399:
499:
530:
387:
487:
511:
477:), these metals join the matte as the lining is removed. Considering the refractory's rapid destruction, the economic advantage of an acidic refractory is therefore only realized if its consumption adds value to the process. This situation is however rather rare and, even if this is the case, silica rich in precious metals can be made by other economically viable means. Therefore, in 1921, the basic refractory was considered the main factor in the cost reduction in the extraction of copper ores. In some cases, a reduction in conversion costs from $ 15–20 to $ 4–5 was reported.
134:
375:
35:
342:. He sought to refine a matte with 25 to 30% copper previously melted in a crucible. But like Hollway, he did not succeed in completely refining the matte. The oxidation of undesirable elements occurred as expected, but the operation was quickly disrupted by the appearance of metallic copper. The matte, which was an ionic compound, was immiscible with the slag, but also with the molten metal. The latter, which is denser (ρ
398:
462:). It also reduced the risk of piercings due to poor control of wearing of the refractory. The refractory layer could then be thinner, increasing the capacity of the converter. The capacity was not dependent on wearing of the refractory, thus simplifying the management of the flows of molten metal in factories.
453:
Finally, in 1909, at the
Baltimore Copper Company's Smelter, the Americans William H. Peirce and Elias A.C. Smith succeeded in addressing the main drawbacks of basic refractories; basic refractories were more fragile, and, above all, they dissipated more heat than acidic refractories. By developing a
349:
Pierre Manhès then patented the use of additives whose oxidation would release enough heat to avoid getting stuck. In the end, it was the
Frenchman Paul David, then an engineer in his factory in 1880, who suggested the solution. He proposed horizontal tuyeres placed at a sufficient distance from the
619:
After the first portion of slag is poured off the converter, a new portion of matte is added, and the converting operation is repeated many times until the converter is filled with the purified copper sulfide. The converter slag is usually recycled to the smelting stage due to the high content of
445:
In 1890, a basic refractory lining was tested on one of Parrot
Smelter's Manhès-David converters, in Butte, under the direction of Herman A. Keller. The tests did not result in a lining compatible with industrial operation. In 1906, Ralph Baggaley, still in Montana, succeeded, after a number of
457:
Peirce and Smith's converter proved much more advantageous than that of Manhès and David. The basic refractory, which did not react with slag, lasted much longer. This improvement eliminated the need for replacement of the converters, the construction of masonry installations, and replacement
271:
where A. Raht worked on a partial refinement of the matte from 1866 to 1875. In 1867, the
Russians Jossa and Latelin tried to experimentally verify the studies of Semenikow. In 1870, they stopped their experiments after only having succeeded to increase the copper content from 31% to 72-80%.
198:
lined it with basic refractory materials, much more durable than that used by the French inventors. While this improvement does not alter the principles of the process, it eases its widespread use, accelerating the switchover of copper production from
Britain to the United States.
210:
extracted. This converter, like the addition of pure oxygen, the automation of the running, the treatment of smoke and the increasing size of the tools, ensured the durability of the Manhès–David process, even if modern tools have little relationship with their ancestors.
254:
per kilogram. On the other hand, if a copper matte contains an abundance of iron and sulfur, these elements must first be separated (which consumes 6.8 kilojoules per kilogram of FeS) before their oxidation (which only produces 5.9 and 9.1 kJ/kg respectively) can begin.
816:
1005:
234:
comes out alloyed with other chemical elements as cast iron, copper extracted from ore becomes an alloy with sulfur, iron, etc. called matte. To apply the same purification processes to these two metals is therefore logical. Applying the
386:
317:
before being refined. Even when modified, a
Bessemer converter was capable at best of removing iron and a portion of sulfur. Hollway failed, but by publishing all of the details of his experiments, he identified the essential problems.
279:
continued these trials until 1878. Like his predecessors, he observed that if blowing began in a satisfactory manner, it became more and more intermittent as the refinement progressed. The obstacles he encountered were numerous:
79:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
932:
498:
441:
in 1877 was suggested by
Hollway during his last tests in the early 1800s. However, the idea was not tested, as fundamental problems related to the air blowing were more of a problem than refractory optimization.
