
582:
873:
3999:
3944:
3597:
3450:
3303:
2941:
1999:
1989:
1921:
1916:
1885:
1731:
1686:
1564:
1559:
1463:
1341:
145:
395:, but cardinals age 80 or over are prohibited from participating in the
4083:
3404:
2571:
2521:
2260:
2210:
1994:
1699:
1383:
419:
69:
1123:
345:- Article 78 sets the retirement of all Judges and sheriffs at age 70.
4078:
3632:
2695:
2043:
1682:
822:
Suri
Epstein (5 February 2018). "MANDATORY RETIREMENT IS IT LEGAL?".
414:
360:
77:
46:
574:
1055:. Department for Business, Innovation & Skills. 13 January 2011
516:
152:
Justices, as per Article 93, Item VI, of the Constitution, and the
2556:
329:
of all levels cannot run for election after passing the age of 70.
874:"House panel okays bill lowering retirement age of gov't workers"
840:"Retirement Savings New Zealand | Live and Work New Zealand"
2596:
2039:
741:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. CBC News. 18 February 2010.
388:
3180:
1260:
1020:"Phasing out the Default Retirement Age: Consultation Document"
3467:
3462:
3211:
1574:
1256:
1230:"Minnesota judges aren't making a fuss about retirement rule"
1218:, Defense Civilian Personnel Management Service, January 2011
693:
Grey Areas—Age Barriers to Work in Commonwealth Laws (DP 78)
27:
Set age at which people with certain professions must retire
1078:"Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993: Section 26"
1029:. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. July 2010
281:
From the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations discussing the
947:"Supreme Court: Forced retirement before age 65 illegal"
1151:
853:
851:
849:
254:
age still in place to avoid age discrimination claims.
2266:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
54:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
797:"Supreme Court of Canada - Canadian Judicial System"
4149:
4092:
4027:
3980:
3920:
3890:
3850:
3759:
3709:
3623:
3596:
3570:
3537:
3504:
3324:
3225:
3015:
2934:
2775:
2649:
2514:
2406:
2373:
2236:
2161:
2038:
1960:
1894:
1681:
1603:
1547:
1397:
1294:
459:"What Sweden's Covid failure tells us about ageism"
128:says in Article 40, Paragraph 1, Item II, that all
695:. Australian Law Reform Commission. Archived from
553:Lawrence, Peter A. (2008). "Retiring retirement".
511:(6). The University of Chicago Press: 1261–1284.
351:also established mandatory retirement at age 70.
3334:Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
292:
287:
3192:
1272:
799:. Scc-csc.gc.ca. 7 April 2012. Archived from
8:
1152:"US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission"
1146:
1144:
1072:
1070:
872:Cervantes, Filane Mikee (15 November 2018).
491:
489:
276:Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
3199:
3185:
3177:
1279:
1265:
1257:
452:
450:
363:– mandatory judicial retirement age of 75.
247:Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006
3008:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
1228:Stassen-Berger, Rachel E. (7 July 2015).
1049:"Default Retirement Age to end this year"
687:Australian Law Reform Commission (2012).
610:Annual Review of Developmental Psychology
470:
383:There is no mandatory retirement age for
274:). Earlier steps toward this include the
259:Judicial Pensions and Retirement Act 1993
116:are required to retire at the age of 70.
4126:World Intellectual Property Organization
2852:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
1529:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
3033:Credentialism and educational inflation
1174:"FAA Statement on Pilot Retirement Age"
1106:"Judicial retirement age to rise to 75"
777:. Government of Canada. 30 October 2015
718:
716:
714:
446:
4131:World Intellectual Property Indicators
3655:Fictional pornography depicting minors
2904:List of countries by unemployment rate
739:"Mandatory retirement fades in Canada"
682:
680:
622:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085212
219:Bureau of Jail Management and Penology
898:Arguilas, Carolyn (23 January 2018).
132:in the Union, States, Cities and the
7:
1797:Practice-based professional learning
498:"Why Is There Mandatory Retirement?"
457:Karlsson, Carl-Johan (7 July 2021).
