Brass - Knowledge (XXG)

65: 2435: 256: 2580: 2121: 51: 421: 328: 2305: 579: 489: 2283:. The fabric of these crucibles is porous, probably designed to prevent a buildup of pressure, and many have small holes in the lids which may be designed to release pressure or to add additional zinc minerals near the end of the process. Dioscorides mentioned that zinc minerals were used for both the working and finishing of brass, perhaps suggesting secondary additions. 454:"Red brasses", a family of alloys with high copper proportion and generally less than 15% zinc, are more resistant to zinc loss. One of the metals called "red brass" is 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc. Copper alloy C23000, which is also known as "red brass", contains 84–86% copper, 0.05% each iron and lead, with the balance being zinc. 845: 240:, as it exhibits greater resistance to corrosion. Brass is not as hard as bronze and so is not suitable for most weapons and tools. Nor is it suitable for marine uses, because the zinc reacts with minerals in salt water, leaving porous copper behind; marine brass, with added tin, avoids this, as does bronze. 2060:

and it is possible that some copper-zinc alloys were accidental and perhaps not even distinguished from copper. However the large number of copper-zinc alloys now known suggests that at least some were deliberately manufactured and many have zinc contents of more than 12% wt which would have resulted

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in the form of globules as it cools from casting. The pattern the globules form on the surface of the brass increases the available lead surface area which, in turn, affects the degree of leaching. In addition, cutting operations can smear the lead globules over the surface. These effects can lead to

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because of the absence of a corrosive environment within the mixture. However, if brass is placed in contact with a more noble metal such as silver or gold in such an environment, the brass will corrode galvanically; conversely, if brass is in contact with a less-noble metal such as zinc or iron, the

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limits by an average factor of 19, assuming handling twice a day. In April 2001 manufacturers agreed to reduce lead content to 1.5%, or face a requirement to warn consumers about lead content. Keys plated with other metals are not affected by the settlement, and may continue to use brass alloys with

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The term copper alloy should be searched for full retrievals on objects made of bronze or brass. This is because bronze and brass have at times been used interchangeably in the old documentation, and copper alloy is the Broad Term of both. In addition, the public may refer to certain collections by

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cementation in a domed furnace at around 900–950 °C and lasting up to 10 hours. The European brass industry continued to flourish into the post medieval period buoyed by innovations such as the 16th century introduction of water powered hammers for the production of wares such as pots. By 1559

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described a variety of cementation brass making techniques and came closer to understanding the true nature of the process noting that copper became heavier as it changed to brass and that it became more golden as additional calamine was added. Zinc metal was also becoming more commonplace. By 1513

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in Germany. These large crucibles were capable of producing c.20 kg of brass. There are traces of slag and pieces of metal on the interior. Their irregular composition suggests that this was a lower temperature, not entirely liquid, process. The crucible lids had small holes which were blocked

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The keywork of most modern woodwinds, including wooden-bodied instruments, is also usually made of an alloy such as nickel silver. Such alloys are stiffer and more durable than the brass used to construct the instrument bodies, but still workable with simple hand tools—a boon to quick repairs. The

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from cold forming of the cases during manufacture, together with chemical attack from traces of ammonia in the atmosphere. The cartridges were stored in stables and the ammonia concentration rose during the hot summer months, thus initiating brittle cracks. The problem was resolved by

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Designed for use in marine service owing to its corrosion resistance, hardness and toughness. A characteristic application is to the protection of ships' bottoms, but more modern methods of cathodic protection have rendered its use less common. Its appearance resembles that of gold.

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or "the English process". This local zinc was used in speltering and allowed greater control over the zinc content of brass and the production of high-zinc copper alloys which would have been difficult or impossible to produce using cementation, for use in expensive objects such as

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feature a hybrid construction, with long, straight sections of wood, and curved joints, neck, and/or bell of metal. The use of metal also avoids the risks of exposing wooden instruments to changes in temperature or humidity, which can cause sudden cracking. Even though the

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A large number of independent studies confirm this antimicrobial effect, even against antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as MRSA and VRSA. The mechanisms of antimicrobial action by copper and its alloys, including brass, are a subject of intense and ongoing investigation.

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alloys as well as Cu-Zn-Sn alloys with high proportions (typically 40%+) of tin and/or zinc, as well as predominantly zinc casting alloys with copper additives. These have virtually no yellow colouring at all, and instead have a much more silvery appearance.

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The compositions of these early "brass" objects are highly variable and most have zinc contents of between 5% and 15% wt which is lower than in brass produced by cementation. These may be "natural alloys" manufactured by smelting zinc rich copper ores in

99:, in proportions which can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, acoustic and chemical properties, but copper typically has the larger proportion, generally 66% copper and 34% zinc. In use since prehistoric times, it is a 4288:

The Coin Collector's Manual: Comprising an Historical and Critical Account of the Origin and Progress of Coinage, from the Earliest Period to the Fall of the Roman Empire; with Some Account of the Coinages of Modern Europe, More Especially of Great

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Brass made during the early Roman period seems to have varied between 20% and 28% wt zinc. The high content of zinc in coinage and brass objects declined after the first century AD and it has been suggested that this reflects zinc loss during

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are classified as woodwind instruments, they are normally made of brass for similar reasons, and because their wide, conical bores and thin-walled bodies are more easily and efficiently made by forming sheet metal than by machining wood.

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An alloy of copper, zinc, and silicon which has an incredibly high tensile strength and is corrosion resistant. Doehler Die Casting Co. of Toledo, Ohio were known for the production of Brastil. It was notably tested in 1932 on an

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and thus an interruption in the production of new brass. However it is now thought this was probably a deliberate change in composition and overall the use of brass increases over this period making up around 40% of all

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of zinc in copper. It is close in properties to copper, tough, strong, and somewhat difficult to machine. Best formability is with 32% of zinc. Corrosion-resistant red brasses, with 15% of zinc or less, belong here.

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Beware of through hull fittings and tailpipes, or any other component in the assembly, made of TONVAL. This is basically brass and totally unsuitable for use below the waterline due to its tendency to dezincify and

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Brass was produced by the cementation process where copper and zinc ore are heated together until zinc vapor is produced which reacts with the copper. There is good archaeological evidence for this process and

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In October 1999, the California State Attorney General sued 13 key manufacturers and distributors over lead content. In laboratory tests, state researchers found the average brass key, new or old, exceeded the

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were made of brass. However other alloys such as low tin bronze were also used and they vary depending on local cultural attitudes, the purpose of the metal and access to zinc, especially between the

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Beta brasses can only be worked hot, and are harder, stronger, and suitable for casting. The high zinc-low copper content means these are some of the brightest and least-golden of the common brasses.

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had recognized that calamine was "nothing else but unmeltable zinc" and that zinc was a "half ripe metal". However some earlier high zinc, low iron brasses such as the 1530 Wightman brass memorial

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systems. This brass alloy must be produced with great care, with special attention placed on a balanced composition and proper production temperatures and parameters to avoid long-term failures.

2791:. By the mid-to-late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for 2419:, ranging from 22.5% in the base to 5.76% in the pan below the candle. The proportions of this mixture may suggest that the candlestick was made from a hoard of old coins, probably Late Roman. 2423:

is a term for medieval alloys of uncertain and often variable composition often covering decorative borders and similar objects cut from sheet metal, whether of brass or bronze. Especially in

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of brass per year. After several false starts during the 16th and 17th centuries the brass industry was also established in England taking advantage of abundant supplies of cheap copper

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are also made from brass, especially inertia blocks on tremolo systems for its tonal properties, and for string nuts and saddles for both tonal properties and its low friction.

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An example of DZR brass is the C352 brass, with about 30% zinc, 61–63% copper, 1.7–2.8% lead, and 0.02–0.15% arsenic. The lead and arsenic significantly suppress the zinc loss.