446:
tests, in industrializing a basic coating at
Pittsmont Smelter, which was abandoned in 1908 after he left the factory. After all that, the Norwegian Kudsen succeeded as of 1908 in using a basic coating with the
533:
Converters from the
Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company in 1972. The second converter is a vertical type. The green flame that comes out of it is characteristic of the combustion of iron(II) sulfide
313:
All of the encountered difficulties could not be easily resolved: the thermal heat balance of the refinement reaction in air of copper was not as favorable as for iron, and the matte solidified in the
65:
190:, lead to drastics modifications of the converter. Manhès and David designed it as a horizontal cylinder, with nozzles aligned from one end to the other. A few years later, the Americans engineers
486:
350:
bottom of the converter so that the copper could gather below them and the air blow constantly in the matte. By 1881, their converter was both technically operational and cost-effective.
250:
of the alloy in the converter is possible because the combustion of undesirable elements is strongly exothermic: the oxidation of silicon and carbon respectively produce 32.8 and 10.3
408:
in 1920. The capacity is 65 tons of copper matte, blown in three hours (white metal) + one hour forty-five minutes (blister). The shape of the converter is of the Great Falls type.
510:
706:
Modern copper smelting. Being lectures delivered at
Birmingham university greatly extended and adapted, and with an introduction on the history, uses and properties of copper
450:. He carried out two successive blowings there, initially in a small converter with a basic coating, and then in a second traditional converter with an acidic coating.
546:
is treated in converters to oxidize iron in the first stage, and oxidize copper in the second stage. In the first stage oxygen enriched air is blown through the
365:. The two types became larger and larger, increasing from a capacity of one ton to eight tons in 1912, and even fifteen tons for cylindrical converters in 1920.
1062:
1022:
Catalogue no. 1, presented by the Anaconda Copper Mining Co., foundry department, manufacturers of mining, milling, concentrating and smelting machinery
1003:, Peirce, William H. & Smith, Elias A. C., "Method of and converter vessel for bessemerizing copper matte", published 1909-12-07
374:
964:. Wedding's Basische Bessemer oder Thomas process.English. Translated by Phillips, William; Prochaska, Ernst. New York Scientific Publishing Company.
433:. A basic refractory lining would not react and would therefore lower the cost of production. The adoption of a lining inspired by one developed by
82:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
529:
454:
masonry suitable for the cylindrical converter and increasing the amount of metal fed into the furnace, they solved the remaining problems.
295:
The density of the molten metal changed greatly (with copper having a density three times as great as the pyrite from which it is made).
90:
1095:
620:
copper in this by-product. Converter gas contains more than 10% of sulfur dioxide, which is usually captured for the production of
112:
1117:
729:
646:
Copper content in the obtained blister copper is typically more than 95%. Blister copper is the final product of converting.
288:
was equal to that of copper and its volume was much greater than that in the converter. It was thus necessary to drain the
627:
The second stage of converting is aimed at oxidizing the copper sulfide phase (purified in the first stage), and produces
392:
Manhès-David converter known as the barrel form, recognizable by its two domed bottoms, with a capacity of seven tons.
583:
The bulk of the copper oxide is turned back into the form of sulfide. In order to separate the obtained iron oxide,
103:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
195:
47:
984:
814:, Hollway, John, "Production of sulphur, copper-matte, &c., from pyrites", published 1880-11-09
168:
98:
133:
575:
Since iron has greater affinity to oxygen, the produced copper oxide reacts with the remaining iron sulfide:
434:
203:
247:
156:
119:
1000:
866:
811:
591:
phase, which is poured off through the hood when the converter is tilted around the rotation axis:
330:
began his first attempts with a small, ordinary Bessemer converter of 50 kg in his factory in
264:
187:
890:
543:
160:
147:, before 1911. These converters refined a matte with 36% Ni+Cu, in a matte containing 80% Ni+Cu.