283:Age Discrimination in Employment Act
4114:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
2350:Workers' right to access the toilet
972:"UK retirement age challenge fails"
496:Lazear, Edward P. (December 1979).
1196:"5 USC 8335: Mandatory separation"
771:"Old Age Security payment amounts"
663:Australian Human Rights Commission
393:they hold these positions for life
25:
1176:(Press release). 14 December 2007
945:Jimenez, Josephus (2 July 2018).
176:cease to hold their seats at 75.
148:branches. It also applies to the
4141:International copyright treaties
3121:
3120:
2414:Corporate collapses and scandals
1124:"Facts About Age Discrimination"
926:"Retiring by choice, not by age"
924:Tort, Marvin (10 October 2018).
753:"Mandatory Retirement in Canada"
689:"Recruitment and Employment Law"
272:Federal Bureau of Investigation
52:As of 2017, as reported by the
4203:List of international rankings
4177:Separation of church and state
3233:Candidacy for political office
2914:Employment-to-population ratio
2286:Occupational health psychology
154:Court of Accounts of the Union
1:
3002:Works Progress Administration
2894:Unemployment Convention, 1919
2306:Personal protective equipment
1854:Occupational Outlook Handbook
1000:. BBC News. 25 September 2009
728:. Retrieved 24 November 2012.
3527:Legality of assisted suicide
3083:Psychopathy in the workplace
2256:Human factors and ergonomics
998:"Q&A: Retirement ruling"
505:Journal of Political Economy
3660:Simulated child pornography
3068:Narcissism in the workplace
2281:Occupational exposure limit
379:Voluntary papal resignation
4251:
4019:Legality of cryptocurrency
3356:Legal status of Mephedrone
2997:Civil Works Administration
2879:Technological unemployment
2355:Workplace health promotion
1807:Professional certification
1504:Personality–job fit theory
399:as of 1970 because of the
376:
343:New Hampshire Constitution
211:Philippine National Police
110:a constitutional amendment
4197:
3813:Censorship of LGBT issues
3361:Legal status of Methylone
3116:
2977:Guaranteed minimum income
2562:Organizational commitment
1214:25 September 2012 at the
472:10.1146/knowable-070621-1
245:In October 2006 with the
215:Bureau of Fire Protection
3995:Mergers and acquisitions
3863:Children in the military
3517:Law enforcement killings
3146:Aspects of organizations
2827:Involuntary unemployment
2388:Equal pay for equal work
2311:Repetitive strain injury
1812:Professional development
1802:Professional association
1484:Letter of recommendation
1090:, 1993 c. 8 (s. 26)
349:New Jersey Supreme Court
106:Australian Defence Force
18:Mandatory retirement age
4121:Antarctic Treaty System
3835:Video gaming censorship
3784:Cartographic censorship
3243:Criminal responsibility
3131:Aspects of corporations
3093:Slow movement (culture)
2972:Employer of last resort
2874:Structural unemployment
2812:Frictional unemployment
2251:Epilepsy and employment
2138:Performance-related pay
2072:National average salary
1985:996 working hour system
723:Constitution of Brazil.
203:Philippine Armed Forces
66:air traffic controllers
4167:National legal systems
3734:International adoption
3512:Legality of euthanasia
3141:Aspects of occupations
2947:Unemployment insurance
2899:Unemployment extension
2869:Reserve army of labour
2674:Constructive dismissal
2481:Sleeping while on duty
2446:Exploitation of labour
2328:Sick building syndrome
1499:Person–environment fit
1369:Independent contractor
1112:. Ministry of Justice.