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saw important changes to both the theory and practice of brassmaking in Europe. By the 15th century there is evidence for the renewed use of lidded cementation crucibles at

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de Ruette, M. (1995) "From Contrefei and Speauter to Zinc: The development of the understanding of the nature of zinc and brass in Post Medieval Europe" in Hook, D. R. and

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ingots recovered from a 2,600-year-old shipwreck off Sicily found them to be an alloy made with 75–80% copper, 15–20% zinc and small percentages of nickel, lead and iron.

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seem to describe variants of a higher temperature liquid process which took place in open-topped crucibles. Islamic cementation seems to have used zinc oxide known as

461:, from the family of red brasses. Gunmetal alloys contain roughly 88% copper, 8–10% tin, and 2–4% zinc. Lead can be added for ease of machining or for bearing alloys. 173:. Brasses with higher copper content are softer and more golden in colour; conversely those with less copper and thus more zinc are harder and more silvery in colour. 3017: 436:

resistant) brasses, are used where there is a large corrosion risk and where normal brasses do not meet the requirements. Applications with high water temperatures,

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and gently roasted before being added to the surface of the molten metal. A temporary lid was added at this point presumably to minimize the escape of zinc vapor.

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In Europe a similar liquid process in open-topped crucibles took place which was probably less efficient than the Roman process and the use of the term tutty by

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makes many references to "brass" to translate "nechosheth" (bronze or copper) from Hebrew to English. The earliest brasses may have been natural alloys made by

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Rehren, T. and Martinon Torres, M. (2008) "Naturam ars imitate: European brassmaking between craft and science". In Martinon-Torres, M. and Rehren, T. (eds.).

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Montero-Ruis, I. and Perea, A. (2007). "Brasses in the early metallurgy of the Iberian Peninsula". In La Niece, S., Hook, D., and Craddock, P. T. (eds.).

4371: 499: 2535:, then again melted with calamine. It has been suggested that this second melting may have taken place at a lower temperature to allow more zinc to be 1717:

Invented in the early 18th century by Christopher Pinchbeck. Resembles gold to a point where people can buy the metal as budget gold "effect" jewelry.

157:. It has also been widely used to make sculpture and utensils because of its low melting point, high workability (both with hand tools and with modern 4667: 4402:

Craddock, P. T. (1978). "The Composition of Copper Alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman Civilisations: 3 The Origins and Early Use of Brass".

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of brass (900 to 940 °C; 1,650 to 1,720 °F, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to

3732: 2627:, both also British Museum, are better described as brass, though of variable compositions. Work in brass or bronze continued to be important in 2500:, probably zinc oxide, onto the surface of molten copper produced tutiya vapor which then reacted with the metal. The 13th century Iranian writer 2176:

produced "droplets of false silver", probably metallic zinc, which could be used to turn copper into oreichalkos. In the 1st century BC the Greek

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and eastern Mediterranean where deliberate production of brass from metallic copper and zinc ores had been introduced. The 4th century BC writer

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Alpha brasses are malleable, can be worked cold, and are used in pressing, forging, or similar applications. They contain only one phase, with

142:. Historically, the distinction between the two alloys has been less consistent and clear, and increasingly museums use the more general term " 3423: 2795:-resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid-19th century. 2071:

tablets mention the exploitation of the "copper of the mountains" and this may refer to "natural" brass. "Oreikhalkon" (mountain copper), the

255: 4269: 4082: 3914: 3820: 2976: 4019: 700:, are sometimes made of metal because of limited supplies of the dense, fine-grained tropical hardwoods traditionally preferred for smaller 5583: 5025: 5337: 5268:

Craddock, P. T. and Eckstein, K (2003). "Production of Brass in Antiquity by Direct Reduction". In Craddock, P. T. and Lang, J. (eds.).

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Gilmore, G. R. and Metcalf, D. M. (1980). "The alloy of the Northumbrian coinage in the mid-ninth century". In Metcalf, D. and Oddy, W.

1823:, which is composed of 14–16% zinc, a minimum 0.05% iron and minimum 0.07% lead content, and the remainder copper. It may also refer to 4450: 293:

that are extruded into the desired form and size. The general softness of brass means that it can often be machined without the use of

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Also in California, lead-free materials must be used for "each component that comes into contact with the wetted surface of pipes and

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Craddock, P. T. and Eckstein, K (2003) "Production of Brass in Antiquity by Direct Reduction" in Craddock, P. T. and Lang, J. (eds.)

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Rehren, T (1999) "The same... but different: A juxtaposition of Roman and Medieval brass making in Europe" in Young, S. M. M. (ed.)

4879:. Proceedings of the 31st International Symposium on Archaeometry. BAR International Series. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 342–349. 4195: 4137: 3866: 3742: 3165: 3080:. U.S. Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Technical Preservation Services. 1980. p. 119. 312:) to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent, and self-healing. Tin has a similar effect and finds its use especially in 5290:

Martinon Torres, M.; Rehren, T. (2002). "Agricola and Zwickau: theory and practice of Renaissance brass production in SE Germany".

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and fixtures". On 1 January 2010, the maximum amount of lead in "lead-free brass" in California was reduced from 4% to 0.25% lead.

3291: 3110: 4719: 4179: 401: 351:, and certain acids. This often happens when the copper reacts with sulfur to form a brown and eventually black surface layer of 278:. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. The 5261:

Bayley, J. (1990). "The Production of Brass in Antiquity with Particular Reference to Roman Britain". In Craddock, P. T. (ed.).

3947: 3393: 2759: 1109: 4286: 6338: 4929: 4259: 3447:"Antimicrobial copper displaces stainless steel, germs for medical applications: Alloys have natural germ-killing properties" 2474: 514: 290: 3965: 2579: 938:. With their high proportion of copper, these brasses have a more golden hue than others. The alpha phase is a substitution 289:, ferrous scrap can be separated from it by passing the scrap near a powerful magnet. Brass scrap is melted and recast into 3614: 3024: 1254:

Defined by California Assembly Bill AB 1953 contains "not more than 0.25 percent lead content". Prior upper limit was 4%.

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Craddock, P. T., La Niece, S. C., and Hook, D. (1990). "Brass in the Medieval Islamic World". In Craddock, P. T. (ed.),

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may indicate a degree of state involvement in the industry, and brass even seems to have been deliberately boycotted by

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of both brass instruments and, less commonly, woodwind instruments are often made of brass among other metals as well.

324:. The addition of as little as 1% iron to a brass alloy will result in an alloy with a noticeable magnetic attraction. 4574:

Craddock, P. T., Burnett, A., and Preston, K. (1980). "Hellenistic copper-based coinage and the origins of brass". In

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Aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of

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However, the cementation process was not abandoned, and as late as the early 19th century there are descriptions of

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Also called CW617N or CZ122 or OT58. It is not recommended for sea water use, being susceptible to dezincification.

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may have contributed to the increasing popularity of brass in the east and by the 6th–7th centuries AD over 90% of

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Day, J. (1990). "Brass and Zinc in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 19th century". In Craddock, P. T. (ed.).

529: 464:"Naval brass", for use in seawater, contains 40% zinc but also 1% tin. The tin addition suppresses zinc leaching. 5794: 4618: 3049: 2624: 1628: 1392:

Softest type of brass commonly available. Gilding metal is typically used for ammunition bullet "jackets"; e.g.,

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Thornton, C. P. and Ehlers, C. B. (2003) "Early Brass in the ancient Near East", in IAMS Newsletter 23 pp. 27–36

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world. Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favor of

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which, if regularly exposed to slightly acidic water such as urban rainwater, can then oxidize in air to form a

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then topped up with copper and charcoal before being melted, stirred then filled again. The final product was

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Zinc for Coin and Brass: Bureaucrats, Merchants, Artisans, and Mining Laborers in Qing China, ca. 1680s–1830s

536: 6261: 5635: 5354: 5330: 4652: 3096:. Washington DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency. September 1996. p. 7. EPA/600/R-96/103. 1937:, its true nature as a copper-zinc alloy was not understood until the post-medieval period because the zinc 1928: 820:

properties of brass have been observed for centuries, particularly in marine environments where it prevents

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During the later part of first millennium BC the use of brass spread across a wide geographical area from

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Santo, C. E.; Lam, E. W.; Elowsky, C. G.; Quaranta, D.; Domaille, D. W.; Chang, C. J.; Grass, G. (2010).