1091:
882:
725:
587:(mainly silica) is added into the converter. Silica reacts with iron oxide to produce a light
584:
306:
191:
94:
800:. University of California Libraries. New York, London : Engineering and mining journal.
965:
874:
447:
426:
327:
236:
225:
172:
164:
459:
438:
405:
298:
The duration of the air blowing, which can reach two hours, involved large thermal losses.
144:
870:
704:
239:
to copper metallurgy was proposed, and the principle validated in 1866, ten years after
771:
749:
358:
240:
1111:
894:
621:
354:
231:
1036:
855:"William Peirce and E.A. Cappelen Smith and their amazing copper converting machine"
795:
17:
276:
139:
1020:
909:
458:
converters (there were two masonry converters for every one in service in 1897 at
1085:
709:. University of California Libraries. London, C. Griffin & company, limited.
335:
969:
834:
664:
878:
422:
302:
251:
886:
465:
If the material used to prepare the acid refractory contains copper, or even
959:
268:
331:
666:
The nickel industry; with special reference to the Sudbury region, Ontario
612:
724:(in French). Paris: Librairie polytechnique Baudry et Cie. p. 472.
504:
Silica mill for making the refractory lining of Manhès-David converters.
539:
362:
339:
101:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
429:
and then combines with the siliceous refractory lining, which is very
547:
474:
466:
314:
289:
207:
180:
492:
Sections, from above and from the side, of a Manhès-David converter.
263:
The first refinements of copper alloys by a converter took place in
854:
754:. New York Public Library. New York McGraw-Hill book company, inc.
346:≈ 9), went to the bottom of the converter and clogged the tuyeres.
528:
176:
132:
776:(in French). University of California. J.B. Baillière & Fils.
588:
470:
430:
285:
186:
The quantity of the elements to be oxidized, as well as the low
76:
28:
516:
Longitudinal and cross sections of a Peirce-Smith converter.
179:
with air the undesirable chemical elements (mainly iron and
1087:
Saga in Steel and Concrete: Norwegian Engineers in America
986:
Injection phenomena and heat transfer in copper converters
914:, Gauthier-Villars et fils, Masson et Cie, pp. 56–117
206:
refine 90% of the copper mattes and is used in 60% of the
305:
material was absorbed by the slag, in which it acted as
631:. The following reaction takes place in the converter:
183:) contained in the matte, to transform it into copper.
669:. Ottawa Government Printing Bureau. pp. 143–144.
353:
In the autumn of 1884, the process was adopted in the
722:
Manuel théorique et pratique de la métallurgie du fer
839:(in French). Harvard University. Saint-Étienne [etc.
72:
473:(frequently associated with copper in gold-bearing
68:
a machine-translated version of the French article.
833:Société de l'industrie minérale (France) (1855).
404:Peirce-Smith converters in the Washoe factory of
243:'s invention, by the Russian engineer Semenikow.
1063:"Progressive Steps In the Metallurgy of Copper"
550:to partially convert metal sulfides to oxides:
380:Cylindrical converter, patent by Pierre Manhès.
163:, invented in 1880 by the French industrialist
137:Alignment of 10 Manhès-David converters of the
97:accompanying your translation by providing an
59:Click for important translation instructions.
46:expand this article with text translated from
1090:. Norwegian-American Historical Association.
1037:"Analysis of Jawbone Flats Mine Dump Samples"
8:
773:Le cuivre: origine, propriétés, applications
357:by the Parrot Silver and Copper Company in
175:, it consists of the use of a converter to
202:At the beginning of the 21st century, the
989:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
748:Hofman, H. O. (Heinrich Oscar) (1914).
655:
482:
425:during the reaction in air, it becomes
370:
326:In the 1870s, the French industrialist
188:heat produced by the chemical reactions
220:Relationship with the Bessemer process
109:{{Translated|fr|Procédé Manhès-David}}
698:
696:
7:
848:
846:
828:
826:
789:
787:
785:
783:
765:
763:
761:
743:
741:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
983:Bustos, Alejandro Alberto (1984).
908:Ouvrard, Léon Victor René (1896),
421:As the slag becomes enriched with
25:
1025:. Anaconda, Montana: The Company.