878:Philippine News Agency
402:Ingravescentem aetatem
296:
291:
207:Philippine Coast Guard
126:Constitution of Brazil
4189:World Justice Project
3823:Television censorship
3767:Censorship by country
3615:Size of police forces
3151:Aspects of workplaces
2889:Unemployment benefits
2884:Types of unemployment
2822:Graduate unemployment
2716:Letter of resignation
2345:Workers' compensation
2338:Occupational fatality
1842:Vocational university
1442:Employment counsellor
1088:The National Archives
373:Roman Catholic Church
355:Maryland Constitution
337:Minnesota Legislature
321:Florida Supreme Court
150:Supreme Federal Court
43:compulsory retirement
4104:International waters
3818:Political censorship
3667:Internet pornography
3366:Legal status of MPDV
3280:Mandatory retirement
2957:Job creation program
2733:Mandatory retirement
2686:Employee offboarding
2506:Workplace incivility
2501:Workplace harassment
2276:Occupational disease
2271:Occupational burnout
2186:Disability insurance
2030:Workweek and weekend
2010:Retroactive overtime
1832:Vocational education
1747:Continuing education
1585:Permanent employment
659:"Age discrimination"
534:on 24 September 2015
31:Mandatory retirement
4035:Corporal punishment
4012:Corporate liability
3892:Freedom of movement
3801:Internet censorship
3722:Minors and abortion
3522:Legality of suicide
3475:Psilocybin mushroom
3344:Alcohol consumption
2862:Recession-proof job
2857:Lists of recessions
2795:Economic depression
2743:Retirement planning
2624:Work–life interface
2461:Employee monitoring
2429:Corporate behaviour
2419:Accounting scandals
2301:Occupational stress
2291:Occupational injury
1822:Reflective practice
1817:Professional school
1539:Work-at-home scheme
1459:Induction programme
1437:Employment contract
1417:Business networking
978:. 25 September 2009
699:on 31 December 2016
567:2008Natur.453..588L
112:in 1977, judges on
39:enforced retirement
3689:Child sexual abuse
3208:Lists of countries
3125:See also templates
2962:Job creation index
2926:Youth unemployment
2790:Discouraged worker
2679:Wrongful dismissal
2659:At-will employment
2532:Civil conscription
2496:Workplace bullying
2383:Affirmative action
2365:Workplace wellness
2296:Occupational noise
1932:Long service leave
1792:Overspecialization
1772:Induction training
1727:Career development
1083:legislation.gov.uk
665:. 18 February 2015
74:age discrimination
4217:
4216:
4136:Foreign ownership
3880:Human trafficking
3875:Same-sex marriage
3858:Children's rights
3650:Child pornography
3588:Life imprisonment
3174:
3173:
3073:Post-work society
3053:Kiss up kick down
2785:Barriers to entry
2750:Severance package
2582:Human trafficking
2476:Sexual harassment
2456:Employee handbook
2375:Equal opportunity
2238:Safety and health
2228:Take-home vehicle
1837:Vocational school
1787:Lifelong learning
1762:Further education
1722:Career counseling
1717:Career assessment
1494:Overqualification
861:. 2 October 2020.
828:. pp. 25–26.
759:on 23 April 2010.
561:(7195): 588–590.
463:Knowable Magazine
35:forced retirement
16:(Redirected from
4242:
4208:Lists by country
4062:Police brutality
3487:Salvia divinorum
3405:Amanita mushroom
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3161:Critique of work
3156:Corporate titles
3124:
3123:
3043:Evil corporation
2909:Employment rates
2832:Jobless recovery
2800:Great Depression
2760:Golden parachute
2755:Golden handshake
2552:Job satisfaction
2542:Critique of work
2360:Workplace phobia
2191:Health insurance
2148:Wage compression
2116:Progressive wage
1970:35-hour workweek
1937:No call, no show
1927:Leave of absence
1777:Knowledge worker
1705:Master craftsman
1509:Personality hire
1447:Executive search
1427:Curriculum vitae
1412:Background check
1281:
1274:
1267:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1225:
1219:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1102:Buckland, Robert
1098:
1092:
1091:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1024:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
994:
988:
987:
985:
983:
968:
962:
961:
959:
957:
942:
936:
935:
921:
915:
914:
912:
910:
895:
889:
888:
886:
884:
869:
863:
862:
859:"Retirement age"
855:
844:
843:
836:
830:
829:
819:
813:
812:
810:
808:
793:
787:
786:
784:
782:
767:
761:
760:
755:. Archived from
749:
743:
742:
735:
729:
720:
709:
708:
706:
704:
684:
675:
674:
672:
670:
655:
649:
648:
646:
644:
601:
595:
594:
550:
544:
543:
541:
539:
533:
527:. Archived from
502:
493:
484:
483:
481:
479:
474:
454:
226:forced to retire
166:Old Age Security
134:Federal District
21:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4230:Age and society
4220:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4193:
4162:Immigration law
4145:
4095:
4088:
4023:
3976:
3925:
3916:
3886:
3870:Intersex rights
3846:
3789:Film censorship
3772:Book censorship
3755:
3705:
3679:Sex trafficking
3619:
3592:
3566:
3533:
3500:
3385:Methamphetamine
3326:
3320:
3221:
3216:law enforcement
3205:
3175:
3170:
3166:Organized labor
3136:Aspects of jobs
3112:
3103:Toxic workplace
3038:Emotional labor
3011:
2935:Public programs
2930:
2847:Great Recession
2817:Full employment
2805:Long Depression
2771:
2669:Banishment room
2645:
2567:Refusal of work
2510:
2434:Corporate crime
2402:
2369:
2232:
2157:
2034:
1956:
1890:
1767:Graduate school
1677:
1599:
1543:
1534:Underemployment
1393:
1337:Self-employment
1312:Contingent work
1302:Academic tenure
1295:Classifications
1290:
1285:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1216:Wayback Machine
1207:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1149:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
996:
995:
991:
981:
979:
970:
969:
965:
955:
953:
944:
943:
939:
923:
922:
918:
908:
906:
897:
896:
892:
882:
880:
871:
870:
866:
857:
856:
847:
842:. 14 July 2022.
838:
837:
833:
821:
820:
816:
806:
804:
803:on 2 April 2010
795:
794:
790:
780:
778:
769:
768:
764:
751:
750:
746:
737:
736:
732:
726:(in Portuguese)
721:
712:
702:
700:
686:
685:
678:
668:
666:
657:
656:
652:
642:
640:
603:
602:
598:
575:10.1038/453588a
552:
551:
547:
537:
535:
531:
500:
495:
494:
487:
477:
475:
456:
455:
448:
443:
411:
381:
375:
370:
327:Michigan Judges
304:
298:
267:
243:
234:
199:
190:
182:
162:
130:public servants
122:
102:
97:
89:worker shirking
62:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4248:
4246:
4238:
4237:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4100:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3986:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3970:Riparian water
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3796:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3684:Sexual assault
3681:
3676:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3629:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3611:
3610:
3608:Prisoner abuse
3602:
3600:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3370:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3309:Youth suffrage
3306:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3287:School-leaving
3284:
3283:
3282:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3088:Sunday scaries
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2839:
2837:Phillips curve
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2792:
2787:
2781:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2738:Retirement age
2735:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Exit interview
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2441:Discrimination
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2393:Gender pay gap
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2208:
2206:Parental leave
2203:
2201:Marriage leave
2198:
2196:Life insurance
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2052:Income bracket
2048:
2046:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1980:Eight-hour day
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1737:Creative class
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1695:Apprenticeship
1691:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Scarlet-collar
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1379:Temporary work
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1347:Skilled worker
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1220:
1201:
1187:
1165:
1140:
1115:
1093:
1066:
1040:
1011:
989:
963:
937:
916:
890:
864:
845:
831:
814:
788:
762:
744:
730:
710:
676:
650:
616:(1): 313–336.