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of the copper helping it react and zinc contents of up to 33% wt were reported using this new technique.

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Little is known about the production of brass during the centuries immediately after the collapse of the

363:. Depending on how the patina layer was formed, it may protect the underlying brass from further damage. 6161: 4325: 3896: 2814: 2740: 2719: 2685: 2664: 2279:

suggesting that zinc minerals were heated to produce zinc vapor which reacted with metallic copper in a

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like vessels but all have elevated levels of zinc on the interior and are lidded. They show no signs of

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early copper-zinc alloys are now known in small numbers from a number of 3rd millennium BC sites in the

1993: 1819:, and an alloy which is considered both a brass and a bronze. Red brass is also an alternative name for 734: 143: 77: 50: 3368: 543: 4473: 3991: 784:(or beat "through" the shallot in the case of a "free" reed). Although not part of the brass section, 614:, have been used for the same reasons, but brass is the most economical choice. Collectively known as 6343: 5998: 5655: 4703: 3767: 2704: 2620: 2584: 2524: 2280: 2005: 869: 367: 193: 170: 100: 3230: 1969:, and variations on this method continued until the mid-19th century. It was eventually replaced by 993:

There are also Ag-Zn and Au-Zn gamma brasses, Ag 30–50%, Au 41%. The gamma phase is a cubic-lattice

5993: 4575: 3635:"Contribution of copper ion resistance to survival of Escherichia coli on metallic copper surfaces" 3522:"Copper surfaces in the ICU reduced the relative risk of acquiring an infection while hospitalized" 3420: 2427:, analysis of some objects shows very different compositions from different ends of a large piece. 1962: 880: 773: 693: 420: 162: 525: 5402: 5382: 5323: 4508: 4016: 3797: 2867: 2563:

dating to around the 13th century confirm Theophilus' account, as they are open-topped, although

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A type of alpha brass. Due to its yellow colour, it is used as an imitation of gold. Also called

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applications (naval brasses). Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon, and manganese make brass

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Brass has long been a popular material for its bright gold-like appearance and is still used for

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of the reed family, brass strips (called tongues) are used as the reeds, which beat against the

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Eremin, Katherine; Graham-Campbell, James; Wilthew, Paul (2002). Biro, K.T; Eremin, K. (eds.).

961:, these are suited for hot working. They contain both α and β' phases; the β'-phase is ordered 5849: 5432: 4925: 4265: 4191: 4133: 4127: 4078: 3910: 3816: 3810: 3738: 3713: 3664: 3495: 3075: 2972: 2672: 2365: 2196:

used to heat either zinc ore or copper and explaining that it can then be used to make brass.

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period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the

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Day, J. (1991). "Copper, Zinc and Brass Production". In Day, J. and Tylecote, R. F. (eds.).

5187: 4848: 4711: 4633: 4619:"Roman Military Copper Alloy Artefacts from Israel: Questions of Organisation and Ethnicity" 4500: 4411: 3841: 3775: 3703: 3695: 3654: 3646: 3543: 3533: 3487: 2848: 2632: 2309: 1946: 1440: 1156:

Aluminium improves corrosion resistance. It is used for heat exchanger and condenser tubes.

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Trade and Discovery: The Scientific Study of Artefacts from Post Medieval Europe and Beyond

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could create a film to bind it to the metal. German brass making crucibles are known from

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The cementation process continued to be used but literary sources from both Europe and the

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Espίrito Santo, Christopher; Taudte, Nadine; Nies, Dietrich H.; and Grass, Gregor (2007).

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brass casting, though also often described as bronze. The metal of the early 12th-century

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Stagnation Time, Composition, pH, and Orthophosphate Effects on Metal Leaching from Brass

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with copper to make brass, a process known as speltering, and by 1657 the German chemist

1635:, plus the centre part of the two euro coin. Formerly used for the round one pound coin. 247:

not be struck, such as in fittings and tools used near flammable or explosive materials.

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instead of zinc. Both bronze and brass may include small proportions of a range of other

4707: 3771: 3194:, Fact Sheet, Department of Toxic Substances Control, State of California, February 2009 3126: 2861: 2084:

meaning "golden copper" which became the standard term for brass. In the 4th century BC

327: 6328: 6207: 6151: 6139: 6068: 5712: 5650: 5427: 4207: 3708: 3683: 3659: 3634: 3548: 3521: 3469:"Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic methicillin-resistant 3106: 2961: 2700: 2668: 2616: 2604: 2567:

discs from Soest may have served as loose lids which may have been used to reduce zinc

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in Iran. It could then be used for brass making or medicinal purposes. In 10th century

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and at a number of sites in Britain. They vary in size from tiny acorn sized to large

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Day, J. (1988). "The Bristol Brass Industry: Furnaces and their associated remains".

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is unusual even by medieval standards in being a mixture of copper, zinc, tin, lead,

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The proportions used make the material harder and suitable for valves and bearings.

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Next to the brass instruments, the most notable use of brass in music is in various

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Michel, James H.; Moran, Wilton; Michels, Harold; Estelle, Adam A. (20 June 2011).

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described how preheated crucibles were one sixth filled with powdered calamine and

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These are too brittle for general use. The term may also refer to certain types of

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consist of long, relatively narrow tubing, often folded or coiled for compactness;

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in the east. This seems to have been encouraged by exports and influence from the

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may be constructed of brass or other metals, and indeed most modern student-model

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Materials and design: the art and science of material selection in product design

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in the 13th century suggests influence from Islamic technology. The 12th century

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or substances containing or releasing ammonia. The problem is sometimes known as

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News & Alerts – California Dept. of Justice – Office of the Attorney General

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News & Alerts – California Dept. of Justice – Office of the Attorney General

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properties of brass, have made it the usual metal of choice for construction of

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Brass is still commonly used in applications where corrosion resistance and low

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in the final stages. Triangular crucibles were then used to melt the brass for

578: 17: 6078: 6023: 5898: 5811: 5779: 5769: 5671: 5620: 5557: 5532: 5407: 4504: 2748: 2560: 2501: 2486: 2470: 2439: 2428: 2223: 2189: 2161: 2109: 2025: 1997: 1934: 1668: 1660: 1632: 876: 821: 785: 647: 635: 441: 197: 127: 4474:"Unusual Metal Recovered from Ancient Greek Shipwreck – Archaeology Magazine" 3909:

Woldman’s Engineering Alloys, 9th Edition 1936, American Society for Metals,

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copper, produced by pouring molten metal into cold water. This increased the

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Heat exchangers, plumbing requiring excellent corrosion resistance in water.

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Archaeology, History and Science: Integrating Approaches to Ancient Material

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These places would remain important centres of brass making throughout the

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By the first century BC brass was available in sufficient supply to use as

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Naval brass with added lead for machinability. Also known as 485, or C485.

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Light golden colour, very ductile; used for flexible metal hoses and metal

3758:

Bradley, A. J.; Thewlis, J. (1 October 1926). "The Structure of γ-Brass".

2930: 2539:. Albertus Magnus noted that the "power" of both calamine and tutty could 2360:

and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of

2235:

communities in Palestine because of its association with Roman authority.

396:

significant lead leaching from brasses of comparatively low lead content.

391:

than the other constituents of the brass, it tends to migrate towards the

6292: 6266: 6255: 6192: 6119: 6058: 6048: 6043: 6003: 5943: 5933: 5893: 5875: 5864: 5859: 5774: 5730: 5615: 5610: 5547: 5487: 5477: 5442: 5417: 5392: 5387: 4372:"orichalc – definition of orichalc in English from the Oxford dictionary" 3699: 3650: 3394:"Copper in the Arts Magazine – August 2007: The Art of Brass Instruments" 2692:

in Germany were exploited for cementation brass making from around 1550.