663:Coleman, Arthur Philemon (1913).
1061:Mueller, W. A. (November 1921).
961:Wedding's Basic Bessemer Process
509:
497:
485:
397:
385:
373:
33:
525:Converting in copper metallurgy
417:Improvement by Peirce and Smith
607:(sometimes denoted as 2FeO•SiO
107:You may also add the template
1:
538:A mixture of copper and iron
853:Southwick, Larry M. (2008).
794:Peters, Edward Dyer (1905).
230:Just as iron produced by a
1134:
1084:Bjork, Kenneth O. (1947).
223:
196:Elias Anton Cappelen Smith
71:Machine translation, like
1019:Anaconda Company (1897).
958:Wedding, Hermann (1891).
937:Techniques de l'Ingénieur
879:10.1007/s11837-008-0131-y
48:the corresponding article
703:Levy, Donald M. (1912).
1118:Metallurgical processes
720:Ledebur, Adolf (1895).
334:, then in factories in
284:The weight of produced
204:Pierce-Smith converters
140:Canadian Copper Company
118:For more guidance, see
797:Modern copper smelting
535:
215:Origins of the process
159:process of the copper
148:
579:CuO + FeS → CuS + FeO
532:
136:
120:Knowledge:Translation
91:copyright attribution
751:Metallurgy of copper
153:Manhès–David process
18:Manhès-David process
1067:Ohio State Engineer
970:2027/wu.89074785106
871:2008JOM....60j..24S
770:Paul Weiss (1894).
536:
171:. Inspired by the
149:
99:interlanguage link
933:"Pyrométallurgie"
192:William H. Peirce
167:and his engineer
131:
130:
60:
56:
16:(Redirected from
1125:
1102:
1101:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1004:
997:
991:
990:
980:
974:
973:
955:
949:
948:
946:
944:
929:
923:
922:
921:
919:
905:
899:
898:
850:
841:
840:
830:
821:
820:
819:
815:
808:
802:
801:
791:
778:
777:
767:
756:
755:
745:
736:
735:
717:
711:
710:
700:
671:
670:
660:
513:
501:
489:
448:Sulitjelma Mines
401:
389:
377:
237:Bessemer process
226:Bessemer process
173:Bessemer process
110:
104:
77:Google Translate
58:
54:
37:
36:
29:
21:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1006:
999:
998:
994:
982:
981:
977:
957:
956:
952:
942:
940:
931:
930:
926:
917:
915:
907:
906:
902:
852:
851:
844:
832:
831:
824:
817:
810:
809:
805:
793:
792:
781:
769:
768:
759:
747:
746:
739:
732:
719:
718:
714:
702:
701:
674:
662:
661:
657:
652:
642:
638:
610:
606:
602:
598:
571:
567:
561:
557:
542:referred to as
527:
522:
521:
520:
517:
514:
505:
502:
493:
490:
460:Anaconda Copper
439:Percy Gilchrist
419:
414:
413:
412:
409:
406:Anaconda Copper
402:
393:
390:
381:
378:
345:
324:
322:Lateral tuyeres
261:
228:
222:
217:
145:Greater Sudbury
127:
126:
125:
108:
102:
61:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1131:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1076:
1053:
1041:people.wou.edu
1028:
1011:
992:
975:
950:
924:
900:
842:
822:
803:
779:
757:
737:
730:
712:
672:
654:
653:
651:
648:
644:
643:
640:
636:
629:blister copper
617:
616:
608:
604:
600:
596:
581:
580:
573:
572:
569:
565:
562:
559:
555:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
508:
506:
503:
496:
494:
491:
484:
481:
480:
479:
418:
415:
411:
410:
403:
396:
394:
391:
384:
382:
379:
372:
369:
368:
367:
343:
323:
320:
311:
310:
301:The siliceous
299:
296:
293:
260:
259:First attempts
257:
241:Henry Bessemer
221:
218:
216:
213:
129:
128:
124:
123:
116:
105:
83:
80:
69:
62:
43:
42:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1130:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1099:
1097:9780877320289
1093:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1057:
1054:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1002:
996:
993:
988:
987:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
962:
954:
951:
938:
934:
928:
925:
913:
912:
904:
901:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:(10): 24–34.