596:
545:
517:10.1086/260835
485:
445:
444:
442:
439:
438:
437:
432:
430:Retirement age
427:
422:
417:
410:
407:
397:papal conclave
374:
371:
369:
366:
365:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
330:
324:
318:
315:
312:
309:
303:
300:
266:
263:
242:
241:United Kingdom
239:
233:
230:
198:
195:
189:
186:
181:
178:
161:
158:
121:
118:
114:federal courts
101:
98:
96:
93:
70:airline pilots
61:
58:
33:also known as
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4247:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4172:Religious law
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4157:Animal rights
4155:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Admiralty law
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4094:International
4091:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Sterilization
3744:
3742:
3741:Human cloning
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3583:Incarceration
3581:
3579:
3578:Death penalty
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:Psychedelics
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
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2131:
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2109:United States
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2008:
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1658:Orange-collar
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1479:Job interview
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85:Edward Lazear
81:
79:
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71:
67:
59:
57:
55:
50:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3851:Human rights
3729:Adoption law
3717:Abortion law
3710:Reproduction
3674:Prostitution
3444:Lifetime use
3279:
3098:Toxic leader
3078:Presenteeism
3058:Labor rights
3048:Going postal
3023:Bullshit job
3006:
2991:
2986:
2777:Unemployment
2732:
2629:Downshifting
2612:Wage slavery
2592:Penal labour
2547:Dead-end job
2537:Conscription
2316:Right to sit
2171:Annual leave
2153:Working poor
2089:Minimum wage
2067:Maximum wage
2025:Working time
2015:Six-hour day
1912:Career break
1874:Professional
1668:Black-collar
1638:White-collar
1618:Green-collar
1595:Volunteering
1432:Drug testing
1422:Cover letter
1362:Tradesperson
1243:. Retrieved
1240:St. Paul, MN
1233:
1223:
1204:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1131:. Retrieved
1128:www.eeoc.gov
1127:
1118:
1109:
1096:
1081:
1057:. Retrieved
1052:
1043:
1031:. Retrieved
1026:
1014:
1004:25 September
1002:. Retrieved
992:
982:25 September
980:. Retrieved
975:
966:
954:. Retrieved
950:
940:
929:
919:
907:. Retrieved
903:
893:
881:. Retrieved
877:
867:
834:
823:
817:
805:. Retrieved
801:the original
791:
779:. Retrieved
774:
765:
757:the original
747:
733:
725:
701:. Retrieved
697:the original
692:
667:. Retrieved
662:
653:
641:. Retrieved
613:
609:
599:
558:
554:
548:
536:. Retrieved
529:the original
508:
504:
476:. Retrieved
462:
400:
387:nor for the
382:
297:
293:
288:
280:
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256:
244:
235:
223:
200:
191:
183:
171:
163:
123:
103:
82:
63:
51:
42:
38:
34:
30:
29:
4072:Alcohol law
4057:LGBT rights
3990:Competition
3927:environment
3645:Pornography
3373:Cocaine use
2987:Historical:
2711:Resignation
2651:Termination
2634:Slow living
2602:Truck wages
2587:Labour camp
2515:Willingness
2407:Infractions
2062:Living wage
2005:Remote work
1673:Gold-collar
1628:Pink-collar
1623:Grey-collar
1613:Blue-collar
1580:Labour hire
1555:Cooperative
1519:Recruitment
1474:Job hunting
1407:Application
1389:Wage labour
1374:Labour hire
1327:Job sharing
1245:28 December
951:The Freeman
703:31 December
302:Professions
232:South Korea
197:Philippines
188:New Zealand
142:legislative
4235:Retirement
4224:Categories