2596: 2556: 2548: 2528: 2467: 2408: 2353: 2345: 2240: 2227:. The uniform use of brass for coinage and military equipment across the 2208: 2009: 1950: 1816: 1401: 825: 758: 701: 659: 619: 458: 437: 340: 313: 285:

Today, almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled. Because brass is not

232:. The composition of brass makes it a favorable substitute for copper in 205: 177: 4491:

Craddock, P. T.; Cowell, M.; Stead, I. (2004). "Britain's first brass".

3077:

Metals in America's Historic Buildings: Uses and Preservation Treatments

2652:

with clay plugs near the end of the process presumably to maximize zinc

2619:

and other Western collections, and the large portrait heads such as the

2462:

rather than zinc ores for brass-making, resulting in a metal with lower

6287: 6197: 6109: 6018: 5983: 5968: 5953: 5938: 5928: 5801: 5735: 5686: 5625: 5482: 5457: 5422: 2788: 2780: 2744: 2732: 2712: 2657: 2648: 2600: 2564: 2532: 2520: 2485:

or iron bars, archaeological examples of which have been identified at

2412: 2392: 2337: 2268: 2256: 2204: 2181: 2065: 1973:, the direct alloying of copper and zinc metal which was introduced to 1970: 1499: 1172: 861: 849: 705: 674: 627: 348: 344: 282:

of brass is 8.4 to 8.73 g/cm (0.303 to 0.315 lb/cu in).

279: 181: 139: 119: 69: 4877:

Analysis of Copper alloy artefacts from Pagan Norse Graves in Scotland

2431:

were typically made in brass in both the European and Islamic worlds.

2348:

and other mixed alloys but by about 1000 brass artefacts are found in

1980:

Brass has sometimes historically been referred to as "yellow copper".

1578:

Similar to admiralty brass. Also known as Tobin bronze, 464, or C464.

1235:

as it was cheaper than steel at the time as a cost-effective measure.

844: 6187: 6093: 6053: 6028: 5963: 5948: 5844: 5829: 5824: 5740: 5691: 5681: 5397: 5362: 4744:

Bachmann, H. (1976). "Crucibles from a Roman Settlement in Germany".

4689:"Small Size, Large Scale Roman Brass Production in Germania Inferior" 4314:"The Emergence and Development of Brass Smelting Techniques in China" 4040:"C23000 Copper Alloys (Red Brass, C230) Material Property Data Sheet" 3563: 2724: 2681: 2509: 2420: 2416: 2404: 2380: 2276: 2264: 2248: 2232: 2185: 2173: 2165: 2101: 2037: 1974: 1833: 1692: 1525: 754: 746: 738: 631: 607: 445: 387:

is often added in concentrations of about 2%. Since lead has a lower

356: 201: 107: 92: 3151:

Mateel Environmental Justice Foundation v. Ilco Unican Corp., et al.

1327:

Dezincification resistant brass with a small percentage of arsenic.

5106: 5104: 4839:

Ponting, M. (1999). "East Meets West in Post-Classical Bet'shan'".

4339: 4337: 4335: 6166: 6156: 6146: 6129: 6124: 6114: 6073: 5903: 5883: 5751: 5492: 5467: 5412: 2776: 2696: 2677: 2578: 2544: 2490: 2459: 2433: 2333: 2303: 2153: 2145: 2119: 2085: 2076: 2056:

conditions. Many have similar tin contents to contemporary bronze

2053: 2045: 2041: 2033: 1942: 1938: 1452: 1448: 1030:

Other phases than α, β and γ are ε, a hexagonal intermetallic CuZn

873: 843: 681: 670: 577: 419: 326: 254: 213: 185: 158: 88: 63: 49: 2947:

brass – casting, 8400–8700... brass – rolled and drawn, 8430–8730

2571:, and have slag on the interior resulting from a liquid process. 1687:

Determined from 39 ingots recovered from an ancient shipwreck in

6038: 6013: 6008: 5958: 5720: 2736: 2482: 2463: 2272: 2260: 2200: 2149: 2125: 2029: 2001: 1941:

which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognized as a

1688: 1475: 750: 742: 623: 611: 384: 317: 270:

Brass is more malleable than bronze or zinc. The relatively low

243:

Brass is often used in situations in which it is important that

189: 123: 96: 5319: 5035:

on the British Museum collection database. Accessed 26 May 2014

2931:"Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Different Metals" 1284:

properties. Used for ammunition cases, plumbing, and hardware.

375:

less noble metal will corrode and the brass will be protected.

4920:

Noel Stratford, pp. 232, 245, in Zarnecki, George and others;

4318:

Bulletin of the Metals Museum of the Japan Institute of Metals

4017:

National Pollutant Inventory – Copper and compounds fact sheet

3205:"Corrosion-Resistant (DZR or CR) Brass For Harsh Environments" 1954: 1345:

1–3% iron with the balance consisting of various other metals.

482: 111: 2466:

impurities. A number of Islamic writers and the 13th century

2104:

ore deposits which had been exhausted by the 1st century AD.

1815:

Both an American term for the copper-zinc-tin alloy known as

370:, the resulting brass alloy does not experience internalized 5315: 4798:

Dungworth, D (1996). "Caley's 'Zinc Decline' reconsidered".

4565:

Craddock and Eckstein 2003, pp. 222–224. Bayley 1990, p. 10.

4115:... Red brass typically has 5 percent to 10 percent zinc ... 3734:

Copper and Bronze in Art: Corrosion, Colorants, Conservation

2048:

from the 1st century AD, long after bronze was widely used.

30:"Arsenical brass" redirects here. Not to be confused with 3185:

Requirements for Low Lead Plumbing Products in California

2695:

Eventually it was discovered that metallic zinc could be

5248:

Day 1991, pp. 192–93, Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 228

3582:"355 Copper Alloys Now Approved by EPA as Antimicrobial" 2707:

from England may have been made by alloying copper with

2243:

used to produce brass by cementation have been found on

1873:

Used as an alternative for investment cast steel parts.

5089:

Martinon Torres and Rehren 2008, 181–82, de Ruette 1995

2715:

similar to those found in some zinc ingots from China.

1534:

coins. Other manganese brass alloy compositions exist.

510: 4034: 4032: 3369:"Here's Why Alloys Can Change the Properties of Brass" 2356:, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in 3018:"Pub 117 The Brasses – Properties & Applications" 1850:

Often used in jewelry applications. Many variations.

3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 2762:

patented a technique for the first industrial scale

506: 366:

Although copper and zinc have a large difference in

6237: 6180: 6102: 5873: 5810: 5749: 5711: 5704: 5664: 5566: 5520: 5513: 5353: 4186:in La Niece, S. Hook, D. and Craddock, P.T. (eds.) 4177:"Of brass and bronze in prehistoric southwest Asia" 3684:"Bacterial Killing by Dry Metallic Copper Surfaces" 2075:translation of this term, was later adapted to the 1370:Also called 360 or C360 brass. High machinability. 1053: 1050: 908: 4066: 3161: 3159: 2960: 2908:Canadian Center for Occupational Health and Safety 2747:brass maker Nehemiah Champion patented the use of 471:requires brasses with more than 15% zinc, used in 5207: 5205: 5136: 5134: 3467:Noyce, J. O.; Michels, H.; Keevil, C. W. (2006). 3416: 3414: 2599:castings of West Africa, mostly from what is now 2324:. Disruption in the trade of tin for bronze from 1419:E.g. British Admiralty gunmetal. Has variations. 892:the cases, and storing the cartridges elsewhere. 658:", many in variously sized families, such as the 3421:"EPA registers copper-containing alloy products" 3175:. Info.sen.ca.gov. Retrieved on 9 December 2011. 2389:baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 2383:. Brass objects are still collectively known as 2315:baptismal font at St Bartholomew's Church, Liège 788:are also sometimes made of brass. Some parts on 416:Corrosion-resistant brass for harsh environments 4582:. British Museum Occasional Papers 18 pp. 53–64 2395:(before 1117) is an outstanding masterpiece of 2296:used in the Roman world by the 4th century AD. 1933:Although forms of brass have been in use since 824:. Depending upon the type and concentration of 590:and workability, relatively good resistance to 424:Brass sampling cock with stainless steel handle 4527:Metals and mines: Studies in archaeometallurgy 4443:"Atlantis' Legendary Metal Found in Shipwreck" 4214:. London: British Museum Occasional Papers 109 4188:Metals and mines: Studies in archaeometallurgy 3612:"Doorknobs: A Source of Nosocomial Infection?" 2611:. Though normally described as "bronzes", the 828:and the medium they are in, brass kills these 5331: 4784: 4782: 4763: 4761: 4759: 3968:. Kormax Engineering Supplies. Archived from 3867:"70/30 Arsinical Brass Alloy 259, UNS-C26130" 2180:seems to have recognized a link between zinc 1034:, and η, a solid solution of copper in zinc. 677:are made of some variety of brass, usually a 432:or DR) brasses, sometimes referred to as CR ( 8: 5270:Mining and Metal Production Through the Ages 5016:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 173–175 5007:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 176–178 4746:Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 4248:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 170–175 4237:Mining and Metal Production Through the Ages 3897:"Doehler-Jarvis Company Collection, MSS-202" 3050:"Is Brass Magnetic? What Is Magnetic Brass?" 515:introducing citations to additional sources 5053:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, pp. 105–06 5044:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, pp. 95–111 4767:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, pp. 170–71 4231: 4229: 4026:. Npi.gov.au. Retrieved on 9 December 2011. 2891:' most of which are actually made of brass. 2543:and described how the addition of powdered 2092:as rare and nearly as valuable as gold and 704:. For the same reason, some low clarinets, 686:nickel silver (also known as German silver) 618:, or simply 'the brass', these include the 5708: 5517: 5338: 5324: 5316: 2631:and other West African traditions such as 2587:", actually of "heavily leaded zinc-brass" 1041: 832:within a few minutes to hours of contact. 444:) play a role. DZR-brass is used in water 3707: 3658: 3547: 3537: 2504:describes a more complex process whereby 802:Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces 796:Germicidal and antimicrobial applications 4100:"Plumbing problems may continue to grow" 2215:of 23 BC it was also used to make Roman 1474:An alpha-beta brass with an addition of 899: 505:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5080:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 100 5071:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 104 5062:Martinon Torres and Rehren 2002, p. 103 4924:, 1984, Arts Council of Great Britain, 4598:. New York; American Numismatic Society 4392:Rehren and Martinon Torres 2008, p. 169 4166:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 9 December 2011. 2825: 2727:alone was capable of producing 300,000 2663:16th-century technical writers such as 2623:of "heavily leaded zinc-brass" and the 2551:dating to the 10th century AD and from 1308:. Cheap and standard for cold working. 868:after it was first discovered in brass 692:, especially low clarinets such as the 383:To enhance the machinability of brass, 297:, though there are exceptions to this. 5186:Dungworth, D. & White, H. (2007). 4940:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, pp. 224–25 4682: 4680: 4590: 4588: 4472:Jessica E. Saraceni (7 January 2015). 3861: 3859: 3837:"Aluminum Brass Arsenical, UNS C68700" 3688:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 3639:Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2866:. The Industrial Press. 1921. p. 2680:from India and China were arriving in 440:present or deviating water qualities ( 4596:Orichalcum and Related Ancient Alloys 4538:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, pp. 216–7 3998:from the original on 28 November 2022 3564:"TouchSurfaces Clinical Trials: Home" 3462: 3460: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3166:AB 1953 Assembly Bill – Bill Analysis 1916:An American term for 33% zinc brass. 405:a higher percentage of lead content. 7: 4673:from the original on 9 October 2022. 4239:. London: British Museum, pp. 226–27 4073:. McGraw–Hill Professional. p. 2639:Renaissance and post-medieval Europe 2020:and from 2nd millennium BC sites in 1073:Abyssinian gold (Commercial bronze ) 5284:The Industrial Revolution in Metals 5128:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, 226–27. 4223:Cruden's Complete Concordance p. 55 4132:. Adlard Coles. 2011. p. 125. 3272:from the original on 9 October 2022 3147:People v. Ilco Unican Corp., et al. 2591:Some of the most famous objects in 2168:, describes how heating earth from 2040:. Isolated examples of copper-zinc 1827:(Cu 85.0, Zn 5.0, Pb 5.0, Sn 5.0). 1530:Used as cladding for United States 765:" are also commonly made of brass. 475:, to be dezincification-resistant. 5286:. London: The Institute of Metals. 5167:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 227 4788:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 224 4547:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, p. 217 3992:"C48500 Naval Brass "High Leaded"" 3809:Joseph R. Davis (1 January 2001). 2959:M. F. Ashby; Kara Johnson (2002). 2473:describe how this was obtained by 2415:with an unusually large amount of 1965:process, the product of which was 1623:The outer ring of the bi-metallic 808:Antimicrobial properties of copper 25: 4922:English Romanesque Art, 1066–1200 4841:Journal of Archaeological Science 4696:Journal of Archaeological Science 4580:Scientific Studies in Numismatics 4404:Journal of Archaeological Science 4343:Craddock and Eckstein 2003 p. 217 4258:Chen, Hailian (3 December 2018). 2967:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 2904:"Hand Tools – Non-sparking tools" 2887:their popular name, such as 'The 2684:and pellets of zinc condensed in 883:. The problem was caused by high 776:, also often made from brass. In 582:A collection of brass instruments 5223:Journal of Historical Metallurgy 4989:Oxford: Archaeopress pp. 252–257 4190:London: Archetype Publications. 4129:Surveying Yachts and Small Craft 3966:"464 Naval Brass (Tobin Bronze)" 3877:from the original on 8 June 2023 3815:. ASM International. p. 7. 3760:Proceedings of the Royal Society 3016:Copper Development Association. 3002:Newnes Engineer's Reference Book 2937:. United Kingdom: SImetric.co.uk 2061:in a distinctive golden colour. 1684:Trace amounts of nickel and iron 498:relies largely or entirely on a 487: 410:pipe fittings, plumbing fittings 5110:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, 228 4998:Craddock and Eckstein 2003, 226 4958:Craddock et al. 1990, pp. 73–76 4829:. London: British Museum, p. 73 4529:. London: Archetype, pp. 136–40 1396:bullets. Almost red in colour. 594:, and traditionally attributed 110:, a copper alloy that contains 4285:Humphreys, Henry Noel (1897). 4098:Jeff Pope (23 February 2009). 3952:Copper Development Association 3588:. 28 June 2011. Archived from 3473:in the healthcare environment" 3145:San Francisco Superior Court, 1: 4638:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00086 4449:. 10 May 2017. Archived from 3480:Journal of Hospital Infection 3346:National Bronze Manufacturing 3005:. George Newnes. p. 594. 2999:Frederick James Camm (1949). 