864:
860:
856:
849:
847:
843:
838:
837:
829:
827:
823:
813:
807:
804:
799:
798:
790:
788:
786:
784:
780:
775:
774:
766:
764:
762:
758:
753:
752:
744:
742:
738:
733:
727:
723:
716:
713:
708:
707:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
673:
668:
667:
659:
656:
649:
647:
634:
633:
632:
630:
625:
623:
622:sulfuric acid
614:
594:
593:
592:
590:
586:
578:
577:
576:
563:
553:
552:
551:
549:
545:
541:
531:
524:
512:
507:
500:
495:
488:
483:
478:
476:
472:
468:
463:
461:
455:
451:
449:
443:
440:
436:
435:Sidney Thomas
432:
428:
424:
416:
407:
400:
395:
388:
383:
376:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
355:United States
351:
347:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:Pierre Manhès
321:
319:
316:
308:
304:
300:
297:
294:
291:
287:
283:
282:
281:
278:
273:
270:
266:
258:
256:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
233:
232:blast furnace
227:
219:
214:
212:
209:
205:
200:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:Pierre Manhès
162:
158:
154:
146:
142:
141:
135:
121:
117:
114:
106:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
67:
64:
63:
57:
55:(August 2017)
51:
49:
44:You can help
40:
31:
30:
27:
19:
1086:
1079:
1073:: 11–13, 21.
1070:
1066:
1056:
1044:. Retrieved
1040:
1031:
1021:
1014:
995:
985:
978:
960:
953:
941:. Retrieved
936:
927:
916:, retrieved
910:
903:
862:
858:
835:
806:
796:
772:
750:
721:
715:
705:
665:
658:
645:
628:
626:
618:
582:
574:
537:
464:
456:
452:
444:
420:
352:
348:
325:
312:
277:John Hollway
275:In England,
274:
262:
245:
229:
201:
185:
152:
150:
138:
95:edit summary
86:
53:
45:
26:
939:(in French)
595:2 FeO + SiO
1046:9 December
943:8 December
918:8 December
731:1272776794
650:References
568:→ CuO + SO
558:→ FeO + SO
423:iron oxide
303:refractory
292:regularly.
252:kilojoules
248:refinement
224:See also:
169:Paul David
1001:US 942346
911:Le Nickel
895:110248998
887:1047-4838
812:US 234129
639:→ Cu + SO
269:Tennessee
113:talk page
50:in French
1112:Category
836:Bulletin
613:fayalite
540:sulfides
336:Éguilles
265:Ducktown
157:refining
89:provide
867:Bibcode
635:CuS + O
564:CuS + O
554:FeS + O
548:tuyeres
363:Montana
340:Avignon
338:, near
315:tuyeres
177:oxidise
111:to the
93:in the
52:.
1094:
1007:
893:
885:
818:
728:
534:(FeS).
475:quartz
467:silver
431:acidic
344:copper
332:Vedène
290:retort
208:nickel
181:sulfur
161:mattes
891:S2CID
544:matte
427:basic
359:Butte
155:is a
143:, at
73:DeepL
1092:ISBN
1048:2020
945:2020
920:2020
883:ISSN
726:ISBN
599:→ Fe
589:slag
585:flux
471:gold
437:and
307:flux
286:slag
246:The
194:and
151:The
87:must
85:You
66:View
966:hdl
875:doi
859:JOM
603:SiO
469:or
75:or
1114::
1069:.
1065:.
1039:.
935:.
889:.
881:.
873:.
863:60
861:.
857:.
845:^
825:^
782:^
760:^
740:^
675:^
624:.
611:,
361:,
267:,
1100:.
1071:5
1050:.
972:.
968::
947:.
897:.
877::
869::
734:.
641:2
637:2
615:)
609:2
605:4
601:2
597:2
570:2
566:2
560:2
556:2
309:.
122:.
115:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