3905:In the air
3900:By country
3840:by country
3828:by country
3806:by country
3794:by country
3777:by country
3760:Censorship
3701:Sodomy law
3571:Punishment
3552:Households
3439:Annual use
3397:Opiate use
3351:Bath salts
3325:Drugs and
3275:Retirement
2921:Wage curve
2728:Retirement
2641:Workaholic
2619:Work ethic
2486:Wage theft
2471:Labour law
2466:Evaluation
2451:Dress code
2216:Sick leave
2181:Child care
2143:Salary cap
2057:Income tax
2020:Shift work
1952:Time clock
1947:Sick leave
1942:Sabbatical
1907:Break room
1895:Attendance
1864:Profession
1849:Mentorship
1827:Retraining
1752:E-learning
1648:New-collar
1643:Red-collar
1590:Supervisor
1570:Internship
1489:Onboarding
1357:Technician
1352:Journeyman
1322:Gig worker
1288:Employment
1180:21 October
1158:14 October
1154:. Eeoc.gov
1133:17 October
956:21 October
909:21 October
883:21 October
807:14 October
643:9 December
538:14 October
478:9 December
441:References
425:Retirement
377:See also:
217:, and the
83:Economist
4096:ownership
4045:At school
4007:Corporate
3751:Surrogacy
3625:Obscenity
3562:Ownership
3417:Ayahuasca
3292:in the US
3268:in the US
3108:Workhouse
3028:Busy work
2842:Recession
2706:Pink slip
2664:Dismissal
2527:Careerism
2121:Singapore
2099:Hong Kong
1962:Schedules
1881:Tradesman
1782:Licensure
1742:Education
1712:Avocation
1653:No-collar
1633:Precariat
1514:Probation
1469:Job fraud
904:MindaNews
775:Canada.ca
638:212795833
630:2640-7922
591:205038532
525:153817995
435:Up or out
385:cardinals
368:Religions
333:Minnesota
138:executive
100:Australia
95:Countries
60:Rationale
4050:In court
4028:Violence
4000:Monopoly
3982:Business
3960:Mortgage
3950:Minerals
3922:Property
3598:Policing
3492:Legality
3480:Legality
3468:Legality
3456:Legality
3451:Ibogaine
3434:Legality
3429:Cannabis
3422:Legality
3410:Legality
3390:Legality
3378:Legality
3304:Suffrage
3263:Marriage
3258:Majority
3248:Drinking
3219:rankings
3016:See also
2942:Workfare
2767:Turnover
2163:Benefits
2044:salaries
2000:Overtime
1990:Flextime
1922:Gap year
1917:Furlough
1886:Vocation
1869:Operator
1732:Coaching
1687:training
1565:Employer
1560:Employee
1464:Job fair
1342:Side job
1212:Archived
1059:26 April
1033:26 April
976:BBC News
781:26 April
669:26 April
583:18509422
409:See also
174:senators
146:judicial
4084:Slavery
4067:Smoking
4040:At home
3339:Alcohol
3327:alcohol
3316:Working
3253:Driving
3238:Consent
2992:U.S.A.:
2597:Peonage
2572:Slavery
2522:Boreout
2261:Karoshi
2211:Pension
1995:On-call
1700:Artisan
1384:Laborer
563:Bibcode
420:Pension
4182:Sharia
4079:Murder
3955:Mining
3940:Estate
3633:Incest
3547:Deaths
3299:Voting
3226:Age of
2696:Layoff
2246:Crunch
2104:Europe
2094:Canada
2082:Europe
1683:Career
1524:Résumé
1399:Hiring
1307:Casual
1110:GOV.UK
1053:GOV.UK
1027:GOV.UK
636:
628:
589:
581:
555:Nature
523:
415:Ageism
361:Oregon
213:, the
209:, the
205:, the
180:Israel
160:Canada
120:Brazil
78:ageism
47:retire
4150:Other
3965:Water
3912:Abode
3505:Death
2557:McJob
2077:World
2040:Wages
1902:Break
1548:Roles
1023:(PDF)
825:Binah
634:S2CID
587:S2CID
532:(PDF)
521:S2CID
501:(PDF)
391:, as
76:, or
3945:Land
3694:Rape
3638:Laws
3557:Laws
3539:Guns
3214:and
3212:laws
2042:and
1685:and
1452:list
1247:2015
1182:2012
1160:2012
1135:2016
1061:2020
1035:2020
1006:2009
984:2009
958:2019
911:2019
885:2019
809:2012
783:2020
705:2016
671:2020
645:2021
626:ISSN
579:PMID
540:2012
480:2021
389:pope
257:The
144:and
124:The
3935:Air
3924:and
3463:LSD
3210:by
1575:Job
618:doi
571:doi
559:453
513:doi
467:doi
308:60.
251:BIS
41:or
4226::
1238:.
1232:.
1143:^
1126:.
1108:.
1104:.
1086:,
1080:,
1069:^
1051:.
1025:.
974:.
949:.
928:.
902:.
876:.
848:^
773:.
713:^
691:.
679:^
661:.
632:.
624:.
612:.
608:.
585:.
577:.
569:.
557:.
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