1793:Sometimes called "red brass" 1769:Sometimes called "red brass" 1659:Used in 10, 20, and 50 cents 1583:Naval brass, high lead (C485) 339:in the presence of moisture, 220:. It is used extensively for 72:with an eagle. Attributed to 5277:2000 Years of Zinc and Brass 5263:2000 Years of Zinc and Brass 4827:2000 Years of Zinc and Brass 4416:10.1016/0305-4403(78)90015-8 2192:) was found on the walls of 2128:in brass with copper inlay, 1798:Red brass, Rose brass (C230) 1741:, the alloy was named after 1478:for improved machinability. 848:Cracking in brass caused by 812:Copper alloys in aquaculture 473:piping and plumbing fittings 218:electrical plugs and sockets 4976:Craddock et al. 1990, p. 76 4967:Craddock et al. 1990, p. 75 2882:"copper alloy (Scope note)" 2863:Bearings and bearing metals 1557:Used as a lining on boats. 1353:Free machining brass (C360) 1204:Arsenic 0.2-0.6, Iron ≤0.05 428:Dezincification-resistant ( 165:machines), durability, and 6360: 4302:Thornton 2007, pp. 189–201 3948:"The Presidential Dollars" 3539:10.1186/1753-6561-5-S6-O53 3492:10.1016/j.jhin.2005.12.008 2768:distillation per descencum 2766:of metallic zinc known as 2064:By the 8th–7th century BC 1926: 1743:Prince Rupert of the Rhine 1240:California lead-free brass 805: 799: 747:orchestral (tubular) bells 479:Use in musical instruments 266:brass (400× magnification) 40: 29: 6275: 5279:. London: British Museum. 5272:. London: British Museum. 5265:. London: British Museum. 5031:20 September 2016 at the 4891:Metallurgy in Numismatics 4505:10.1017/S000358150004587X 4182:24 September 2015 at the 3610:Kuhn, Phyllis J. (1983). 3171:25 September 2009 at the 2835:30(3): 6–9, May–July 2004 2625:Bronze Head of Queen Idia 2211:, and after the Augustan 2184:and brass describing how 1048:Proportion by weight (%) 1047: 1044: 906:Proportion by weight (%) 905: 902: 858:stress corrosion cracking 610:and its alloys, and even 457:Another such material is 402:California Proposition 65 4949:Craddock et al. 1990, 78 3812:Copper and Copper Alloys 3731:Scott, David A. (2002). 3617:16 February 2012 at the 3263:Metal Alloys Corporation 2603:, produced first by the 2496:described how spreading 1984:Early copper-zinc alloys 879:during the 1920s in the 856:Brass is susceptible to 27:Alloy of copper and zinc 5840:Nickel silver (alpacca) 4324:: 87–98. Archived from 4175:Thornton, C. P. (2007) 3568:coppertouchsurfaces.org 3321:Encyclopædia Britannica 3317:"Gunmetal | metallurgy" 3113:26 October 2008 at the 2758:In 1738 Nehemiah's son 1929:Art in bronze and brass 1631:sterling coins and the 4853:10.1006/jasc.1998.0373 4716:10.1006/jasc.1999.0402 4376:oxforddictionaries.com 3994:. Aviva Metals. 2023. 3794:A Dictionary of Alloys 3792:Simons, E. N. (1970). 3780:10.1098/rspa.1926.0134 3737:. Getty Publications. 3342:"What is Naval Brass?" 3190:2 October 2009 at the 2773:scientific instruments 2711:and include traces of 2588: 2447: 2401:Gloucester Candlestick 2317: 2137: 1259:Cartridge brass (C260) 1112:in many environments. 995:intermetallic compound 853: 735:percussion instruments 583: 425: 332: 267: 180:are required, such as 81: 61: 43:Brass (disambiguation) 6339:History of metallurgy 6181:Other natural objects 5292:Historical Metallurgy 5239:Day 1991, pp. 186–189 5192:Historical Metallurgy 5176:Day 1991, pp. 179–181 5149:Day 1991, pp. 135–144 5119:de Ruette 1995, 198–9 4911:Day 1990, pp. 124–133 4902:Day 1990, pp. 123–150 4594:Caley, E. R. (1964). 4312:Zhou Weirong (2001). 4162:8 August 2007 at the 4065:Ammen, C. W. (2000). 3934:"Brass Product Guide" 3871:Austral Wright Metals 3471:Staphylococcus aureus 3451:Tube and Pipe Journal 3426:29 April 2015 at the 3292:"Red Brass/Gunmetals" 2815:List of copper alloys 2741:reverberatory furnace 2582: 2437: 2307: 2123: 1994:Eastern Mediterranean 1977:in the 16th century. 1927:Further information: 1739:Prince Rupert's metal 1227:Copper, Silicon, Zinc 847: 753:are normally made of 581: 423: 330: 258: 78:Limburg (Netherlands) 67: 53: 5656:Wire wrapped jewelry 5636:Repoussé and chasing 4816:Craddock 1978, p. 14 4800:Numismatic Chronicle 4651:Ponting, M. (2002). 4617:Ponting, M. (2002). 4022:2 March 2008 at the 3700:10.1128/AEM.01599-10 3651:10.1128/AEM.01938-07 3520:Schmidt, MG (2011). 2935:Density of Materials 2851:, Edition 24, p. 501 2833:Engineering Designer 2723:the Germany city of 2621:Bronze Head from Ife 2615:, now mostly in the 2585:Bronze Head from Ife 2313:on the 12th-century 2281:solid state reaction 2124:7th-century Persian 2006:United Arab Emirates 511:improve this article 368:electrical potential 331:Binary phase diagram 171:thermal conductivity 106:Brass is similar to 101:substitutional alloy 41:For other uses, see 6198:Ebonite (vulcanite) 5306:. Left Coast Press. 5098:de Ruette 1995, 198 4987:Metals in antiquity 4725:on 10 December 2004 4708:1999JArSc..26.1083R 4493:Antiquaries Journal 4328:on 25 January 2012. 3772:1926RSPSA.112..678B 3622:Diagnostic Medicine 3509:on 17 January 2012. 3109:. 12 October 1999. 2477:from zinc ores and 2379:period, especially 1821:copper alloy C23000 1775:copper alloy C23000 1190:Arsenical brass 259 881:British Indian Army 774:free reed aerophone 600:musical instruments 222:musical instruments 5543:Jewellery designer 5255:General references 4865:Bayley 1990, p. 22 4687:Rehren, T (1999). 4607:Bayley 1990, p. 21 4430:Historia Naturalis 4382:on 9 January 2015. 3798:Cornell University 3586:Appliance Magazine 3133:2008-10-26 at the 3054:Scrap Metal Junkie 3030:on 30 October 2012 2884:. British Museum. 2845:Machinery Handbook 2589: 2448: 2446:, Germany, c. 1250 2318: 2138: 2130:Walters Art Museum 2106:X-ray fluorescence 1790:minimum 0.05% iron 1562:Naval brass (C464) 963:body-centred cubic 948:Alpha-beta brasses 933:face-centred cubic 860:, especially from 854: 654:, and many other " 584: 426: 372:galvanic corrosion 333: 268: 82: 62: 55:Islamic Golden Age 6316: 6315: 6233: 6232: 6103:Organic gemstones 5700: 5699: 4847:(10): 1311–1321. 4556:Bayley 1990, p. 9 4361:Bayley 1990, p. 8 4271:978-90-04-38304-3 4208:Gaimster, D. R. M 4084:978-0-07-134246-9 3972:on 17 August 2020 3915:978-0-87170-691-1 3822:978-0-87170-726-0 3149:(No. 307102) and 3129:. 27 April 2001. 2978:978-0-7506-5554-5 2910:. 1 December 2017 2366:the Low Countries 2310:Baptism of Christ 1953:zinc-rich copper 1920: 1919: 1394:full metal jacket 1028: 1027: 936:crystal structure 885:residual stresses 616:brass instruments 576: 575: 561: 469:NSF International 16:(Redirected from 6351: 5760:Britannia silver 5709: 5518: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5317: 5299: 5249: 5246: 5240: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5218: 5212: 5211:Day 1991, p. 183 5209: 5200: 5199: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5158:Day 1990, p. 138 5156: 5150: 5147: 5141: 5140:Day 1990, p. 131 5138: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5099: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5063: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5036: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5005: 4999: 4996: 4990: 4983: 4977: 4974: 4968: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4894: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4856: 4836: 4830: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4777: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4754: 4753: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4718:. Archived from 4702:(8): 1083–1087. 4693: 4684: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4657: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4583: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4439: 4433: 4428:Pliny the Elder 4426: 4420: 4419: 4399: 4393: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4378:. Archived from 4368: 4362: 4359: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4330: 4329: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4240: 4233: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4204: 4198: 4173: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4147: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4072: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4046:on 30 March 2010 4042:. Archived from 4036: 4027: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3962: 3956: 3955: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3917: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3806: 3800: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3766:(762): 678–692. 3755: 3749: 3748: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3711: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3662: 3630: 3624: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3541: 3532:(Suppl 6): O53. 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3502:. Archived from 3477: 3464: 3455: 3454: 3442: 3431: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3271: 3260: 3256:"Specifications" 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3182: 3176: 3163: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3124: 3118: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3056:. 1 January 2020 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3029: 3023:. Archived from 3022: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2966: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2878: 2872: 2871: 2858: 2852: 2849:Industrial Press 2842: 2836: 2830: 2760:William Champion 2633:Akan goldweights 2368:, areas rich in 2247:sites including 1947:King James Bible 1890: 1832:Rich low brass, 1443:and is used for 1441:tensile strength 1274: 1181:Used for boiler 1042: 900: 790:electric guitars 749:(large "church" 667:wind instruments 571: 568: 562: 560: 519: 491: 483: 393:grain boundaries 361:copper carbonate 36:arsenical copper 32:arsenical bronze 21: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6312: 6271: 6229: 6218:Spondylus shell 6176: 6098: 5869: 5855:Stainless steel 5806: 5790:Sterling silver 5750:Precious metal 5745: 5713:Precious metals 5696: 5660: 5562: 5509: 5349: 5344: 5314: 5309: 5289: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5234: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5033:Wayback Machine 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4838: 4837: 4833: 4824: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4757: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4722: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4670: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4621: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4593: 4586: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4520: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4478:archaeology.org 4471: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4454: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4427: 4423: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4333: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4297: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4234: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4205: 4201: 4184:Wayback Machine 4174: 4170: 4164:Wayback Machine 4155: 4151: 4140: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4024:Wayback Machine 4015: 4011: 4001: 3999: 3990: 3989: 3985: 3975: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3931: 3920: 3908: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3823: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3791: 3787: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3619:Wayback Machine 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3592:on 18 July 2011 3580: 3579: 3575: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3526:BMC Proceedings 3519: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3458: 3444: 3443: 3434: 3428:Wayback Machine 3419: 3412: 3402: 3400: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3367:Bell, Terence. 3366: 3365: 3361: 3351: 3349: 3340: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3300: 3298: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3258: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3235:Ocean Footprint 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3192:Wayback Machine 3183: 3179: 3173:Wayback Machine 3164: 3157: 3144: 3140: 3135:Wayback Machine 3125: 3121: 3115:Wayback Machine 3105: 3101: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2940: 2938: 2929:Walker, Roger. 2928: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2801: 2785:costume jewelry 2641: 2577: 2517:Albertus Magnus 2508:was mixed with 2387:in French. The 2364:in Germany and 2332:artefacts from 2302: 2300:Medieval period 2213:currency reform 2148:in the west to 2118: 2108:analysis of 39 1986: 1931: 1925: 1888: 1507:Manganese brass 1272: 1161:Arsenical brass 1140:Aluminium brass 1092:Admiralty brass 1040: 1033: 1004: 1000: 898: 866:season cracking 842: 840:Season cracking 814: 804: 798: 737:, most notably 602:whose acoustic 572: 566: 563: 520: 518: 504: 492: 481: 418: 381: 311: 307: 302:aluminium oxide 253: 238:fashion jewelry 234:costume jewelry 74:Aert van Tricht 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Manganese brass 15: 12: 11: 5: 6357: 6355: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6321: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6279:Related topics 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5878: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5805: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5651:Wire sculpture 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5335: 5328: 5320: 5313: 5312:External links 5310: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5213: 5201: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5151: 5142: 5130: 5121: 5112: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5073: 5064: 5055: 5046: 5037: 5026:"The Ife Head" 5018: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4978: 4969: 4960: 4951: 4942: 4933: 4913: 4904: 4895: 4882: 4867: 4858: 4831: 4818: 4809: 4790: 4778: 4769: 4755: 4736: 4676: 4643: 4632:(4): 555–571. 4609: 4600: 4584: 4567: 4558: 4549: 4540: 4531: 4518: 4483: 4464: 4453:on 17 May 2016 4434: 4421: 4394: 4385: 4363: 4354: 4345: 4331: 4304: 4295: 4277: 4270: 4250: 4241: 4225: 4216: 4199: 4168: 4157:Print Layout 1 4149: 4138: 4119: 4090: 4083: 4057: 4028: 4009: 3983: 3957: 3939: 3918: 3902: 3888: 3855: 3828: 3821: 3801: 3785: 3750: 3743: 3723: 3694:(3): 794–802. 3674: 3625: 3603: 3573: 3555: 3512: 3486:(3): 289–297. 3456: 3432: 3410: 3385: 3359: 3333: 3308: 3283: 3247: 3222: 3196: 3177: 3155: 3138: 3119: 3099: 3083: 3067: 3041: 3008: 2991: 2977: 2951: 2921: 2895: 2873: 2853: 2837: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2797: 2701:Johann Glauber 2676:metallic zinc 2640: 2637: 2617:British Museum 2605:Kingdom of Ife 2583:12th century " 2576: 2573: 2362:calamine brass 2326:Western Europe 2301: 2298: 2136:, Maryland, US 2117: 2114: 2100:had come from 2096:describes how 1985: 1982: 1967:calamine brass 1924: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1856:Silicon tombac 1852: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1829: 1828: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1722:Prince's metal 1719: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1665: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554:Traces of iron 1552: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1456: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1278: 1276: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1249:< 0.25 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1114: 1113: 1106: 1104: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1002: 998: 991: 988: 985: 981: 980: 977: 974: 971: 967: 966: 959:duplex brasses 955: 952: 949: 945: 944: 940:solid solution 929: 926: 923: 919: 918: 915: 911: 910: 907: 904: 897: 894: 841: 838: 830:microorganisms 800:Main article: 797: 794: 710:contrabassoons 574: 573: 509:. Please help 495: 493: 486: 480: 477: 417: 414: 380: 377: 359:of green-blue 353:copper sulfide 322:tear-resistant 309: 305: 262:of rolled and 260:Microstructure 252: 249: 210:hose couplings 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6356: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6334:Copper alloys 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283:Body piercing 6281: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6257: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6236: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6216: 6215: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6172:Tortoiseshell 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528:Bench jeweler 5526: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5271: 5267: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5245: 5242: 5236: 5233: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5214: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5164: 5161: 5155: 5152: 5146: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5086: 5083: 5077: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5059: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4973: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4878: 4871: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4737: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4484: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4398: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4196:1-904982-19-0 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4139:9781408114032 4135: 4131: 4130: 4123: 4120: 4116: 4105: 4104:Las Vegas Sun 4101: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4061: 4058: 4045: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4013: 4010: 3997: 3993: 3987: 3984: 3971: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3954:. April 2007. 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3889: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3746: 3744:9780892366385 3740: 3736: 3735: 3727: 3724: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3645:(4): 977–86. 3644: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3461: 3457: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3386: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3360: 3348:. 17 May 2013 3347: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3309: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3268: 3264: 3257: 3251: 3248: 3236: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3211:. 24 May 2016 3210: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3186: 3181: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3100: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3055: 3051: 3045: 3042: 3026: 3019: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3003: 2995: 2992: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2964: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2922: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2890: 2889:Benin Bronzes 2883: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2810:Brass rubbing 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2688:flues at the 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613:Benin Bronzes 2610: 2607:and then the 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:Islamic world 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2294:copper alloys 2290: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2073:Ancient Greek 2070: 2067: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2044:are known in 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022:western India 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1787:minimum 0.07% 1786: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1633:one euro coin 1630: 1626: 1622: 1620:4–5.5% nickel 1619: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1533: 1532:golden dollar 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1376:Gilding metal 1374: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1178: 1175:; frequently 1174: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1108:Tin inhibits 1107: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1022: 1021:nickel silver 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1008: 996: 992: 989: 986: 984:Gamma brasses 983: 982: 978: 975: 972: 969: 968: 964: 960: 956: 953: 950: 947: 946: 941: 937: 934: 930: 927: 924: 922:Alpha brasses 921: 920: 916: 913: 912: 901: 895: 893: 891: 886: 882: 878: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 851: 846: 839: 837: 833: 831: 827: 823: 819: 813: 809: 803: 795: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 723: 720: 719:sarrusophones 716: 711: 707: 703: 699: 698:subcontrabass 695: 691: 687: 683: 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 640:baritone horn 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 580: 570: 559: 556: 552: 549: 545: 542: 538: 535: 531: 528: – 527: 523: 522:Find sources: 516: 512: 508: 502: 501: 500:single source 496:This section 494: 490: 485: 484: 478: 476: 474: 470: 465: 462: 460: 455: 452: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 422: 415: 413: 411: 406: 403: 397: 394: 390: 389:melting point 386: 378: 376: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 329: 325: 323: 319: 315: 303: 298: 296: 295:cutting fluid 292: 288: 287:ferromagnetic 283: 281: 277: 273: 272:melting point 265: 261: 257: 250: 248: 246: 241: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 104: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 79: 75: 71: 66: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 6308:Wearable art 6303:Phaleristics 6298:Metalworking 6203:Gutta-percha 5979:Lapis lazuli 5819: 5765:Colored gold 5646:Stonesetting 5303: 5298:(2): 95–111. 5295: 5291: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5195: 5191: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5124: 5115: 5094: 5085: 5076: 5067: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5021: 5012: 5003: 4994: 4986: 4981: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4921: 4916: 4907: 4898: 4890: 4885: 4876: 4870: 4861: 4844: 4840: 4834: 4826: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4772: 4749: 4745: 4739: 4727:. Retrieved 4720:the original 4699: 4695: 4663: 4659: 4646: 4629: 4626:Archaeometry 4625: 4612: 4603: 4595: 4579: 4570: 4561: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4526: 4521: 4496: 4492: 4486: 4477: 4467: 4455:. Retrieved 4451:the original 4446: 4437: 4429: 4424: 4410:: 1–16 (8). 4407: 4403: 4397: 4388: 4380:the original 4375: 4366: 4357: 4348: 4326:the original 4321: 4317: 4307: 4298: 4287: 4280: 4260: 4253: 4244: 4236: 4219: 4211: 4202: 4187: 4171: 4152: 4145:disintegrate 4143: 4128: 4122: 4114: 4107:. Retrieved 4103: 4093: 4069:Metalcasting 4068: 4060: 4048:. Retrieved 4044:the original 4012: 4000:. Retrieved 3986: 3974:. Retrieved 3970:the original 3960: 3951: 3942: 3905: 3891: 3879:. Retrieved 3870: 3846:. Retrieved 3840: 3831: 3811: 3804: 3793: 3788: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3733: 3726: 3691: 3687: 3677: 3642: 3638: 3628: 3621: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3590:the original 3585: 3576: 3567: 3558: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3504:the original 3483: 3479: 3470: 3450: 3401:. Retrieved 3397: 3388: 3376:. 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Retrieved 2907: 2898: 2885: 2876: 2862: 2856: 2847:, New York, 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2767: 2764:distillation 2757: 2753:surface area 2717: 2708: 2694: 2662: 2642: 2609:Benin Empire 2590: 2514: 2505: 2455: 2449: 2444:Lower Saxony 2384: 2374: 2350:Scandinavian 2330:copper alloy 2322:Roman Empire 2319: 2308: 2285: 2245:Roman period 2237: 2222: 2216: 2198: 2164:, quoted by 2139: 2097: 2089: 2079: 2063: 2050: 2014:Turkmenistan 1987: 1979: 1932: 1901:Yellow brass 1878:Tonval brass 1820: 1774: 1738: 1606:Nickel brass 1460:Leaded brass 1305: 1304:Also called 1289:Common brass 1282:cold working 1233:M1911 pistol 1153:2% aluminium 1117:Aich's alloy 1110:loss of zinc 1038:Brass alloys 1029: 1016:> 50 1013:< 50 970:Beta brasses 958: 957:Also called 928:< 35 925:> 65 855: 834: 818:bactericidal 815: 767: 763:jingle bells 732: 724: 664: 588:malleability 585: 567:January 2021 564: 554: 547: 540: 533: 521: 497: 466: 463: 456: 453: 450: 427: 407: 398: 382: 379:Lead content 365: 334: 299: 284: 269: 242: 175: 151:drawer pulls 148: 144:copper alloy 105: 84: 83: 47: 6344:Zinc alloys 6245:Art jewelry 6069:Tiger's eye 5974:Labradorite 5924:Chrysocolla 5919:Chrysoberyl 5835:Mokume-gane 5812:Base metals 5584:centrifugal 5553:Silversmith 5428:Ferronnière 5378:Belt buckle 5373:Belly chain 4893:1 pp. 83–98 4776:Bayley 1990 4576:Oddy, W. A. 2735:in the new 2720:solid-state 2690:Rammelsberg 2665:Biringuccio 2645:Renaissance 2593:African art 2569:evaporation 2498:al-iglimiya 2475:sublimation 2429:Aquamaniles 2425:Tibetan art 2377:Middle Ages 2358:Northumbria 2229:Roman world 2178:Dioscorides 2158:Middle East 2116:Roman world 2098:aurichalcum 2081:aurichalcum 2036:, Iraq and 1963:cementation 1825:ounce metal 1751:ounce metal 1656:5% aluminum 1641:Nordic gold 1540:Muntz metal 1469:> 0 1439:Has a high 1332:Delta metal 1306:rivet brass 1045:Alloy name 1010:White brass 786:snare drums 778:organ pipes 728:mouthpieces 684:similar to 679:cupronickel 652:French horn 335:Brass will 6323:Categories 6079:Tourmaline 6024:Prasiolite 5899:Aventurine 5770:Crown gold 5672:Draw plate 5621:Metal clay 5558:Watchmaker 5548:Lapidarist 5533:Clockmaker 5408:Collar pin 5403:Chatelaine 4930:0728703866 4806:: 228–234. 4752:(1): 34–5. 4499:: 339–46. 4002:18 October 3976:4 December 3881:18 October 3848:18 October 3430:, May 2008 3398:Copper.org 3378:28 January 3296:Copper.org 3060:19 January 2749:granulated 2743:. In 1723 2654:absorption 2561:Westphalia 2525:Theophilus 2502:al-Kashani 2494:al-Hamdani 2471:Marco Polo 2440:aquamanile 2397:Romanesque 2391:in modern 2385:dinanderie 2352:graves in 2190:zinc oxide 2162:Theopompus 2110:orichalcum 2090:orichalkos 2026:Uzbekistan 1971:speltering 1935:prehistory 1870:4% silicon 1705:89% or 93% 1669:Orichalcum 1661:euro coins 1424:High brass 1367:0.35% iron 1131:1.74% iron 877:ammunition 870:cartridges 822:biofouling 806:See also: 715:saxophones 694:contrabass 648:tenor horn 636:flugelhorn 604:resonators 537:newspapers 442:soft water 251:Properties 198:ammunition 167:electrical 128:phosphorus 118:including 80:, c. 1500. 6225:Toadstone 6162:Operculum 6089:Variscite 6084:Turquoise 6064:Tanzanite 5999:Moonstone 5994:Marcasite 5989:Malachite 5914:Carnelian 5889:Amazonite 5876:gemstones 5850:Pinchbeck 5795:Argentium 5785:Shibuichi 5726:Palladium 5705:Materials 5641:Soldering 5631:Polishing 5606:Engraving 5601:Enameling 5567:Processes 5538:Goldsmith 5473:Tie chain 5448:Neck ring 5438:Lapel pin 5347:Jewellery 4513:163717910 4457:9 January 4264:. BRILL. 4050:26 August 3596:23 August 3373:ThoughtCo 3276:6 January 2941:9 January 2821:Citations 2805:Brass bed 2793:corrosion 2629:Benin art 2541:evaporate 2479:condensed 2346:gunmetals 2342:Byzantine 2289:recycling 2275:or metal 2241:crucibles 2224:sestertii 2134:Baltimore 2069:cuneiform 2058:artefacts 1990:West Asia 1957:. By the 1708:11% or 7% 1701:Pinchbeck 1629:two pound 1625:one pound 1522:manganese 1483:Low brass 1313:DZR brass 1183:fireboxes 1177:aluminium 890:annealing 872:used for 826:pathogens 770:harmonica 759:handbells 757:). 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